DOCSLIB.ORG

Impact of India's National Tobacco Control Programme on Bidi and Cigarette Consumption: a Difference-In-Differences Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impact of India's National Tobacco Control Programme on Bidi and Cigarette Consumption: a Difference-In-Differences Analysis Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054621 on 15 December 2018. Downloaded from Research paper Impact of India’s National Tobacco Control Programme on bidi and cigarette consumption: a difference-in-differences analysis Gaurang P Nazar,1,2 Kiara C-M Chang,3 Swati Srivastava,4 Neil Pearce,2 Anup Karan,5 Christopher Millett1,3,6 ► Additional material is ABStract What this paper adds published online only. To view Background Despite the importance of decreasing please visit the journal online tobacco use to achieve mortality reduction targets of (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ Evaluations of tobacco control programmes the Sustainable Development Goals in low-income and ► tobaccocontrol- 2018- 054621). in low-income and middle-income countries middle-income countries (LMICs), evaluations of tobacco 1 (LMICs) are scarce but essential given the Health Promotion Division, control programmes in these settings are scarce. We importance of reducing tobacco use to achieve Public Health Foundation of assessed the impacts of India’s National Tobacco Control India, Gurugram, India both child and adult mortality reduction targets 2 Programme (NTCP), as implemented in 42 districts Department of Non- in the Sustainable Development Goals. communicable Disease during 2007–2009, on household-reported consumption This first evaluation of India’s National Tobacco Epidemiology, London School of of bidis and cigarettes. ► Control Programme (NTCP) (implemented Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Methods Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data (LSHTM), London, UK during 2007–2009) found that although India’s 3 from nationally representative Household Consumer Public Health Policy Evaluation overall consumption of bidis and cigarettes Expenditure Surveys (1999–2000; 2004–2005 and Unit, School of Public Health, declined between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012, Imperial College London, 2011–2012). Outcomes were: any bidi/cigarette the observed reductions were not significantly London, UK consumption in the household and monthly consumption 4 different between NTCP and non-NTCP districts. Department of International of bidi/cigarette sticks per person. A difference-in- Health, Johns Hopkins University Our findings indicate that early implementation differences two-part model was used to compare ► Bloomberg School of Public of the NTCP may not have produced reductions Health, Baltimore, USA changes in bidi/cigarette consumption between 5 in tobacco use. This may reflect inadequacies in Indian Institute of Public NTCP intervention and control districts, adjusting for copyright. initial programme implementation and highlight Health, Delhi (IIPHD), Public sociodemographic characteristics and time-based Health Foundation of India, the need to strengthen operationalisation of heterogeneity. Gurugram, India tobacco control programmes in India and other 6 Findings There was an overall decline in household- Center for Epidemiological LMICs. Studies in Health and Nutrition, reported bidi and cigarette consumption between University of São Paulo, São 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. However, compared with Paulo, Brazil control districts, NTCP districts had no significantly different reductions in the proportions of households its ratification of the WHO Framework Conven- Correspondence to 4 5 reporting bidi (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.03, 95% CI: 0.84 to tion on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004. India’s http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ Dr. Kiara C-M Chang, Public commitment towards the provision, and more effec- Health Policy Evaluation Unit, 1.28) or cigarette (AOR: 1.01 to 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.26) School of Public Health, Imperial consumption, or for the monthly per person consumption tive implementation and enforcement of tobacco College London, London W6 of bidi (adjusted coefficient: 0.07, 95% CI: −0.13 to control measures under COTPA and FCTC led to 8RP, UK; 0.28) or cigarette (adjusted coefficient: −0.002, 95% CI: the introduction of the National Tobacco Control chu- mei. chang@ imperial. ac. uk 6 −0.26 to 0.26) sticks among bidi/cigarette consuming Programme (NTCP) in 2007–2008. Initially devel- oped as a pilot project in two districts in each of Received 10 July 2018 households. 7 Revised 12 November 2018 Interpretation Our findings indicate that early nine Indian states, the NTCP was expanded in Accepted 20 November 2018 implementation of the NTCP may not have produced 2008–2009 to cover a total of 42 districts and 21 reductions in tobacco use reflecting generally poor states (online supplementary table S1) and has been performance against the Framework Convention for expanded to 400 districts across India with a budget allocation of INR 650 million (US$8.8 million) for on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected Tobacco Control objectives in India. This study highlights 8 the importance of strengthening the implementation the year 2018–2019. and enforcement of tobacco control policies in LMICs Key objectives of the NTCP are to: (a) increase to achieve national and international child health and awareness about existing tobacco control laws and premature NCD mortality reduction targets. the harmful effects of tobacco use; and (b) facil- itate effective implementation of tobacco control laws and policies. NTCP activities include district © Author(s) (or their level establishment and expansion of tobacco employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY. INTRODUCTION cessation facilities, school-based tobacco control 1 Published by BMJ. India is home to 267 million tobacco users, the programmes, training and capacity building for second largest number of tobacco consumers in the teachers, health professionals and other stake- To cite: Nazar GP, world and the country faces a substantial tobac- holders, and monitoring of tobacco control activ- Chang KC-M, Srivastava S, 2 3 6 7 et al. Tob Control Epub ahead co-related mortality and morbidity burden. ities under COTPA. While both national-level of print: [please include Day Efforts to strengthen tobacco control in India are and state-level governments have an important Month Year]. doi:10.1136/ underpinned by the enactment of the Cigarettes and role in tobacco control including taxation policy, tobaccocontrol-2018-054621 Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) in 2003 and public awareness campaigns, establishment of Nazar GP, et al. Tob Control 2018;0:1–8. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054621 1 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054621 on 15 December 2018. Downloaded from Research paper tobacco testing laboratories and research into alternative Explanatory variables crops, much of the focus of NTCP activities is at the district Main explanatory variables were: (a) an NTCP indicator, equals level. to 1 for households residing in an NTCP district (those listed Robust assessment of tobacco control programmes in low-in- in the operational guidelines of NTCP, and online supplemen- 7 come and middle-income countries (LMICs) is essential given tary table S1), 0 otherwise ; (b) two time indicators, t2 (1 for the importance of reducing tobacco use to achieve both child survey year 2004–2005, 0 otherwise) and t3 (1 for survey year and adult mortality reduction targets in the Sustainable Devel- 2011–2012, 0 otherwise); and (c) two interaction terms: (1) an 9 10 opment Goals (SDGs). This includes regular monitoring interaction term between NTCP indicator and t2 (DID1); and (2) of achievement against programme goals and objectives and an interaction term between the NTCP indicator and t3 (DID2). ensuring that resources are allocated properly and spent effec- We controlled for an array of demographic and socioeco- tively.11 However, robust monitoring and evaluation in LMICs nomic status (SES) that have been previously shown associated is often constrained by lack of surveillance data although new with tobacco smoking in India.17 18 These included household’s initiatives are seeking to address this, such as the International area of residence (rural or urban) and wealth quintile (poorest, Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project for India which aims poor, middle, rich, richest); household size (number of house- to collect longitudinal survey data on key FCTC policy measures hold members ≤5 or >5); proportion of household members from around 10 600 adult informants in four states.12 Its wave 1 in each age group (0–4 years; 5–14 years; 15–29 years; 30–59 (2010–2011) findings have highlighted a slow and inconsistent years; ≥60 years); proportion of male and female members progression of tobacco control policies across states (eg, pictorial in the household, proportion of household members at each health warnings, smoke-free public places) and an urgent need educational level (illiterate, primary, middle, secondary, higher to strengthen them.13 secondary, graduate and above); household religion (Hindu, Since the introduction of the NTCP, operational challenges Muslim, Christian and others); caste (A system of rigid social have been reported including insufficient staffing and mech- stratification characterised by hereditary status, endogamy, and anisms to monitor the programme, and an evaluation of social barriers sanctioned by custom, law or religion.) (sched- programme effectiveness is not available to date.4–6 Therefore, uled tribe, scheduled caste, other backward class and others); we aimed to evaluate impacts of the early phase of the NTCP and employment type (self-employed, regular labourer, casual implemented during 2007–2009, on household level bidi labourer and others).19 Household characteristics of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trends in Bidi and Cigarette Smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by Age, Gender and Education
    Research Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education Sujata Mishra,1 Renu Ann Joseph,1 Prakash C Gupta,2 Brendon Pezzack,1 Faujdar Ram,3 Dhirendra N Sinha,4 Rajesh Dikshit,5 Jayadeep Patra,1 Prabhat Jha1 To cite: Mishra S, ABSTRACT et al Key questions Joseph RA, Gupta PC, . Objectives: Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, Trends in bidi and cigarette locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has smoking in India from 1998 What is already known about this topic? likely changed over the last decade. We sought to to 2015, by age, gender and ▸ India has over 100 million adult smokers, the education. BMJ Global Health document trends in smoking prevalence among second highest number of smokers in the world – 2016;1:e000005. Indians aged 15 69 years between 1998 and 2015. after China. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015- Design: Comparison of 3 nationally representative ▸ There are already about 1 million adult deaths 000005 surveys representing 99% of India’s population; the per year from smoking. Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) What are the new findings? and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). ▸ The age-standardised prevalence of smoking Setting: India. declined modestly among men aged 15–69 years, ▸ Additional material is Participants: About 14 million residents from 2.5 but the absolute number of male smokers at these published online only. To million homes, representative of India. ages grew from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million view please visit the journal in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Bidi and Cigarette Smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by Age, Gender and Education
    Research BMJ Glob Health: first published as 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000005 on 6 April 2016. Downloaded from Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education Sujata Mishra,1 Renu Ann Joseph,1 Prakash C Gupta,2 Brendon Pezzack,1 Faujdar Ram,3 Dhirendra N Sinha,4 Rajesh Dikshit,5 Jayadeep Patra,1 Prabhat Jha1 To cite: Mishra S, ABSTRACT et al Key questions Joseph RA, Gupta PC, . Objectives: Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, Trends in bidi and cigarette locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has smoking in India from 1998 What is already known about this topic? likely changed over the last decade. We sought to to 2015, by age, gender and ▸ India has over 100 million adult smokers, the education. BMJ Global Health document trends in smoking prevalence among second highest number of smokers in the world – 2016;1:e000005. Indians aged 15 69 years between 1998 and 2015. after China. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015- Design: Comparison of 3 nationally representative ▸ There are already about 1 million adult deaths 000005 surveys representing 99% of India’s population; the per year from smoking. Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) What are the new findings? and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). ▸ The age-standardised prevalence of smoking Setting: India. declined modestly among men aged 15–69 years, ▸ Additional material is Participants: About 14 million residents from 2.5 but the absolute number of male smokers at these published online only. To million homes, representative of India.
    [Show full text]
  • American Indian Views of Smoking: Risk and Protective Factors
    Volume 1, Issue 2 (December 2010) http://www.hawaii.edu/sswork/jivsw http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12527 E-ISSN 2151-349X pp. 1-18 ‘This Tobacco Has Always Been Here for Us,’ American Indian Views of Smoking: Risk and Protective Factors Sandra L. Momper Beth Glover Reed University of Michigan University of Michigan Mary Kate Dennis University of Michigan Abstract We utilized eight talking circles to elicit American Indian views of smoking on a U.S. reservation. We report on (1) the historical context of tobacco use among Ojibwe Indians; (2) risk factors that facilitate use: peer/parental smoking, acceptability/ availability of cigarettes; (3) cessation efforts/ inhibiting factors for cessation: smoking while pregnant, smoking to reduce stress , beliefs that cessation leads to debilitating withdrawals; and (4) protective factors that inhibit smoking initiation/ use: negative health effects of smoking, parental and familial smoking behaviors, encouragement from youth to quit smoking, positive health benefits, “cold turkey” quitting, prohibition of smoking in tribal buildings/homes. Smoking is prevalent, but protective behaviors are evident and can assist in designing culturally sensitive prevention, intervention and cessation programs. Key Words American Indians • Native Americans • Indigenous • tobacco • smoking • community based research Acknowledgments We would like to say thank you (Miigwetch) to all tribal members for their willingness to share their stories and work with us, and in particular, the Research Associate and Observer (Chi-Miigwetch). This investigation was supported by the National Institutes of Health under Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award T32 DA007267 via the University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center (UMSARC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or UMSARC.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Smoking
    FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • C-235-M-131-1922-XI BI.Pdf
    UBE àH C SOCIETE DES NATIONS. C. 235. M.131. 1922,XI. cd i/20383/20383 Genève, le 5 mai, 1922» OPIUM I I D I E IT. Le document ci-joint est communiqué, aur la demande du "India Office” , aux Membres d e la Société, à titre d1information, I I I! I A N OPIUM. The attached paper is circulated, at the request of the India Office, for the information of the Members of the League. THE TRUTH ABOUT INDIAN OPIUM BY G. GRAHAM DIXON. Printed for and issued by T h e I n d u s t r i e s a n d O v e r s e a s D e p a r t m e n t , I n d ia O f f i c e , W h i t e h a l l , S.W. 1. Printed by His Majesty's Stationery OrficE. 1922. THE TRUTH ABOUT INDIAN OPIUM. CONTENTS. P aiîe C h a p t e r 1.—The Royal Commission on Opium in India • 1 C h a p t e r II.—The Production of Opium in India - ■ 4 C h a p t e r III.—The Consumption of Opium in India - 8 C h a p t e r IV.—Opium Smoking in India proper and Burma • 13 C h a p t e r V.—The Export of Opium from India ■ 16 C h a p t e r VI.—The Hague Convention ■ 29 C h a p t e r "VII.—The Position of India in relation to the World’s Opium Problem ' - - - - 38 B ibliography - - - - - - - 12 T a b l e s .
    [Show full text]
  • A Focus on India and South Africa
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305635219 Controlling the use of Tobacco for Sustainable Development: A Focus on India and South Africa Article in INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE · June 2016 DOI: 10.5530/ijopp.9.2.5 CITATIONS READS 0 159 1 author: Theodore Duxbury Rhodes University 5 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: health Promotion Research View project All content following this page was uploaded by Theodore Duxbury on 25 October 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Special Edition Controlling the use of Tobacco for Sustainable Development: A Focus on India and South Africa Theodore Duxbury1, Seema Rath2, Paayal Maraj1, Sean James Bosman3, Sunitha Srinivas1* 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University PO Box 94, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA. 2Hugh Kelly Fellow, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, SOUTH AFRICA /Department of Economics, Government College, Khandola-Goa, INDIA. 3Department of English, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA. ABSTRACT The use of tobacco containing products is a global health and economic burden adversely affecting sustainable development, particularly in the developing world. This article focuses on the impact of population growth, aging, gender, culture, and the ascendancy of transnational tobacco companies on the tobacco epidemic in India and South Africa. There is a distinctive manifestation of the tobacco epidemic in India and South Africa based on the stated impacting factors. Successful implementation and execution of tobacco control policies are required to promote sustainable human development. These must act in conjunction with strengthened World Health Organization tobacco control measures and improved understandings of tobacco industry strategies, as well as take population attitudes and practices towards tobacco consumption into consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Adult Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Low-And-Middle
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2016 Assessing Adult Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Low-and-Middle Income Countries: Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey Data, 2009 – 2012 Daniel Owusu East Tennessee State Universtiy Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Epidemiology Commons Recommended Citation Owusu, Daniel, "Assessing Adult Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Low-and-Middle Income Countries: Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey Data, 2009 – 2012" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3063. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3063 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Assessing Adult Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Low-and-Middle Income Countries: Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey Data, 2009 – 2012 _______________________ A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Public Health with concentration in Epidemiology _______________________ by Daniel Owusu May 2016 __________________ Dr. Megan Quinn, Chair Dr. Hadii M. Mamudu Dr. Ke-Sheng Wang Dr. Sreenivas P. Veeranki Keywords: Tobacco smoking cessation, low-and-middle income countries, cessation assistance, home smoking rule, intention to quit, advice to quit ABSTRACT Assessing Adult Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Low-and-Middle Income Countries: Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey Data, 2009 – 2012 by Daniel Owusu Smoking cessation can reduce health risk and prevent millions of tobacco-related deaths.
    [Show full text]
  • Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India
    Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India Scientific Editors Prakash C. Gupta Monika Arora Dhirendra Sinha Samira Asma Mark Parascondola Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India or of the organizations that authors and editors are affiliated to. Suggested citation: Gupta PC, Arora M, Sinha DN, Asma S, Parascandola M (eds.); Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; New Delhi; 2016. Editorial Assistants Cecily S. Ray Manu Raj Mathur Lauren Bartell Message ,QGLDKDVDOZD\VUHDI¿UPHGLWVSRVLWLRQDVWKHJOREDOOHDGHULQWKHDUHDRIWREDFFRFRQWURO ,FRPPHQGP\0LQLVWU\IRUWDNLQJFRQFUHWHVWHSVLQDGYDQFLQJWREDFFRFRQWUROLQLWLDWLYHV DW1DWLRQDO6WDWHDQG6XE1DWLRQDOOHYHOVWKURXJK1DWLRQDO7REDFFR&RQWURO3URJUDPPH 7REDFFRXVHLVWKHIRUHPRVWSUHYHQWDEOHFDXVHRIGHDWKDQGGLVHDVHJOREDOO\DV ZHOODVLQ,QGLD$VSHUWKH*OREDO$GXOW7REDFFR6XUYH\ *$76 ±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
    [Show full text]
  • Smoking Trends Among Women in India: Analysis of Nationally Representative Surveys (1993–2009) Sonu Goel, Jaya Prasad Tripathy1, Rana J
    Published online: 2020-12-31 TABACCO, THE MENACE Original Article Smoking trends among women in India: Analysis of nationally representative surveys (1993–2009) Sonu Goel, Jaya Prasad Tripathy1, Rana J. Singh2, Pranay Lal2 Abstract Background: There is growing concern among policy makers with respect to alarming growth in smoking prevalence among women in the developing countries. Methods: Using disaggregated data from five nationally representative surveys: Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2010, National Family Health Survey‑III (NFHS‑III) 2004–2005, NFHS‑II 1998‑1999, National Sample Survey (NSS) 52nd Round 1995–1996, NSS 50th Round 1993‑1994 we analysed female smoking trend from 1993‑2009. Tobacco use among females was monitored for almost two decades focusing on gender, literacy, and state‑specific trends among respondents aged >15 years. Results: Smoking use among women has doubled from 1.4% to 2.9% (P < 0.001) during the period 2005‑2010. The prevalence of smoking increased with decrease in per capita State Gross Domestic Product and literacy status for both men and women. Conclusion: As the overall smoking prevalence grows, female smoking is growing at a faster rate than smoking among males, which is an emerging concern for tobacco control in India and requires the attention of policymakers. Key words: Female smoking, India, Global Adult Tobacco Survey Introduction NFHS‑II 1998‑1999, National Sample Survey (NSS) 52nd Round th Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and 1995‑1996, NSS 50 Round 1993–1994. The trends of disease in the world taking more than five million lives each prevalence and use of tobacco was estimated according to year.[1] Over the past couple of decades, there has been an gender, literacy and states among respondents aged >15years.
    [Show full text]
  • (2004) Report on Tobacco Control in India
    Report on Tobacco Control in India Edited by K. Srinath Reddy Prakash C. Gupta This report is jointly supported by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA World Health Organization Tobacco Control in India Report on Tobacco Control in India (New Delhi, India), 25 November 2004 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi 110011, India Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, who commissioned the report as well as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), who provided technical guidance. Preparation of this report has been jointly undertaken by HRIDAY, New Delhi, India and Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India HRIDAY Tata Memorial Centre T-7, Green Park Extension Dr Ernest Borges Marg, Parel New Delhi 110016 Mumbai 400012 India up to 31 July 2004; since then Healis Sekhsaria Institute of Public Health 601, Great Eastern Chambers 6th Floor, Plot No. 28, Sector 11 CBD Belapur (E) Navi Mumbai 400614 India on behalf of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India The report has been technically edited by BYWORD EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS A-217, Somdatt Chambers I, Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi 110016, India Printed at Shree Om Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., A-98/3 Okhla Industrial Area, Pahse II, New Delhi 110020 ii Tobacco Control in India Foreword Hkkjr ljdkj LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky; ubZ fnYyh & 110011 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE NEW DELHI - 110011 J.V.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Use of Tobacco Among Indigenous Peoples in North America
    Literature Review Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America March 28, 2014 Dr. Tonio Sadik Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 1. Overview This literature review arises as one part of the Chippewas of the Thames1 First Nation’s (CoTTFN) engagement with the Province of Ontario regarding tobacco issues and related First Nation interests (the “Tobacco Initiative”). The specific focus of this review is on existing academic literature pertaining to the traditional use of tobacco by indigenous peoples in North America. For the purposes of this review, traditional use refers to those uses of tobacco by indigenous peoples2 that may be distinct from the contemporary commercial use of tobacco, that is, recreational smoking. Most current knowledge about tobacco is dominated by the history of European and Euro- American tobacco use, despite the fact that the growing and harvesting of tobacco by indigenous peoples predates the arrival of Europeans (Pego, Hill, Solomon, Chisholm, and Ivey 1995). Tobacco was first introduced to Europeans shortly after Columbus’ landfall in the Americas in 1492, and was likely the first plant to have been domesticated in the so-called New World. Generally speaking, indigenous peoples of North America had four uses for tobacco: for prayers, offerings, and ceremonies; as medicine; as gifts to visitors; and as ordinary smoking tobacco.3 The traditional use of tobacco can in many cases be traced back to the creation stories of a respective indigenous nation. Although the meanings associated with such stories vary, tobacco is consistently described for its sacred elements: to bring people together; for its medicinal or healing properties; or as an offering.
    [Show full text]
  • (INCLUDING BETEL QUID and ARECA NUT) an Annotated Bibliography of Research on Use, Health Effects
    RESEARCH ON TOBACCO IN INDIA (INCLUDING BETEL QUID AND ARECA NUT) An annotated bibliography of research on use, health effects, economics, and control efforts Cecily Stewart Ray with Prakash Gupta and Joy de Beyer August 2003 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HNP Discussion Paper). The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief. Submissions should have been previously reviewed and cleared by the sponsoring department which will bear the cost of publication. No additional reviews will be undertaken after submission. The sponsoring department and authors bear full responsibility for the quality of the technical contents and presentation of material in the series. Since the material will be published as presented, authors should submit an electronic copy in a predefined format (available at www.worldbank.org/hnppublications on the Guide for Authors page) as well as three camera-ready hard copies (copied front to back exactly as the author would like the final publication to appear).
    [Show full text]