Praktická Mykológia (Možnosti Pestovania a Využívania Húb) Autori

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Praktická Mykológia (Možnosti Pestovania a Využívania Húb) Autori Táto publikácie je financovaná z Európskeho poľnohospodárskeho fondu pre roz- voj vidieka, projekt: Nové možnosti využívania húb človekom v pôdohospodárstve (011BB280003) Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian, Anna Pavlíková, Pavol Hlaváč Praktická mykológia (Možnosti pestovania a využívania húb) Autori: © Ing. Martin Pavlík, PhD., Ing. Marcel Golian, PhD., PaedDr. Anna Pavlíková, PhD., Ing. Pavol Hlaváč, PhD. OBSAH OBSAH PESTOVANIE HÚB Úvod (Martin Pavlík)....................................................................................................... 7 1 Úvod do mykológie (Martin Pavlík) ........................................................................ 9 1.1 Existencia a rozširovanie húb............................................................................ 9 1.2 Huby v ich prirodzenom prostredí .................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Saprofytické huby................................................................................. 10 1.2.2 Parazitické huby ................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Symbiotické huby ................................................................................. 11 1.3. Rozdelenie húb ................................................................................................ 12 1.3.1 Oddelenie MYXOMYCOTA – slizovky .............................................. 13 1.3.2 Oddelenie EUMYCOTA – pravé huby ................................................ 14 1.3.2.1 Trieda PHYCOMYCETES – plesne ....................................... 14 1.3.2.2 Trieda ASCOMYCETES – vreckaté huby ............................. 14 1.3.2.3 Trieda BASIDIOMYCETES – stopkatovýtrusné, bazídiové huby ........................................................................ 17 1.3.2.4 Trieda DEUTEROMYCETES – nedokonalé huby ................ 25 Otázky ..................................................................................... 26 2 Základné časti a určovacie znaky plodníc húb (Marcel Golian) ....................... 27 2.1 Základné časti hubového tela .......................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Základná terminológia ......................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Mycélium ............................................................................................. 30 2.1.3 Hlúbik ................................................................................................ 30 2.1.4 Klobúk ................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Základné časti a morfologické znaky plodníc húb ........................................... 32 Otázky ......................................................................................................... 35 3 Podmienky rastu húb a tvorby plodníc vyšších húb (Marcel Golian) ............... 37 3.1 Princíp rastu húb ............................................................................................. 37 3.2 Podmienky prostredia...................................................................................... 37 3.3 pH a huby ................................................................................................ 38 3.4 Teplota a huby ................................................................................................ 38 3.5 Svetlo a huby ................................................................................................ 39 3.6 Plyny a huby ................................................................................................ 40 3.7 Voda a huby ................................................................................................ 41 3.8 Ostatné faktory prostredia a huby ................................................................... 42 3.9 Výskyt húb z pohľadu ekosystému lokality .................................................... 42 3.10 Zánik plodníc ................................................................................................ 44 Otázky ............................................................................................................. 45 4 Pestovanie húb (Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian) .................................................... 47 4.1 Úvod – história pestovania húb (Martin Pavlík) .............................................. 47 4.2 Prostriedky a podmienky pre pestovanie húb (Martin Pavlík) ........................ 50 3 OBSAH 4.2.1 Inokulum .............................................................................................. 50 4.2.2 Nosič a sadivo ...................................................................................... 51 4.2.3 Substrát ................................................................................................ 52 4.2.4 Priestor pre pestovanie húb ................................................................. 53 4.2.5 Drevo ako substrát na pestovanie húb ................................................. 55 4.2.5.1 Piliny a štiepky ....................................................................... 56 4.2.5.2. Pestovanie húb na pňoch po spílených stromoch ................. 56 4.2.5.3 Pestovanie na drevených klátoch ........................................... 58 4.2.5.4 Pestovanie húb na polenách ................................................... 61 4.2.6 Jednoduché pestovanie húb na slame ................................................. 65 4.2.7 Papier ako substrát .............................................................................. 68 4.2.8 Hubový záhon ...................................................................................... 68 Otázky .................................................................................................. 69 4.3 Príprava inokula pestovanej huby v laboratórnych podmienkach (Marcel Golian) ............................................................................................ 71 4.3.1 Nástroje, priestory, materiál a techniky pre prípravu inokula............. 71 4.3.2 Sadba (kondícia a skladovanie) .......................................................... 73 4.3.3 Základné metodické postupy .............................................................. 73 4.3.4 Agar ................................................................................................ 75 4.3.5 Techniky očkovania na agar ............................................................... 77 4.3.6 Sterilizácia nástrojov .......................................................................... 78 4.3.7 Kultivačné metódy .............................................................................. 81 Otázky ................................................................................................. 83 4.4 Príprava a úprava obilninového substrátu pre intenzívne pestovanie húb (Marcel Golian) ................................................................... 84 4.4.1 Pozadie výroby substrátov .................................................................. 84 4.4.2 Princípy prípravy substrátu ................................................................. 84 4.4.3 Obohacovanie substrátov o rôzne aditíva ........................................... 86 4.4.4 Základné metodické princípy ............................................................. 87 4.5 Úprava a prvotné spracovanie plodníc húb (Marcel Golian)........................ 87 4.5.1 Platná legislatíva ................................................................................. 87 4.5.2 Zberová fáza a skladovanie ............................................................... 88 5 Spracovanie húb (Marcel Golian, Anna Pavlíková, Martin Pavlík) ..................... 91 5.1 Škodlivé činitele pri pestovaní húb a škodcovia plodníc (Marcel Golian) ... 91 5.1.1 Voľne rastúce huby ............................................................................. 91 5.1.2 Pestované huby ................................................................................... 91 5.2 Spracovanie plodníc – úprava, konzervácia, úprava pre konzumáciu (Marcel Golian) ............................................................................................ 95 5.2.1 Z pohľadu domáceho využitia ............................................................ 95 5.2.2 Z pohľadu komerčného využitia ......................................................... 97 Otázky ................................................................................................ 98 5.3 Kulinárske využitie plodníc pestovaných húb (Anna Pavlíková)................. 99 5.4 Možnosti predaja húb a produktov z húb (Anna Pavlíková) ...................... 106 5.5 Liečivé huby – výskum, perspektívy, úspechy a výzvy (Martin Pavlík) .....111 Otázky ................................................................................................... 114 4 OBSAH VYUŽÍVANIE HÚB 6 Biológia a ekológia húb (Martin Pavlík) .......................................................... 117 6.1 Miesto húb medzi organizmami na Zemi ...................................................... 117 6.2 Koľko je húb? .............................................................................................. 118 6.3 Život a rozširovanie húb ................................................................................ 119 Otázky .......................................................................................................... 122 7 Schopnosti a vlastnosti húb (Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian) ............................. 123 7.1 Miesto húb v lese – drevokazné huby (Martin
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