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Best of WAGON TRACKS VOLUME 7 NOVEMBER 1992 NUMBER 1
Best of WAGON TRACKS VOLUME 7 NOVEMBER 1992 NUMBER 1 THE DIARY OF PEDRO IGNACIO GALLEGO WHEREIN 400 SOLDIERS FOLLOWING THE TRAIL OF COMANCHES MET WILLIAM BECKNELL ON HIS FIRST TRIP TO SANTA FE by Michael L. Olsen and Harry C. Myers At the time this was written, Michael Olsen was professor of history at New Mexico Highlands University at Las Vegas, and Harry Myers was superintendent of Fort Union National Monument. Both are acknowledged scholars of the Santa Fe Trail and frequent contributors to WT. Their discovery and preparation of this significant document is a substantial contribution to Trail historiography. They presented more material about Captain Gallego, along with the story of the discovery of the diary, at the 1993 SFTA symposium. This is the first of two parts. Part Two of this article is on a separate PDF. For over a century historians have speculated about the circumstances surrounding William Becknell's jour- ney across the plains in 1821, including such issues as where he was heading and the route he followed into New Mexico. Almost exclusively they have relied on Becknell's own account of his trek. But other documentary evidence exists in the diary of Militia Urbana Captain Pedro Ignacio Gallego, who with his troops encountered Becknell's party near present Las Vegas, New Mexico, on November 13, 1821. This diary has lain untranslated and unappreciated in the Mexican Archives of New Mexico for over 1OO years. It challenges some previously held views of Becknell and his expedition. It is presented here with a short introductory narrative, annotation of its salient points, and commentary on the precise geographical information it provides. -
Museum of New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies
MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONSAT A WELL IN SAN MIGUEL DEL VADO, SAN MXGUEL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO Charles A. Hannaford and Patrick H. Severts Submitted by Timothy D. Maxwell Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 156 SANTA FE 1996 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY On July 18, 1994, the Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, carried out an emergency investigation of a sinkhole that appeared on NM 3 running through the historic villageof San Miguel del Vado, New Mexico.The investigating team consisted of Steve Koczan from the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department, along with OAS staff Tim Maxwell, Pat Severts, and Chuck Hannaford.The sinkhole was caused by the presence of a log- and stone-lined water well beneath the pavement, The well, LA 105516, may date as earlyas 1800, but collected artifacts from the upper till are from the 1930s. After documentation, the well was filled with gravel and the sinkhole repaired. ii CONTENTS AdministrativeSummary .......................................... ii Introduction .................................................. 1 HistoricalBackground ............................................ 4 Investigations at the San Miguel Well (LA 105516) ......................... 5 Discussion .................................................. 10 Conclusion .................................................. 11 References Cited .............................................. 12 Appendix 1: National Register of Historic Places Nomination -
José Piedad Tafoya, 1834–1913
New Mexico Historical Review Volume 81 Number 1 Article 3 1-1-2006 Comanchero: José Piedad Tafoya, 1834–1913 Thomas Merlan Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Merlan, Thomas. "Comanchero: José Piedad Tafoya, 1834–1913." New Mexico Historical Review 81, 1 (). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol81/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Comanchero JOSE PIEDAD TAFOYA, 1834-1913 Thomas Merlan and Frances Levine ose Piedad Tafoya is generally known as a comanchero who traded with Jthe Native people of the Southern Plains during the mid- to late nine teenth century. Born in a New Mexican village on the then far northern frontier of Mexico, he died in a village scarcely twenty-five miles away in the new U.S. state ofNew Mexico. The label comanchero, however, was an inadequate description of Tafoya, for he was also an army scout, farmer, rancher, man of property, and family man. Later, like a number of his New Mexican contemporaries who observed the changing character of territo rial New Mexico, he sent his son to be educated at St. Michael's College in Santa Fe. The purpose here is not only to review an<;l supplement the facts ofTafoya's life as a comanchero but to offer a biographical essay on a man whose life spanned two major economic and cultural networks. -
Vol. 30A = Nov 2015
Quarterly Publication of the Santa Fe Trail Association volume 30 ♦ number 1 November 2015 SFTA Hall of Fame Honorees ♦ page 10 Crossing the Ocean: Conservation on the Santa Fe Trail ♦ page 14 William Becknell, Mr M’Laughlin: Unexpected Road to Santa Fe ♦ page 18 Crossroads at the Edge of the Empire: Economy and Livelihood ♦ page 22 On The Cover: Trail Swales Near San Miguel del Vado, NM Soon after the Spanish Government approved the San Miguel del Vado Land Grant in 1794, settlements were established along the banks of the Pecos River. Others were founded later in the 19th century. For American traders traveling west on the Santa Fe Trail in the 1830s and 1840s, this was one of several entry points into Mexico. The Ar- kansas River to the northeast was the actual border with Mexico, but until Las Vegas was founded in 1835, San Miquel del Vado was the first settlement of any note that travelers encountered. Here customs inspec- tors examined the wagons and levied heavy import taxes, to be paid in Santa Fe, against the goods they carried. Fees were charged according to the number of wagons in a train, so traders hoping to lessen the tax bur- den repacked their goods into fewer wagons before entering San Miguel del Vado. Aware of this, Mexican soldiers joined the trains as far away as Las Ve- gas, twenty-five miles to the east, and under guard, escorted them into the settlement. The Mexican military had been stationed in the area since the 1820s, offering protection from Indians to those Mexican pioneers settling the San Miguel del Vado Spanish land grant. -
GAO-04-59 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Requesters GAO June 2004 TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO Findings and Possible Options Regarding Longstanding Community Land Grant Claims in New Mexico GAO-04-59 Contents Letter 1 Executive Summary 2 Purpose of This Report 2 Historical Background 3 Results in Brief and Principal Findings 6 Congress Directed Implementation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo’s Property Provisions in New Mexico through Two Successive Procedures 6 Heirs Are Concerned That the United States Did Not Properly Protect Land Grants during the Confirmation Process, but the Process Complied with All U.S. Laws 8 Heirs and others Are Concerned that the United States Did Not Protect Community Land Grants After the Confirmation Process, but the United States Was Not Obligated to Protect Non-Pueblo Indian Land Grants after Confirmation 11 Concluding Observations and Possible Congressional Options in Response to Remaining Community Land Grant Concerns 12 Chapter 1 Introduction—Historical Background and the Current Controversy 14 Overview 14 New Mexico during the Spanish Period, 1598-1821 15 New Mexico during the Mexican Period, 1821-1848 19 The United States’ Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny 21 Texas Independence and Statehood and the Resulting Boundary Disputes between the United States and México 24 The Mexican-American War 25 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) 27 The Gadsden Purchase Treaty (1853) 32 Organization of the New U.S. Territory and Procedures to Resolve Land Grant Claims 33 Factors Contributing -
Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico
United States General Accounting Office GAO Report to Congressional Requesters September 2001 TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico GAO-01-951 Contents Letter 1 Results in Brief 3 Background 3 The Concept of Common Lands Defines Community Land Grants 6 Approximately 52 Percent of All New Mexico Land Grants May Be Classified as Community Land Grants 7 Public Comments 19 Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico 22 Appendix II Alternate Grant Identifiers 30 Appendix III Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 37 Appendix IV Public Comments 41 Appendix V Bibliography 52 Appendix VI Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 59 Tables Table 1: 78 Community Land Grants Identified Through Original Grant Documentation 9 Table 2: 53 Community Land Grants Identified by Grant Heirs and Others 13 Table 3: 23 Community Land Grants Issued to Indian Pueblos 17 Table 4: New Mexico Attorney General’s Task Force Major Comments and GAO’s Responses 49 Page i GAO-01-951 New Mexico Land Grants Figures Figure 1: Territory Ceded by Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. 4 Figure 2: Community Land Grants Listed in Table 1, by County 12 Figure 3: Community Land Grants Listed in Table 2, by County 16 Figure 4: Community Land Grants Listed in Table 3, by County 19 Page ii GAO-01-951 New Mexico Land Grants United States General Accounting Office Washington, DC 20548 September 10, 2001 The Honorable Jeff Bingaman The Honorable Pete Domenici United States Senate The Honorable Tom Udall House of Representatives From the end of the seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, Spain (and later México) made land grants to individuals, towns, and groups to promote development in the frontier lands that now constitute the American Southwest. -
The Genizaro Land Grant Settlements of New Mexico
The Genizaro Land Grant Settlements of New Mexico MOISES GONZALES HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF GENIZARO SETTLEMENTS IN NEW MEXICO As defined by Fray Angelico Chavez, genizaro was the designation given to North American Indians of mixed tribal derivation living among the Hispanic population in Spanish fashion: that is, having Spanish surnames from their masters, Christian names through baptism, speaking a simple form of Spanish, and living together or sprinkled among the Hispanic towns and ranchos.1 Beginning in the 18th century, genizaro settlements were established by the Spanish to provide defensible communities on the frontier of New Spain. The strategic planning of these new towns was vital to the ability of the Spanish to sustain a presence in New Mexico during the early 1700s due to increased attacks by nomadic tribes such as the Navajo, Ute, Comanche, Apache, and Kiowa. Due to the immense pressure on the colony caused by these attacks, the settlement policy established by Governor Tomas Velez Gachupin, and continued by his successors, was to establish genizaro settlements at the fringe of the frontier to serve as a buffer zone between the nomadic tribes and the villas (principal settlements) of Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, and Albuquerque as well as many of the Pueblo communities.2 The permanence of these communities would alter the cultural landscape of New Mexico as well as blur the lines of distinction between European Spanish and Amerindian settlements in New Mexico. From the 1740s to the 1790s, towns such as Abiquiu, Las Trampas, San Miguel del Vado, Belen, Ojo Caliente, and San Miguel de Carnué were established as genizaro buffer settlements.3 During this period, MOISES GONZALES is assistant professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of New Mexico. -
Spanish-American Villages of the Pecos River Valley
.BB^i^h%A§er:icaii Villages of "the Pecos River-Valley, HABS' Ho. 1-131 .■'/general- VieV .. Sari,Miguel County New Mexico -HMbS ^M-XnutNAi j \~ WRITTEN HISTORICAL MD DESCRIPTIVE DATA m REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 2021*0 HABS No. HM-131 (Page l) HCC\ COVER SHEET ^,, Wt. ^ The Spanish-American towns of the Pecos River Valley were established on the San Miguel del Vado Grant of 1794. Originally planned around defensible plazas, with semi-presidio status, the Colonial towns were created to serve as a buffer against the hostile incursions of the Comanche and Kiowa Indians. In 1821, William Becknell's wagon train crossed the Pecos River at San Miguel del Vado (St. Michael of the Ford) on its journey to Santa Fe from Kansas, Missouri. The route he established for those who followed, was the Santa Fe Trail. The great influx of American traders into New Mexico resulted in relative prosperity for the villages along the Pecos River. In 1841, the Texas-Santa Fe Expedition was captured at La Cuesta (Villanueva) by the forces of Governor Manuel Armijo of the Republic of Mexico. In the Mexican- Am er ican War of 1846, the Amer icans annexed the New Mexico terri- tory to the United States. General Kearny stopped in the Pecos River Valley towns and proclaimed the American occupation of New Mexico while in pursuit of the 22nd Regiment of the Mexican army. With the advent of the railroad to New Mexico in 1879, the towns which had been bypassed began to decline in importance. -
A Dendrochronological Study of Nineteenth-Century San Miguel Del Vado and San José Del Vado in Northeastern New Mexico
New Mexico Historical Review Volume 86 Number 4 Article 3 10-1-2011 A Dendrochronological Study of Nineteenth-Century San Miguel del Vado and San José del Vado in Northeastern New Mexico Thomas C. Windes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Windes, Thomas C.. "A Dendrochronological Study of Nineteenth-Century San Miguel del Vado and San José del Vado in Northeastern New Mexico." New Mexico Historical Review 86, 4 (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol86/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. A Dendrochronological Study of Nineteenth-Century San Miguel del Vado and San José del Vado in Northeastern New Mexico Thomas C. Windes his study compares the written and archaeological records that attest T to community change at two Hispanic villages, San Miguel del Vado and San José del Vado, in New Mexico from 1794 to around 1900. This mono- graph argues that nineteenth-century events and developments—including warfare and trade with the Plains Indians, the opening of the Santa Fe Trail and the rapid Hispanic expansion in the 1820s, the U.S. conquest in 1846 and subsequent land loss, the loss of the county seat in 1860, and fi nally the arrival of the railroad in 1879–1880—are mirrored in the architectural wood record of these two Hispanic communities. -
Land Grant Committee
LAND GRANT COMMITTEE 2010 INTERIM FINAL REPORT to the FIFTIETH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION New Mexico Legislative Council Service Santa Fe, New Mexico December, 2010 LAND GRANT COMMITTEE 2010 REPORT Santa Fe, New Mexico December 2010 File No. 205.207-10 LEGISLATIVE INTERIM LAND GRANT COMMITTEE SUMMARY OF COMMITTEE WORK The legislative interim Land Grant Committee held four meetings, along with one joint session with the Indian Affairs Committee, during the 2010 interim. Meetings were held in Santa Fe, San Miguel del Vado and Gallup. The Land Grant Council, the state agency that acts as the official liaison between community land grants-mercedes and other local, state and federal government agencies, began its work this year. The five members appointed to the council are: Macario Griego, Lee Maestas, Leonard T. Martinez, Rita Padilla-Gutierrez and Juan Sanchez. The council was created as part of the Land Grant Support Act, legislation the committee endorsed for the 2009 legislative session. Two pieces of legislation endorsed by the committee for the 2010 legislative session were also enacted into law: Senate Bill 41 (Laws 2010, Chapter 6; compiled as Section 61-23-33 NMSA 1978) requires notice of any boundary surveys conducted in or bordering on any of the four land grants governed by Chapter 49, Article 6, 7, 8 or 10 NMSA 1978; and Senate Bill 94 (Laws 2010, Chapter 22; compiled as Section 41-4-30 NMSA 1978) gives land grants that are political subdivisions of the state the right to purchase tort liability coverage through the Risk Management Division of the General Services Department. -
Museum of New Mexico, Santafe.; New Mexico State Dept
'DOCUMENT RESUME ED 124335 ' 24 RC 009 237 AUTHOR , Swadesh,,Prances Leon; And Others TITLE The Lands of New Mexico. INSTITUTION Museum of New Mexico, SantaFe.; New Mexico State Dept. of Education, Santa Fe.: SPOtS AGEN Y National Endowment for the Humanities (NUM), Washington, D.C.; Office ofBilingualEducation (DREW /OE), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Mar 76 CONTRACT PM-22107-75-117 NOTE 64p.; Booklet prepared by the staff of a project entitled'uOur Living Iispanic'Heritage" (February 1975) ; For Spanish've\rsion, see RC 0 9 238 EDRS PRI E MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indians; *Area Studies; Biculturalism; . Bilingual Education; Cultural BackgroundliForeign Relations; Geographic 'egions; Land Acquisition; *Land Settlement; *Mexican American History; United States History; *Western Civilization IDENTIFIERS *New Mexico ABSTRACT New Mexico, the fifth largest state, measures 390 miles from north to south and 350 miles froi east to west. Six of the 1. 7 life zones found in the.U.S. are represented within the State's 77,866,240 acres. Its population has tended to congregate at. altitudes of 7,000 feet band below, especially in areas where water' is available. This booklet, prepared for use by schools with bilingual ; programs, presents information on New past and present. The information covers: New Mexico's Many environments, life zones, first inhabitants, and prehistoric agricultural communities; the Eve of the Spanish' Conquest; the Apachean nomads; the State a 17th century-- Spanish colony; New Mexico in the 18th and early 1 th centuries; New Mexico on the Eve of Conquest by the U.S.; Nev Mex to as a U.S, territory (1846-1912) ; and New Mexico in the 20th-century. -
Data Recovery at La 843 I8
DATA RECOVERYAT LA 843 I8 A Multicomponent Artifact Scatter along the Pecos River near El Cerrito, San Miguel County, New Mexico STEPHEN s. POST MUSEUMOF NEWMEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICALSTUDIES 4:. 4:. *:* *:* Archaeology Notes 202 2000 MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCH.AEOLOGICAL STUDIES DATA RECOVERY AT LA 84318, A MULTICOMPONENT ARTIFACT SCATTER ALONG THE PECOS RIVER, NEAR EL CERKITO, SAN MIGUEL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO Stephen S. Post with contributions by Guadalupc A. Martinez Linda S. Mick-O'Hara Kegge N. Wiseman Submitted by Timothy D. Maxwcll Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 202 SANTA FE 2000 NEW MEXICO ADMINIS'I'KATIVE SUMMARY In December 1991 1-1ndJanualy 19!1?, the Office o~Archacologica1 Studies, MuseumofNew Mexico, conzplctcd a data recovcry program near E1 Cerrito, San Miguel County,New Mexico. The pro+jcct was completed atthe request of the Ncw Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSIITI)) in conjunction with road construction on County Road 1327A. The data recovcryprog'aln focusccl on a portion ofLA X43 1 X thnl extended intothe right-of- way, which has been acquircd rroln private sources by NMSH'I'D. LA 843 I X was identified by survey andtesting as a rnulticomponcl~tlithic artifact scatter withthe potential for intact cultural deposits. The culturaldeposits werc indicative of a long but discontinuous occupation bygroups practicing a hunting and gathering subsistcncc strategy. A large amount of tool manuhcture debrisand discarded tools were recovered from a s~nall excavation area. Some of tllesc arlilicts were spatially associated with three firc-cracked rock coacentrations that were probablythe cietlated rcmains ofhe,zrths. The artifactsand realures remain from 5,000 years of periodic occupation ofthe sitc by Archaic, Pncbln, Athabaskan, and Hispano populations.