Museum of New Mexico, Santafe.; New Mexico State Dept
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'DOCUMENT RESUME ED 124335 ' 24 RC 009 237 AUTHOR , Swadesh,,Prances Leon; And Others TITLE The Lands of New Mexico. INSTITUTION Museum of New Mexico, SantaFe.; New Mexico State Dept. of Education, Santa Fe.: SPOtS AGEN Y National Endowment for the Humanities (NUM), Washington, D.C.; Office ofBilingualEducation (DREW /OE), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Mar 76 CONTRACT PM-22107-75-117 NOTE 64p.; Booklet prepared by the staff of a project entitled'uOur Living Iispanic'Heritage" (February 1975) ; For Spanish've\rsion, see RC 0 9 238 EDRS PRI E MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indians; *Area Studies; Biculturalism; . Bilingual Education; Cultural BackgroundliForeign Relations; Geographic 'egions; Land Acquisition; *Land Settlement; *Mexican American History; United States History; *Western Civilization IDENTIFIERS *New Mexico ABSTRACT New Mexico, the fifth largest state, measures 390 miles from north to south and 350 miles froi east to west. Six of the 1. 7 life zones found in the.U.S. are represented within the State's 77,866,240 acres. Its population has tended to congregate at. altitudes of 7,000 feet band below, especially in areas where water' is available. This booklet, prepared for use by schools with bilingual ; programs, presents information on New past and present. The information covers: New Mexico's Many environments, life zones, first inhabitants, and prehistoric agricultural communities; the Eve of the Spanish' Conquest; the Apachean nomads; the State a 17th century-- Spanish colony; New Mexico in the 18th and early 1 th centuries; New Mexico on the Eve of Conquest by the U.S.; Nev Mex to as a U.S, territory (1846-1912) ; and New Mexico in the 20th-century. A' listing of 124 references is provided. The listing of New Mexico land grant claims inbludes such information as the: type (i.e., pueblo, individual, community, grazing, town, or originally individual later community), year, grantndme, acresoconfirmed, acres rejected, and present ownership: (NQ) ***********************************************************************, Documents acquired by ERIC inClude many informal unpublished .* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes everyMort * * toobtain, thebest copy available. Nevertheless, items of marg:nal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects thequality * * of the microfiche and harddopy reproductionb ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS isnot * responsible for the quality of the original document.geproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * ***********t*********************************************************** 7- U S DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH. EDUCATION /1. WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OP EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO ouceo.exactL, AS RECEIVED PROM THE PERSON DA ORGANIZATIoNoRio,N ItotATINC. iT moires or viEwoApPINoNs STATED DO NOT NECESSAPIL PEPAC SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE Of Nit EDUCATION POSITION OR POL .0 CNJ rm.4 THE LANDS OF NEW MEXICO t Marc, 1 1976' BILINGUAL TEACHER TRAINING UNIT I I RESEARCH, PLANNING AND INNOVATION DIVISION' Leonard J. De Layo STATE SUPERINTENDENT FOR PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 'STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 2 This, publication was financed with Title IV, P.L. 88-352 funds, New Mexico State Department of Education. The work presented or reported herein was performed persuant to a grant from the U.S. Office of Health, Education and Welfare. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position ox pol- icy of the U.S. Office of Health, Education and Welfare, and no official endorsdment by H.E.W. should be inferred. Printed by Bilingual Teacher Training Unit Division of Research, Planning and Innovapion NEW MEXICO STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION HERBERT E. WALSH, PRESIDENT JOE ROMERO, VICE PRESIDENT VIRGINIA:GONZAES, SECRETARY FREDERIC G. COM TOCK, MEMBER VIRGIL HENRY, MEMBER L. GRADY MAYFIELD, MEMBER HENRY G,RODRIGUEZ, MEMBER LO'IS M. TAFOYA, MEMBER GEORGE O. TEEL, MEMBER LYDIA C. WRIGHT, MEMBER Henry W. Pascual, Director Bilingual Teacher Training Unit RESEARCH, PLANNING AND INNOVATION DIVISION Dr. Luciano R. Baca, Assistant Superintendent ) 4 F ()REWORD The New Mexico Department of Education ispleased o present this booklet "The Lands of New.Mexice to theteachers of bilingual programs. \\\ This work as prepared under the auspices of the Museumo New Mexico. We want to extend our appracjatjnn to Dr. Fr. having made this material available tous. This work was 'd: eloped . under her direction,and it represents much researchand dev lopment this, themes included in the booklet. Given the scarcity of teachingmaterials of this kind,it is a pleasure for us to brir4 this booklet to those schools with bilingual. programs. Since our work deals with the promotion of bilingual-multicultural education, we are sure that this material, originally printed by the museum, will beof value for those who are looking for extra materialsto include in their bilingual programs. Henry W. Pascual Director Bilingual Teacher Training Unit 4 THE [ANDS OF NEW MEXICO Booklet prepared by the staff ofa project entitled , OUR LIVING HISPANICHERITAGE Funded by the Natidnal Endowment for the Humanities 7' to the Museum'of New Mexico PM-22107-75-117 t February 1975 Writteneby: Frances Leon Swadesh, Julian'W. Vigil Marina B. Ochoa Cover by: Benjamia Jose Lopez, Esparriola, N.M. The writers are soTbly responsible for the text , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The exhibition THE LANDS OF NEWMEXICO is, the result of the joint laboyi; oT the Musedth of New Mexico ExhibitionsDivision and a Museum project entitled Our Living Hispanic Heritage,funded underGrant No. PM-22107-75-1 by the National Endowment for-theHumanities. This booklet has been preparedso that those who wish to study further what is visually portrayed inthe exhibition may doso. The Supplement, containing a reference list .anda listing .of Spanish and Mexican land grants, is provided for those who wishto check our data. We wish to thank the following,fortheir valuable help: Gilbert Benito C6rdova and Father Benedicto Cuestawho carefully and expertly revised the Spanish text; Drs. Marc Simmons andAllan Gerlach; and John Van Ness . of Fort Lewis College who reviewed the tiT?toricalsection and suggested corrections and amplifications. Dr. Simmons, in particular, wrote the definition of the 17th century encomiendasystem which we have incorporated into the text. Thanks to Stewart Peckham, David and CordeliaSnow and Re e Wiseman of the Museum Anthropology ,Lab. for their relentlesscritique our prehis- toric section and their generous donation of timeand publisheand unpub, "fished sources unfamiliar tous. Thanks also to Evelyn Elyiand tephanie Egar, librarians of the La . and History Libraries of the'MUseu respective ly, for helping us locateillustrativeand other materials. And thanks to Jane Gabaldon of the Lab. for massive help with the typing. Helene Warren,Gail Tierney,'Pqyllis Hughes, and FrankAnaya and Mark Nohl of the New Mexico Department of Development, the CentralClearinghouse, the Photo Archives of the Museum of New Mexico and the ArcheologicalSociet of Albuquerque provided us with pictorial items." Michael Rock of Albuquerque Legal Aid, Mr. Rumaldo Manzanares ofSanta Fe and Mr. Eddie Chavez of Albuquerque ptovided helpful informationon. certain poorly docUmented land grants. Mrt. Lourdes Q. Gonzales, of,the Bureau of Land Managment helped us assemble data, and Mr. Miguel Arthijohelped with vocabulary. Above all, we must acknowledge our great debt to J. J. Bowden, author of an Unpublished Master of Laws Thesis entitled Private LandClaims in the Southwest, and to the Library of Southern Methodist. ,University for per, mission to reproduce the maps and the information on land grants whichare presented therein. We have tried to update the informationon land grant status to reflect something of the present situation, but must admit that we fall short of full accuracy. We are grateful to Mrs-. Johnson of the New Mexico Supreme Court Law Library for allowing Us to examine the 6-vor- ume copy of Bowden's work which is kept there', and to Michael Rock-for the protracted loan^of his copy. NEW MEXICO'S MANY ENVIRONMENTS New Mexico is the fifth largest state of the Union, measuring390 miles from north to south and 350 miles from east towest, a total of 77,866,240 acres. Within this vast expanse of land, six of theseven life zones found. in the United States are represented. Diversity of.environments is due to sharp variations in altitude,ranging from less than 3,000 feet above sea level to more than 13,000 feet. The Contine4- al Divide bisects the state in a north-south line runningwest of the Rio Grande Valley. The land slopes downward from high plateaus in the north, punctuated by the uplift ofmany discontinuous mountain ranges and vasenetworks of mesas. Population in New Mexico has tended, to congregate at altitudes of 7000 feet and below, especially in those area where-water- is ilable. LIFE ZONES IN NEW MEXICO 1. The Lower Sonoran Zone This zone covers 19,500 square miles in the southern part of the 'state at altitudes below 5,000 feet. Here the dominant plant forms are creosote bush, black grama grass and bunch grass, mesquite, yucca, sotol, devil's claw, agave, prickly pear and other cactus. The area includes the Lower Pecos Valley north to Rowell, the Rio Grande Valley north to Socorro and the Deming Plain west to the state border. Winters are warm in this zone and ers are hot. The land is arid with-an annual rainfall that varie between 11/2 to 12 or 15 inches, falling mainly inthe summer. W rever there ishter,6 a long grow- ing season is possible. Princi animals are,the hite tailedeer, . coyote and fox. 2, The Upper Sonoran Zone This zone covers some 78,482 square miles in New Mexico, or about two thirds of the state's total land area. It ranges from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Most of the grazing and agricultural land of the state lies within this areawhose natural growth is principally blue gramA, galleta and other grasses,',juniper, pirion, live oak, mountain sycamore, prickly pear, agave and yucca.