DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case for Protecting Headwaters in the Enkangala Grasslands Authors WWF- SA: Christine Colvin, Angus Burns

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case for Protecting Headwaters in the Enkangala Grasslands Authors WWF- SA: Christine Colvin, Angus Burns ZA Coal and Water Futures in South Africa The case for protecting headwaters in the Enkangala grasslands Authors WWF- SA: Christine Colvin, Angus Burns CSIR: Dr Klaudia Schachtschneider, Ashton Maherry, Dr Jessica Charmier De Wit Sustainable Options: Dr Martin de Wit Reviewers WWF- SA: Sindiswa Nobula CSIR: Dr Jeanne Nel, Dr David Le Maitre, Dr P Ashton Dedication The report is dedicated to the memory of Prof Kadar Asmal – South Africa’s first democratic minister of Water Affairs, a visionary thinker in sustainable water development and a supporter of WWF-SA. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following participants who either contributed to the report via individual discussions with the authors or attended workshops held by WWF-SA to debate the current state of coal mining and water impacts in South Africa. Pieter Viljoen, Department of Water Affairs (DWA); Koos Pretorius, Foundation for Sustainable Environment; Francois van Wyk, RandWater; Gert Grobler, DWA; Bantu Hanise, Council for GeoScience; Danelle van Tonder, Council for GeoScience; T. Nemataleni, DWA; Helen Gordon, WWF-SA; Brent Corcoran, WWF-SA; Harry van der Westhuizen, Umcebo Mining; Henk Lodewijks, Anglo Thermal Coal; Charl Nolte, Exxaro; Koos Smit, Exxaro; Khosa Rhulani, Varsiwave; Bruce Mansoor, Varsiwave; MatomeMakwela, Chamber of Mines; Rudzani Mudau, Department of Mineral Resources; Stephinah Mudau, Chamber of Mines; Dan Sonnenberg, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI); Mandy Driver, SANBI; Anthea Stephens, SANBI; Melissa Fourie, Centre for Environmental Rights; Terrance McCarthy, University of the Witwatersrand. Design and Layout by Jenny Frost Design Published in November 2011 by WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund), Cape Town, South Africa. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © Text 2011 WWF-SA All rights reserved WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over five million supporters and a global Network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. www.wwf.org.za CONTENts EXecUTIVE SUMMARY i 3. COal MINING IN SOUTH AFRIca 22 3.1 South African coal reserves 22 LIst OF FIGURes iv 3.2 Key corporate role players in the coal mining industry 23 LIst OF TABLES vi 3.3 Junior (new and BBBEE) mining companies 24 LIst OF ABBREVIATIONS vii 3.4 Coal exports and domestic sales 24 3.5 The economic value of the current level of 1. INTRODUctION 1 coal mining 25 1.1 Purpose of this report 1 3.6 Legislation affecting coal mining 26 1.2 Water resources and water security in RSA 1 3.7 Application processes for prospecting and mining licences 28 1.3 Energy security and strategies for green growth 3 3.8 Links to ministries other than DMR 28 3.9 Process to decommission 29 2. tHE ENKANGala ARea – A case stUDY FOR 3.10 Current shortcomings in the laws, FUTURE DEVELOPMENt 5 application processes and co-operative governance around mining 29 2.1 The Grasslands biome and conservation area 5 3.10.1 Weaknesses in the legislative process and co-operative governance 30 2.1.1 Enkangala: A Critical water source area 6 2.2 Down-stream dependency on 3.10.2 Weakness in the application process 30 Enkangala headwaters 8 3.10.3 Weakness in enforcing regulations 31 2.2.1 Water Infrastructure 10 3.10.4 Weaknesses in EMP application processes 32 2.2.2 Groundwater resources in the area 11 3.10.5 Weaknesses in the decommissioning process 33 2.2.3 Wetlands in Enkangala 11 3.11 Prosecutions for poor practice 34 2.2.4 Climate change predictions 13 3.12 History of mine abandonment in RSA 36 2.3 Current economic activity dependent on 3.13 Consequences of abandoned coal mines 37 the Enkangala water supply 14 3.14 Guidance for best practice in the coal 2.3.1 Enkangala 14 mining sector 37 2.3.2 Upper Vaal 15 4. COal MINING IMPacts ON wateR ResOURces 40 2.3.3 Thukela 15 4.1 The pollution of water resources by 2.3.4 Usutu/Mhlatuze 16 coal mining 41 2.4 Economic activity in the Grasslands 4.1.1 Prospecting 41 project area 16 4.1.2 Active mining 41 2.4.1 Agriculture 16 4.1.3 Post-mining 43 2.4.2 Coal 17 2.5 Coal reserves in the Enkangala area 18 4.2 Differences between coal and gold Acid Mine Drainage 44 2.5.1 Broad geology of Enkangala area 18 4.3 Water resource contaminants associated 2.5.2 Coal production and reserves in Enkangala with coal mining 44 and broader regions 20 4.4 Consequences of water pollution by coal mining for human health, livestock and crop productivity 45 5. A case stUDY OF HIstORIcal COal MINING IMPacts: 7.7 The potential impact of new mining on THe OlIfaNts catcHMENT 47 the water yield and water quality in the 5.1 Costs of cleaning up AMD from Enkangala area 63 coal mining 48 7.7.1 Predicting impacts of potentially acid-forming 5.2 Loskop Dam impacts from AMD 49 coal mining on water quality 63 7.7.3 Anticipated water quality impacts based on 6. CURRENT state OF wateR ResOURces IN ENKANGala 50 Olifants catchment experience 65 6.1 Present ecological status of rivers 50 7.7.4 Estimated water quality impacts with 6.2 Water quality in major rivers downstream increased mining 67 of Enkangala 51 7.8 The potential impacts of coal mining on 6.2.1 Upper Vaal 51 the economy, vulnerable communities and ecological systems 68 6.2.2 Upper Thukela 51 7.8.1 Communities using natural water resources 6.2.3 Pongola/Usutu 52 (unpiped) and untreated 70 6.2.4 Assessment of current water quality of 7.9 Defining no-go areas and applying the Klip, Sandspruit and Bivane Rivers 52 best practice 71 6.3 Potential sources of cumulative impact 7.9.1 Spatial correlations of coal reserves with on water resources in the area 54 important water, environmental and land use areas 71 7. AlteRNatIVE FUTURes FOR DEVelOPMENT IN ENKANGala 56 7.9.2 Defining no-go areas for Mining 71 7.1 A Future with extensive coal mining 56 7.2 Food and job security in Enkangala 57 8. RecOMMENDatIONS FOR BetteR COal MINING 7.2.1 High productivity soils in the area for IN SOUTH AFRIca 74 crop production 58 8.1 Mitigate – strategic planning for a 7.2.2 Subsistence agriculture in the area and sustainable future for all. 74 land-claims 58 8.2 Manage – improved management of the 7.3 Economic scenarios of potential future licensing and mining process 76 developments in Enkangala 60 8.3 Monitor and enforce – growing jobs in 7.4 Scenarios depicting economic value of the environmental sector. 77 new coal mining 60 7.4.1 Net Present Values for coal mining 61 GLOssaRY 79 7.5 Scenarios depicting economic value of agriculture 61 RefeRENces 82 7.5.1 Net Present Values for maize 62 7.6 Scenario discussion and conclusion 62 Coal and Water Futures in South Africa | page 5 Executive Summary South African government has committed itself to reducing greenhouse gas EXecUTIVE emissions and moving to a new path of Green Growth. This will improve our energy security with a diversified mix SUMMARY of renewable energy production and a reduction in our reliance on coal-fired power. The next 15 years will see a process of transition as new independent energy producers enter the market. At the same time we will be faced with the consequences of climate change and our already stressed water resources will come under increasing pressure as temperatures rise and rainfall becomes more volatile. Many of our catchments are already heavily polluted by mining (eg Upper Vaal and Olifants catchments), and six out of 19 of our WMAs will not have enough water to meet demands by 2030. We ask government to plan strategically and in an integrated manner to ensure our future water security. Twelve per cent of South Africa’s land area generates 50% of our river flow. We need to plan the development of our landscapes to protect our most important water, soil and biodiversity resources. Headwater catchments, such as the Enkangala grasslands – source of the Vaal, Thukela and Pongola – should not be exposed to new coal mining. South Africa has extensive coal reserves, and we can meet our future fossil fuel needs by planning for mining in less vulnerable areas. Coordinated strategic planning is needed now to prevent a repeat of the acid mine drainage crisis facing the Witwatersrand. Sustainable economic development and our water and food security require intervention at the highest levels to define where we will mine coal and where we will prioritise water and food (provisioning) in our landscape. WWF calls on government to 1 – Mitigate – 2 – Manage – 3 and Monitor. This report addresses this question: Should coal be mined in critical catchments? We examine the coal industry in South Africa and the documented impacts on water resources. The Olifants catchment is an area that has experienced over 100 years of coal mining and now has some of the poorest water quality in the country. Other economic development in the catchment, such as agriculture and tourism, is threatened because of the impact of coal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigation of Stratification in the Vaal Dam Using Electrical Conductivity Profiling
    Investigation of Stratification in the Vaal Dam using Electrical Conductivity Profiling Reveck Hariram*, Nicolene Van der Walt** Rand Water, Scientific Services Division, P.O. Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]; Tel: +2711 682 0479/0735 ABSTRACT water to more than 11 million people in South Africa. Purifying it and selling it to various Municipalities, mines and industries. The Vaal Dam is continuously monitored to provide an early warning of changes to water quality so that the configuration of the water treatment plant can be adapted to ensure only the best quality water is supplied to our customers. er quality by sampling bi-monthly at four strategically located sampling sites. The two major tributaries entering the Vaal Dam are monitored, namely the Wilge and Vaal River respectively. Furthermore, the water quality at the confluence of these tributaries is also monitored together with the most essential It has been found that the electrical conductivity in the Vaal Dam has been relatively consistent over the years (2003 to 2014) with an average of 25 mS/m. The salinity of the Vaal Dam is greatly influenced by the water quality of the two major tributaries (Wilge and Vaal) and the source water from Lesotho (via Lesotho Highlands Water Scheme) that feeds into the Wilge tributary. The purpose of this study was to investigate and verify if any stratification occurs in the Vaal Dam as previous studies indicated no stratification. In 2014, a new monitoring tool was utilized called the CastAway- CTD. The instrument can be lowered into a river or dam capturing data such as GPS position, conductivity and depth along the vertical profile.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Source Water Used for Purification
    The search for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in source water used for purification M Grundlingh* and CME de Wet Rand Water, Microbiology Laboratory, Scientific Services, PO Box 3526, Vereeniging 1930, South Africa Abstract Cryptosporidium and Giardia are intestinal parasites which cause a self limiting gastro-enteritis, in healthy people but severe and often fatal disease in immuno-compromised individuals. Both organisms are characterised by the ability to survive in an aquatic environment with Cryptosporidium having a high tolerance to most of the drinking water disinfectants. The absence of bacteria associated with feacal pollution does not necessarily indicate the absence of Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Being a common cause of waterborne disease, the requirement for detecting the presence of these organisms in environmental and treated water samples is growing. Although cysts and oocysts can be found in natural waters from any source, the risks of contamination are much greater in surface waters than in ground waters. A number of waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, from potable and recreational water have been recorded. In many cases these outbreaks have occurred from water that complies to current microbiology standards. Introduction finished waters during the treatment process, which may result in additional interference. Organisms and debris that autofluoresce or The potential occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia demonstrate non-specific fluorescence, such as algal and yeast cysts in water supplies is a significant issue for the water industry cells, when examined by epifluorescent microscopy, may interfere since outbreaks have been reported in Milwaukee, New Jersey, with the detection of oocysts and cysts and contribute to false North West (UK) and more recently in Sydney, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASE of NDUMO GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA By
    FINDING THE COMMUNITY IN COMMUNITY-BASE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF NDUMO GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA by Talia Meer Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2010 © Copyright by Talia Meer, 2010 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “FINDING THE COMMUNITY IN COMMUNITY-BASE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF NDUMO GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA” by Talia Meer in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Dated: 18 August 2010 Supervisor: _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ Departmental Representative: _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: 18 August 2010 AUTHOR: Talia Meer TITLE: FINDING THE COMMUNITY IN COMMUNITY-BASE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF NDUMO GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of International Development Studies DEGREE: MA CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2010 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. _______________________________ Signature of Author The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Management Plan: 2009-2013
    Ndumo Game Reserve KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Integrated Management Plan: 2009-2013 Reviewed and edited by EKZNW Management Planning Co-ordination Unit Based on the original Integrated Management Plan (2007 - 2012) Compiled by Terratest (Pty) Ltd and MCDS Cover design by Di Martin Design Studio, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Citation Ndumo Game Reserve: Integrated Management Plan: 2009–2013, Version 1.0. (2009). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, 106 pp. and 7 maps (4 x A4, 3 x A3). _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I Ndumo Game Reserve - Integrated Management Plan: 2009 to 2013 (Version 1.0) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I Ndumo Game Reserve - Integrated Management Plan: 2009 to 2013 (Version 1.0) TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORISATION.........................................................................................................................................II TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF MAPS.............................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................................VI
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study of Botterkloof and Merino II Hydropower Sites
    Feasibility Study of Botterkloof and Merino II Hydropower Sites Presented By BJ Rochecouste Collet W: aurecongroup.com E: [email protected] T: +27 12 427 3144 History & Treaty Lesotho Highlands Water Project delivers water from the Mountains of Lesotho to South Africa by means of dams and tunnels constructed which discharges in the Ash River, near Clarens, Free State Province. Several phases were envisaged. A Treaty between the two governments was signed to ensure the delivery of an average flow of 24.5 m3/s (based on an annual volume) which is applicable to Phase 1 (1A and 1B). New Treaty for Phase 2 states that delivery of (additional) water from Phase 2 would be “on-demand” based on the volume required to compensate the yield of the Vaal catchment (including existing transfers). Scope of Services Aurecon Scope of Services Include: •The Environmental studies; •The Geotechnical Investigation; •The assistance for the WUL application ; •The Interconnections studies; •The Technical Feasibility Study; •Necessary assistance in the bid submission to the DoE for the REIPP programme; •The Detailed Design, Project Management & Construction Supervision. Ash River Reserve Flow (Minimum Maintenance Low Flow): 50 l/s. Phase 1 (A & B) annual flowrate: 24.5 m3/s. Flows into the Liebensbergvlei, then into the Wilge River and thereafter into the Vaal River. Serious erosion problems which lead to construction of several structures to reduce the flow velocity and minimise erosion. Hydrology & Future Flows Year Increase in Yield from Total Mean Annual Flow Phase 2 (m3/s) (m3/s) 2012 - 24.5 2014 - 24.5 2020 5.0 29.5 2025 5.0 29.5 2026 5.2 29.7 2030 6.8 31.3 2034 8.5 33.0 2038 10.1 34.6 Hydrology & Future Flows (Cont.) Botterkloof/Stortemelk Site Project Location The Stortemelk Site is located approximately 1.6 km downstream of the Ash River Outfall at the existing Boston A Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Zululand District Municipality Integrated
    ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN: 2020/2021 REVIEW Integrated Development Planning is an approach to planning that involves the entire municipality and its citizens in finding the best solutions to achieve good long- term development. OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL MANAGER [Email address] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Introduction to the Zululand District Municipality ................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Objectives of the ZDM IDP...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Scope of the Zululand District Municipality IDP ..................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Approach ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.6 Public Participation ................................................................................................................................................. 6 2 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT LEGISLATION AND POLICY .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Vegetation Ecology of the Lower Mkuze River Floodplain, Northern
    The vegetation ecology ofthe lower Mkuze River floodplain, northern KwaZulu-Natal: A landscape ecology perspective. Submitted in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree ofMaster ofScience in the School ofLife and Environmental Sciences, University ofNatal-Durban. 2001 Marian J. Neal PREFACE The work described was carried out between January 1999 and December 2001, in the School of Life and Environmental Sciences (previously the Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences) at the University of Natal-Durban, under the supervision of Prof. W.N. Ellery. The study represents original work by the author and has not been submitted in any other form to another university. Where use was made of the work of others, it has been duly acknowledged in the text. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study fonns part of an ongoing research programme conducted in the Greater Mkuze Wetland System, northern KwaZulu-Natal and was made possible through the funding from Wildlife & Environment Society of southern Africa, the University ofNatal Masters special fund and the National Research Foundation. I would like to acknowledge the following people without whom this thesis would not have been possible: • Prof. Fred Ellery, for the enthusiasm he has for wetlands, for the discussions, time and encouragement and for instilling in me a work ethic I will carry with me throughout my career. • Dr Annika Dahlberg, for advice, support and assistance, especially in the field. • Prof. Gerry Garland, for the assistance and advice during the soil analysis phase. • Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, for granting pennission to access the study area and for the use of the Manzibomvu camp. Special mention must go to Drikus Gissing for his hospitality and logistical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Organisations and Resources for People with Disabilities in South Africa
    DISABILITY ALL SORTS A DIRECTORY OF ORGANISATIONS AND RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA University of South Africa CONTENTS FOREWORD ADVOCACY — ALL DISABILITIES ADVOCACY — DISABILITY-SPECIFIC ACCOMMODATION (SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK AND EDUCATION) AIRLINES THAT ACCOMMODATE WHEELCHAIRS ARTS ASSISTANCE AND THERAPY DOGS ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR HIRE ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR PURCHASE ASSISTIVE DEVICES — MAIL ORDER ASSISTIVE DEVICES — REPAIRS ASSISTIVE DEVICES — RESOURCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE BACK SUPPORT BOOKS, DISABILITY GUIDES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES BRAILLE AND AUDIO PRODUCTION BREATHING SUPPORT BUILDING OF RAMPS BURSARIES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — EASTERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — FREE STATE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — GAUTENG CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — KWAZULU-NATAL CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — LIMPOPO CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — MPUMALANGA CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTHERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTH WEST CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — WESTERN CAPE CHARITY/GIFT SHOPS COMMUNITY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS COMPENSATION FOR WORKPLACE INJURIES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES CONVERSION OF VEHICLES COUNSELLING CRÈCHES DAY CARE CENTRES — EASTERN CAPE DAY CARE CENTRES — FREE STATE 1 DAY CARE CENTRES — GAUTENG DAY CARE CENTRES — KWAZULU-NATAL DAY CARE CENTRES — LIMPOPO DAY CARE CENTRES — MPUMALANGA DAY CARE CENTRES — WESTERN CAPE DISABILITY EQUITY CONSULTANTS DISABILITY MAGAZINES AND NEWSLETTERS DISABILITY MANAGEMENT DISABILITY SENSITISATION PROJECTS DISABILITY STUDIES DRIVING SCHOOLS E-LEARNING END-OF-LIFE DETERMINATION ENTREPRENEURIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Labeo Capensis (Orange River Mudfish) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2014 Revised, May and July 2019 Web Version, 9/19/2019 Image: G. A. Boulenger. Public domain. Available: https://archive.org/stream/catalogueoffres01brit/catalogueoffres01brit. (July 2019). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Africa: within the drainage basin of the Orange-Vaal River system [located in Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa] to which it is possibly restricted. Hitherto thought to occur in the Limpopo system and in southern Cape watersheds [South Africa] which records may be erroneous.” From Barkhuizen et al. (2017): “Native: Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province - Introduced, Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province)” 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. There is no indication that this species is in trade in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks A previous version of this ERSS was published in 2014. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2019): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Actinopterygii Class Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes Superfamily Cyprinoidea Family Cyprinidae Genus Labeo Species Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841)” From Fricke et al. (2019): “Current status: Valid as Labeo capensis (Smith 1841). Cyprinidae: Labeoninae.” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Max length : 50.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [de Moor and Bruton 1988]; common length : 45.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [Lévêque and Daget 1984]; max.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps
    Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps DRAFT May 2009 South African National Biodiversity Institute Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Contents List of tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of figures............................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 2 Criteria for identifying threatened ecosystems............................................................... 10 3 Summary of listed ecosystems ........................................................................................ 12 4 Descriptions and individual maps of threatened ecosystems ...................................... 14 4.1 Explanation of descriptions ........................................................................................................ 14 4.2 Listed threatened ecosystems ................................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Critically Endangered (CR) ................................................................................................................ 16 1. Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4) .......................................................................................................................... 16 2. Blesbokspruit Highveld Grassland
    [Show full text]