GSM RWS March2011.Docx March 2011 I RECONCILIATION STRATEGY for GSM RWS REPORT NO

CONTRACT WP 9711 DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

CAPRICORN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY LEPELLE-NKUMPI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR

GROOTHOEK RWS CLUSTER, SPECON RWS CLUSTER AND MPHAHLELE RWS CLUSTER

(Matinkane, Mooiplaas, Molapo Matebele, Malemang, Boomplaas, Lebowakgomo, Middelkop, Seleteng, Sampse, Letlhokwaneng, Tswaing, Rapotela, Lesetsi, Mosetamong, Phosiri, Lekurung, Magwaneng, Staanplaas, Mabokotswane, Serobaneng, Hwelesaneng, Hlahla, Naauwpoort, Schildpadnek A, Naauwpoort A, Naauwpoort B, Naauwpoort Ext 1, Patoga, Masite, Shotatale, Mabokotswane, Rooibosbult, Byldrift, Byldrift Ext, Morotse, Malekapane, Kgaphanadi, Motserereng, Seswikaneng, Lenting, Tooseng, Marulaneng, Makurung, Dithabaneng, Maralaleng, Thamagane, Rafiri, Ga-Mmamogwasa, Sekgophokgophong, Bolahlakgomo, Matome, Mathibela, Mogoto, Ga-Rakgwatha, Moletlane, Makeng, Makuswaneng, Madisa Di Toro, Madisaleolo, Magatle, Mapatjakeng, Droogte, Ga-Molapo, Ledwaba, Mmakotse, Motantanyana, Hwelereng, Lekhuswaneng, Lebowakgomo Township)

DRAFT VERSION 1.3

November 2010

Prepared by: Prepared for: SRK Consulting Department of Water Affairs PO Box 55291 Directorate: National Water Resource Planning NORTHLANDS Private Bag X313 2116 PRETORIA, Tel: +27 (0) 11 441 1111 0001 E-mail: [email protected]

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR GSM RWS REPORT NO. {1}

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR MPHAHLELE RWS CLUSTER, SPECON RWS CLUSTER AND GROOTHOEK RWS CLUSTER

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The strategy objectives and methodology are presented in a separate report titled “Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ” that should be read in conjunction with this document.

Location and Background Information This document focuses on the GSM RWS. The scheme is composed of three clusters, namely; Groothoek RWS cluster, Specon RWS Cluster and Mphahlele RWS Cluster. These clusters combined consists of sixty eight settlements; Mphahlele RWS Cluster; (Matinkane, Mooiplaas, Molapo Matebele, Malemang, Boomplaas, Lebowakgomo, Middelkop, Seleteng, Sampse, Letlhokwaneng, Tswaing, Rapotela, Lesetsi, Mosetamong, Phosiri, Lekurung, Magwaneng, Staanplaas, Mabokotswane, Serobaneng, Hwelesaneng, Hlahla, Naauwpoort, Schildpadnek A, Naauwpoort A, Naauwpoort B, Naauwpoort Ext 1, Patoga, Masite, Shotatale, Mabokotswane), Specon RWS Cluster;(Phaswana, Rooibosbult, Byldrift, Byldrift Ext, Morotse, Malekapane, Kgaphanadi, Motserereng, Seswikaneng, Lenting, Tooseng, Marulaneng, Makurung, Dithabaneng, Maralaleng, Thamagane), Groothoek RWS Cluster; (Rafiri, Ga-Mmamogwasa, Sekgophokgophong, Bolahlakgomo, Matome, Mathibela, Mogoto, Ga-Rakgwatha, Moletlane, Makeng, Makuswaneng, Madisa Di Toro, Madisaleolo, Magatle, Mapatjakeng, Droogte, Ga-Molapo, Ledwaba, Mmakotse, Motantanyana, Hwelereng, Lekhuswaneng, Lebowakgomo Township).

The GSM RWS is composed of the main town of Lebowakgomo, Zebedelia citrus estates and a number of rural settlements. The GSM RWS dominates the western section of the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality (LNLM). The LNLM is one of five local municipalities that together form the Capricorn District Municipality within the Limpopo Province of the Republic of South Africa. LNLM is situated in the southern part of the Capricorn District Municipality. The LNLM is bordered by Polokwane to the north-west, Mopani to the north-east, Waterberg to the East and Sekhukhune to the South.

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Domestic water for this region is source from the Olifants River via the Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works.

Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area The confidence level for the information in this study area is low due to the low confidence in the population estimates as well as minimal existing records of registered water use.

Priority Rating for the Development of a Detailed Reconciliation Strategy

The GSM RWS possesses a Priority 2 rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy, as the cluster will be deficit of water within the next five to ten years.

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Water Balance with Reconciliation Options The table and graph below show the future status of GSM RWS water balance, if WC/WDM measures and augmentation by ground water are implemented in the study area.

Current and Future Water Requirements for GSM RWS Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Million m 3/a)

Available Supply Olifantspoort 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Total Available Supply 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Low Growth 1.100 1.054 1.065 1.161 1.184 1.152 Water Usage (Specon RWS) High Growth 1.100 1.068 1.102 1.226 1.277 1.267 Low Growth 3.710 3.631 3.803 4.284 4.416 4.308 Water Usage (Groothoek RWS) High Growth 3.710 3.679 3.935 4.526 4.762 4.738 Low Growth 2.329 2.230 2.253 2.455 2.503 2.435 Water Usage (Mphahlele RWS) High Growth 2.329 2.259 2.331 2.593 2.699 2.679 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Usage (TOTAL) High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 0.461 0.684 0.479 -0.299 -0.504 -0.295

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.461 0.594 0.231 -0.745 -1.138 -1.084

Future Status with Reconciliation Measures

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Million m 3/a)

Available Yield Olifantspoort 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Augmentation measures Olifantspoort 0.000 0.000 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 Total Available Supply 7.600 7.600 8.700 8.700 8.700 8.700 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Usage High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Requirement High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 0.000 0.000 0.142 0.158 0.162 0.158 WC/WDM measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.000 0.147 0.167 0.175 0.174 Low Growth 0.461 0.684 1.721 0.959 0.758 0.963

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.461 0.594 1.478 0.522 0.137 0.190

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Conclusions

• The GSM RWS has a current water demand of 7.14 Million m 3/a, which is projected to increase to 8.68 Million m 3/a by the year 2030. • Domestic water for the area is sourced from the Olifants River (7.600 Million m3/a) and is treated at the Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works. This is insufficient for future demands of the scheme. • The GSM RWS is not currently deficient of water, but is expected to be deficit within the next five to ten years. • Although the groundwater resources are over-exploited, this is because they are poorly managed and there is excessive wastage of water used for irrigation. The major aquifers in the area, following management and a comprehensive reserve determination, should be available for utilisation to augment domestic supply.

Strategy/Recommendations

Short Term

• Undertake a detailed investigation to determine actual availability of surface water from the Olifants River for augmentation and sustainability of future supply. • Undertake a comprehensive reserve determination for the dolomitic and Springbok flats aquifers.

Long Term

• Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise available water sources, to their full potential. • Monitoring and habitual implementation of the WC/WDM strategy.

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10.00

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00 /a 3

5.00

Million m Million 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Years

Olifants Sands Augmentation (Olifants Sands) Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (High growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (Low growth scenario)

Augmentation Options and implementation of WC/WDM Measures

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This is a strategy for the GSM RWS area has been accepted and signed by Capricorn District Municipality, Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality, DWA Northern Regional Office and the DWA Head Office (D: NWRP) as follows:

Town WMA DM WSA WSDP Status

GSM RWS Lepelle- Capricorn Capricorn Under Nkumpi District District Capricorn Local Municipality Municipality District Municipality Municipality

Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:…………………...... Position:…………………………… Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality Capricorn District Municipality Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:………………………………… Position:……………………………… DWA Regional Office DWA D: National Water Resource Planning

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conclusions ...... iv

Strategy/Recommendations ...... iv

Short Term ...... iv

Long Term ...... iv

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Study Area ...... 1

1.2 Regional Setting ...... 1

1.3 Economic Drivers ...... 4

1.4 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area ...... 4

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 4

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS ...... 4

3.1 Level of Services ...... 4

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030 ...... 5

4.1 Future Water Requirements ...... 5

5 WATER RESOURCES ...... 6

5.1 Surface Water ...... 6

5.1.1 Water Allocations ...... 6

*Use not registered ...... 6

5.1.2 Quality ...... 7

5.1.3 Water Re-use ...... 7

5.2 Groundwater ...... 7

5.2.1 Water Allocation/s ...... 8

5.2.2 Quality ...... 9

5.2.3 Water Re-use ...... 9

6 WATER REQUIREMENTS BALANCE ...... 10

6.1 Priority to Develop a Water Supply Reconciliation Strategy for the Cluster ...... 12

7 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 12

7.1.1 Water Treatment Plants ...... 12

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7.1.2 State of WTW ...... 12

7.1.3 Distribution Network and Reservoirs ...... 12

8 SANITATION ...... 13

8.1 Level of Services ...... 13

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) ...... 13

8.2.1 Return Flows ...... 13

8.2.2 State of WWTW ...... 13

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 13

9.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) ...... 13

9.2 Rain Water Harvesting ...... 14

9.3 Ground Water ...... 14

9.4 Re-use ...... 14

9.5 Surface Water ...... 14

9.6 Conjunctive use of Surface Water and Ground Water ...... 14

9.7 Buy-Out of Water Allocations/Rights ...... 14

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR THE GSM RWS ...... 15

11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 17

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 17

12.1 Short Term ...... 17

12.2 Long Term ...... 17

13 REFERENCES ...... 18

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Locality of GSM RWS ...... 3

Figure 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for the GSM RWS ...... 11

Figure 10-1: Implementation of WC/WDM Measures ...... 16

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1: Current Service Levels ...... 5

Table 4-1: Water Requirement Projections...... 5

Table 5-1: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource ...... 6

Table 5-2: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource ...... 9

Table 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for GSM RWS ...... 10

Table 7-1: Water Treatment Plant Capacity ...... 12

Table 8-1: Current Service Levels ...... 13

Table 10-1: Future Status with Reconciliation Measures ...... 15

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ABBREVIATIONS

AADD Average Annual Daily Demand ALC Active Leakage Control CBD Central Business Districts CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research D: NWRP Directorate: National Water Resource Planning DM District Municipality DMA District Meter Area DWA Department of Water Affairs DPLG Department of Provincial and Local government FC Fibre Cement IDP Integrated Development Plan IRP Integrated Resource Planning LOS Level of Service LM Local Municipality MDG Millennium Development Goals Million m3/a Million cubic meters/ annum NRW Non Revenue Water NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NGDB National Groundwater Database PRV Pressure Reducing Valve RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SA South Africa SDI Spatial Development Initiative SDF Spatial Development Framework UFW Unaccounted for Water WARMS Water Use Registering and Licensing Management System WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management WMA Water Management Area WRC Water Research Commission

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WRSM2005 Water Resources Simulation Model 2005 WSA Water Services Authority WSDP Water Services Development Plan WSNIS Water Services National Information System WSP Water Services Provider WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be abstracted

Allocation A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a resource operations plan

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries

Demand/ A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water requirement

Demand Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand reduction and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe water authorities granted under the Water Act, 1998 . This can be either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence

Non Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water into a system and the Water billed authorised consumption for the area being supplied by the system

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and predictability, which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given supply operating conditions for a specified period of time

Supply The quantity of water available for meeting a demand

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change to water availability, infrastructure or reliable take that will result in the total available supply being increased.

Water balance The differential of demand and supply baseline.

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence, whether that is reliability or probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense

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1 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Water Affairs has initiated a study for the development of reconciliation strategies for towns throughout the country in order to ensure effective and efficient management of water resources now and into the future.

The Northern Region study area comprises the water management areas of Limpopo, Luvuvhu and Letaba, Crocodile (West) and Marico, and Olifants and encompasses the Limpopo and portions of Gauteng, North West and Mpumalanga provinces.

This report should be read in conjunction with a separate report titled “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Towns Study – Northern Region ”.

1.1 Study Area

This document focuses on the GSM RWS. The scheme is composed of three clusters, namely; Groothoek RWS cluster, Specon RWS Cluster and Mphahlele RWS Cluster. These clusters combined consists of sixty eight settlements; Mphahlele RWS Cluster; (Matinkane, Mooiplaas, Molapo Matebele, Malemang, Boomplaas, Lebowakgomo, Middelkop, Seleteng, Sampse, Letlhokwaneng, Tswaing, Rapotela, Lesetsi, Mosetamong, Phosiri, Lekurung, Magwaneng, Staanplaas, Mabokotswane, Serobaneng, Hwelesaneng, Hlahla, Naauwpoort, Schildpadnek A, Naauwpoort A, Naauwpoort B, Naauwpoort Ext 1, Patoga, Masite, Shotatale, Mabokotswane), Specon RWS Cluster;(Phaswana, Rooibosbult, Byldrift, Byldrift Ext, Morotse, Malekapane, Kgaphanadi, Motserereng, Seswikaneng, Lenting, Tooseng, Marulaneng, Makurung, Dithabaneng, Maralaleng, Thamagane), Groothoek RWS Cluster; (Rafiri, Ga- Mmamogwasa, Sekgophokgophong, Bolahlakgomo, Matome, Mathibela, Mogoto, Ga- Rakgwatha, Moletlane, Makeng, Makuswaneng, Madisa Di Toro, Madisaleolo, Magatle, Mapatjakeng, Droogte, Ga-Molapo, Ledwaba, Mmakotse, Motantanyana, Hwelereng, Lekhuswaneng, Lebowakgomo Township). The GSM RWS is composed of the main town of Lebowakgomo and a number of rural settlements. Domestic water for this region is source from the Olifants River via the Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works.

1.2 Regional Setting

The GSM RWS is comprised of; Groothoek RWS cluster, Specon RWS Cluster and Mphahlele RWS Cluster, and dominated the western section of the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality (LNLM). The LNLM is one of five local municipalities that together form the Capricorn District Municipality within the Limpopo Province of the Republic of South Africa. LNLM is situated in the southern part of the Capricorn District Municipality. The LNLM is

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bordered by Polokwane to the north-west, Mopani to the north-east, Waterberg to the East and Sekhukhune to the South.

LNLM covers an area of 3,454.78 km² and settlement is predominantly rural with a population of approximately 227 965 people. GSM RWS covers an area of approximately 1600km 2 and has 218,000 inhabitants.

The locality map, of the position of the GSM RWS within the Greater LNLM is presented in Figure 1-1 below.

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Figure 1-1: Locality of GSM RWS

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1.3 Economic Drivers The main economic activity in the LNLM is agriculture. Lebowakgomo is an agricultural town catering for agro-businesses. The major economic activity in the town includes agro-processing and a fruit juice factory. The cluster is also situated en-route to the mining areas of the Olifants catchment and platinum and diamond mining activities create a range of opportunities for local economic development and support (IDP 2006-2011).

1.4 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area

The confidence level for the information in this study area is low due to the low confidence in the population estimates as well as minimal existing records of registered water use.

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population data for the cluster is included below in Table 4-1. Various demographics and geographical spatial information data sources were utilised to obtain population data. The methodology is explained in the separate document, “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ”. Two scenarios have been analysed, one being a high growth, while the other a low growth projection.

The low and high growth scenario for the GSM RWS is assessed as having a negative growth potential. The population is anticipated to decrease from the 2007 figure of 218,797 to 181,471 in 2030. The comparison between these two scenarios is shown below in Figure 4-1.

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS

There are no detailed records for historical use.

3.1 Level of Services

Level of Hardship (LOH) is used to evaluate standard of water services provided to the communities based on the RDP criteria as specified above. The current service levels are presented in Table 3-1.

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Table 3-1: Current Service Levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP None/ own Service level House Yard Supply Supply resources/ connection connection (<200m) (>200m) supply (>500m) WSNIS, 2007 17% 12% 13% 8% 50%

The LOH for water services is high, with 71% of households either at or below RDP water levels of service.

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030

4.1 Future Water Requirements

The future water requirements until 2030 are presented in Table 4-1 and Figure 6-1 for the GSM RWS. The assumptions used for the generation of these calculations are summarised as follows: Population Projections: The projections are calculated using high growth and low growth population estimates, as indicated in Table 4-1. Current Level of Service (LOS) Estimates : the current level of water consumption was used to calculate the future water requirements, 189 l/cap/day for dwellings with house connections, 101 l/cap/day for dwellings with yard connections and 40 l/cap/day for the dwellings supply at or below RDP level. Future Requirements: For planning purposes, the future requirements are projected using “Scenario 3” i.e. LOS assumed to be at a minimum of a Yard Connection by 2015, with a 5% growth in house connections by 2015 and a further 15% growth in house connections by 2020 (total growth in house connections of 20%).

Table 4-1: Water Requirement Projections

Population Water Water Population Year Low Requirements Requirements High Growth Growth High Growth Low Growth

2007 218,797 218,797 7.14 7.14 2010 211,790 209,065 7.01 6.92 2015 208,480 201,477 7.37 7.12 2020 204,619 193,673 8.35 7.90 2025 200,845 186,273 8.74 8.10 2030 199,615 181,471 8.68 7.90

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5 WATER RESOURCES

5.1 Surface Water The GSM RWS (for which Lebowakgomo is the biggest settlement) is located within the Middle Olifants (B51E and G and B52E, G, A, D and G) of the Olifants River Water Management Area [7]. The GSM RWS cluster is traversed by the Nkumpi River in the western part, the Hlakaro River in the eastern part and the Chuniespoort River in the south-western part of the cluster. Nkumpi dam, (north of the cluster) supplies water for irrigation to the Zebediela Estates. Lebowakgomo and surrounding area has only one source of domestic supply, the bulk purchase of water from Lepelle Northern Water [6]. Water is supplied via the Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works, which acquires its raw water from the Olifantspoort weir on the Olifants River, which runs along the eastern boarder of the cluster. Water is pumped from the Olifantspoort weir through a rising, to the water treatment works which has a full design average capacity of 11 Million m3/a rising to a peak treatment of 15.30 Million m3/a, [6]. The Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works also supplies to areas outside of the cluster, including Polokwane, its largest consumer. The current raw water use entitlement out of the Olifants River for the treatment works is 13 Million m3/a. This allocation comprises of 5.40 Million m 3/a for the Polokwane area and the 7.60 Million m 3/a for the Lebowakgomo area, which includes the GSM RWS.

5.1.1 Water Allocations

No information regarding registered water allocations for the GMS RWS Cluster are available from the WARMS database.

Table 5-1: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource

Licensed abstraction (Million m 3/a) Name Domestic Mining Irrigation Industry Other

Olifantspoort 7.60* - - - -

Olifants River 1.28

*Use not registered

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5.1.2 Quality

Generally of good quality (Class 1- Class2). 5.1.3 Water Re-use 5.2 Groundwater

The 1: 500 000 General Hydro geological map of South Africa published by DWAF (2000), 1: 250 000 Geological map series and GRAII data have been used to describe the geology and hydrogeology for the area. The GSM clusters are situated on Letaba basalt (Karoo Supergroup) to the west of the area, sedimentary rocks of the Karoo (Clarens sandstones) dip under the basalt, and Rustenburg Layered Suite lithologies (comprising Lebowa granites to the south and nortite and pyroxenites to the north) occur in the eastern part of the GSM cluster. These lithologies are separated from the sedimentary deposits of the Transvaal Supergroup by the Zebediela Thrust fault which occurs to the north. The RLS lithologies are also faulted and fractured by various north-east to south west trending faults.

Groundwater is used extensively in the cluster but primarily for irrigation with local use by private individuals. The aquifers in the area are generally considered to be over-utilised and their use, poorly controlled [7 & 8]. It is noted that the aquifers (especially the dolomitic aquifers) provide base flow to the perennial rivers in the region.

Groundwater occurrence is geologically controlled and includes the following:

• Springbok Flats Karoo aquifer (Quarternary catchments B51E, B51G and portion of B52A): Extensive abstraction for irrigation occurs from the area underlain by Karoo age basalt and at the contact with the underlying Clarens Sandstone (western portion of the GSM cluster). The depth of boreholes is controlled by the weathering and fracturing within the basalt and the depth to the underlying sandstone contact which can vary from 50 to >150m. The highly fractured and weathered contact with the Clarens Sandstone located within the GMS cluster area provides an area of higher exploitation potential. Yields in this aquifer are on average between 2 and 5l/s but higher yields of >10l/s are common. Extensive abstraction both around Zebediela estates and to the west have resulted in a lowering of the water levels and reduction in yields in the aquifer. 137 boreholes are located in this area with an additional 197 boreholes in the adjacent sandstone lithologies. The abstraction (GRIP) is estimated as between 0.73 to 2.1 million m3/a (+/-2000l/s) whereas registered abstraction is 5.4 million m 3/a.

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• Dolomitic aquifer (B51G) Mototolo valley: A small dolomitic compartment is located to the north of the Zebedelia fault within the dolomic and chert lithologies of the Chuniespoort (Transvaal Supergroup). East-west fracturing links this compartment with the Dorpspruit compartment which supplies Mokopane town. In addition, abstraction for irrigation has results in over-exploitation of this compartment. The water is poorly managed and the aquifer over exploited [8]. Yields are expected to vary from 2-5l/s. Five boreholes are noted in the area (GRIP) with an estimated abstraction potential of 0.02 -0.07 million m3/a, a higher abstraction of 3.56 million m3/a is registered. • Dolomitic aquifer (north of the Zebedelia fault B52A, B52G, B52D) This comprises a larger dolomitic compartment comprising dolomites and chert breccias as well as fractured quartzites. Dolomitic aquifers generally have a low primary permeability with high secondary permeabilities resulting from the development of karstic features such as the dissolution of carbonate rock along discontinuities, faults and fractures, and contacts with other rock types. 134 boreholes (GRIP) are noted in the area of which 0.07 – 6.34 million m 3/a. The depths vary from 15 to 160m with water levels on average around 13m. • Nebo Granite Aquifer (B52A southern portion of the sub-cluster Spekcon RWS): A low yielding aquifer is present within the granitic lithologies of the Lebowa Granite Suite (Rustenburg Layered Suite). Yields generally vary from 0.5 – 2l/s with higher yields (2 – 5l/s) associated with increased storage from the alluvium adjacent to the Olifants river. 120 boreholes are noted in the area (GRIP) with a median yield of 0.15 l/s. The groundwater abstraction potential (GRIP) is estimated as 0.57 million m 3/a. Three boreholes are registered for use for irrigation for 0.5 million m 3/a. • Rustenburg Layered Suite mafic lithologies (B52G and B52E): Intergranular and fractured rock aquifers occur within the mafic lithologies of the Rustenburg Layered suite comprise minor aquifers with yields of 0.5 – 2l/s. Higher yields are, however, often associated with the pyroxenite hanging wall of the UG2 and Merensky Reef. 136 boreholes (GRIP) are noted in this area with a groundwater potential of 0.57 to 2 million m 3/a.

5.2.1 Water Allocation/s

Over 600 boreholes are located in the GSM area with some 18 boreholes registered for use on the WARMS database, primarily for irrigation.

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Table 5-2: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource

Licensed abstraction (Million m 3/a) Name Domestic Mining Irrigation Industry Other

Springbok flats & Karoo 5.38 0.007 sandstone Dolomite 0.0232 ** 3.54

Nebo Granite 0.49 RLS mafic ** 0.1 lithologies

** Note: Small mining operations are known to be present in the general area but the allocations from groundwater or dewatering are unknown.

5.2.2 Quality

The water quality is likely to be variable depending on the hydrogeological characteristics of the prevailing lithology and varies between Class 1 to Class 4.

The groundwater quality in the dolomitic aquifers is generally expected to be good (Class 1), with elevated nitrates (Class 1-2) associated with the Springbok flats aquifer due to fertiliser application. Elevated magnesium and nitrate are also present in the RLS mafic rock aquifers which generally comprise poorer quality water (Class 2 to 3). The groundwater quality in the; Nebo Granite aquifers is comprised of elevated fluoride (Class 3 to 4) with nitrate occasionally elevated depending on sanitation practices. Elevated chloride and TDS is associated with the shale lithologies. Most of the aquifers are vulnerable to contamination from surface sources. A number of DWA monitoring boreholes are present in the settlements, especially near Zebedelia and Lebowakgomo

5.2.3 Water Re-use Water is not currently being re-used.

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6 WATER REQUIREMENTS BALANCE

The current and future water surplus/shortfalls are summarised in Table 6-1 and graphically illustrated in Figure 6-1 for the GSM RWS. The projected water demand is balanced against the water availability, provided the current water availability is accessible until 2030.

Table 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for GSM RWS Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Million m 3/a)

Available Supply Olifantspoort 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Aquifers* Total Available Supply 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Low Growth 1.100 1.054 1.065 1.161 1.184 1.152 Water Usage (Specon RWS) High Growth 1.100 1.068 1.102 1.226 1.277 1.267 Low Growth 3.710 3.631 3.803 4.284 4.416 4.308 Water Usage (Groothoek RWS) High Growth 3.710 3.679 3.935 4.526 4.762 4.738 Low Growth 2.329 2.230 2.253 2.455 2.503 2.435 Water Usage (Mphahlele RWS) High Growth 2.329 2.259 2.331 2.593 2.699 2.679 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Usage (TOTAL) High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 0.461 0.684 0.479 -0.299 -0.504 -0.295

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.461 0.594 0.231 -0.745 -1.138 -1.084

Note: Due to the over-exploitation of the groundwater resources of the major aquifers these have been excluded at the present time.

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6 /a 3

Million m Million 4

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Years

Olifants Sands Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario)

Figure 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for the GSM RWS

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6.1 Priority to Develop a Water Supply Reconciliation Strategy for the Cluster

The GSM RWS possesses a Priority 2 rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy, as the cluster will not deficient of water within the next five to ten years.

7 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1.1 Water Treatment Plants

There is no water treatment plant is situated in the GSM RWS area, however Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works supplies the GSM RWS area and the town of Polokwane with portable water. The plant is owned and operated by Lepelle Northern Water and consists of the following treatment components:

• Flash mixing and three sedimentation tanks • Six rapid gravity filters • A chlorine contact tank to allow for post chlorination • High lift pumping station which pumps to the Reinforced Concrete Stocks and Stocks Reservoir in Lebowakgomo.

Table 7-1: Water Treatment Plant Capacity

Maximum Design Average Design Capacity (Million Treatment Plant Capacity (Million Production (Million m3/a) m3/a) m3/a) Olifantspoort 11 15.3 13 7.1.2 State of WTW No data available.

7.1.3 Distribution Network and Reservoirs Lebowakgomo has a total storage capacity of 60Ml. The main command reservoir, called Stocks and Stocks has a storage capacity of 30 Ml. Another RC reservoir is situated further north of the Stocks and Stocks reservoir and has a storage capacity of 20 Ml. This reservoir is called the Spescon Reservoir. The last storage reservoir is located at the MEC housing development and has a storage capacity of 10 Ml. Water is pumped from Olifantspoort WTW to the Stocks reservoir. From here water gravitates into the reticulation network supplying surrounding settlements and the hospital. Furthermore water is the pumped to the Spescon Reservoir which then supplies by gravity the town and surrounding suburbs.

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8 SANITATION

8.1 Level of Services

The GSM RWS area is primarily serviced by water borne sanitation with the outlying areas relying on pit latrines (WSDP, 2007). The service levels are summarised in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Current Service Levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP Septic tanks, None, Flush toilet Pit latrine digester, desluger, chemical, Service level (connected with effluent discharge bucket or pit to sewerage ventilation to an oxidation latrine without system) (VIP) pond, etc ventilation WISNIS, 2007 29% 21% 50%

The above tabled information indicates that the LOH for sanitation services is high.

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW)

There is one waste water treatment works is situated in the Mphahlele RWS Cluster (Capricorn WSDP) and a further four waste water treatment works located within the Groothoek RWS Cluster.

8.2.1 Return Flows

Treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants is discharged to the rivers.

8.2.2 State of WWTW

No data available.

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

9.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM)

The Water Service Authority, namely LNLM, as the Water Services Authority, does have a formal WC/WDM strategy in place. The strategy is focused solely on the town of Lebowakgomo which accounts for the majority of the population within the GSM RWS and thus deemed relevant to this area.

The following WC/WDM measures are to be implemented in Lebowakgomo and surrounding areas to reduce water losses:

• Pressure Management, to manage background losses and unavoidable real losses. • Active Leak Control, both with and without refurbishment of existing network.

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For reconciliation purposes it has been assumed that the WC/WDM is assumed to reduce the requirements by 1% per annum from 2010 to 2013 and 2% per annum from 2013 to 2018. This is presented on Figure 10-1.

9.2 Rain Water Harvesting

There is a relatively low potential for rainfall harvesting.

9.3 Ground Water Groundwater from Springbok flats and dolomitic aquifers is currently over-exploited and poorly managed. The other aquifers in the area have a limited potential for further development as they possess a low yield potential and are of poor quality. Augmentation and management of groundwater abstraction is vital to allow for sustainable use and development of these aquifers.

9.4 Re-use

Not required.

9.5 Surface Water Surface water augmentation is required to meet the future domestic water demands. Due to current development in Polokwane, the water board put in a license application for additional water allocation from the Olifants River system in order to upgrade the current WTW to 60 Ml/d (22 Million m 3/a). However the existing water supplies from the Olifantspoort weir is fully allocated and additional water will have to be either traded from existing water users or the current users and the operation of the water supply system need to become more efficient through implementing water conservation and water demand management measures.

9.6 Conjunctive use of Surface Water and Ground Water

Not required.

9.7 Buy-Out of Water Allocations/Rights

Not required.

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10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR THE GSM RWS

The estimated water requirements and water availability with regard to the implementation of WC/WDM measures are summarised in Table 10-1 and graphically illustrated in Figure 10- 1.

Table 10-1: Future Status with Reconciliation Measures

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Million m 3/a)

Available Yield Olifantspoort 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 7.600 Augmentation measures Olifantspoort 0.000 0.000 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 Aquifers* Total Available Supply 7.600 7.600 8.700 8.700 8.700 8.700 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Usage High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 7.139 6.916 7.121 7.899 8.104 7.895 Water Requirement High Growth 7.139 7.006 7.369 8.345 8.738 8.684 Low Growth 0.000 0.000 0.142 0.158 0.162 0.158 WC/WDM measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.000 0.147 0.167 0.175 0.174 Low Growth 0.461 0.684 1.721 0.959 0.758 0.963

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.461 0.594 1.478 0.522 0.137 0.190

Note: Although the groundwater resources are over-exploited, this is because they are poorly managed and there is excessive wastage of water used for irrigation. The major aquifers in the area, following management and a comprehensive reserve determination, should be available for utilisation for domestic supply.

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10.00

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00 /a 3

5.00

Million m Million 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Years

Figure 10-1: Implementation of WC/WDM Measures

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11 CONCLUSIONS

• The GSM RWS has a current water demand of 7.14 Million m 3/a, which is projected to increase to 8.68 Million m3/a by the year 2030. • Domestic water for the area is sourced from the Olifants River (7.600 Million m 3/a) and is treated at the Olifantspoort Water Treatment Works. This is insufficient for future demands of the scheme. • The GSM RWS is not currently deficient of water, but is expected to be deficit within the next five to ten years. • Although the groundwater resources are over-exploited, this is because they are poorly managed and there is excessive wastage of water used for irrigation. The major aquifers in the area, following management and a comprehensive reserve determination, should be available for utilisation to augment domestic supply.

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 Short Term

12.2 Long Term • Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise available water sources, to their full potential. • Monitoring and habitual implementation of the WC/WDM strategy.

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13 REFERENCES [1] 1 :250 000 Regional Geological Map Series 2428 [2] NGDB (2009) Borehole water quality [3] GRAII Hydrological data [4] DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Capricorn District (2006) Municipality. Water Services Planning Reference Framework. Draft 1. March 2006. [5] IDP (2006) Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality. Integrated Development Plan. May 2006. [6] WC/WDM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Greater Lebowakgomo (2007) and middle Olifants sub-catchment implementation plan and strategy. Development: Water Conservation and Water Demand Management. Lebowakgomo – Water Balance assessment and WC/WDM Business Plan. Prepared by: Tlou & Matji Engineering and Management Services (Pty) Ltd. October 2007.

[7] ISP, 2004 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Olifants Water Management Area. Internal Strategic Perspective, Prepared by: Tlou & Matji Engineering and Management Services (Pty) Ltd and Wates, Meiring and Barnard. February 2004.

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