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Modulation of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis by Heterologous Expression of Cjwrky1 in Eschscholzia Californica Cells

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Modulation of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis by Heterologous Expression of Cjwrky1 in Eschscholzia Californica Cells RESEARCH ARTICLE Modulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis by heterologous expression of CjWRKY1 in Eschscholzia californica cells Yasuyuki Yamada¤*, Tomoe Shimada, Yukiya Motomura, Fumihiko Sato* Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ¤ Current address: Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan * [email protected] (YY); [email protected] (FS) a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 Transcription factors control many processes in plants and have high potentials to manipu- late specialized metabolic pathways. Transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of mono- terpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), nicotine alkaloids, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) has been characterized using Catharanthus roseus, Nicotiana and Coptis plants. However, OPEN ACCESS metabolic engineering in which specific transcription factors are used in alkaloid biosynthe- Citation: Yamada Y, Shimada T, Motomura Y, Sato sis is limited. In this study, we characterized the effects of ectopic expression of CjWRKY1, F (2017) Modulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid which is a transcriptional activator with many targets in BIA biosynthesis in Coptis japonica biosynthesis by heterologous expression of CjWRKY1 in Eschscholzia californica cells. PLoS (Ranunculaceae) and Eschscholzia californica (California poppy, Papaveraceae). Heterolo- ONE 12(10): e0186953. https://doi.org/10.1371/ gous expression of CjWRKY1 in cultured California poppy cells induced increases in tran- journal.pone.0186953 scripts of several genes encoding BIA biosynthetic enzymes. Metabolite analyses indicated Editor: Turgay Unver, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi, that the overexpression of the CjWRKY1 gene also induced increases in the accumulation TURKEY of BIAs such as sanguinarine, chelerythrine, chelirubine, protopine, allocryptopine, and 10- Received: June 30, 2017 hydroxychelerythrine in the culture medium. Previous characterization of EcbHLH1 and cur- Accepted: October 10, 2017 rent results indicated that both transcription factors, WRKY1 and bHLH1, are substantially involved in the regulation of BIA biosynthesis. We discuss the function of CjWRKY1 in E. Published: October 27, 2017 californica cells and its potential for metabolic engineering in BIA biosynthesis. Copyright: © 2017 Yamada et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original Introduction author and source are credited. Plants produce structurally divergent, low molecular weight specialized secondary metabolites. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are Alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds, are found in approximately 20% of within the paper and its Supporting Information plant species and often used as important pharmaceuticals, stimulants, and narcotics because files. of their strong biological activities [1]. Despite their usefulness, information on the biosyn- Funding: This research was supported by the thetic pathways of alkaloids is very limited to specific plant species. The biosynthesis of mono- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and terpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus, nicotine alkaloids in Nicotiana plants, and Technology of Japan (MEXT) [Grant-in-Aid for benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) in Papaver somniferum, Coptis japonica, and Eschscholzia Scientific Research (S); 26221201 to F.S.]. The funder had no role in study design, data collection californica, are well understood at the molecular level [2±5]. and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of Here, we focus on BIAs, because they are among the most diverse alkaloids, with approxi- the manuscript. mately 2500 natural product structures [6]. BIAs include many pharmaceutically valuable PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186953 October 27, 2017 1 / 15 CjWRKY1 modulates benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis Competing interests: The authors have declared chemicals such as the analgesics morphine and codeine (in opium poppy, P. somniferum), anti- that no competing interests exist. adipogenics, the antimicrobial agent berberine in goldthread (C. japonica), and the antimicro- bial agent sanguinarine in California poppy (E. californica) [1, 3, 7]. Furthermore, the biosyn- thetic pathways of these BIAs have been intensively investigated at the molecular level [3, 8]. Several transcription factors have also been identified and characterized, including CjbHLH1 and EcbHLH1-1/EcbHLH1-2 (the homologs of CjbHLH1) from C. japonica and E. californica, respectively [9, 10], CjWRKY1 from C. japonica [11], and PsWRKY from opium poppy [12]. However, metabolic engineering approaches that use transcription factors in BIA biosynthesis are very limited, except for early attempts to use Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY1 (AtWRKY1) in California poppy and opium poppy to increase biosynthesis and production of BIAs [13]. In this report, we examined the effects of native WRKY in BIA biosynthesis. WRKYs are some of the most important plant-specific regulators in biotic and abiotic stress res- ponses, development, and senescence [14±16]. The WRKYs contain one or two copies of the WRKY DNA-binding domain, which is composed of approximately 60 amino acids and includes the highly conserved N-terminal motif WRKYGQK and a C-terminal zinc finger motif. CjWRKY1 isolated from C. japonica cells [11] belongs to Group IIc, a differ- ent clade from that of AtWRKY1, which belongs to Group I. However, whereas CjWRKY1 directly binds to the W-box element (TTGACC/T) [17] and functions as a comprehensive activator in BIA biosynthesis in C. japonica cells, the general function in the biosynthesis of BIAs in other species has yet to be determined. In fact, PsWRKY is proposed to be a transcriptional activator of BIA biosynthesis in opium poppy, because of the binding of PsWRKY to the W-box and the transactivation activity of PsWRKY against the tyrosine decarboxylase gene [12]. However, the actual role of PsWRKY in the biosynthesis of mor- phinan alkaloids in opium poppy plants remains to be determined. In this study, we used the California poppy as a model of BIA biosynthesis in Papaveraceae. This species has common biosynthetic pathways that produce BIAs (either reticuline or some protoberberines) from norcoclaurine, although sanguinarine is the primary alkaloid in Cali- fornia poppy (Fig 1). Importantly, genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes that convert (S)-reti- culine to sanguinarine have been isolated and characterized [18±24]. Furthermore, generation of stable transformants is easy in this plant species [10]. Thus, we evaluated the in vivo function of CjWRKY1 in transgenic California poppy cells by overexpression. Overexpression of the CjWRKY1 gene induced a clear increase in the expression of several genes encoding BIA biosynthetic enzymes and caused a large accumula- tion of several BIAs in the medium. Our results suggested that CjWRKY1 functioned in the regulation of BIA biosynthesis in California poppy plants. Correlations between the expression of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and alkaloid accumulations in transgenic cultured cells and the diversification of the functional regulation of transcription factors in BIA biosyn- thesis in BIA-producing plant species are discussed. Materials and methods Plant materials Suspension-cultured California poppy cells were grown on a gyratory shaker (90 rpm) at 23ÊC in the dark in Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) [25] medium (pH 5.7) containing 3% sucrose, 10 μM 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and 1 μM benzyladenine (BA). Vector construction The full-length cDNA of CjWRKY1 (accession number: AB267401) with BamHI/SacI restric- tion sites was prepared by PCR and cloned into a pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186953 October 27, 2017 2 / 15 CjWRKY1 modulates benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis HO H3C O NCS N 6OMT CNMT CYP80B2 4’OMT N HO H HO CH L-tyrosine H H 3 HO NCS 6OMT CNMT CYP80B1 4’OMT HO H C O 3 BBE BBE (S)-norcoclaurine (S)-reticuline H3C O N HO H CYP719A5 OH CYP719A2/3 OCH3 TNMT G3OMT (S)-scoulerine O MSH CH SMT N 3 O O P6H O CYP719A1 O O O protopine CH THBO N 3 O O O O N O CH3 CH + O 3 N O CYP1/2 O O CH3 OCH dihydrosanguinarine G11OMT allocryptopine 3 OCH3 berberine SR DBOX O O O O HO H3C O O CYP2 O O O + + + + N N N N CH CH CH H3C O 3 H3C O 3 O 3 O CH3 H C O H C O O O 3 3 sanguinarine chelirubine chelerythrine 10-hydroxychelerythrine Fig 1. BIA biosynthetic pathways in BIA-producing plants. Black and gray letters show biosynthetic enzymes in C. japonica and E. californica, respectively. Broken lines indicate uncharacterized enzyme reactions. NCS, (S)-norcoclaurine synthase; 6OMT, (S)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase; CNMT, (S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase; CYP80B1, (S)-N- methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase; 4'OMT, (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase; BBE, berberine bridge enzyme; SMT, (S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase of C. japonica; CYP719A1, (S)-canadine synthase; THBO, (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase; CYP719A5, (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase; CYP719A2/3, (S)-stylopine synthase; TNMT, (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase, MSH, (S)-N-methylstylopine 14-hydroxylase; P6H, protopine 6-hydroxylase; DBOX, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase;
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