Les Territoires De L'homosexualité

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Les Territoires De L'homosexualité 1 Mémoire de licence présenté par Sophie Durand Septembre 2006 Les territoires de l'homosexualité: impacts sur la ville Faculté des lettres Directeur de mémoire Institut de géographie Jean-Bernard Racine Université de Lausanne 2 « Now, before I go on and tell you what happened, let me just say these words : dom, Master, bottom, whore-fem, butch, Daddy- boy, cruising, play, play-mate, and so on, have their place. Or, rather, they take a place and make a place. They make an impossible place take place. They describe, circumscribe, inscribe a spectacular place, a spectacle of space: an invented, made-up, unreal, larger- than-life-and-certainly-more-interesting space that people like myself sniff out and crave and live in and want to call ‘Home’; a home I want to suggest that is entirely Urban; an urbanness I want to say that is entirely City and not at all – or at least not exactly – Community; a queer (kind of) city (or better yet, cities) …” [“Introduction: Orientations”, Bell et Valentine (1995) citent Sue Golding (1993) dans Mapping Desire , p. 16-17] 3 Sommaire : Chapitre 1. Introduction: géographie, homosexualité et urbanité....... 8 Chapitre 2. Une géographie de l'homosexualité....................................... 10 2.1. Spatialité des lieux et du réseau………………………………………………... 10 2.1.1. Spatialité des lieux.……………………………………………………………… 10 Berlin……………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Paris………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Des destinations de vacances et, au-delà des associations et commerces, une offre diversifiée………………………………………………………………......... 11 Hauts lieux de Mapping Desire………………………………………………...... 12 « Lieux gay », espaces produits : diversité des pratiques et des acteurs…... 12 2.1.2. Spatialité du réseau...………………………………………………………….... 13 Berlin, un eldorado européen : entre une géographie de « niches » et des quartiers gay……………………………………………………………………….. 13 Paris, un renommée internationale : entre le lieu vitrine du Marais et des centralités secondaires moins visibles............................................................ 15 Des réseaux de destinations de vacances et de nouveaux vecteurs de la présence homosexuelle irrigués par la presse, internet et des flyers............. 16 Deux capitales gay d’Europe : Amsterdam et Londres :................................. 17 Park Slope à Brooklyn : la communauté en tant que réalité imaginée........... 18 Au-delà des frontières entre public et privé : la sexualité dans les lieux publics............................................................................................................. 20 Paysages imaginaires du désir sur la ville et ses lieux clés........................... 21 2.2 Les pratiques: des réseaux de personnes. ..................................................... 23 2.2.1. Mise en place du réseau. .............................................................................. 23 De la métropole culturelle des Années folles à une nouvelle centralité née de la chute du mur : la conquête d’un « droit de cité »....................................... 24 4 Du Paris ouvert et culturel des années 20 et 30 aux polarisations multiples actuelles : la gentrification née d’une centralité et d’une visibilité nouvelles et l’apparition de lieux invisibles de rupture en périphérie................................. 26 Des mouvements précommunautaires, l’intérêt des grandes entreprises et une presse, observatoire de la condition homosexuelle : autant d’éléments créateurs d’une communauté morale et de ses points fixes, les lieux........... 29 Emergence de deux capitales gay d’Europe :................................................ 30 Park Slope : émergence d’une communauté imaginée.................................. 32 La sexualité dans les lieux publics synonyme d’intimité et de liberté d’identité et de pratiques................................................................................................ 36 Une littérature créatrice d’un imaginaire sur la ville et ses lieux-clés.............. 37 2.2.2. Mixité et ségrégation dans le milieu homosexuel. ..................................... 41 Lesbiennes et gais : des géographies différentes.......................................... 41 Différences d’âge et de génération : la nostalgie du militantisme et de l’entre soi................................................................................................................... 43 Entre un imaginaire utopique rural et le manque d’établissements gay : la vie homosexuelle à la campagne......................................................................... 44 L’omniprésence des Blancs et l’oubli des différences entre cultures............. 45 Clivages économiques................................................................................... 46 Une grande diversité de sexualités et des identités sexuelles fluides et contextuelles................................................................................................... 47 Une forte autocritique du milieu homosexuel.................................................. 51 De nombreuses spatialités de l’homosexualité et des pratiques spatiales individuelles diverses...................................................................................... 53 Diversité dans l’espace et dans le temps........................................................ 54 La théorie queer et sa volonté d’inclusion....................................................... 55 2.2.3. Mixité et ségrégation avec la société. ......................................................... 57 Les Années folles, âge d’or de l’homosexualité en Europe............................ 57 Migration vers les grandes villes : un milieu ambivalent entre liberté, rencontre, anonymat et solitude....................................................................................... 59 Des espaces de résistance créateurs d’identité à l’intérieur d’un espace fondamentalement hétérosexuel.................................................................... 61 5 Des ghettos gay nés d’un modèle communautariste ?............................... .... 63 Vie privée et espace public : des frontières floues......................................... 66 Prise de conscience de la diversité de la communauté et de la nécessité d’aller au-delà du ghetto................................................................................. 69 La théorie queer et le bouleversement des normes spatiales hétérosexuelles.............................................................................................. 74 Et l’échelle du logement ? Un produit complexe de stratégies identitaires temporelles et spatiales révélatrices de géographies changeantes............... 76 2.2.4. Les réseaux économiques. ........................................................................... 78 Impacts socio-économiques des communautés gay sur le tissu urbain : la gentrification.................................................................................................... 79 L’économie rose : entre business et émancipation......................................... 81 Le secteur commercial gay : un supermarché de luxe et l’illusion de la réussite facile................................................................................................................ 84 2.3. Niveaux d'urbanité et temporalités. ................................................................ 85 Niveaux d’urbanité et diversité des facteurs................................................... 86 Des temporalités différentielles....................................................................... 90 Chapitre 3. Lausanne, un laboratoire d'analyse. ........................................ 93 3.1. Spatialité des lieux et du réseau. .................................................................... 93 3.1.1. Spatialité des lieux. ....................................................................................... 93 Echelle internationale..................................................................................... 94 Echelle nationale............................................................................................ 94 Echelle de la ville............................................................................................ 94 3.1.2. Spatialité du réseau. ...................................................................................... 95 Echelle internationale : une renommée qui dépasse les frontières................ 95 Echelle nationale : capitale de Romandie....................................................... 96 Echelle de la ville : entre lieux vitrines et anonymes : tropismes des lieux gay et « gay friendly »............................................................................................ 97 6 3.2 Les pratiques: des réseaux de personnes. ................................................... 103 3.2.1. Mise en place d’un réseau. ......................................................................... 103 Echelle internationale : un vaste réseau social, des lieux mythiques, l’imaginaire et le tourisme : les clés d’une renommée internationale........... 103 Echelle nationale : entre son poids démographique et sa scène gay : une capitale aux nombreux atouts....................................................................... 105 Echelle de la ville : Lausanne, une ville gay sans quartier gay : diversité des processus d’émergence des tropismes des lieux vitrines et anonymes....... 107 3.2.2. Mixité et ségrégation dans le milieu homosexuel. ................................... 118 Lesbiennes et gais
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