7 12 CCMBERL.!ND. • [KELLY S
-and far between in the Skiddaw' SlateR, and the t~earch for ·11.-0nnoviCIAN Fo~MA'l'JON (continued):. VOLCANIC them is only likely to be successful where the clea.vage is SERIES OF HORROWDA.LJo~ ( u Green Slates and Porphyries " undeveloped, or where it coincides with the bedding. The of Sedgwick).-All along their southern boundary the masses of fallen stones or ~crees found on the mountain Skiddaw Slates pass under a great series of beds of yoloanic sides should be diligently examined. ash and breccia, alternating with sheets of Java, and the whole traversed by dykes and other masses of igneous . Numerous species of graptolites have been found ir~ the rock. It is most remarkable that aloiJg all this !me of juner higher or upper part of the Skiddaw slates, with brachio tion there runs a zigzag fault or dislooation, so that the pods, trilobites, and several plant remains; worm-tracks nature of an undisturbed passage from the one formation to :and worm-burrows are not very rarf'. Altogether these .... !!: the other is nowhere distinctly fossils would seem to indicate that the Upper Skiddaw Slate.~ 0 cl seen, Elsewhere. however, ltt are of about the same age as the Arl'nig Beds and Lower 1""'4 ~ 'C .q ·a~ Black Combe. and on EycoU Hill, Llandeilo strab of Walesr which are members, or Rub ,.~ . . 1--.J< 0~ divisions, of the great OrmovmrAN GRoUP of stratified rocks ; ,. ·H, ~ w and above the Hollows Farm, they must have originally been deposited as beds of mud, :: .. H .o "' near Grange, in Borrowdale, beds ,.._ . . :· r-...j• t>iJ of slate and volC'anic ash are seen -$and. or grit, on t.he bottom of a rather shallow ~ea. Their ' .. H-e '8: .... "' "' o to alternate at 'the junctiou, and strike, or line of extension, is from ll<>rth-east to south . ... ~--~-· • • .. •.. • tl-;1 § there is no doubt but that the west, and their dip, though they undulate greatly, is very ' .. j!:~~ generally to the south-east. Hut in the Lower Skiddaw t. o 9 higher 6eries rests conformably .Slates we rind near the top (at Harf) some graptolites, H fd . :; "" § on the lower one . which indicate that the black argillaeeous slates which ' !:= ] The Borrowdale beds are .contain them are of the , a me geological age as the Tremadoc . :: finely seen in the valley from ~ "' which they are named ; they oc- Slates of North Wales, and others which may even belong M os " ;t; -to the Lingula Flags of the same locality. But these 00 p cupy all the south and south-east Tremadocs and Lingula Flags .belong to the great CAM ::;;~ [;>;.,e11 ....., of Cumberland, from the west BRlAN FORMATION (upper part) : lastly, beneath all these Jco .g ""''1i side of Ullswater toDerwentwater, fossiliferous layers we still have left a great thickness of :5:1 ~ Ennerdale Water, Wastwater, Skiddaw Slates (much like the Manx Slates of the Isle of &:i ,; Harter Fell, W oodend Dud don Man) which have hitherto yielded no traces of life (no M ~ t;.5 Hall, &a., and extend over the fossils), but which may possibly be of Lower Cambrian age. ~....; border southwards into W estmor P:: t land ; their principal heights are-: Thus the Skiddaw Slates must certainly be divided into an • Cll .:::. Upper and a Lower division; but exactly where the line of ~ ~.... Harter Fell, 2, 141 feet; t:lcaw Fell separation should be drawn is a matter requiring more re ....a""' .a j" Pik es, 3,229 feet ; Great Gable, t~earch. M,....~.,; 2,949 feet. ; High Stile, ~643 feet; .... ., .s ~ ~ Causey Pike, 2.082 fPet; Glara In the neighbourhood of the igneous rocks the Skiddaw ~ ~ ~ mara, 2,56o feet; Ullscarf, 2,370 Slates have been metamorphosed, being converted first .g ~ 'i feet ; and Great Dodd,-2,807 feet. into chiastolite slate, then (as we get nearer to the granite) into spotted or Andalusite Schist, and finally (when in .S~.a The total thickness of'the Vdl .actual contact with the igneous rock) into mica-schist; o:. ~ -~ canic Sf'ries is about 12,oo0 feet ; at some points, as in Skiddaw Forest, where the slaty beds . ~ ~ ~ formerly the beds must have 'i ~ ": o extended right over the surface are obviously much altered, although no igneous rocks are ~ {/) Q;) •1""4 seen anywhere near on the surface, yet doubtless granitic ~ ~ area now occupied by the Skid- e~~ ~ masses exist beneath at no great depth. • ...... 0 daw Slates, for we find them !A~ resting on the latter, uot only on The following fOb-divisions of the Skiddaw Slates have o Fll"' the south, as already described, been indicated by• Mr. J. C. Ward:- ~ i!= • '!ii but also on the north at Caldbeck 6. Passage beds to Volcanic Series above. .5:: ~ ~ Fells, Eycott Hill, Ulldale and 5· Black slates of Skiddaw. ~ 1l ~ Sunderland. 4· Gritty beds of Gatesgarth (Buttermere), Lutter o : ~ As to the mode of format ion of barrow. 'l'ongue Beck, Skiddaw, Watch Hill and """j ~ the Volcanic Series, it is plain Great Cockup. ~ .., tl that towards the end of the Skid 3· Dark slates. ·~ . S daw Slate period submarine vol -c 2. Sandstone series of Grassmoor and Whiteside. ~! canoes burst into action, and for ~o ~ a time beds of lava and ash were I. Dark slates of Kirk Stile, betwten Loweswater and Crummock. -; ~ og deposited on the sea-bottom ~:; p. alternately with layers of mud A bed of grit in No. 4 Mr. Ward considers like one (the ~ ~ - and sand; but elevation of the "'Gart.h Grit") which occurs at the base of the Arenig ~ ~-~ sea-floor taking place the whole .Slates of Wales; if this be 110 then the lower strata may be ·a~ area became land, and all .the -of Cambrian age. No. 2 representing the Lingula Flags, ~ ~·a superincumbent. beds composing .and No. 3 the Tremadoe Slates; the finding of more fossils .::: ';;"' the middle and upper parts of in these lower beds is necessary to decide