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Summary of Chapter 2 Summary of Chapter 2 Early Civilizations This chapter tells us the story of the early wanderers, because of the innovation of bronze and iron, became settlers who need to grow on their land generations after generations. Of these the most famous peoples are the Sumerians and the Egyptians. Because of the use of iron, the agriculture developed fast and thus the civilization too. The Middle East, once called Fertile Crescent, was very different from today from the climate to the civilization. The Sumerians first built their kingdom here, due to the epic myth Gilgamesh, believing in polytheism and having a developed institution. They invented cuneiform to write down their histories and information, by which the Hammurabi Law Code was written to control the lower classes of the society. What’s more, the Egyptians also developed a big country ruled by the king pharaohs, also known as the gods of Egypt, left behind them a great number of pyramids and mysteries. Varied from the Sumerians, the Egyptians wrote in the hieroglyphics (pictogram writing) either for decoration or record. After these two civilizations, the Assyrians and the Persians also took control of this area. However, the quick development on science and technology also brought us which is unimaginable in the hunter-gatherers community health problems (like famine, poor nutrition, and contagious diseases), discrimination (like sexism and racism), unequal status of different classes and wars. Wars are a two-edged weapon which can be used for good or for evil. Some wars are for the peace of one kingdom, others intruding other kingdoms, but both can improve the communication between places and civilizations. In a word, wars promotes destruction but also cooperation. Development is good, yet we should focus on the side effect it brings us. Maybe the ignorance of these side effects is the reason why these once-popular civilizations decomposed at last. How civilization develops: Iron (or some important power) invented → agriculture (industry) expands → productive forces improve/become settlers (or have new kinds of lifestyle)→(new) classes appear (the winning class start to rule the society)/division of labor→country appears→new institution, new custom, new religion constructed→civilization develops Summary of Chapter 3 God Belief of the Jews Chapter 3 tells us a brief history of the Hebrews, also called the Jews, who recognized themselves as the Chosen People and believe in a jealous God preventing them from accepting the polytheism of their neighbors. They survived through the anti-Semitism from their neighbors a small but significant minority in the ancient world of the Middle East, Europe, and even deeper into South and East Asia, and thus became a special contribution to the Western civilization. The reason of their survival is still beyond me, but I’ m seeking to figure out. What actually differentiates them from their neighbors is the tiny political state they constructed, not an empire seeming everlasting. The Jew’s history is very special from others. The influence Jews made on the Western civilization not being compared to their political contributions, they are a group of people using spiritual ideas to control itself, but not political or economical institution. So what makes this group of people, even after the Diaspora, lived till now while the Romans or the Hellenes, once having a great empire upon the area around the Mediterranean Sea? The tolerance their conquerors had on them is first and foremost a lucky incident. They were allowed to preserve the traditional belief in God, and such is a long time, that they can at last survive with many Jews still not going back home to the twentieth century and build a country named Israel. What’s more, the most crucial part of the hard but successful survival is the sufficient institution on belief. Ten Commandments and over 600 laws regulate the action of the individual. The covenant the God made with His people and the organization without the intervening mediation of kings and priests make the Jews can communicate with the God individually, without the need of public feasts or priests preaching. As a result, wherever and whenever they are, He is always there, which makes them insist on doing what they want and successful no matter in science or in trade till now. The Jews has already become Fortune’s favored children by wisdom and diligence. Their belief in monotheism and devotion to one god has a power of centripetal force which makes their hearts together with god, and with each other. A Comparison on Early Civilizations hunters the the the &gatherers Sumerians Egyptians Jews Israel-Egypt- living place everywhere Mesopotamia Egypt everywhere belief polytheism polytheism polytheism monotheism tool stone bronze iron kingdom tribes kingdom kingdom kingdom-groups Paleolithic Age time Bronze Age Iron Age Neolithic Age discrimination no sexism sexism sexism/were anti king leader king pharaoh leader-king-leader Summary of Chapter 4 The Great Hellenes The Hellenes lived in the Hellas on the eastern and northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and expand their colonies to the southern and western coast of it. They are most famous for the political institution contributing to the Western Civilization, still having influence on us now. They have lived through 4 typical periods – the Dark Ages (the Homer Times), the Classical Age (including the Golden Ages), the Hero Times and the Hellenistic Age (the recession). Each period has some representative events and some famous heroes, which will be mentioned here. The civilization of the Hellenes begins from 1200 B.C., when so many other civilizations suffered crises at the dawn of the Iron Age. During this time, the Mycenaeans and Minoans lived in Greece together with the first Hellenes invaders, which causes the blending of people, with the appearance of the Greek. The early Greek was divided into three main ethnicities: Dorians, Ionians and Aeolians. What causes the political type of the Hellenes is the mountainous topography which divided people into different groups, all living in poleis. Not having adequate land for civilized agriculture, the people started involving in commerce and colonization – becoming seafarers. They also developed a useful alphabet (the word alphabet derived from the first two letters of the Hellenes letters alpha and beta) influencing our world till now. They borrowed this from the Phoenicians, varied from Sumer’s cuneiform, Egypt’s hieroglyphics, Chinese or Indian one. Granted that the many advantages Phoenicians had, but they ultimately failed in the competition of civilizations while the Greeks succeeded only by keeping confidence on themselves. When they borrowed many civilized things from other people, they thought that they were superior to all of them, calling them barbarians. One thing distinguishing them from others is the democracy form of government. There are 3 main types due to the standard of the rulers: kingship, aristocracy and tyranny. What’s more, Sparta and Athens also represents two kinds of ruling of government, and each leads a league in the Peloponnesian Wars. Sparta promoting oligarchy agreed to the institution leaning to the past and supported individuals with privileges while Athens inclined to the future and wanted to broaden access to status. Sparta had helots enslaved by them, organizing their entire state around militarism and egalitarianism to stop a successful slave rebellion. Athens, however, developed a democratic society, with many tyrants (Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes, Perikles) making innovations to seek to protect citizens’ rights and democratic institutions. In addition, two wars must be mentioned in the Hellenes history, which are the Persian Wars (494-449B.C.) and the Peloponnesian Wars (460-404B.C.). The former represented the unit of the Greeks while the other meant the separation of the Greeks between different groups. The Persian War is the cause of the Golden Age, which made Athens the leader of the Mediterranean with its democratic innovations going on. The Peloponnesian War marks the end of the Golden Age because of Athens and Sparta’s opposite politic ideas and their demand for the leader of the Mediterranean. This civil war made the whole Greece trap into a recession, which caused Alexander the Great from Macedon conquer the Greece. When Greece fell into a recession, their culture developed prosperously. Macedon accepted the Greek’s culture, and the hellenization began. The remains of the Temple of the Olympian Zeus, with the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens looming beyond, Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey, four tragedies and four comedies, all of which still attract us today. We can still experience the profound ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. We can still learn the rationalism, skepticism, hedonism, cynicism and the Sophists’ opinions, which contributed to the whole world of the Greek philosophy. However, because of their cultural arrogance, they became marginalized instead of being the ongoing bearers of history. Then the Imperium Romanum conquered Greece, adopting Hellenes’ culture and adding more to the foundations of the West. Summary of Chapter 5 The Imperium Romanum The Road to Empire While the Greeks quarreled themselves into fragmentation, the Romans, were proving much more adept at power politics. The Romans believed that their ancestors are twin brothers - Romulus and Remus, who were brought up by a she wolf and fought each other later. Romulus at last won the battle and established their ‘country’ in 753 B.C. However, the Romans at first didn’t have a real country, but just an ethnic group ruled under the Etruscan kings. The turning point came when Sextus (the son of an Etruscan king) lusted after Lucretia, which made the outraged Romans organize a rebellion and throw the Etruscans out of their city. Thus, rape and suicide inspired Roman political freedom. Actually, I have a question here – what does this ‘political freedom’ mean? Does it mean freeing from the rule of other ethnicities? After all, the Romans due to the historical and archaeological evidence had indeed won freedom from the Etruscan domination and built up their own country.
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