DOCSLIB.ORG

(INCLUDING BETEL QUID and ARECA NUT) an Annotated Bibliography of Research on Use, Health Effects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(INCLUDING BETEL QUID and ARECA NUT) an Annotated Bibliography of Research on Use, Health Effects RESEARCH ON TOBACCO IN INDIA (INCLUDING BETEL QUID AND ARECA NUT) An annotated bibliography of research on use, health effects, economics, and control efforts Cecily Stewart Ray with Prakash Gupta and Joy de Beyer August 2003 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HNP Discussion Paper). The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief. Submissions should have been previously reviewed and cleared by the sponsoring department which will bear the cost of publication. No additional reviews will be undertaken after submission. The sponsoring department and authors bear full responsibility for the quality of the technical contents and presentation of material in the series. Since the material will be published as presented, authors should submit an electronic copy in a predefined format (available at www.worldbank.org/hnppublications on the Guide for Authors page) as well as three camera-ready hard copies (copied front to back exactly as the author would like the final publication to appear). Rough drafts that do not meet minimum presentational standards may be returned to authors for more work before being accepted. The Editor in Chief of the series is Alexander S. Preker ([email protected]; For information regarding this and other World Bank publications, please contact the HNP Advisory Services ([email protected]) at: Tel (202) 473-2256; and Fax (202) 522-3234. __________________________________________________________________________ The Economics of Tobacco Control sub-series is produced jointly with the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author/s and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Health Organization or to the World Bank, their affiliated organizations or to members of their Executive Boards or the countries they represent. The editors for the Economics of Tobacco Control papers are: Joy de Beyer ([email protected]), Emmanuel Guindon ([email protected]) and Ayda Yurekli ([email protected]). For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual author whose name appears on the paper, or one of the editors. Papers are posted on the publications pages of these websites: www.worldbank.org/hnp and www.worldbank.org/tobacco ISBN 1-932126-81-3 © 2003 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. ii Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO CONTROL PAPER NO. 9 RESEARCH ON TOBACCO IN INDIA (INCLUDING BETEL QUID AND ARECA NUT) An annotated bibliography of research on use, health effects, economics, and control efforts Cecily Stewart Raya with Prakash Guptab and Joy de Beyerc a Epidemiology Research Unit, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India b Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India c Senior Health Economist, Health, Nutrition and Population, Human Development Network, World Bank, Washington DC, USA Paper prepared for the World Bank for the meeting on Tobacco Control Research in India, held in New Delhi, India on April 10-11, 2002. The on-line version of this annotated bibliography will be updated periodically. Readers are encouraged to send additional references and abstracts to the authors. Abstract: This report is a compilation of references and abstracts of all research on tobacco in India from 1985 to 2003. Studies are organised by subject matter, and within each sub-topic, are arranged by year of publication with most recent studies listed first, and for studies published in the same year, alphabetically by author’s last name. The studies include tobacco use surveys, studies on tobacco-related mortality, tobacco-related diseases both cancerous and non-cancerous, according to body system and site, and other health problems associated with tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke. Other topics include the toxicity of tobacco products, educational interventions and the psychology of tobacco use, tobacco control measures and policies, reports on tobacco advertising and sponsorship and research into the tobacco health hazards faced by tobacco workers. It also includes studies on tobacco employment, tobacco growing and technology, and the economics of tobacco. The following databases were searched: Pub Med, Medline, and J-Gate (a new Indian database). The keywords used for the searches were ‘(Tobacco OR smoking) AND India’, as well as names of diseases known from international research findings to be associated with tobacco, ‘AND India’. In some cases, reports were excluded if they were duplicative, or the methodology or findings were unclear. The report is also available on-line, at to http://www.actindia.org/databases.html or www.actindia.org -- click on “databases”, or through www.worldbank.org/tobacco. In future, all the abstracts will be available also on the WHO 'Health Internetwork' (HIN) website, that is under development. The electronic file is available upon request, from the authors. iii Keywords: tobacco, nicotine, bidi, tendu, gutkha, paan masala, smoking, areca nut, betel-quid, chewing tobacco, smokeless tobacco, reverse smoking, chutta, environmental smoke, passive smoking, second- hand smoke, sidestream smoke, India, cancer, tuberculosis, pulmonary disease, CVD, coronary vascular disease, respiratory disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, nutritional status, tobacco control, tobacco policy, economics of tobacco Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the paper are entirely those of the authors, and do not represent the views of the World Bank or the World Health Organization, their Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Correspondence Details: Cecily Stewart Ray, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, tel: (91-22-2280-4545 ext 2553) , fax: (91-22-2280-4610), email: [email protected] Prakash Gupta, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, tel: (91-22-2280-4617) , fax: (91- 22-2280-4610), email: [email protected] Joy de Beyer, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC, 20433, USA, tel: (202) 473-1887, fax: (202) 522-3234, email: [email protected] The electronic file for this document (word.doc file) is available upon request from Cecily Ray or Joy de Beyer, for readers who wish to be able to search or sort the file for personal use. The file can be sent by email, or on CD or diskette. iv Table of Contents Page No. Preface…………………………………………………………………………………….vii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..ix Introductory Note………………………………………………………………………….x References and Abstracts (Reference Code) …………………………..…………………..1 1. Tobacco Use Surveys and Reports (TUS) …………………….……………………1 1.1 Youth in general………………………………………………….……………………1 1.2 School children ……………………………………………………………………….2 1.2.1 Independent surveys of school children……….………………………………….…2 1.2.2 Global Youth Tobacco Surveys in India………………………...…………………..7 1.3 College students……………………………………………………………………...10 1.4 Health professionals (including medical and dental students)……………………….12 1.5 Educational personnel and other professional groups…………………………….…15 1.6 Non student youth……………………………………………………………………17 1.7 General population…………………………………………………………………...19 1.8 Rural communities…………………………………………………………………...23 1.9 Urban communities…………………………………………………………………..26 1.10 Women……………………………………………………………………………….30 1.11 Data collection instruments…………………………………………………………..32 2. All Cause Morbidity and Mortality (All Mor)………………………………..…..33 3. Cancers ……..…………………………….……………...…………………………40 3.1 All cancers (in relation to tobacco use) (All Can ) ..………………………………...40 3.2 Oral cavity cancer……………………………………………………………………43 3.2.1 Oral cancer epidemiology (OC Epi)………….……………………………………44 3.2.2 Oral lesions and conditions, precancerous and non-cancerous (OL)……………...59 3.2.3 Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) ……………………………………………….......67 3.3 Oropharyngeal cancer (OphC)….………………………………………………….. 73 3.4 Laryngeal cancer (LaC).………………….………………………………………….76 3.5 Oesophageal cancer (Eso) ………………………………………………..................77 3.6 Head and neck cancers (H&Nc)……………………………………………………..80 3.7 Lung cancer (LC)…………………………………………………………………….81 3.8 Digestive and aerodigestive tract cancers –general (Aero-digC, DigC)…..…………84 3.9 Stomach cancer StoC).………………………………………………………………86 3.10 Other cancers (OthC).………………………………………………………………..88 4. Non-cancerous Diseases and Adverse Impacts on Health………………………..90 4.1 Respiratory system…………………………………………………………………. 90 4.1.1 Chronic respiratory symptoms and diseases (Cresp)………………..……………..91 4.1.2 Tuberculosis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hookah Fact Sheet
    California Youth Advocacy Network page 1 of 2 Hookah WHAT IS HOOKAH? Hookah is a form of water pipe that is widely used throughout the world. A flavored blend of tobacco is smoked in a hookah using ignited coal as a heat source. The four primary components of hookah include: SHISHA: The sticky blend of tobacco and other ingredients such as spices, dried fruit, molasses, honey, and artificial flavors that is smoked using a hookah pipe. Heavy metals, including nickel, cromium, lead, and arsenic are present in shisha and shisha smoke.1 QUICK FACTS COAL: Heats the tobacco to create smoke. Burning coal creates carbon • Compared with cigarettes, hookah monoxide, which can be highly toxic. Multiple cases of carbon contains: monoxide poisoning requiring emergency treatment have been 5 times more cancer-causing agents identified after using hookah.2,3 100 times more tar 4 times more nicotine WATER: The large well at the base of the hookah is usually filled with 11 times more carbon monoxide4 water, although sometimes ice, beer, soda, or other liquid is used.1 The water cools the smoke, making it more comfortable to inhale, which • An average hookah smoking session of 45-60 minutes is the same results in the smoker inhaling twice as deeply as a cigarette smoker, as chain smoking 15 cigarettes.4 which causes hazardous elements in the smoke to penetrate deeper into the lungs.4 • Hookah users may inhale as much smoke in one session as a HOSE & MOUTHPIECE: The common practice of sharing a cigarette smoker would inhale in 100 mouthpiece while smoking hookah in a group exposes the smokers cigarettes (5 packs).8 to communicable diseases such as colds, viruses including the flu and herpes, oral bacterial infections, and tuberculosis.4 • Hookah use has surpassed cigarette use among U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Harm Reduction Journal Biomed Central
    Harm Reduction Journal BioMed Central Research Open Access My first time: initiation into injecting drug use in Manipur and Nagaland, north-east India Michelle Kermode*1, Verity Longleng2, Bangkim Chingsubam Singh2, Jane Hocking3, Biangtung Langkham2 and Nick Crofts1 Address: 1Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia, 2c/- Project ORCHID, CBCNEI Mission Compound, Guwahati, Assam, India and 3Key Centre for Women's Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia Email: Michelle Kermode* - [email protected]; Verity Longleng - [email protected]; Bangkim Chingsubam Singh - [email protected]; Jane Hocking - [email protected]; Biangtung Langkham - [email protected]; Nick Crofts - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 5 December 2007 Received: 3 July 2007 Accepted: 5 December 2007 Harm Reduction Journal 2007, 4:19 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-4-19 This article is available from: http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/4/1/19 © 2007 Kermode et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: The north-east Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland are two of the six high HIV prevalence states in the country, and the main route of HIV transmission is injecting drug use. Understanding the pathways to injecting drug use can facilitate early intervention with HIV prevention programs. While several studies of initiation into injecting drug use have been conducted in developed countries, little is known about the situation in developing country settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Bidi and Cigarette Smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by Age, Gender and Education
    Research Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education Sujata Mishra,1 Renu Ann Joseph,1 Prakash C Gupta,2 Brendon Pezzack,1 Faujdar Ram,3 Dhirendra N Sinha,4 Rajesh Dikshit,5 Jayadeep Patra,1 Prabhat Jha1 To cite: Mishra S, ABSTRACT et al Key questions Joseph RA, Gupta PC, . Objectives: Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, Trends in bidi and cigarette locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has smoking in India from 1998 What is already known about this topic? likely changed over the last decade. We sought to to 2015, by age, gender and ▸ India has over 100 million adult smokers, the education. BMJ Global Health document trends in smoking prevalence among second highest number of smokers in the world – 2016;1:e000005. Indians aged 15 69 years between 1998 and 2015. after China. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015- Design: Comparison of 3 nationally representative ▸ There are already about 1 million adult deaths 000005 surveys representing 99% of India’s population; the per year from smoking. Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) What are the new findings? and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). ▸ The age-standardised prevalence of smoking Setting: India. declined modestly among men aged 15–69 years, ▸ Additional material is Participants: About 14 million residents from 2.5 but the absolute number of male smokers at these published online only. To million homes, representative of India. ages grew from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million view please visit the journal in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Bidi, Kretek, Or Pipe Tobacco Use
    2013 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey: Fact Sheet 10 Youth Bidi, Kretek, or Pipe Tobacco Use Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2013 to 6,440 middle school students and 6,175 high school students in 172 public schools throughout the state. The overall survey response rate for middle schools was 83%, and the overall survey response rate for high schools was 75%. The FYTS has been conduct- ed annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida. About Bidis, Kreteks, and Pipe Tobacco Bidis are small brown cigarettes from India consisting of tobacco wrapped in a leaf tied together with a thread. Bidis have higher levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than traditional cigarettes. Kreteks are cigarettes containing tobacco and clove extract. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration banned kreteks, along with flavored cigarettes, from being sold in the United States. Pipe tobacco comes either plain or flavored and is smoked through a pipe. On previous FYTS fact sheets, bidis, kreteks, and pipe tobacco have been Figure 1. Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 8.4 8.5 reported as “specialty tobacco” products. 9 8.0 8 7.2 7.1 Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 7 5.9 6 In 2013, 2.5% of middle school and 5.9% of high 5 4 3.2 school students had tried smoking a bidi, kretek, or Percent 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 pipe tobacco at least once (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Bidi and Cigarette Smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by Age, Gender and Education
    Research BMJ Glob Health: first published as 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000005 on 6 April 2016. Downloaded from Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education Sujata Mishra,1 Renu Ann Joseph,1 Prakash C Gupta,2 Brendon Pezzack,1 Faujdar Ram,3 Dhirendra N Sinha,4 Rajesh Dikshit,5 Jayadeep Patra,1 Prabhat Jha1 To cite: Mishra S, ABSTRACT et al Key questions Joseph RA, Gupta PC, . Objectives: Smoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, Trends in bidi and cigarette locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has smoking in India from 1998 What is already known about this topic? likely changed over the last decade. We sought to to 2015, by age, gender and ▸ India has over 100 million adult smokers, the education. BMJ Global Health document trends in smoking prevalence among second highest number of smokers in the world – 2016;1:e000005. Indians aged 15 69 years between 1998 and 2015. after China. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015- Design: Comparison of 3 nationally representative ▸ There are already about 1 million adult deaths 000005 surveys representing 99% of India’s population; the per year from smoking. Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) What are the new findings? and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010). ▸ The age-standardised prevalence of smoking Setting: India. declined modestly among men aged 15–69 years, ▸ Additional material is Participants: About 14 million residents from 2.5 but the absolute number of male smokers at these published online only. To million homes, representative of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Immediate Effect of Tobacco Chewing in the Form of 'Paan'
    April-June 1988 Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmac. e and high altitude stress on humans. behaviour and pituitary adrenal axis IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF TOBACCO CHEWING IN THE FORM of corticosteroids in lactating goats OF 'PAAN' ON CERTAIN CARDIO-RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS r lactating rats : Parallel changes P. K. NANDA AND M. M. SHARMA I-hydroxy corticosteroids in human Department of Physiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla - 171 001 on serum transaminase and lactic of Physiological Sciences, New Delhi (Received on May 17, 1987 ) ofstress on serum enzyme levels in Summary: Immediate effect of tobacco in the form of chewing was evaluated in 40 healthy males (mean age 26.27 yrs.) not habituated to tobacco, who were given paan containing 200 mg of of drug metabolizing enzymes and tobacco to chew (group T). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), forced vital capacity (FVC), nal stress, Ind. J. Med, Res., 83 : FEV} and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured twice for each subject, once before chewing and again immediately after completion of chewing. Another 24 age and sex matched ry and clearace in sheep before and controls (group C) were given paan without tobacco to chew and cardiorespiratory parameters 1970. were recorded as for group T subjects. Electrocardiography was recorded in lO group T and 10 ase Process" Ed. J. M. Raamsey , group C subjects. Effect of tobacco chewing was also evaluated in 10 habitual tobacco chewers. Results showed statistically significant increments in HR and BP as well as a decline in T wave of serum Glutamic oxalacetic and amplitude in ECG following tobacco chewing (group T subjects).
    [Show full text]
  • IMS Data Reference Tables
    IMS REFERENCE DATA – VERSION 1.7 TABLES 1. Substance .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Local Authority ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Drug Action Team (DAT) ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 4. Nationality ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17 5. Ethnicity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22 6. Sexual Orientation ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 7. Religion or Belief .................................................................................................................................................................. 22 8. Employment Status .............................................................................................................................................................. 23 9. Accommodation Status
    [Show full text]
  • Bidi, Kretek, Or Pipe Tobacco Use
    2012 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey: Fact Sheet 10 Youth Bidi, Kretek, or Pipe Tobacco Use Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2012 to 38,989 middle school students and 36,439 high school students in 746 public schools throughout the state. The overall survey response rate for middle schools was 77% and the overall response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida. About Bidis, Kreteks, and Pipe Tobacco Bidis are small brown cigarettes from India consisting of tobacco wrapped in a leaf tied together with a thread. Bidis have higher levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than traditional cigarettes. Kreteks are cigarettes containing tobacco and clove extract. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration banned kreteks, along with flavored cigarettes, from being sold in the United States. Pipe tobacco comes either plain or flavored and is smoked through a pipe. On previous FYTS fact sheets, bidis, kreteks, and pipe tobacco have been Figure 1. Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 8.4 8.5 reported as “specialty tobacco” products. 9 8.0 8 7.2 7.1 Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 7 6 In 2012, 2.5% of middle school and 7.1% of high 5 4 3.2 school students had tried smoking a bidi, kretek, or Percent 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 pipe tobacco at least once (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Assonance a Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies
    ISSN 2394-7853 Assonance A Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies No.21 January 2021 Department of Russian & Comparative Literature University of Calicut Kerala – 673635 Assonance: A Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies No.21, January 2021 ISSN 2394-7853 Listed in UGC Care ©2021 Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut Editors: Dr. K.K. Abdul Majeed (Assistant Professor & Head) Dr. Nagendra Shreeniwas (Associate Professor, CRS, SLL&CS, JNU, New Delhi) Sub Editor: Sameer Babu Kavad Board of Referees: 1. Prof. Amar Basu, (Retd.), JNU, New Delhi 2. Prof. Govindan Nair (Retd.), University of Kerala 3. Prof. Ranjana Banerjee, JNU, New Delhi 4. Prof. Kandrapa Das, Guahati University, Assam 5. Prof. Sushant Kumar Mishra, JNU, New Delhi 6. Prof. T.K. Gajanan, University of Mysore 7. Prof. Balakrishnan K, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Kochi 8. Dr. S.S. Rajput, EFLU, Hyderabad 9. Smt. Sreekumari S, (Retd.), University of Calicut, Kerala 10. Dr. V.K. Subramanian, University of Calicut, 11. Dr. Arunim Bandyopadhyay, JNU, New Delhi 12. Dr. K.M. Sherrif, University of Calicut, Kerala 13. Dr. K.M. Anil, Malayalam University, Kerala 14. Dr. Sanjay Kumar, EFLU, Hyderabad 15. Dr. Krishnakumar R.S, University of Kerala Frequency: Annual Published by: Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Malappuram, Kerala – 673635 Articles in the journal reflect the views of the respective authors only and do not reflect the view of the editors, the journal, the department and/or the university. ii Notes for contributors Assonance is an ISSN, UGC-CARE listed, multilingual, refereed, blind peer reviewed, annual publication of the Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut.
    [Show full text]
  • OCTOBER 2019 Network Bulletin an Important Message from Unitedhealthcare to Health Care Professionals and Facilities
    OCTOBER 2019 network bulletin An important message from UnitedHealthcare to health care professionals and facilities. Enter UnitedHealthcare respects the expertise of the physicians, health care professionals and their staff who participate in our network. Our goal is to support you and your patients in making the most informed decisions regarding the choice of quality and cost-effective care, and to support practice staff with a simple and predictable administrative experience. The Network Bulletin was developed to share important updates regarding UnitedHealthcare procedure and policy changes, as well as other useful administrative and clinical information. Where information in this bulletin conflicts with applicable state and/or federal law, UnitedHealthcare follows such applicable federal and/or state law. UnitedHealthcare Network Bulletin October 2019 Table of Contents Front & Center PAGE 3 Stay up to date with the latest news and information. UnitedHealthcare Commercial PAGE 22 Learn about program revisions and requirement updates. UnitedHealthcare Community Plan PAGE 29 Learn about Medicaid coverage changes and updates. UnitedHealthcare Medicare Advantage PAGE 35 Learn about Medicare policy, reimbursement and guideline changes. UnitedHealthcare Affiliates PAGE 37 Learn about updates with our company partners. PREV NEXT 2 | For more information, call 877-842-3210 or visit UHCprovider.com. UnitedHealthcare Network Bulletin October 2019 Table of Contents Front & Center Stay up to date with the latest news and information. Smart Edits Help Speed Up Radiology Program Outpatient Injectable Your Claims Cycle Procedure Code Changes Chemotherapy and Our Smart Edits claims tool catches Effective Jan. 1, 2020, Related Cancer Therapies errors and gives you an opportunity UnitedHealthcare will update Prior Authorization/ to resolve and resubmit a claim the procedure code list for the Notification Updates before it enters the claims cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • American Indian Views of Smoking: Risk and Protective Factors
    Volume 1, Issue 2 (December 2010) http://www.hawaii.edu/sswork/jivsw http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12527 E-ISSN 2151-349X pp. 1-18 ‘This Tobacco Has Always Been Here for Us,’ American Indian Views of Smoking: Risk and Protective Factors Sandra L. Momper Beth Glover Reed University of Michigan University of Michigan Mary Kate Dennis University of Michigan Abstract We utilized eight talking circles to elicit American Indian views of smoking on a U.S. reservation. We report on (1) the historical context of tobacco use among Ojibwe Indians; (2) risk factors that facilitate use: peer/parental smoking, acceptability/ availability of cigarettes; (3) cessation efforts/ inhibiting factors for cessation: smoking while pregnant, smoking to reduce stress , beliefs that cessation leads to debilitating withdrawals; and (4) protective factors that inhibit smoking initiation/ use: negative health effects of smoking, parental and familial smoking behaviors, encouragement from youth to quit smoking, positive health benefits, “cold turkey” quitting, prohibition of smoking in tribal buildings/homes. Smoking is prevalent, but protective behaviors are evident and can assist in designing culturally sensitive prevention, intervention and cessation programs. Key Words American Indians • Native Americans • Indigenous • tobacco • smoking • community based research Acknowledgments We would like to say thank you (Miigwetch) to all tribal members for their willingness to share their stories and work with us, and in particular, the Research Associate and Observer (Chi-Miigwetch). This investigation was supported by the National Institutes of Health under Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award T32 DA007267 via the University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center (UMSARC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or UMSARC.
    [Show full text]
  • Money, and Power by Shanti Webley
    lll.llt: \C(. Sf(. I IIF [t.tP.£~~!" Marilyn Massey makes 10£1.1 f'lllo ~Ill ~.UI· Pitze( svery own R Revolution in · Sex, Money, Interview with F Welcome home' Volume XXVI February 1996 the other side Its confusing. And yet there doesn't seem to time for confusion volume xxvi these days. We've made some changes in this issue of the Other Side. It goes issue #1 without saying that last semester the magazine drew some criticism for its '1ess than objective" crusade against the administration. It's not that I editors-in-chief: feel guilty about that, or even at faull Last semester was a different time, aaron balkan ~~Fm·~~~ll"''r·""·those tmprecedented Pitzer days; where an Wlprecedented 85 degreetempera~· different feelings. I think there were a lot of us who felt compelled to try 11.1 for what seems like WeeiCS; when an Wlprecedented February snn ~ks over Mt. and change some things about Pitzer that we thought were wrong. And quinn burson at just the angle to cut through the smog to convene upon the glorious Inland Valley:.Empire at we weren't wrong for that; perhaps a bit foolish, but certainly not wrong. director of the media lab: F";)~~~: the'Jight spot: Pitzer's campus; not Pomona, not the Oaremont Colleges, but Pitzer. An tmprecedented Its funny, because in retrospect, I don't remember being convinced that matthew cooke thaf makes for unprecedented discussion. On one such day I was walking with a friend when here­ these "problems" were vealed to me, "If I were a perspective student and I came to Pitzer on a day like this.
    [Show full text]