S. Daniel Abraham Center The S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue, operating out of the Netanya Academic College, is for Strategic Dialogue a unique institution dedicated to stabilizing regional and global conflicts by combining academic pursuits with on-the-ground efforts. The Center represents Peace - Dream or Vision: a multi-faceted approach to the growing threat of regional and global disputes, by offering solution- driven initiatives based on practical experience and A Decade Since the realistic goals. Assassination of Prime The Center provides a combination of political, security, academic and economic solutions to Minister Yitzhak Rabin conflicts by assembling teams of former politicians, community leaders, security experts, distinguished academics and prominent international business leaders, each of whom offer the expertise in their respective fields.
International Management
Mikhail Gorbachev, former President of the USSR Co-Chairman
Prince Hassan Bin Talal of Jordan Co-Chairman
Steering Committee
Mr. Trevor Spiro, Co-Chairman Professor Zvi Arad, Founder and President of Netanya Academic College Dr. David Altman, Senior Vice President, Netanya Academic College Deputy Chairman of the Center Professor Joseph Ginat, Vice President of International Relations and Research, Netanya Academic College, Director of the Center Att. Zaki Kamal, Senior Advisor Professor Moshe Maoz, Deputy Director Dr. Reuven Pedatzur, Academic Director Brig.-Gen. (ret.) Baruch Spiegel, Advisor to the Directory Board Ms. Aviva Palter, Head of International Activities & Conference Director Ambassador Yitzchak Mayer, Senior Advisor Mr. Dov Ben Meir, European Affairs Advisor Ambassador Alon Pinkas, North American Advisor Mr. Elie Friedman, Coordinator
Conference Book Editor: Aviva Palter Editing of Lectures: Howard Epstein, Elie Friedman Graphic Design: Studio David Harel/Liat Harel Printd In Israel © Copyright–SDC 2007 Board of Governors
Frederick W. De Klerk, former President of South Mr. Yitzhak Teshuva, Delek Co. Mr. Jerry Feldman Africa Abdurrahman Wahid, former President of and Mr. Michael Feldman, GP Strategies, USA. Mr. Indonesia Mr. Berndt Schmidtbauer, former German Paul Ahlstrom, VSpring Capital Mr. R. Cameron Minister of State Mr. James Woolsey, former Central Walker, Vice President, Bank of America Investments Mr. Intelligence Agency Director Mr. Louis Freeh, former Elisha Yanai, President, Motorola Pastor Dr. Gerald FBI Director Mr. Ya’akov Perry, former Head of General Mann, Riverbend Baptist Church in Austin, Texas Mrs. Security Service Ambassador Edwin Corr, Director, Tovah Felds, award-winning Broadway actress International Programs Center, University of Oklahoma Dr. Shmuel Bar, Islamic radicalism expert Mr. Ram Caspi, LLB, Caspi and Co Mr. Yehuda Raveh, LLB, Yehuda Raveh & Co. Mr. Yossi Sadeh, advocate Cmdr. (ret.) Arieh Amit, former Jerusalem Police Chief Cmdr .(ret.) Gabi Last, chairman of Delek Group Commissioner (ret.) Assaf Hefetz, former Israel Police Commissioner Mr. Larry King, journalist, CNN Dr. Giora Eliraz, The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Hebrew University, Jerusalem Gen. Mansour Abu-Rashid, Chairman, Amman Center for Peace and Development Maj. Gen. (ret.) David Ivri, National Security Adviser, former Israeli Ambassador to Washington, former Director-General of Israel’s Defense Ministry, former IAF Commander Maj. Gen. (ret.) Yomtov Samya, former General of the Southern Command Maj. Gen. (ret.) Ya’akov Amidror, Vice President of the Ladner Institute Mr. Moshe Ortass, entrepreneur Ambassador Dr Edward J. Perkins, Chair and Executive Director of the International Programs Center, The University of Oklahoma Dr. Lawrence Kennedy, President, Church on the Rock International Prof. Bernard Pinchuk, Vice President and Rector, Netanya Academic College Prof. Gabi Ben-Dor, Director, International Security Research Center, Haifa Prof. Sinai Deutsch, Senior Vice President, Dean of the Law School, Netanya Academic College Prof. Theodor Postol, MIT, USA Dr. Barry A. Feinstein, Senior Lecturer in International Law, School of Law, Netanya Academic College Mr. Shmuel Dankner, Dankner Investments A decade marking the murder of Yitzhak Rabin is one of the most significant times in the life of a nation.
Beyond the terrible pain and shock that accompanied the heinous murder, ten years is a space of time to provide a perspective for a nation engaged in a process of profound soul-searching of itself and its surroundings and preoccupied with learning the lessons of this period.
When the senior advisor to the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue, Ambassador Yitzhak Mayer came to see me, proposing that we hold a memorial conference to mark this decade, I welcomed his suggestion warmly, and I personally accompanied the preparations for this conference. I considered it a mission which an academic institution in Zion needs to shoulder.
I am pleased to have the opportunity to express my pride in the fact that the Netanya Academic College chose to lead the events relating to Rabin’s memorial at an academic, widely-participated conference, attended by former world leaders side by side with senior ministers from Asia, Europe, Africa and the United States – all of them coming here to pay tribute to the late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and express their solidarity with the State of Israel that is struggling against terror from within as well as from the outside.
This occurrence was also a salute to all those who genuinely seek to obtain peace in the Middle East – to all those who are not prepared to stand idly by the expectation of a better tomorrow, to all those who are the doers and who take action.
Since that conference, the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue has promoted a number of initiatives and ventures prompted by the search for peace, security, and understanding between the peoples of the region.
I deem it only right to note the very special part played by the Chairman of the Center at the time, M.K. Danny Yatom, who contributed most generously to the success of the conference, and may blessings and rewards come to all those who were engaged in this work.
Prof. Zvi Arad President Netanya Academic College Peace - Dream or Vision: A Decade Since the Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
The purpose of the conference “Peace – Dream or Vision: A Decade Since the Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin”, was not to recall the heinous event in which our beloved Prime Minister was murdered by an evildoer; it was rather to engage in serious, incisive soul-searching, to look deep inside ourselves and at the world, and to face the fact that our leader was taken from us – a man with the strength and ability to bring about a historical change in our region.
At the conference, participants discussed the void that has been left by Yitzhak Rabin’s absence, as well as possibilities for individuals, groups, and nations to continue along the path he blazed. At the conference, we attempted to understand how a society reacts to such a traumatic event, an earthquake that shattered an entire society. The conference examined several issues, including the world’s attitude towards the peace process as well as its duties towards this process, the question of whether peace is contingent on events or on leaders, and the current direction of the Middle East conflict. On several levels, the conference fulfilled our expectations. The participation of a great number of statesmen and former ministers from the region and from distant locations illustrated how deeply Rabin’s murder affected people all around the world, and how the trauma caused by this horrid event is shared so universally. Despite the widespread identification with Rabin’s path and message, our region has still yet to undergo the creative breakthrough that would make his dream a reality. Instead the situation in our region continues to tragically and rapidly deteriorate.
Conference participants analyzed various historical events that bore the stamp of Prime Minister Rabin. Speakers emphasized that an opening had emerged for genuine dialogue between Israel and the Palestinian Authority which, at that time, was ruled by Fatah. Conference participants did not envision the political turnabout that took place in the Palestinian Authority, through which Hamas rose to power. Such developments have proven some of the recommendations offered by conference participants to be mistaken.
Above all, the conference was meant to serve as a global dialogue of meditation, analysis, brainstorming and constructive thinking to enable positive developments for the future of our region.
Conference participants came to the conclusion that there is a great need for a range of multi-faceted frameworks for maintaining fruitful dialogue, in which the various issues can be discussed openly and freely.
As the conference was attended by statesmen from various countries in addition to researchers and academics, conference participants concluded that long-range plans for the region must primarily be entrusted to academics, rather than to governments. Democratically elected officials often refrain from long-term planning and difficult decision-making, due to both practical constraints and the preoccupation with current and pressing issues. Only research institutions can engage in the kind of far-reaching vision that can enlighten governmental decision-makers to confront long-term issues. Academic research must operate in conjunction with past, current and future decision makers and statesmen to ensure that solutions presented have a broad historical perspective and a long-term effect.
The academic world refrains from utilizing the slippery language of politics often used by decision- makers. The innovative and creative thinking of research institutes can significantly contribute to political decision-makers, by providing thorough analysis of various situations. Research institutes have the ability to base their conclusions on a sober and objective investigation of the possibilities of a given situation, always thinking of ways in which conclusions can be implemented realistically through stages.
The conference was a type of salute to a unique political figure of valor and vision. Representatives of the various countries who participated in the conference engaged in solemn soul-searching regarding their previous approaches to the conflict, and provided concrete suggestions regarding steps that need to be taken by all sides, including steps required by countries who have attempted to mediate the conflict.
The conference proved that in our region there is not enough constructive dialogue, nor enough original thinking free from prejudices and emotions, in attempting to deal with the Middle East conflict.
The conference’s concluding discussions presented a certain historic window of opportunity – however, the circumstances at the time were quite different than those confronting us today.
The obvious conclusion is that political and social processes are highly dynamic, and that we must always be keenly attuned to these constant changes.
Dr. David Altman Prof. Joseph Ginat Senior Vice President Vice President of International Relations and Research Netanya Academic College Director, S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue Netanya Academic College
Opening Session
Opening Greetings Pearl is here, whose son was of Knesset, members of Parliaments, kidnapped, tortured, killed and the members of the board of Netanya By: Prof. Joseph Ginat buried in Pakistan. And another name Academic College, representatives of Director of the S. Daniel I have to add is Ohav Sharif, who was the European Union, lecturers, and Abraham Center for Strategic a good friend of many of us. many other guests. I want to thank all of those who have helped enormous Dialogue, Vice President for At the beginning of the conference, in organizing this conference. In this International Relations and I’d like to send, in the name of all conference, we have representatives Research, Netanya Academic of us, a special greeting for a fast from four different continents – Asia, College recovery to our beloved President Africa, Europe, and North America. of the College Professor Tzvi Arad. We thank you all for traveling Good morning and welcome. In the He recently underwent surgery distances to attend. name of Netanya Academic College and is now recovering. He sends and the Strategic Dialogue Center, I his greetings to you. He is a great Today, we have changed the name am honored to start the conference president, a wonderful person, and a of our center. From today forward, 'Peace – Dream or Vision: A decade world-famous mathematician. our center will be known as the S. since the assassination of Prime Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Minister Yitzhak Rabin.' The Honorable Mayor of Netanya, Dialogue. Unfortunately, Daniel Miriam Fierberg-Ikar; Professor Abraham could not attend due to a There are so many victims of terror Sinai Deutch, Acting President; Dr. last minute problem, so I am asking in Israel. There are many victims Bernard Pinchuk, Rector; Dr. David Ambassador Dan Kurtzer to say a of terror in Netanya, the city in Altman, Vice President; Member of few words in his name. which we are gathered now. There Knesset Danny Yatom, the director are victims of terror in the United of the Strategic Dialogue Center; States, in Europe – Spain, England, Vice President of the Strategic France – Egypt and Sinai. There are Dialogue Center, Mr. Trevor Spiro; recent victims of terror in Jordan. Vice President of the Republic of We stand together with you, with Congo, Dr. Arthur Z. Ngoma; Prime our neighbors. Minister of Jordan Dr. Abd Al Slalam Al Majali. In the memory of the late Yizhak Rabin and of the victims of terror, I I would like to ask of Dr. Majali am asking you to rise for a moment and General Mansour to send our of silence. greetings to King Abdullah.
Thank you. In addition to the victims I want to thank ministers of various of terror, I have to add that Judiah countries, vice-ministers, members
6 Greetings from Dan Greetings from the City conference – and proud to open the Abraham of Netanya conference entitled 'Peace: Dream or Vision', intended to commemorate By: Ambassador Dan Kurtzer, By: Miriam Fierberg-Ikar a decade since the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Former U.S. Ambassador to Mayor of Netanya may he rest in peace. Israel and Egypt Through dialogue, it is essential I would like to begin by welcoming to remember that we all must live I want to thank Professor Ginat for all of those who came from close by together here, within a complex and giving me the opportunity to bring and from far way, world leaders and fragile mix consisting of differences greetings on behalf of Dan Abraham, policy makers from Israel and from of opinion. However, the feelings of known to many of you as not only the world at large. Good morning to shock, disgust, and contempt with a great friend of Israel and a great all of you. respect to Rabin’s assassination are friend of peace, but as one who has common in all of us. Eitan Haber, dedicated so many resources to I want to welcome you on behalf of Rabin's bureau chief, expressed our developing the possibility of dialogue the 190,000 residents of Netanya, common feeling clearly during the and reconciliation between peoples. the city that has absorbed in the last commemoration at Rabin square, It is therefore very appropriate that decade over 63,000 immigrants from when he said, 'The mourning and this center at the Netanya Academic the former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, pain as a result of the assassination College will now bear his name. I am France, and many other countries. do not belong to a particular political proud to announce my own close Netanya is a successful and vibrant camp. The tears do not have a association with this, because just city, which was given the prize this political coloring and are bitter to the other day Princeton University year of being “Israel’s most beautiful all of us.' appointed me as a professor of city”. Netanya has one of the more contemporary Middle East policy beautiful beachfront promenades Netanya: studies. Thus, the natural connection in the world, and 13 kilometers of continuing Rabin’s legacy between myself and this institution, golden beaches. and between myself and Israel has In Netanya, we have chosen to call been renewed. I am happy to host you in our the developing Eastern part of our city, which has been given several city, where we are currently meeting, academic prizes, and contains within ‘Rabin Village’, and only meters from its jurisdiction four colleges. As one here is the elementary school also of the initiators of the founding of named after Yitzhak Rabin. Netanya Academic College, I am proud of the S. Daniel Abraham The choice to create a center that Center for Strategic Dialogue deals with strategic dialogue towards – the framework organization of this peace is anchored in the current
7 situation of our city. Netanya, due wept and lamented our loved ones shed the same tears, hate the to its exposed location, reflects in the and continued to build bridges and same enemies, and we all pray for bitterness of the Israeli-Palestinian pave roads. We offered consolation reconciliation. Peace has no barriers. conflict. Only a small strip of to the bereaved families and we 'And this is why, despite all of the land, approximately the length of established new child care centers tragedy, we will not ask ourselves if Broadway Avenue in Manhattan and schools. the dream will be realized, but when sits between Israeli Netanya and the dream will be realized. Palestinian Tulkarem. During the city’s most difficult hours, The term 'peace' has been flown I would encourage residents of the as a banner for many years. We During the Six Day War, the border city by telling them that nobody could are constantly pursuing peace, and between the two cities fell. Citizens succeed in silencing the beautiful sometimes it seems like it is truly of Tulkarem, Nablus, and Samaria in tune of the city. within reach. However, that real general were welcomed by us with And despite all of my frustration and peace, between two nations who good neighborliness. We opened the pain resulting from the terror attacks, have been hostile to one another gates of our city and the gates of our I answered the request of the local for generations, slips away time hearts to them but were later struck government authorities to become and time again. by horrible terror attacks. an active member of the negotiations committee with the Palestinians and Peace requires vision. Its realization A terror stricken city took part in the talks that took place requires a courageous heart. This in Greece, as the representative of all type of courage, we have shown Seven years ago, I was chosen as mayors in Israel alongside Palestinian of late by conceding parts of our the first female mayor in Israel. Then, mayors. land. This concession was heart- I did not know that I would have to wrenching, as difficult as handing deal with five straight years of terror Believing in dialogue over parts of one’s own body. Such attacks. Fourteen terror attacks have a step is worthy of appreciation taken place in Netanya amounting I want to believe in dialogue. I want and demands parallel actions from to 62 deaths, among them babies, to believe that our dream and vision the other side which have not yet children on their way to buy candies, will become true peace as a result occurred. entire families sitting at the Passover of dialogue. Maybe the doctrine of festive meal. peace will spring forth from Netanya, As the late King Hussein said, 'The 622 residents of Netanya were and our prayers will be answered and children of Abraham from the three injured and will be handicapped for our great desire for peace will be great religions must make peace.' the rest of their lives. shared by us and our neighbors!
In the tormented and wounded city The late Yizhak Rabin said in one of of Netanya, we buried our dead and his speeches at the White House, continued to build the city. We have 'We all love the same children,
8 Realizing the dream Greetings from the Rabin I distinctly remember the words he Family told me about the expectations of the We must pray that the God of our young officers who had just come on common forefather will give the By: Dalia Rabin board, and I still remember clearly the two nations the required wisdom Chair, Yitzhak Rabin Center “dos” and “don’ts” that he pointed to overcome the obstacles and out. difficulties so that we can achieve I would like to congratulate the peace. May the prophesies of the Netanya Academic College and Those were times, just after the prophets Isaiah and Micah come the Rabin Center for this mutual 1973 war, of rebuilding Israel’s true: 'And they shall beat their swords project. We have decided to hold deterrent power, while at the same into plowshares, and their spears into this conference to commemorate ten time negotiating the first interim pruning hooks. Nation shall not lift up years since my father’s assassination. agreement with Egypt, the first steps sword against nation; neither shall We will hear, during the two days towards the Camp David Accord. they learn war any more.' of this conference, about the relationship between Israel and its 'We will get the credit for I will conclude with a personal note. neighbors, about the peace process, dismantling settlements' My son was born at the beginning and about our position ten years ago, of the 1970s. The statement, 'When versus our position today. The second incident I want to speak you grow up, there will be no need Allow me to hand over the podium of is related to the topic of this for you to serve in the army' was to my brother. conference. I think Dalia and I have very prevalent at the time. And now made it clear that we rarely had long as my grandson is on his way to By: Yuval Rabin discussions with our father. It was kindergarten, he will soon become most always a one way lecture even acquainted with the following words I would like to relate to two within the privacy of our home – he of the great songwriter, Uzi Hitman, separate incidents. Each one of us spoke and we listened and from time who passed away a year ago: has moments that are somehow to time asked a question. burned into our memories. 'I was born for peace, may it arrive. I remember asking my father a I was born for peace, may it come. The first incident is as follows: It was question about the upcoming vote I was born for peace, may it appear. I early 1975, and I had just graduated on the Camp David Accords and want, I want to be part of it already.' an army officer’s course as a tank receiving a short and crisp answer. officer. Very late at night, when I’m At the time there was a proposal to I pray with him and with all of us. May positioned in Danny Yatom’s battalion, I separate the vote on the accords into we have a very fruitful dialogue, and arrive for my first interview with Danny two elements: the first regarding the welcome to all of you. who is my commander. I knew about accord itself and second about the Danny’s past at this point and admired idea of pulling out of settlements as a and revered him greatly. concept. You can imagine who was
9 in favor of separating it into two votes correctly. Specifically, I’m referring Peace: (the Likud party) and who was against to the fact that the horrific wave The Only Utopia on Earth (the Labor party). I asked my father, of terror that we’ve experienced 'Why are you against separating the from 1994 onwards, with a few By: Dr. Arthur Z. Ngoma, Vice votes?' His answer was clear: 'They lulls, is a direct result of the Oslo President of Congo (the Likud party) will receive credit for Accords. I think that connection bringing the peace process, and we requires better clarification, and I (the Labor party) will get the credit do not believe that, had Oslo not When I speak in front of this for dismantling settlements.' been signed, the status quo would distinguished audience, I feel deep have been frozen as it was in the inside me the great sense of hope I don’t think it’s a secret that my father early 1990s, and that we would that I have spoken about on many was no great fan of the Camp David continue to only experience terror occasions – the hope that we will be Accords. He viewed the Accords as a at the pre-Oslo levels. able to establish on earth the kingdom departure from what he envisioned as of peace. We hope for cooperation the way to peace and the road that At the same time, we can achieve between people with morals and he had embarked upon during his an accurate comparison of the values that will replace cooperation first term as Prime Minister. different levels of opposition to the between evil forces, which would Oslo Accords versus the opposition give people the power to overcome I think it’s very relevant to what to the Disengagement plan that obstacles in unity. we’ve seen within the context of occurred last summer. I believe Oslo, which, in my opinion – and that the differences are related to We live in a world in which our destiny this in no way is meant to diminish the different levels of benefit that has become global – we share the its value - an implementation plan for the opposition leadership could same destiny, the same fate. It is time the Camp David Accords. It was an achieve by opposing the plan, in to cultivate the relationship between implementation plan, which, unlike each instance. various peoples and to engage in the Camp David Accords, was cooperation that characterized by agreed to by the actual partners To sum up, is peace only a dream? I justice and mutual respect. It is who were meant to implement it. honestly believe that peace is feasible time to understand that the culture and with the right leadership on of war, hatred, and mistrust causes Oslo has not been judged fairly both sides we can achieve it, not poverty, fear, and death. It is time to within decades, but within the near create relationships between peoples I think that Oslo, within the context future. through a culture of moral solidarity, of an academic discussion, has cooperation, and peace. It is time to not been judged and evaluated dismantle the true arms – the arms fairly and in many ways has been that lie within the human spirit. Military labeled a failure for reasons that disarmament is what follows spiritual have not been proven or evaluated disarmament.
10 Global cooperation as a must I would like to speak to you about Regarding foreign relations, we have aspects of the crisis that my country progressed greatly in negotiating with We must find a basis for global faces in its quest for peace. It is our neighbors, thanks, in no small cooperation according to the mutual difficult to understand the crisis in part, to international assistance. We interests of the community of nations Congo by analyzing ethnic or tribal are striving for a situation in which according to the principles of human issues, but must be understood in militias will no longer be able to harm rights, first and foremost – the right political terms. civilians. to live. The time has come to regard differently the lives of the people in The loss of the legitimacy of When we see examples of bravery, the world’s ‘periphery’, in which democratic rule is expressed twofold: such as that of Yitzhak Rabin, we people seek freedom. These are all the problem of the legitimacy of can draw certain conclusions, ideas that resonate with the context rule and that of conflicts between which have also been arrived at by of this conference, which is intended neighboring countries in which certain many scholars. For example, just to commemorate 10 years since countries attempted to strip Congo as we are against theft, we must be the assassination of Prime Minister of its resources or rule over parts of against war. We must not hate one Rabin, who was murdered because its territory. Today we understand the another. We must not be torn apart he believed that war causes unlimited importance of peace, that all is lost by violence and must establish the hatred of the other and that it must through war, and gained through divine goodness on earth that was be abolished by the hope for peace peace. We are currently negotiating awarded to us. – a hope that lies inside each and with our neighbors to bring about every one of us. Thanks to people like peace – the only utopia we strive for. Yitzhak Rabin, humanity has passed We believe that no country in our through a necessary preliminary region could prosper in a state of stage on the way to peace. war. In order to develop our region, we must first establish a foundation The downfall of tyrannies, and the of peace. inculcation of human rights and democracy in areas where they were Regarding our problems of the previously foreign, will help us reach a internal legitimacy of rule, we are utopia of peace. This is the struggle currently engaged in projects of people like Yitzhak Rabin. meant to rebuild the legitimate rule I would like to see my invitation to this of democracy. We are approaching wonderful conference as a chance elections, which for us is a type of to celebrate the friendship that exists miracle. We are currently in a stage between Israel and my country – the of political transition, and hope Democratic Republic of Congo. that elections will take place at the The Challenges of Congo beginning of the next year.
11 Israeli-Palestinian Peace: almost sixty year-old conflict? peace and he was prepared to face A Human Security Europe, in general, and Switzerland, the challenge when the opportunity Approach Rooted in Civil in particular, have been involved with arose. For this he will always deserve the Middle-East conflict from the our admiration. Society beginning at a higher level any other part of the world. As Europeans, Today, we know the parameters By: Michelin Calmy-Rey we share a responsibility for this for the vision of a just and lasting Foreign Minister of conflict. It concerns our values and peace: Switzerland our convictions. We know that we will lose our right to advocate these • Israel has an inalienable right to An incredible amount of human values and convictions elsewhere exist within secure borders – as it energy, goodwill and ingenuity has if we fail to ensure that they are defines itself. been devoted to the resolution of the respected here. • The Palestinian people has the right Near East conflict, and still there is to self-determination and therefore to no end in sight, despite the fact that Peace: accepting the a viable state. a settlement would free the world previously unacceptable • The land-for-peace principle and from the burden of the conflict and the two-state solution are the basis would infuse the region with positive Making peace means flying in the face for a solution. momentum. of one's convictions, accepting that • The wish for two states also implies which was previously unacceptable, that there are clear limits to the right I am speaking on behalf of a neutral and trusting that the enemy's wish of return. country, a country with a long for peace is as great as one's own. • The settlements in occupied tradition of direct democracy through This is extremely difficult, making territory are contrary to international federalism system and of humanitarian 'well-meaning' pressure from third law. Thus, they must be dissolved. causes. Switzerland is the cradle of parties necessary. Where this is not possible, the the Geneva Conventions and of the loss must be compensated by an International Red Cross movement. The realization for the need to take equivalent land swap. Its independence and prosperity a chance on peace comes against Peace as the mission of each nation’s have always been predicated on its a background of death, devastation citizens ability to engage in peacemaking, on and great suffering. Often peace its ability to settle conflicts, and on becomes a possibility only when As fundamental as they are, these respect for the law. Switzerland is a the costs of war are horrible enough elements look rather abstract, unless country that places human beings at to make the price of peace appear one constantly bears in mind the fate the centre of its interests and of its bearable. Yitzhak Rabin was familiar of the citizen populations on both politics. We must ask ourselves: How with the human costs of war and sides. Any proposal for a settlement can Switzerland make a contribution violence. He passed through the to the conflict can only have a chance to the search for a solution to this necessary phases to be ready for of success if the above principals
12 enjoy significant popular support. clearly defined final goal; perhaps it the process is heading – one of the Each side's population will only was necessary to keep all the options reasons that Geneva Initiative has commit itself to a peace proposal open. The result of this vagueness been so essential. if peace provides a horizon for a is the second reason for Oslo's lasting improvement to its security, failure: it was not possible to obtain The role of civil society economic, and welfare situation. the indispensable pressure from Peace can only be sought on behalf citizens on each side, which could I strongly believe in the role of civil of each nation's citizens, and cannot have forced political authorities on society in such processes, both in the be achieved without them. each side to continue the process, solution-finding and implementation even if they were hesitant, or even phases. Civil society almost by Yitzhak Rabin's name is inseparable opposed to pursuing the path definition pursues a bottom-up from that of the Oslo Process. He initiated by Yitzhak Rabin, his friends approach - it springs from the people displayed great courage in taking and his partners. and has an awareness of the real this risk, and paid for his courage fears and worries of the general with his life. The credit that he This failure convinced me that population. deserves for this is enormous, an historical conflict, such as and we owe him lasting gratitude the Israeli-Palestinian one, can The vision of two states living side- and respect. Thanks to the Oslo only be settled if public opinion by-side in peace will only be realized process, the very idea of peace on both sides is prepared for the when decision-makers recognize that has become conceivable. Thanks inevitable concessions by means peace cannot be the perpetuation to Oslo, the Palestinian people saw of a democratic debate, and only if of the defeat of one of the parties. the emergence of a hope that they the decision-makers, thanks to such a Peace must be the starting point would one day be able to satisfy public discussion, know how far they for justice and reconciliation – and their national aspirations. Thanks to can go. This conviction was one of this can ultimately be achieved only Oslo, Palestinian recognition of the the factors which prompted me in the through negotiations. State of Israel became possible. spring of 2003 to give my staff the In the search for peace, the end Nevertheless, today, it appears that go-ahead to provide logistical support cannot be separated from the the Oslo process has failed. Why for the civil society project that later means. From our viewpoint, the has it failed? became known as the Geneva persistence of violence on the Initiative. Like Prime Minister Rabin, ground, which is sometimes overt The Failure of the Oslo process the general public has to go through and sometimes contained, is one of I see two reasons for this. The first a process; it has to prepare itself for the main obstacles to the resumption is that the process operated by trial peace. Successful negotiations of a dialogue capable of leading to and error, without the formulation presuppose an atmosphere of hope real negotiations. The main focus of of a clear final goal. Perhaps at the and of growing trust. This means that our concerns must be the everyday initial stages of the process, hearts the public needs to be able to form a living situation of the population, that and minds were not yet ready for a picture of the result towards which is, their human security.
13 The human security approach It is essential that habituation to the at the civil society level that could be violence prevalent on the ground used for a model for the political level. The human security approach ends. Switzerland is continuing its As part of the search for popular – which has gained increasing initiatives that have taken different support and for the participation of attention since the mid-1990s as a forms over the years to ensure that, civil society in the battle for peace, framework for understanding the in its work to protect the interests I would like to mention another broader factors that contribute to of the civilian population, the law principle that is no less essential: peace and security – addresses should prevail. Any progress in this every step towards the final goal non-traditional threats to people’s area will be an appropriate means of should mean a step forward in terms security related to economic, food, re-establishing trust. of the daily life of the populations. health, and environmental factors, as well as issues such as terrorism, The importance of confidence- The implications of the Gaza organized crime and gender-based building measures withdrawal violence. The recent diplomatic conference Israel's withdrawal from Gaza was Human security is about recognizing convened by Switzerland, which a unilateral act. Provided that it the importance of the security needs discussed the recognition of an proves successful in the long term, of citizens, in addition to those of additional emblem – the Magen and provided that it is regarded as a states; it means reducing human David - to the Geneva Convention is stage and not as an end in itself, it vulnerabilities and taking corrective an example of the kind of confidence- could lead to the resumption of the action when preventive measures building measures that will help re- peace process. However, the human fail. The human security approach establish trust. security challenges that result from focuses on individuals' security needs the disengagement are colossal. and aims at developing integrated Our objective not only corresponds The social and economic situation in approaches to address them. to the legitimate interests of Magen the Gaza Strip today is catastrophic. David Adom, but also to the interests We could even go as far as to claim As the depositary state of the of the entire international community that it is on the brink of social Geneva Convention, Switzerland in maintaining the unity and the collapse. According to the World has developed particular skills universality of the International Bank, unemployment exceeds 46%, in promoting human security. In Red Cross and Red Crescent and the poverty level has risen to the case of the quest for peace Movement. At the same time, our 68%. The number of persons living in the Near East, this approach efforts to help achieve a cooperative below the poverty line has more involves full respect for international agreement between the Israeli and than doubled over the past four humanitarian law. We consider this the Palestinian emergency aid years. 25% of Gazans live in deep the first indispensable step towards societies have helped bring the two or 'absolute' poverty and are unable the resumption of a constructive sides together in a joint enterprise, to feed themselves adequately, even dialogue. setting an example of rapprochement with food aid.
14 Currently, more than 1.3 million evaporate and the potential will not live here. As I said, I am convinced individuals live in the 365 square- be reached. that citizens of both nations must kilometre Gaza Strip. And while be involved in the debate regarding projections estimate that the Conditions for progress a just solution. It is equally important, population will reach almost 1.5 however, to ensure that people can million by 2010, no particular plans President Abbas has spoken in favour live in dignity. Otherwise, they will have been made to respond to the of non-violence and was elected not be able to see the purpose of educational, health and employment on the basis of this message. His peace. needs of the population. Such an approach needs to bear fruit quickly. increase would require, only to The international community is willing maintain the current low levels, the to play its part; however, these establishment of an additional 730 efforts will lead nowhere unless the classrooms and 130 primary health parties make all efforts to maintain centres by the year 2010. the necessary setting for progress. Terror attacks are disastrous for such Given the wide discrepancy observed efforts. Regarding the expansion of today between supply and demand West Bank settlements – this process for social, educational, health and does not instil a sense of readiness employment provision, these figures for peace. are bound to increase. Thus, ensuring that the disengagement from Gaza Switzerland has set itself the task will have a positive outcome is of raising international awareness a tremendous humanitarian and of the security needs of residents of social challenge. A very significant the Gaza Strip. Before and during amount of humanitarian assistance the withdrawal, Switzerland insisted will have to be provided to ensure on the need to address the issue of the viability of the Gaza Strip before humanitarian aid reaching the Gaza economic activity and growth can Strip. Switzerland is also dedicated translate into tangible benefits for to the promotion of human security the population. in the Gaza Strip.I believe that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be The hope that the Gaza withdrawal solved. Israel exists and so do the will create the potential for positive Palestinians. Neither will disappear developments in the area is still intact. from this area. As long as there is no However, if the negative tendency peace, the alternative is only violence of recent weeks continues, there is a and destruction. We cannot allow danger that the positive impetus will this to happen to the people who
15 The Required Vision for support. We must show the same been implemented. A fair number 'Making Peace' courage as Rabin displayed. could be implemented in the near future, given a political will to do By: Laila Freivalds The Road Map – today’s only so. We need to keep working on framework all tracks: building security as well Minister of Foreign Affairs, as confidence, and finding just and Denmark Today, the central framework viable solutions for the two societies. for progress is the Road Map, a There is a huge need for political Yitzhak Rabin was a man with document with many similarities with courage and statesmanship. Sweden a military past, a warrior schooled the Oslo accords. It is a document stands ready to assist. in battle. But we remember him as with built-in phases. And like the statesman and peacemaker. Rabin accords, the Roadmap is based Israel’s security – a central demonstrated political courage when solidly on International Law. The aspect of Rabin’s efforts he engaged with the Palestinians in principle of land for peace is another the quest for peace. He knew that basic element of the Roadmap. The security of Israel and its citizens he would face criticism. He knew Although its original timeline has was central to Rabin’s peace efforts. that peace would not be achieved passed, its vision and substance The same goes for the Government overnight. remains indisputable. of Israel today. It is any government’s duty to protect its citizens. Israel First he had to convince skeptics that The Road Map was designed as a has experienced numerous terrorist peace was possible and thereafter try performance-based document. The attacks and direct threats to its to make it happen. parties are expected to perform their existence. Barely two weeks ago, we obligations in parallel. This principle were all outraged by the remarks by Almost 15 years later, we recognize is important from a confidence the President of Iran. that the recent Israeli disengagement building perspective. In reality, we from Gaza was a bold and courageous have seen few examples of parallel Let me be clear on the point of security. move. I realize that the implementation performance. Here, there is certainly The Swedish government supports of the Disengagement Plan was room for improvement. security measures undertaken by Israel. difficult for the Government and But they have to be in accordance painful for Israeli society. But the Unilateral moves are difficult in with international law; they must not withdrawal creates a solid basis for a complex political situation. The obstruct or threaten peace efforts. future efforts. We are obliged to move parallel approach of the Roadmap We know that only when international towards lasting peace – if we are to is more attractive and takes care law and peace efforts are respected, honor Yitzhak Rabin’s legacy. of this difficulty. To demand that will sustained security be obtained the other party acts first is unlikely for all. This requires further bold moves from to lead to progress. Some actions the parties, and collective, international prescribed by the Roadmap have
16 The Settlements – obstacles to settlements on occupied territories. A vision of peace peace This is another reason why no measures that risk prejudging a final The long cherished dream of a vast Now allow me a few words on the status agreement should be taken on majority of Israelis and Palestinians settlements. Their construction the ground. In this context, we are is to live a normal life in peace and contravenes International Law. particularly worried by developments security. For Sweden, a peaceful They are situated on occupied in and around Jerusalem. solution to the Israeli-Palestinian land, they cannot be justified conflict has long been a central from the point of view of military The obligations of the foreign policy priority. security and they, of course, don’t Palestinian Authority contribute to the interests of the Our engagement springs from the local population, the Palestinians. The Palestinian Authority must act firm conviction that only a negotiated And there are other dimensions to forcefully and with determination two-state solution, based on the settlements. One regards the to establish control in Gaza, International Law, will be lasting. security of the settlers themselves. particularly in the domain of Only such a solution will destroy They are exposed to unnecessary security. The Palestinian Authority the breeding ground for terrorists dangers and their personal security must create law and order for its and create long-term security, for is threatened by the sheer fact that population. It will need the support Palestinians and Israelis alike. their houses are built on land that of the international community to is occupied. International Law does accomplish this. Sweden and the In an address to the Knesset in 1992, not allow security measures to EU provide substantial assistance Prime Minister Rabin argued that the protect civilian constructions of this through the EU COPPS, and through time had come to do away with the kind on occupied territory. contributions to projects and other concept of a 'peace process'. From efforts initiated by Quartet Special now on, he said, we must speak not of In addition to this, the withdrawal Envoy, Mr Wolfensohn. a 'process' but of 'making peace'. from Gaza has shown us the Thirteen years later, making peace personal tragedies connected with Equally important is that Israel is long overdue. Making peace dismantlement of these structures. supports the Palestinian Authority requires the concerted efforts of all People have lived their lives believing by making social and economic of us, Palestinians and Israelis, the that they and their children can plan progress possible. Improved living international community. for the future in their communities. conditions in Gaza and the West Yitzhak Rabin knew that making They had forgotten that their houses Bank will also benefit the political peace is possible. were built on land that belongs to environment. someone else. All this makes it It will encourage and strengthen even more difficult to take the steps those who seek cooperation and that are unavoidable if peace is to dialogue rather than violence and be reached, that is, to give up the confrontation.
17 Turkey’s Ability to what the legacy of Rabin demands of Turkey’s territory is situation in Assist Regional Water from us. a semi-arid region. Precipitation is Development limited to 5 or 6 months per year. Water: essential for regional The need to store water during the stability wet season for use throughout the By: Dr. Mehmed Himi-Blair, year is obvious. We have focused Minister of Energy and Natural I would like to talk about the issue of our activities on building several Resources, Turkey water in the Middle East, as it relates reservoirs over the last number of to peace efforts. years, not only for hydro-powered On behalf of my government and Recently, water resource issues have energy use, but also for irrigation, people, I would like to pay tribute to occupied international and regional drinking, and household use. Another the great Israeli statesman, Yitzhak organizations more than ever. The particularity of Turkey is its wealth Rabin, for whom this conference is reason is well known: water is essential of trans-boundary rivers, which being held. to socio-economic development and constitute 40% of Turkey’s water It is my honor to commemorate to life itself. Hundreds of millions of potential. The Tigris and Euphrates assassination of the great Rabin, people do not have access to rivers, the largest of Turkey’s rivers, who was murdered by the enemies safe drinking water and sanitation. form a single basin as they feed the of peace. Prime Minister Rabin Throughout most of human history, Persian Gulf. played the historic role of rendering fresh water resources have been the dream of peace an objective goal adequate to serve human needs, while Turkey has many other trans- in the Middle East. He demonstrated, maintaining the integrity and biological boundary rivers, a Turkey’s trans- through his courage, that peace is diversity of the earth’s ecosystems. As boundary water policy is aimed really within reach if one wants it a result of population growth, rapid to efficiently utilize and share the enough. In the ten years that have urbanization, and industrialization, benefits of trans-boundary water passed since we lost Rabin, we water has become less available resources, and create conditions have witnessed ups and downs in where it is most needed. for cooperation with other states. the peace process. Unfortunately, Contrary to certain perceptions that ultimate peace has evaded us. Turkey’s water resources and present trans-boundary water as a However, we have not lost hope. projects source of conflict, we have always The Israeli disengagement from utilized trans-boundary water as Gaza has provided a new window Let me elaborate on Turkey’s water a source of cooperation with our of opportunity for the revitalization resources. Turkey is not a water- neighbors. of the peace process within the rich country. It contains almost 200 framework of the Road Map. It is our billion cubic meters of fresh water Turkey expects the same approach hope that the two sides will take the per year, out of which 110 billion from her neighbors, since it is clear. road towards peace, no matter what cubic meters is available for human Turkey is keen to use its trans- obstacles stand in their way. This is consumption. Furthermore, most boundary waters in an equitable,
18 effective and optimal manner. In order The scarcity of water in the The Israeli-Palestinian Second to achieve this, neighboring states Middle East International Water Conference was ought to adopt a comprehensive held in Anatalya, Turkey, last October. method to water utilization. Such an Having briefly summarized Turkey’s During the conference, which I had approach requires full participation water policy and projects, let me the pleasure of attending, it was of neighboring states in discussions return to the issues of water in generally agreed that the problem of on trans-border water allocation. the Middle East. The Middle East water resources in Jordan River basin Efficient water allocation required a is historically a water suppressed cannot be resolved without water detailed exchanged of information region. It has been reported that, transfer from neighboring regions. between states. together with central Asia, China In other words, desolation of local and parts of central Africa, it will resources without water transfer was Allow me to say a few words about face a serious water shortage in the not seen as a sustainable solution. CAP (Ceyhan Aslantas Project). decades to come. The Jordan River In terms of water transfer solutions, Turkey has developed one of basin is likely to suffer, with a host Turkey seems to be the only regional the world’s largest sustainable of social, political and economic country in which fresh water is development projects, CAP, at the implications. Yitzhak Rabin said, “If available and can be transported basin of the Tigris and Euphrates we solve every problem in the Middle either by pipelines or sea. Turkey rivers. This project allows us to utilize East, but we don’t satisfactorily is planning to transport water to the water resources of the Tigris solve the water problem, our region the region by using the unusable and Euphrates rivers and the land will explode. Peace will not be waters of its rivers that feed into the resources of South-Eastern Turkey. possible.” Mediterranean. CAP includes 22 high dams and 19 I agree that the issue of water in hydro-powered plants. the region is complex, political, Water transport projects and therefore will remain with us These, when completed, will generate for years. However, despite the One of the projects that Turkey is 27 billion kilo-watts of electricity complex nature of the problem and operating to supply fresh water is per annum and irrigate 1.7 million conflicting interests, I do believe that the Manavgat water supply project. hectares of farm land. The integrated the countries in the region will, in the Turkey has built a water treatment program covers all the development end, opt to use water as a tool for plant and a loading facility. These related sectors including agriculture, cooperation, rather than as a source facilities are capable of exporting 180 industry, transportation, health care, of conflict. The states of the region cubic meters of water per annum. infrastructure, education, tourism and will hopefully come to understand An inter-governmental agreement environment, coming to a total cost that cooperation is imperative for between Turkey and Israel was of $32 billion, $17 billion of which the improvement of the quality of life signed on March 4, 2004 concerning has already been invested. of their people, the social economic Israel’s purchase of treated water for development, and above all, much a period of 12 years. The water will needed regional stability. be shipped to Israel by tankers. A
19 provision of 50 million cubic meters To conclude, it is my hope that the of water for Israel per annum and countries of the region with show the the potential to transfer more will political will to engage in cooperation hopefully ease the pressure on the and utilize effectively and share the limited resources of the Jordan River benefits of water resources that are basin. I would like to point out that in the interest of their people’s socio- through this project, we can supply economic development, peace and water to other Middle Eastern regional stability. Turkey will contribute countries, if they so desire. her part to this vital cause.
Another Turkish project is the Peace pipeline project, which seeks to transport water by pipeline to the Middle East from the Seyhan and the Jeyhan Rivers. According to projections, an annual amount of 2.2 billion cubic meters of fresh water will be transferred to the region.
Another project that has been discussed recently is the idea of building a pipeline in the sea itself to provide water for Israeli coastal cities.
In short, we believe that Turkey has the capacity to contribute to an environment that would promote social and economic development of the people of the Middle East, through joint water projects. We are also of the opinion that water supply issues could create interdependency between the countries of the region that would eventually enhance economic and commercial relations that are in the interest of all.
20 The Road Map as the truth of this conflict. Unfortunately, Rabin never spoke directly in favor Continuation of Rabin's the enemies have overtaken the of a Palestinian state. Today the Vision dreamer in the last decade. Israeli government recognizes the goal of a Palestinian state. Because Ladies and gentlemen, a decade now there is a Palestinian partner By: Dr. Per Stig Moeller has passed since the assassination with whom to talk - a Palestinian Minister of Foreign Affairs, of Rabin. We have seen the Olso President devoted to peace, who Denmark process collapse, and we have seen has renounced the use of violence. the outbreak of a second Intifada. We President Abbas is faced with huge Ten years after the horrific act, have seen hope be replaced by anger challenges: governing the Palestinian the assassination of the late Prime and mistrust. We have witnessed Authority, enforcing law and order, Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin, we more violence, more terror and and combating terror. When I met are gathered in his memory. He more suffering of innocent Israelis President Abbas last Saturday, he was one of the greatest leaders and Palestinians. Upon this bleak confirmed that he would stand up of Israel – ever. For my generation, background, I nevertheless allow to these challenges, that he would Rabin will always be remembered myself to be hopeful and cautiously confront the terrorist infrastructure. as an outstanding personality optimistic. Brave decisions have been To my mind, there is no doubt of great political stature, a true taken by both sides of the conflict. that President Abbas deserves all statesman. The transformation Now we are at a crossroads, and the support that the international from being a soldier of war, to the momentum has emerged that community and Israel can give. becoming a statesman of peace will eventually lead to peace if there Abbas is the best Palestinian partner demands courage, commitment is the necessary will and courage on that Israel has ever had, and perhaps and ambition. both sides. the best that Israel will ever get.
Rabin made a strong commitment Reasons for optimism Last but certainly not least, the to peace and made difficult and courageous step by your Prime courageous decisions in this search I base my optimism on the following Minister Sharon to withdraw all for peace – decisions that no other observations: Never before has a settlements from Gaza and all Israeli Prime Minister before him solution to the conflict been clearer, settlements from the West Bank has dared to make. For that he received more recognized, and more widely set a new agenda on the road to a Nobel Peace Prize and for that he accepted than today: two independent peace. It was a bold and significant paid with his life. democratic states living side by side step. I dare say that this step was in in peace and security and within the spirit of the late Prime Minister 'Peace will triumph over all of its internationally recognized borders. Rabin. The withdrawal shows enemies because the eternity is That is the language of the Road Map that the way forward is not more greater for us all.' With these words, for Peace, signed by both parties and settlements, but less. It gives the Rabin reminded us of the eternal endorsed by the Security Council. Palestinians hope that one day the
21 occupation will end, a pre-requisite It means that the Palestinians must for the two-state solution. It gives the focus on security and disarming Palestinians the responsibility of how terror capabilities and infrastructure. to make Gaza a success. Simultaneously, the Israelis must take all steps to normalize Palestinian The Road Map – a light at the life, freeze all settlement activities end of the tunnel including natural growth, and dismantle illegal outposts. Ladies and Gentlemen, the window of opportunity that was created is The Road Map is an ambitious plan, still open, but time is running out. It and the parties have to take greater is urgent to ensure a political process steps to implement it. I’m aware that based on the Road Map to Peace these are difficult steps. I’m convinced the only plan accepted by both that the vast majority of Israelis seek parties and with strong international peace with the Palestinians, and that backing. the vast majority of Palestinians do not seek the destruction of Israel, only the When we drafted the Road Map to end of the occupation. The dreams Peace plan, we tried to avoid some of both sides can be reconciled with of the mistakes made in the Oslo the dreams of the other. Agreement. Oslo provided the parties with a process, a tunnel, but, alas, But peace can only be achieved if we a tunnel without a light at the end. can prevent extremists from setting The Road Map is, as in the words of the agenda. Extremists should not be former Prime Minister Shimon Peres, allowed to hold the peoples hostage “a light,” a light, maybe, at the end of or be allowed to provoke a cycle of the tunnel. It is a plan with a specific violence and war. Terrorists must set of steps that the parties would not be allowed to de-rail the peace have to take to move forward. I call train on the way through its tunnel on both sides – lasting progress because that is exactly what they on the way to peace can only be want to achieve. achieved within the framework of the Road Map. Prime Minister Rabin articulated this precisely, when he said, 'We will work In the short term, the focus should for peace as if there is no terrorism, be on meeting the parallel obligations and we will fight terrorism as if there of the first phase of the Road Map. is no peace.'
22 Opening Comments on our tranquility for us and for them. and belief in the importance of the Rabin's Legacy Ten years of grief and victims have existence, security, and endurance had to pass in order that the leaders of the state of Israel. And as a true By: Maj. Gen. (ret.) Danny of this region have come to realize leader, he saw peace as a strategic that power, violence, and war will objective that would strengthen the Yatom, Member of Knesset never succeed in reaching what county’s security. Rabin was sure Chairman of the S. Daniel Rabin wanted to achieve on the that a strong and powerful army Abraham Center for Strategic road of peace. was a primary condition for Israel’s Dialogue existence in the Middle East. On the I had the great privilege of standing other hand, he also realized that an I would like first to express my next to Yitzhak Rabin during those eager and vital county that exists in deep to the President of Netanya decisive emotional moments. Rabin the second millennium cannot be Academic College, Professor Arad, underwent a process, in which he, satisfied with its existence based and to wish him a quick recovery. the military man, Mr. Security, the mainly on its military might. general, whose life, since his youth, Ten years have gone by since Rabin, had been one long preparation for Changing national priorities the man, the statesman, and the the battlefield, realized that the leader, was with us. Today we feel bloody conflict could not be ended He said, 'let’s give a chance to that his legacy lives on and is of through force. The courage displayed peace' and took calculated risks. He greater relevance than ever to our by him in the battlefield would finally perceived Israel’s human resources lives in Israel and to the Middle East make way for the bravery to make and its ability to develop and prosper as a whole. Ten years have elapsed changes and choose a new way. as the future of this country. He knew since those three pistol shots were that our human resources could not fired into his back to wipe out his Rabin: the ultimate patriot fulfill their potential in a region swept vision of peace, and since then, by war and disasters. those shots have resounded over 'I fought so long as there was no When Rabin spoke of changing the and over again. other way,' Rabin said. He explained national priorities, he was referring that once he reached the conclusion to the transfer of budgets for A second Intifada, terror attacks, that we had partners for dialogue, education, infrastructure, research and targeted killing, booby-trapped the way of negotiations and peace development. Indeed, as was his way, routes, human fatalities, wounded, became far more preferable than the he did not merely speak – he acted. an ocean of pain, and rivers of blood way of war. Instead of establishing settlements in – ours and the Palestinians as well distant areas, he invested a network – have replaced the reality of peace I would like to warn us all against of roads that would shorten the way that could have prevailed. This would becoming confused here. Not for from the periphery to central Israel. He have been a reality of cooperation, a single moment did Rabin stop provided a computer for every child development, prosperity, and a life being an Israeli patriot filled with faith in the development towns.
23 He added hundreds of study hours leadership to understand that terror This was and remains Yizhak Rabin’s and quality teachers, to raise the does not serve the Palestinian cause, legacy. Rabin was a leader, a symbol level of education to a level previously but the opposite, and that no goal and a friend in our common path. I unheard of previously or since.He justifies terror. too was shaped from the battlefield reduced the divide between Jews and in my youth. And in time, I exchanged Arabs. He created job opportunities, Peace as a gift to our children my duties for duties of sitting around reduced unemployment, build housing a negotiating table with Jordanians, development, absorbed the continuous Rabin was not just a dream cherished Palestinians, and Syrians. I have stream of immigrants who desired to by the Israeli people. General Rabin fought in both sectors and I can tell come and live in Israel. understood what Rabin the civilian you that the negotiating table is far understood full well – peace is more preferable to the battlefield. Rabin transformed Israel into an a closing of gaps by investing in esteemed and respected country to education and economy. Peace The peace agenda must replace the which investors, statesmen, and men means living as other countries live agenda of war. One entails prosperity of vision from all over the world wanted in a world that has become a global and welfare and the other entails to make their mark. Rabin did all this village. Peace is a solution to issues nothing but pain and despair. Both by staying faithful to the concept that of water and environment. Peace is we and our neighbors have paid the peace must be made, that all terror open borders and diplomatic ties. price of war. Now the time has come must cease, and that terror must be Peace is commerce without boycotts for the fruits of peace. Rabin taught fought as though no peace process and blossoming tourism. The most me that peace is no mere dream or existed. Rabin never abandoned the important aspect of peace is that vision. It is reality. people’s security at the expense of a mother raises their children with a efforts towards peace. smile instead of burying them long Many of us today are in our fifties or before their time. sixties. It is our duty to turn this dream It was Rabin’s wish to bring a better into a reality for the generations to future for Israelis, Jordanians, Syrians, Rabin never lost sight of the next come, and not make due with a vision Palestinians, and all inhabitants of the generation. 'What will I leave my only. Like Rabin, we must fight for it. region who have never lived a year children?' he asked, when he You only need one for war, but you of tranquility in their lives. But to our addressed the U.S. congress in need two for peace. In war you lose, regret, it has taken the leaders of Washington, in July 1994. even when you triumph. In peace this region 10 years of bloodshed And he answered, 'I have no there are only winners. and pain to understand these property, no assets. I have only things, and to begin doing exactly dreams to bequeath the generation what Rabin had spoken of. It took that comes after me - a better world the Israeli government 10 years to that is more at peace, a world where decide to leave the territory of Gaza. life is good. That is not too much to It took 10 years for the Palestinian ask,' he said.
24
Paving The Way: Yitzhak Rabin
and the Palestinian Issue The transition from the Jordanian to the Palestinian option
Privatizing Peace: Turning not and cannot become a prison or a and President Abu Mazen renew Aid into Investment soup kitchen for the impoverished. talks. Even if they can't come to A successful economy must enjoy any agreements, it is important that By: Shimon Peres the free flow of goods and people. they meet and negotiate. The Israeli It is essential to understand that an policy must be to both fight terror Vice Prime Minister and improvement of the quality of life in and negotiate peace simultaneously. Former Prime Minister Gaza will translate into improved These two elements do not contradict possibilities for peace. Therefore, it one another – they complement one With elections approaching both is in Israel's interest to enable Gaza another. for the Israeli and Palestinian people, to flourish rather than stumble. I was to make a prediction about The nature of the conflict: our near future: Israeli elections will I would like to see a few things modernity versus radical Islam take place in April, and it will take take place until the election period approximately 3-4 months to put on each side is complete. The first During our election period, a period together a coalition. I can assure you is the major economic aid that the of diplomatic inactivity, there is one that no single party will win a majority Palestinians must receive from the thing that the international community of the Knesset seats. There will either G8. Mr. Wolfensohn presented a plan can do – recognize the nature of the be a majority that will be left-leaning for $3 billion per year for the next present conflict. The conflict is no or right leaning, or alternatively, a three years. The Palestinians cannot longer a conflict that exists between national unity government. build the infrastructure required for Israelis and Palestinians on a broad true statehood without receiving level. The conflict has broken down Until these elections, politicians will a massive contribution by the G8. into a conflict between terror and not make any major decisions, but In the next 6 months, there is a vital anti-terror – or even more specifically, instead make major speeches. The need that this aid is received to a conflict between elements of the Palestinians will undergo similar ensure this contribution to address Muslim world that refuse to enter processes with respect to their immediate Palestinian needs. the modern age and fear modernity elections. as the enemy of Islam, and the The second is that Israel keep its Western world itself. The most Important steps during the promises regarding dismantling extreme current example is Iran, election period the illegal settlement outposts whose regime perceives all that is in the West Bank and refraining modern as a threat. On the other I will start by saying that I'm very from building new settlements or hand, Turkey has shown that there is glad that an agreement was reached building additional neighborhoods in no necessary contradiction between regarding the Gaza crossings. The existing settlements. We made these faith and modernity. crossings agreement is an essential promises – we must keep them. aspect of us being able to claim that The third development I'd like to see we are truly out of Gaza. Gaza should is that Prime Minister Ariel Sharon
26 Dependence on global than politically. You cannot convince Privatizing peace understandings societies to enter the modern age by speeches or by preaching – you have In a sense, we have to privatize I want to address an important issue. to change the structure of the society. peace in which private, global Middle East peace is in many ways Economic solutions are boundless businesses take leading roles in dependent on understandings being because economics exists beyond advancing peace. When it comes to reached by the four members of the the borders between states – the international aid, governments have Quartet; regional conflict cannot be economy is global. Unless we allow budgets, which include a number of solved if global conflict exists. On the global, modern economy to enter long processes and red tape, while the other hand, agreement between the Middle East, we will be a bitter, businesses have money. In addition, these parties on significant issues belligerent, hopeless region. nowadays, international businesses can help us face certain dangers are more concerned with global that are ahead of us. I don't see I believe that the international political situations than are national a solution to the Iran issue without community should strive to provide governments. Companies with the major players in the international for us, the Palestinians, and the branches all over the world have a arena coming to joint understandings region as a whole, the following: vested interest in establishing peace on how to deal with the threat. The 1. Help us enter the modern in growing markets. international community must take economy and compete within it. into account that if the Iranians are 2. Provide us with security The Arab world is a very large, allowed to develop a nuclear bomb, guarantees. growing market. If global companies other Middle Eastern countries will 3. Enable the conflict bypass enter the Arab world, the Arab follow. Then we will have a region arcane structures by including us standard of living will develop and the fraught with nuclear problems, in a global community. market will become more valuable. in addition to our conventional The question of how global problems. I believe that Europe is the key to businesses should enter the Arab When it comes to grand schemes helping us enter this economy, in part, world is an essential issue. For for regional peace, Europe, the U.S., due to its geographic proximity to the a starter, companies must build Russia, and the UN must all take Middle East. Europe displayed a key industrial areas. The first of these leading roles. Peace must become role in helping pass the agreement attempts was the QIZ (Qualified global, just as the economy has on the Gaza crossings, and I think Industrial Zone) initiative in Irbid, become global. it must have a broader role in other Jordan, which has been highly economic projects such as the Gaza successful. It began 6 years ago The global economy as a seaport, airport, environmental with $25 billion in exports to America. solution projects and others. This year they exported $60 billion, and employ 60,000 people. These In my opinion, this problem must zones involve the joint participation be confronted economically rather of the U.S. and Israel. The project's
27 success has resulted in Egypt signing is not the case. In this peace treaty, I view him as a man who had the on for 3 new similar zones. We have we gave back every peace of courage to make the toughest to initiate similar projects in Gaza and captured land – a land mass that decisions, not just as a man of the West Bank. is larger than the size of the Gaza noble character. Whoever wants Strip 430 km2. To Egypt, we gave to continue in Yitzhak's path must Another issue, regarding inter- back, along with Sinai, Taba, which have the bravery to negotiate the national aid, is to give funds to was a serious point of contention. most difficult issues that he did not business leaders, as opposed to In addition, Rabin offered Syria far- live to solve and continue to make governments, while establishing reaching concessions from an Israeli tough decisions – not just cherish the following conditions for such standpoint. We must be prepared his memory. funding: for other painful concessions for peace. 1. The amount of money invested by a business leader will be matched by international aid. I think that their will be some positive This will double the amount by-products of the Iraq War. As soon invested. as Hezbollah ceases to act as an army within an army, a state within a 2. The international aid will be an state, Lebanon will be free and will investment, not a donation. establish peaceful relations with its 3. Some of the money must be neighbors. The same thing goes for used as a loan guarantee against Syria – they cannot continue playing unforeseen occurrences. both cards. They must choose between the dictatorial terrorist path Rabin's legacy and hopes for and the democratic peaceful path. the future To conclude, I believe that Oslo Rabin's legacy includes helping was an opening point that still has the entire region enter the global not been exploited. I have been economy, by attempting, successfully asked repeatedly about Arafat's or not, to make peace with the role; I answer that without him, the Jordanians, Palestinians, and Syrians, process would never have begun, and to build on the established peace but with him, it could never come to with Egypt. For peace and regional a peaceful conclusion. The process cooperation, he was willing to pay has begun – we must bring it to a the highest price. People look at the conclusion. Part of the process is peace treaty with Jordan as a simple, behind us, much of it still ahead of non-painful peace agreement. This us. When I look at Yitzhak's legacy,
28 Bilateral Negotiations: witnessed attempts at achieving must learn from it. I am not here to The Only Hope for a peace destroyed by extremism, blame or provoke you, but to seek Dignified Peace ambivalence, and greed. We have an understanding to ensure that we all suffered too much. refrain from repeating the mistakes By: Mahmoud Abbas, of the past. In these ten years, we have written President of the Palestinian a new chapter in our histories. On the eve of Mr. Rabin's assassination, Authority History books on this period will we were full of hope. We believed that (speech delivered by be kind to none of us. Regardless we were finally on a path towards Saeb Erekat) of where the blame lies, we broke a freedom and statehood. We had an pledge not just to our peoples but authority that acted as an autonomous Today we mark a solemn occasion to each other – the pledge to bring a force over our major cities, while – ten years have passed since the free, safe, and prosperous future to remaining subjects of a military assassination of Prime Minister both Palestinians and Israelis. This occupation. We believed that we would Yitzhak Rabin. Last Friday we pledge was a vision of two states, truly be given the opportunity to shape commemorated the first anniversary Palestine and Israel, living side by our own future. of the death of President Yasser side in mutual peace, security, and Arafat. Ten years have passed prosperity – a vision that should be But soon thereafter, we witnessed the since the man who committed Israel a reality today. massive expansion of settlements. to seeking a negotiated peace was We witnessed the construction of himself taken by an enemy of peace. Opportunity and hope the wall, built not on Israel's border, Ten years have passed since all of us but deep inside our territory. We saw witnessed not just a crime against a However, our history need not be the construction of the settler-only man, but a vicious assault against our destiny. We need not condemn highway networks, built throughout the very foundations that must form ourselves to repeating the mistakes the West Bank. Despite all of this, the basis of our future. Every lasting of the past. I am addressing you we are committing ourselves to vision of peace and prosperity for today with an offering for peace and peace, not because we wake both Israelis and Palestinians alike a way to progress forward. I believe up with an aching conscience ultimately depends on the freedom, that today we have the greatest regarding the plight of Israelis, but security, and independence of both opportunity to finally move forward because we need peace. Peace peoples. That vision can only be so that the tragedies of yesterday for us means a viable future here realized through the dedicated can be eclipsed by the coexistence in 22% of our historic homeland collective work of both peoples. of tomorrow. This opportunity, though along with a fair and adequate great, is fragile. It is fragile because resolution for Palestinian refugees. During the past decade, we have we are again descending into the The Palestinians made a historic seen moments of unparalleled hope, same patterns that defined the last compromise by accepting that our often replaced by despair. We have ten years. To break from the past, we state would only exist within the
29 1967 borders with Jerusalem as its negotiations and bilateralism is being will be replaced by the language capital. We recognized Israel's right repressed by Israel's unilateralism. of dialogue, co-existence, and to exist in peace and security on To us, as Palestinians, unilateralism neighborly relations. It is time that 78% of British Mandate Palestine. means dictation. We are a people the Palestinian people be given Just as it was difficult for you to with no army, navy, air force, or the chance to regain their dignity, come to the negotiating table, it economy. Our economy in 2004 freedom, and independence. And it was particularly difficult for us – even stood at 1/34 of Israel's. Yet our is time for Israelis to live in personal though we realized that only through deficit to you stands at $1.3 billion. security without the heavy burden negotiations would reach the future Unilateralism will not bring you of occupation. It is time that our that both of our peoples desire. peace, an end to the conflict, or an people live in peace and be given the end of claims because it does not opportunity to lead normal lives under I know that many in Israel saw allow both peoples to shape their the rule of law, with one government the disengagement from Gaza as respective futures. and authority, political pluralism, and a painful step forward for Israel. one legal weapon. We are committed Make no mistake – removing the Prime Minister Rabin realized this to peaceful negotiations, the only way settlements from the Gaza Strip was a before many other Israeli leaders. to achieve our interests. historic step and a positive move in This should be remembered as part the right direction. We coordinated of his legacy. There are many lessons The importance of dignified with Israel on the disengagement from Rabin's assassination that Israeli elections right up to about an hour ago, society is eager to remember. But when we concluded an agreement there is an additional lesson that must We are offering this vision to on the Rafah crossing. I would like to be recalled: the late Prime Minister the Palestinian electorate to the express my deepest appreciation to realized that it would be a mistake forthcoming elections in January, Mr. James Wolfensohn – he and his for Israel to rely on the use of force 2006. And we urge you Israelis wonderful team made this agreement to bring security and peace and – don't poke your noses into our possible. I would also like to thank that there would never be a military internal affairs. Leave us alone. Let Dr. Condoleezza Rice for her efforts solution to the Palestinian problem. the natural growth of Palestinian throughout last night. Mr. Rabin traveled major distances democracy take its proper course. from being a soldier in the army to Unilateralism as dictation being a soldier of peace. I believe that For our people to adopt the we now have a window opportunity alternative we're offering, they must We hope that the day after the Gaza to realize the peace for which Rabin believe that it is viable, they must be disengagement is a 'soft landing', gave his life. We must not destroy allowed to vote. We must be allowed not just with respect to the Rafah this opportunity by restoring the old to conduct elections in accordance crossing agreement, but with respect methods of force and unilateralism. with the 1996 agreements. Pre- to the real, more difficult issues. We We long for the day when the empting final status negotiations currently see that the push towards language of bullets and bombs through the massive construction of
30 settlements, suffocating the Gaza project has not borne fruit – it was speaking in slogans, but am speaking Strip, and isolating East Jerusalem the choices that we made afterwards from the experience accumulated will prevent the peaceful alternative that killed the project. from sitting in negotiations over the we're offering the Palestinian people past number of years. from being viable. We must end Let us stop the finger-pointing. We unilateralism now! Our vision of peace made mistakes, you made mistakes. We, as you, are going through labor is reasonable, simple, and outlined in Let's learn from these mistakes pains. We must control these labor the Road Map, which was agreed to because this is the only way to save pains and come to grips with them. by the current Israeli government. Israeli and Palestinian lives. There Maybe the Westerners here do was a failure to implement Rabin's not understand the complexity of Israel's turn to recognize view after his death – he knew that the issues of Jerusalem, borders, Palestinian rights no society can indefinitely rule over refugees and settlements, for Israelis another, that no amount of force can and Palestinians; these are the issues We want to achieve a bright future. deliver peace, and that negotiations that we breathe. This is not a normal We recognize that the potential for are the only road to peace. land conflict – it is a multi-faceted this future depends on your future, psychological and religious conflict just as our histories are deeply The need for a commitment to as well. intertwined. We have made our peace historic compromise – we recognize Join me in working through our your right to exist with secure and You may not agree with my analysis or differences peacefully. Join me at recognized borders. Now it is your perspective, but I ask you to agree to this precious moment to ensure turn to recognize ours! We can make my commitment. We are prepared to that we write a new history that will peace today. Today, we must turn enter a final status peace agreement make generations of Israelis and our backs on the past, once and with you. Today, we have the will to Palestinians proud. for all. Let the last decade be the end the conflict, normalize relations, last chapter of misery in our region. and bring security and dignity to both Today let us join together to perform Israelis and Palestinians. our collective duty and reach our collective future. All issues reserved for final status negotiations – Jerusalem, Some say that one man can change settlements, borders, refugees, water, history. Yitzhak Rabin's killer, for and other issues – are solvable. If example, killed peace. I believe that an Israeli partner willing to engage it is probable that we would have in negotiations takes the lead, mark achieved peace long ago, had Rabin my words, we do not need more not been assassinated. But Rabin's that 6 months to conclude a historic assassin is not the reason that our permanent status treaty. I am not
31 The Transformation from every effort you have made and hope You Israelis have three options for the Jordanian Option you continue with these efforts. the future:
By: Saeb Erekat We are facing new realities in the 1. A two state solution based Middle East. The U.S., which once on the 1967 borders, with Head of the PLO's bordered Canada and Mexico, now accommodations for border Negotiations Affairs borders Turkey, Iran, Syria, the Gulf adjustments if necessary. Department States, and many other states, both 2. If you don't want to divide the geographically and conceptually. land, we are willing to go with the As a young man I heard that Jordan Geography and politics have one-state solution. However, this is Palestine, and Palestine is Jordan. changed. The functional role of solution has been called evil by Jordan is sovereign country that has a nations has changed. Today, the Israelis because it undermines the peace agreement with Israel. Jordan Middle East region is going through Jewish nature of Israel. is Jordan – and there is no other a major battle. If the forces of 3. The third option is continuing country that is more supportive of a extremism prevail, the lights will be the occupation. Israelis, of all Palestinian state than Jordan today. turned off, and we won't know when people, should not perpetuate they'll be turned on again. this situation. A situation in which Why do we keep hearing of the there are roads that I cannot use Jordanian option, unilateralism, the The West and the Middle East have because I'm a Palestinian must no-partner broken record, and all of gone through three major historical be morally unacceptable to the these similar slogans? If you want to processes: Jewish people. continue ignoring the existence of the Palestinian people, let me inform you 1. The West created Middle The best solution is obvious to are simply denying facts. We do exist East autocracies to further their me. We must seize our current as Palestinians. Israel's acceptance interests. opportunity – we don't need to of the will of the Palestinians and their 2. The West created Middle reinvent the wheel. aspirations is a key to the solution. East theocracies to further their interests. Shimon [Peres], your title is 3. Today, both the West and forces unimportant to me – you are a man in the Middle East want democracy of peace, and we are with you in in the Middle East. this endeavor. I do not differentiate between 'pro-Palestinian' and 'pro- Anyone who says that Arabs are Israeli', rather between those who are not ready for democracy is racist. for peace and those who are against Democracy is an essential element peace. You, Shimon, are with those towards peace and stability in the who are for peace, and we appreciate region.
32 Peace: a Possibility A very different reality – just 12 to the Mediterranean, and that there resulting from Direct years ago is no room for a second national Contact entity in the area. I want to take you back to a period Rabin's earthquake that today seems pre-historic – the This was the reality that Yitzhak By: Lt. Gen. (ret.) Amnon reality in the region 12 years ago. Rabin shook up with what was, at Lipkin-Shahak If I take you back to 1993, there the time, the political earthquake Former Chief of Staff of the was no fence surrounding the Gaza that changed the face of the entire Israel Defense Forces Strip, there is no fence around region, up until today. What we are Judea and Samaria, there was no seeing today are the aftershocks of The title of this conference is public debate about the status of the earthquake that Rabin initiated 'Peace: Dream or Vision.' Yitzhak Jerusalem. Approximately 100,000 then. And the earth has been shaking Rabin was a man of dreams and a Palestinians worked in Israel, entering constantly since that time period. man of vision – but more than this, almost freely into Israel proper without Rabin's revolution was a brave, he was a man of action. Yithak Rabin having to pass road blocks. There difficult political move that was did not interpret reality through his were no suicide bombings within made democratically, but in the end, dream or vision, but instead mapped Israel. Some people would say that resulted in Rabin's assassination. his path through his vision, and this was a dream situation. implemented it through realistic The IDF was not an active participant actions that could make his vision However, at the same time, the IDF in the Oslo Accords. Rabin into a reality. was dispersed throughout every determined that Oslo was a policy refugee camp and city in Judea, that was political in nature, and Therefore, to my mind, the title Samaria, and Gaza. The IDF were therefore did not include the IDF of the conference has a phrase in charge of the daily lives of the in his decision to sign the accords. missing. Peace is not just a dream, Palestinians in every city in the Once the accords were signed, and because a dream remains a dream territories, including their education the security arrangements became after the dreamer wakes up. Peace and health care. There was no essential to the agreement's is not just a vision because implies Palestinian Authority; there was implementation, Rabin included an ever-distant future that is never only Fatah, sitting in Tunisia. There the IDF in the decision-making actualized. A vision has no schedule were 12,000 Palestinian prisoners process. or plan. Peace must be a plan of in Israeli prisons. Also, there was action. Peace is a possible goal that a significant Israeli public that The reality of bilateral is meant to serve specific purposes believed that the dream or vision or negotiations for living people and nations. possibility of Greater Israel could be Therefore, I would have named this actualized. They believed that Israel Rabin appointed me to preside over conference 'Peace: Dream, Vision, could have sovereignty over all the the Israeli delegation for determining and Possibility'. land stretching from the Jordan River the Gaza-Jericho negotiations – a
33 delegation that was comprised of This phase of negotiations took place level of trust between the leaders. representatives from all relevant primarily in Egypt. There were several I don't think that Rabin actually government bodies in order to breakdowns in negotiations, one of believed in Arafat. His trust of Arafat reach solutions for all aspects of this the most difficult being the Baruch was shaken during situations such as important first step. While Oslo was Goldstein Massacre in the Cave of the closing ceremony of the Gaza- a framework agreement, the Gaza- the Patriarchs in Hebron. Jericho agreements in Cairo, in which Jericho agreement was a practical Arafat, while on stage, refused to sign step to allow the Palestinian Authority However, it is important to note that on the maps presented to him. This to move from Tunisia and establish at that time, we did not require third image, which was broadcast on their presence in the West Bank and party mediators to bring us back television worldwide, dimmed the Gaza and assume responsibility over to negotiations, when negotiations possibility of trust being established sections of the territory. broke down. It was clear to all of between the leaders. us, despite all the difficulties, which This first step was subjected to a were no less complex than today's, Although Rabin saw Arafat as the heated debate within Israel. When that we would not achieve anything legitimate representative of the we arrived at the negotiating table, without talking to the other side. Palestinian people, he never fully we knew most the Palestinian Although the international community trusted him. There was always a level representatives by face and name accompanied the negotiations, of suspicion between them. only – we had never actually met there was no need for their actual them. Meetings with many of these involvement. When negotiations The invention of Palestinian representatives, such as Muhammad broke down, Shimon Peres and Abu suicide bombing Dahlan, had been disallowed by the Ala or Abu Mazen would be sent to Shin Bet on grounds that they were help us find solutions. With the signing of the Gaza-Jericho involved in terrorist activities. Each understandings, the Palestinian side entered these talks extremely Yitzhak Rabin oversaw the entire Authority arrived in the territories, suspicious of the other. Each side negotiation process by setting and almost immediately afterwards, was concerned that he would be the agenda. Rabin would conduct Palestinian suicide bombing in portrayed among his own people to presentations to the negotiating staff, Israeli cities began. Suicide terror be the one giving in to the demands give directives, and approve or reject was a new phenomenon for us that of the other. There was a fear of suggested moves. shook up our trust of the Palestinian setting precedents in this first step, side. All of these terror attacks were because it was clear to both sides Varying levels of trust conducted by the Hamas and Islamic that the process of handing over Jihad; Fatah was, at this stage, not territory would not end with Gaza During this phase of negotiations, a involved in terror. However, the and Jericho, and that every move level of mutual trust was developed Palestinian Authority was not doing would influence the way future moves between the two negotiating teams, anything to prevent terror. Until were carried out. which did not necessarily reflect the Rabin's assassination, there was
34 no serious, systematic Palestinian Today's reality Palestinian internal security Authority activity intended to prevent terror attacks or fight terrorist Today we live in a different reality. We Israel has certain expectations of the organizations. are more experienced, more hesitant Palestinians' rule in Gaza. The first is to believe words and promises, and the implementation of law and order. I When Rabin was assassinated, now wait to see actions and results. am currently more concerned about Shimon Peres attempted to continue The leaders on both sides know the Palestinians implementing law in his path, though the suicide each other on a deeper level. There and order in Gaza, than guaranteeing attacks became more frequent is a plan that has been accepted by Israel's security. Internal security and vicious. As a response to the both sides – the Road Map – which is a mounting problem for the Hamas-led terror campaign of the has been stalled at a crossroads for Palestinians today. Musa Arafat, for winter of 1996, for the first time a long time. example, was assassinated in Gaza, and only time since, the Palestinian There are disagreements regarding at a distance of 100 meters from Abu Authority led a systematic campaign the first stage of the Road Map, Mazen and 150 meters from Abu Ala. against terror, primarily in Gaza. including its order of operations, The shootout in the area lasted for a This campaign damaged Hamas' dependencies, and timetables. There number of minutes despite calls to strength significantly, without any has been no progress since the Road the Palestinian police. Musa Arafat's Israeli involvement. Map was agreed to, aside from the assassination and the kidnap of his significant move of Israel pulling out son were not prevented, and those This intense terror campaign, of Gaza and northern Samaria. responsible for the attack have still which occurred on the eve of Israeli not been arrested. Although this is an elections, caused the Israeli public I want to discuss the Rafiah crossing internal Palestinian matter, we must to lose its faith in the diplomatic as an example of how things could remember – he who cannot ensure process. Netanyahu and the Likud be different. Israel ended its presence security in his own house will not be party were victorious in the elections, in Gaza over two months ago, and able to guarantee our security. and a new reality was created in only today was an agreement which Oslo was no longer at the reached on the Rafiah crossing. In addition to the Musa Afarat forefront of the Israeli government's The question is: why wasn't an incident, there have been a number diplomatic interests. The new slogan agreement made earlier, if we knew of other incidents: shots were fired was, "If they give, they'll receive. If we were leaving? I have no good at Abu Mazen's headquarters in they don't give, they won't receive." answer for this. I believe that over Ramallah; the chairman of the At this point we entered a diplomatic a year ago, we could have reached Interior Ministry was kidnapped. freeze that lasted, for all intents and much better security agreements These incidents are very worrying. purposes, until we left Gaza last with the relevant international Israel has a vested interest in helping summer. representatives, Egyptians and Abu Mazen successfully bring law Palestinians than those that we and order to Palestinian society. agreed to today. The alternative to Abu Mazen
35 and the Fatah is Hamas and the Rabin's Pragmatic Shift to and ideological rigidity of a secular Islamic Jihad, which are not real the Palestinian Option or religious character. He was not alternatives for Israel. We must help cynical and had core beliefs. At the the Palestinian leadership, but there By: Aaron Miller same time, he was a tester, cautious are certain things that we cannot and slow to change but open to it. President, Seeds of Peace get involved with: we cannot create Indeed, this willingness to test and order within Fatah, solve their internal adjust to change if it made sense to generational disputes, or determine 'By being a cautious engineer and him was not easy nor all that common, their party list in the upcoming a precise navigator,' Amos Oz wrote particularly late in life. And yet, Rabin elections. in the wake of Rabin’s assassination, had this capacity: to believe in and 'Rabin embodied the spirit of a new accommodate change – even in his However, these issues will all Israel, one that seeks not salvation, enemies. influence our ability to return to what but solutions.' given up on with the Palestinians Rabin the pragmatist years ago – direct contacts and As an American, I don’t know much bilateral negotiations. about the idea of a new Israel (it Nowhere was Rabin - the seeker sounds rather grandiose to me). of solutions, the pragmatist - more But having known and worked with apparent than in his relationship Rabin for more than twenty years, I to the Palestinian issue and the can say without hesitation that he was pursuit of Arab-Israeli peace. No a seeker of solutions. A consummate question was more central to his pragmatist, he hated windy rhetoric, life and career or to the future of big complex theories, particularly when his nation: how does a tiny state they resulted in what he saw as bad living in an exceedingly dangerous analysis. I remember in April 1974 at a neighborhood without strategic Passover Seder at his home in Tel Aviv depth, abundant natural resources, laying out my academic theories on or reliable allies (save one) survive Middle Eastern politics only to be told and maneuver in a world quick to with a dismissive wave of his hand that judge and quicker to condemn? the world didn’t work that way. Twenty years later, I got the same reaction in With his election in June, 1992, Washington when I tried to explain to Rabin set out with a renewed him my view of Arafat’s behavior. determination to find answers to that question and to create national Rabin didn’t like big theories or priorities dedicated to testing the anyone who promoted them possibilities for agreements with his seriously. He steered clear of 'isms' Arab neighbors. After four difficult
36 years, there was an expectation for Strategic Response to a These new realities which Rabin was real change; much like there was in changing environment prescient enough to see served to 1999 following another transition bring this deliberate incrementalist from a Likud to Labor government. What changed Rabin’s mind and his to a stunningly new analysis and But unlike the later transition, approach was the first Palestinian policy. Quite simply, none of the Rabin had no set plan, no defined Intifada. It introduced two critically options for dealing with the issue of blueprint. He was serious - focused important new realities which made whom or what would represent the but cautious. He tested the Syrians possible a third. Palestinians was working. The 'ifs' with hypotheticals and found them abounded. If the Jordanian option wanting, and envisioned a limited First, Palestinians in the territories (one of the grander illusions of Israel agreement with the Palestinians on had put themselves on the map and and American policy) had been a autonomy. forced Rabin to take them seriously real option, it wasn’t. If the American – something he had never been willing sponsored Washington talks had And yet it was his careful, deliberate to do before. not run their course, they had; if style – his weighing of options - that Second, he came to the realization West Bankers and Gazans had the paradoxically would bring him to a that Israel’s response – a military authority to negotiate independently dramatically changed conception of reaction to what was essentially a of the PLO, they didn’t. If, anyone of how to address Israel’s relations with political problem was not sustainable, these “ifs” had been available, then the Palestinians. not if Israel wanted to maintain itself things might have been different. They as a Jewish, democratic state and weren’t. And Rabin was confronted by In a sense, Rabin came to this radical preserve the character of the Israel a set of circumstances that the analyst (for him) realization by default. He was Defense Forces, the institution Rabin in him simply couldn’t deny. no visionary looking to embrace the cared most about. future by talking to the organizational Indeed, the limitations of the use of During his first visit to Washington embodiment of Palestinian nationalism, military force had always been one as prime minister in March 1993, the PLO, or to its leader Yasser Arafat. of Rabin’s cardinal principles. 'If you the Israeli and American teams There was no moral imperative driving were to attempt to learn from the two gathered for a meeting – an analytical him to break taboos and reach for wars (Sinai, Lebanon), they had far- free-for-all would have been a better uncharted horizons. Instead, Rabin reaching political objectives that were description. What was so striking to was reacting as he had done all his not attained,' Yoram Peri quoted Rabin me was not that Rabin was arguing life to a changing environment – a as saying. 'Was this a coincidence? for dealing with PLO, but that strategic response nonetheless. Was it an accident? The answer is the Prime Minister was laying the no. There is a fundamental error in predicate by discrediting every other the approach that uses military might option in his characteristically abrupt to achieve the total imposition of our and dismissive manner. political will over an Arab state or group of Arab states.'
37 Rabin's grudging partnership our side. Nonetheless, from a kind women. And Rabin’s greatness was with Arafat of loathing for Arafat, he eventually his capacity to divine what changed moved to a grudging respect for the about the Israeli-Palestinian equation, The fact is – and we all know it – Rabin tough decisions Arafat had made and to figure out what Israel needed to did not go looking for negotiations with because he sensed that the success do about it, and then to lend his the PLO, let alone for a partner in Mr. of Oslo was rooted in their capacity legitimacy, credibility, and authenticity Arafat. Having assessed accurately, by to work together. Quoting my father to actually doing it. While much of Oslo the summer of 1993 that Assad (the about Arafat, Rabin once said to me, lies broken or bloodied in the streets, Frank Sinatra of the peace process “The only problem about dancing with its real contribution was mutual so determined to 'do it his own way' a bear is that you can never let go”. recognition; and Israel’s recognition that he priced himself out of the This strange partnership sustained that if peace were to come, it could market) Rabin turned to the other much of the Oslo process during only come about in recognizing the option (prepared for him by Shimon 1994 and 1995. And it was painfully legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism and others) and to a leader, Mr. Arafat, obvious in the year following Rabin’s and through a historic repartition. No who might be a partner. And Rabin assassination, that the absence of that one played a more central role in this (with Shimon at his side) gave the partnership made an excruciatingly process. And it is that legacy of Yitzhak Palestinian track the legitimacy and difficult process impossible to Rabin that we mark here today, and credibility on the Israeli side that it sustain. that Israelis and Palestinians as they needed. That Oslo failed was not a search for a better future will honor result of Rabin’s analysis, judgment, Life has no rewind buttons and for years to come. or policies. The Palestinian option was speculation on the “might have beens” the right course. Oslo’s failure lay in the is a frustrating game. At the same ambiguities in its structure, its failure to time, it is hard for me to believe that alter the situation on the ground (we with Rabin’s strategic pragmatism on forget that 300 Israelis died between peace, his regard for the US, and his 1993-96 as compared with 172 demonstrated capacity to understand during the 1987-93 period; and the and work with Arafat that the mess number of settlers increased by tens we confront now wouldn’t have of thousands), and a breakdown of been mitigated substantially had Israeli-Palestinian partnership in wake Rabin lived. of Rabin’s murder. What then is the significance of Much has been made of Rabin’s Yitzhak Rabin’s contribution to Israeli- personal relationship with Arafat. I Palestinian? Carlyle was more right suspect a bit too much. Rabin had than wrong. History – certainly in the a tougher and more realistic view of Israeli-Palestinian arena – is indeed the Palestinian leader than many on the biography of great men and
38 A Critical Look at the would bring security -- was exploited start date for a pre-planned strategy. Oslo Process by Arafat consistently. In fact, Palestinian Communication Minister Imad Al-Faluji has attested By: Ze’ev Boim, Deputy It was not surprising that in to the pre-planned nature of the September, 1996, in what became Intifada. The Palestinian terror assault Defense Minister, Israel known as the Western Wall Tunnel that infiltrated Israeli cities showed incidents, Arafat commanded his no mercy for innocent citizens riding I want to make a few observations Fatah security personnel to open fire, buses, sitting in cafes, or shopping regarding the Oslo process. There resulting in the death of 15 soldiers in markets and malls. These terror were three signatories to the and many other injuries. Following attacks soaked the Oslo Accords agreements: Simon Peres, Yasser these incidents, Israeli Prime Minister in blood and forced Israel into a Arafat, and Yitzhak Rabin. Signing Netanyahu refused to continue with defensive war. the Declaration of Principles (also the diplomatic process, claiming that known as 'Oslo I') resulted in each the Palestinians were not upholding Even believers in the Oslo process of the three signatories receiving a their obligations. Netanyahu had and promoters of peace felt betrayed Nobel Peace Prize. Unfortunately, the 'gall' to demand reciprocity by Yasser Afarat. By failing to adhere giving the prize to Yasser Arafat was from the Palestinians in adhering to the basic precept of Oslo – that a mistake – he will be remembered to agreements. The Western Wall all disagreements would be solved at as the destroyer of Oslo and of the Tunnels incidents were only the the negotiating table and not through peace process. The Chairman of ‘promo’ of the full out terror assault violence – Arafat succeeded in Palestinian Authority, who throughout that was to be led by murderous bringing Ariel Sharon to the helm as his entire adult life was involved organizations that the ‘Rais’ either Prime Minister of Israel, and in doing in terror activities, was cunning led directly or allowed to exist. so, ended his political relevance. This enough to trick his Israeli partners five year terror war, led by Arafat, into believing that he was interested The Second Intifada: a pre- the father of the Palestinian nation, in peace. meditated terror assault has led to enormous suffering and In truth, Arafat never stopped using damage. Thousands of Palestinians terror to achieve his political goals. Three months before the Camp have been killed and injured. Over Throughout the entire process, David meetings, whose purpose 1,000 Israelis lost their lives. he tricked and lied to all of his was to achieve a final status peace partners. He smuggled and stored agreement, Arafat was already Arafat ended his life under siege in weapons and doubled and tripled planning to launch the second the Muqata’a, declared irrelevant the number of security forces at his Intifada – the armed Intifada. Ariel and unfit to be a partner for the disposal – all of this in opposition to Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount resumption of the peace process, the agreements that he signed. The soon after the breakdown of even by those who had viewed him concept that guided the Israeli side Camp David was a mere excuse, a as a serious partner for peace in of the Oslo Accords -- that peace convenient trigger for deciding on a the past.
39 Rabin's true view of Oslo disengagement plan, but I’m sure an opportunity to miss an opportunity’ that he would have looked upon it have not changed. To the best of my knowledge, Yitzhak as a productive attempt to kick-start After 10 years our eyes have been Rabin, from the start, did not like Oslo. the diplomatic process. opened and we have stopped The plan was developed behind his fantasizing that the day is upon us back by Shimon Peres, Yossi Beilin, We are inclined to think that children when we eat hummus together with and others. Rabin was willing to often take after their fathers. In this our friends in Gaza and Damascus. At give the plan a chance for the sake spirit, I read an interview of Yuval present, there is no infrastructure for of peace, despite its dangers, and Rabin in which he attested to peace, there is only an infrastructure despite the fact that the accords supporting Ariel Sharon, calling him for terror that none of Palestinian opposed his basic world view. It ‘the right man in the right job.’ leaders are prepared to dismantle. was not easy for him to overcome his suspicions of Arafat's intentions, The illusion of the 'New Middle Disengagement as a general based on bitter experiences of East' policy dealing with the man in the past. We all remember how difficult it was for There were three signatories of Oslo: Though this sounds like a cynical Rabin to shake Afarat’s hand, and his Rabin was murdered on the altar of forecast, I am prepared to suggest request that Bill Clinton ensure that Oslo; Arafat murdered on the altar something positive for the future: there be no hugs and kisses during of Oslo; Shimon Peres, the only instead of talking about a 'New Middle the signing ceremony on the White survivor, still believes that Oslo was East', I suggest that we discuss House lawn. the correct path, and that Israel’s disengagement, not just in terms of current diplomatic strategy is an Gaza, but as a general policy. Instead Rabin was the type of person extension of the Oslo process. Is his of deluding ourselves with fantasies who, once he decided to give the view a critical analysis of past events of cooperation, we need to speak process a chance, he persisted to that presents future goals that are of disengagement between the two advance it. However, if Rabin was actually attainable? Or is he really nations, in every sense of the word. with us today, I believe that he would simply afraid to take responsibility This disengagement would be based proceed the way that Ariel Sharon for choosing a mistaken path that on reaching a diplomatic agreement is proceeding. He would have never had disastrous implication because between the nations that would forgiven Arafat for forsaking the he cannot admit that he developed an define a border, upon which an ‘iron peace process and would conduct illusory vision of the region based on wall’ would be built that would divide an unending war on terror. At the the deceit and lies of his Palestinian between two sovereign states. Each same time, he would always keep partner? According to Peres, the ‘New state would form allegiances with his hand outstretched and eyes open Middle East’ is already a reality. Most its natural partners – the Palestinian in search of a diplomatic solution to Israelis are aware of the fact that there state would form partnerships with our conflict. I can’t say whether Rabin is no ‘New Middle East’ and that the the increasingly extreme Islamic would initiate a plan such as Sharon’s Palestinians who ‘have never missed and authoritarian states such as
40 Syria and Iran, while Israel would partner with Western countries. We would continue to develop a Jewish democratic state based on the enlightened principles of freedom, progress and pluralism.
Until we can reach a diplomatic agreement, the obligation to act falls primarily on the shoulders on the Palestinians. The ball is in the Palestinians’ court, primarily in the Gaza Strip, where the Palestinians have been given a test case for running an independent entity. The Palestinians’ ability to establish law and order, end the chaos, and dismantle terror networks will have a major influence on the Road Map’s progress.
Today, the eyes of the world are on Gaza, attempting to determine whether the Palestinians will be able to govern, checking whether we will be able to continue on the path of the Road Map towards a diplomatic agreement. Although I do believe that an agreement between us and the Palestinians is possible, I am sure that the dream of true and complete peace will continue to exist only in the ‘end of days’ visions of Israel’s biblical prophets. After all, we must leave something for future generations.
41 A Survey of Israeli Public Oslo – support, belief, index the level of religious observance, as Opinion Regarding the (1994-2005) defined by those questioned, has had Oslo Process the most direct level of influence on As you can see, perhaps paradoxically, results. In the following graph, you the highest levels of support were will see the differing levels of support By: Prof. Tamar Hermann displayed during Netanyahu's tenure based on this factor. The upper line The Open University of Israel as Prime Minister. During Netanyahu's represents secular Jews' level of The Tami Steinmetz Center reign, support for and belief in the support; the middle line represents for Peace Research, Tel Aviv process were higher than during the traditional Jews' level of support; University Rabin-Peres era, and considerably while the lower line represents higher than during the Barak or orthodox and ultra-orthodox Jews' We at the Tami Steinmetz Center Sharon eras. The lowest levels of level of support. This connection is for Peace Research at Tel Aviv support and belief during Sharon's far from trivial, as it shows the direct University have been studying first reign represent the most difficult connection between level of religiosity Israeli public opinion since June days of the Intifada and terrorism. and political affiliation. In addition, with 1994, a few days before the first Recently, there has been an upturn changing demographic trends in Israel visit of Chairperson Arafat to Gaza in support. with respect to population expansion and Jericho. within the orthodox and ultra-orthodox What has been the main factor that communities, the future is not very I will present a set of results regarding influences Israeli public opinion of rosy in terms of Israeli public opinion various public opinion surveys vis- the Oslo process? We found that supporting peace. à-vis issues related to Oslo. In the following graph, there are three 100 lines. The upper line represents the Rabin-Peres Netanyahu Barak Sharon I Sharon II Israeli-Jewish public's support for 80 the Oslo process from 1994 to the
present. The lower line represents 60 the Israeli-Jewish public's opinion's belief that the Oslo Process will bring 40 peace to fruition. We have averaged these two components into the 'Oslo 20 Index', which is the line represented in the middle. 0
Support Belief Index
42 Olso Support – by level of 100 religiosity 80 In our most recent poll, in October, 2005, we asked the public if they 60 believed that Rabin's decision to initiate the Oslo process was 40 correct or mistaken. We found that 20 a plurality (though not a majority) of those questioned (49%) believed 0 that Rabin's decision was either 'surely right' or 'probably right'. However, it is important to note Secular Traditional Orthodox & Ultra Orthodox that a higher percentage believed that the decision was 'probably right' rather than 'surely right'. 39% believed that Rabin's decision was mistaken, of which 24% believed that it was 'probably wrong'. These numbers also tend to correlate to the level of religious observance of the respondent. 12 20 49 In retrospect, was Rabin’s decision to opt for the Oslo process right or wrong? Surely right (October 2005) Probably right 24 Probably wrong We found the expected connection Surely wrong between the answers given in the Don’t know above survey, and political affiliation 39 by party of the person questioned, 29 as displayed in the following graph. Amongst Meretz and Labor voters, 15 there is a huge majority that believes that Rabin's decision to initiate Oslo
43 was correct, while amongst Likud, Shas, and NRP (National Religious Party) voters, a significant majority believed that Rabin's decision was mistaken. We see that Likud voters are more moderate than Shas or NRP voters, which correlates to the religiosity issue, as Shas and NRP voters are generally orthodox or ultra-orthodox, while Likud voters 100% 5 are generally traditional or secular. 9.5 11 10 20 80% Survey by party voting in 2003 51 60% 73 Don’t know In addition, we found the 60 Wrong 30.5 35 expected connection between 40% Right the answers given in the above
survey, and religiosity of the person 20% 38 27 questioned, as displayed in the 20 following graph: 0% Meretz Labor Likud Shas NRP
Survey by level of religiosity
We also surveyed the public's opinion of the influence of Rabin's 100% 8.5 assassination on the peace process. 12 11 14 We asked, in October, 2005: Had 80% Rabin not been assassinated, do you 26 40.5 60% Don’t know think that a peace agreement with 71 76 Wrong the Palestinians would have been 40% Right reached? In this survey, the plurality 62 51 is on the negative side, as 49% gave 20% 18 10 negative answers. 0%
Secular Traditional Orthodox Ultraorthodox
44 Had Rabin not been assassinated, do you think that 10 by today a peace agreement 11.5 between Israel and the 39.5 Palestinians would already have been reached? Surely yes (October 2005) Probably yes 26 29.5 Probably no When mapping this survey upon the Surely no party voting patterns of respondents, Don’t know we received the expected results. 49 While a majority of Meretz and Labor voters believed that peace would have been reached, a majority 23 of Likud, Shas, and NRP voters did not, as displayed below:
Survey by party voting 2003 100% 10 10.5 When viewing this question in terms 19 18 of religiosity, there are significant 80% 25 40 differences between the various 14 levels of religious affiliation as would 60% 60 Don’t know be expected: No 40% 40 73 Yes 67 65
20% 29.5 20 9 0% Meretz Labor Likud Shas NRP
45 Survey by level of religiosity
In our surveys, we also asked the following question in October, 2005: do you agree that the Oslo principle 100% of territorial compromise is today 12 8.5 11 14 already part of the Israeli national 80% 26 consensus? We were surprised to 40.5 60% Don’t know find that a plurality, 49%, believed 71 No the Oslo principle of territorial 76 40% Yes 62 compromise has, in fact, become 51 part of the Israeli national consensus, 20% 18 10 as displayed below: 0%
Secular Traditional Orthodox Ultraorthodox
Do you or don’t you agree that the Oslo principle of territorial compromise is today already part of the Israeli national 9 consensus? 21 48 (October 2005)
Strongly agree This question broke down according 26 Agree to party lines, as would be expected, Disagree as a vast majority of Meretz and Strongly disagree Labor voters believed that territorial Don’t know compromise has become part of the national consensus, while the 28 majority of other parties did not: 16
46 Survey by party voting 2003
On this issue, too, we see that level 100% 10 10.5 of religiosity is most conclusively 19 18 connected to survey results, as 80% 25 40 displayed in the below graph: 14 60% 60 Don’t know
78 No 40% 40 Yes 67 65
20% 29.5 20 4 0% Meretz Labor Likud Shas NRP
Survey by level of religiosity
We asked a very important question that ought to be taken account when attempting to advance the peace process in the future. We asked how people felt that Israel's 100% 10 14.5 13.5 ending the occupation beyond the 19.5 green line would influence the level 80% 14 14 14 31 of Palestinian terrorism. The question 37 60% Don’t know and the results were as follows: 61 61 No 40% Yes 67 67 67 59 48.5 20% 25.5 19.5 0% Secular Traditional Orthodox Ultra Orthodox
47 Some argue that as long as Israel occupies territories beyond the Green Line, Palestinian terror will continue. Others maintain that even if Israel withdraws from all the territories, Palestinian terror will not stop and will probably even increase. With which of the two arguments do you agree more? (October 2005)
We were surprised to see that 74% of respondents believed that a With the first argument 19% withdrawal from occupied territories will not end Palestinian terror, and will With the second argument 74% probably cause it to increase. This very grim result must be taken into Don’t know 7% account by anyone who is planning to resume the peace process, with the hopes that leaving occupied territory will end terrorism.
48 Would Rabin Have Commitment to the process conflict, and that it was impossible to Been Able to Reach a break the will of a people struggling Permanent Settlement Rabin was committed to the Oslo for their independence. He perceived process, although he did not initiate the Intifada as a war of liberation, with the Palestinians? it, and was skeptical about reaching although he refused to refer to it as an agreement with Arafat and the such publicly. He understood that By: Prof. Yaakov Bar-Simantov PLO. Indeed, without the initiative of Israel could not continue its control Hebrew University Yair Hirshfeld and Ron Pundak and of the Palestinians and therefore, Head of the Applied Research the encouragement of Yossi Beilin had to be separated from them by Institute of Jerusalem and Shimon Peres, it is doubtful if a peaceful agreement. If not, Rabin Rabin would have pushed forward feared that Israel would endanger its The collapse of the Oslo process the Oslo process. He did not like status as a Jewish state. and the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Arafat, nor did he trust him. He Intifada spurred both political leaders had to overcome severe cognitive The demographic factor was very and academic scholars (including dissonance to negotiate with important in this regard. In his speech myself) to analyze the reasons for Arafat, sign an agreement with him, to the Knesset, on October 5th 1995 its failure. Proposed explanations and even shake hands with him. (a month before his assassination) consider the nature of the conflict, However, once he was convinced when he introduced the Oslo II the ripeness of the sides for an that an agreement was possible he agreement, he said: 'We preferred agreement, the conducting of the became totally committed to it. a Jewish state, even if not on every negotiations, the implementation Rabin was ripe for an agreement part of the Land of Israel, to a bi- failures, the psychological and with Palestinians even before Oslo. national state…We chose a Jewish cultural barriers, the lack of domestic The Intifada as and the Gulf War of state because we are convinced legitimacy, and the role of the 1991 had significant impacts on that a bi-national state with millions mediator. Some of the negotiators his willingness to attempt a peace of Palestinian Arabs will not be able on both sides believe that, had agreement with the Palestinians. Until to fulfill the Jewish role of the State Rabin not been assassinated, the the Intifada, the Palestinian issue was of Israel, which is the state of the Oslo process would have reached a not a major concern of Rabin's. The Jews.' positive conclusion, or in other words, Intifada was a learning process for a permanent settlement acceptable him, which forced him to change his The Gulf War, whose missile attacks to both sides. This belief is based on attitudes and beliefs regarding the caused thousands of Israelis to pack the following assumptions: (1) Rabin’s Israeli-Palestinian conflict. their bags and leave the Tel Aviv area, commitment to the process he was another significant factor that created; (2) his interest in concluding a As a Minister of Defense, during the influenced Rabin's change in attitude. permanent settlement as the greatest first years of the Intifada, Rabin came He had deep concerns about the achievement of his life’s work; and (3) to realize that there was no military willingness of Israelis to continue his ability to manage with Arafat. solution to the Israeli-Palestinian paying the costs of a protracted
49 conflict. Rabin recognized the 'limits bring peace to Israeli people. He also From the little we have in writing of military force' on one side, and believed that the Palestinians were about Rabin’s view of a permanent the painful costs of a permanent also ripe for an agreement and the settlement, and from conversations conflict on the other, and therefore, process would succeed in building with various individuals who knew was determined 'to expend all the trust between the two sides. Rabin him well and who participated in energy, to take any path, to do realized that the agreement's the Oslo process, it seems doubtful everything necessary, possible, and implementation would take time that Rabin would have been willing more, for the sake of national and and that final status would only be to offer the Palestinians what was personal security, to achieve peace, reached during his second term as offered by Ehud Barak, and rejected; and prevent war'. prime minister. nor does it seem, would he have accepted the Clinton outline, the The collapse of the Soviet Union, The assassination of Rabin brought Taba understandings, or the Geneva the defeat of Saddam Hussein, to power two prime ministers, Accord, all of which exceeded Barak’s and the U.S. hegemony as the only Netanyahu and Barak, who did concessions at Camp David. superpower, were encouraging not have the same commitment to developments. Rabin saw these the Oslo process as that of Rabin. Throughout the Oslo process, developments as opening a 'window Netanyahu opposed the Oslo process from the time he was let in on the of opportunity that Israel should not and saw it as a dangerous and risky secret meetings in February 1993 miss'. one, and therefore acted to delay until the interim agreement with the its implementation. Barak who was Palestinians was presented to the With all of his doubts, Rabin saw the skeptical from the beginning as to Knesset in October 1995, Rabin did Oslo Accord as a great opportunity. the logic of the Oslo process, in which not have a clear and well-formulated He recognized that the accord was Israel made territorial concessions plan for a permanent settlement. not a perfect one, and there were without receiving a concrete Palestinian holes in it, as Ehud Bark maintained. return, preferred to jump quickly to a He strongly refused to talk about However, he believed that he could final status agreement to check the the meaning and elements of control the process in a way that real intentions of the Palestinians. a permanent settlement or to hold it would not endanger Israel. He internal discussions on the issue. believed that the gradualism inherent Rabin's permanent agreement He kept his thoughts on this subject in the process was the way to deal vision to himself; he did not share them with potential risks. even with his closest advisors. He While Rabin was ripe for coming to refused to give the Palestinians Rabin approached Oslo, as his an end of conflict, to a final status during negotiations even a clue advisers maintained, with eyes agreement with the Palestinians, he about the final agreement, and he wide open. He perceived the Oslo had no any vision or any concrete never mentioned the possibility of a Accord as his own achievement. He plan of what the permanent Palestinian state. Although he refused felt that his historical mission was to settlement would look like. to use the term “state”, he realized
50 that the outcome of the negotiations with the Palestinians on a permanent Rabin would like to include in Israel: would lead to a separation from the settlement. 'most of the area of the Land of Palestinian independent entity. • He was concerned about Israel as it was under the rule of the intensifying internal opposition British Mandate, and alongside it Although it is not clear what motivated to the Oslo process as long as a Palestinian entity which will be at Rabin from refraining to pursue a it was uncertain whether a home to most of the Palestinians permanent settlement, the following negotiations could in fact lead to a residents living in the Gaza Strip and explanations are possible: permanent settlement. the West Bank. We would like this to • He had not developed a final be an entity which is less than a state, • He viewed the Oslo process status program because he never and which will be independently run as the fulfillment of the autonomy used prior planning or thinking as the lives of the Palestinians under its agreement reached by Menachem a method for decision-making. For authority. The borders of the State of Begin at Camp David in 1978 – or him, all possibilities were open for Israel, during the permanent solution, even as a continuation of the Madrid future developments and changes, will be beyond the lines which existed process - and no more than that, at and therefore, he preferred not to before the Six Day War. We will not the interim-agreement stage. Thus, commit himself to any prior plan or return to the to the 4 June lines.' he desired to make few territorial a program. concessions during the five year Rabin referred to 'the main changes, period of the interim agreement. He Nevertheless, Rabin understood that not all of them', which Israel 'envision strongly refused to freeze settlement Israel would have to make very painful and want in the permanent solution': building or even dismantle a single concessions in a permanent settlement A. First and foremost, a united isolated settlement in the Gaza Strip with the Palestinians. Rabin first offered Jerusalem, which will include both or Tel-Rumeida in Hebron. He was his view of a permanent settlement Ma'aleh Adumim and Givat Ze'ev afraid of a second Altalena. in public on October 5, 1995 (when - as the capital of Israel, under Israeli • Before moving ahead, he wanted he presented the Israeli-Palestinian sovereignty, while preserving the rights to examine the implementation of the interim agreement to the Knesset). of the members of the other faiths, interim agreement. In his speech, Rabin mentioned his Christianity and Islam, to freedom of • He believed it was impossible to wish to reach a 'permanent solution' access and freedom of worship in their reach a permanent settlement due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The holy places, according to the customs to the deep differences between the main first and the foremost [principle] of their faiths. sides on the question of Jerusalem in the framework of the permanent B. The security border of the State and the issue of Palestinian refugees solution was keeping the 'State of of Israel will be located in the Jordan and believed that the chances of Israel as a Jewish state, at least Valley, in the broadest meaning of resolving these issues was remote. 80% of whose citizens will be, and that term. ·• He was cautious about prematurely are, Jews.' However, this wish was C. Changes to the border which will revealing positions that could harm not reflected in his territorial terms of include the addition of Gush Etzion, Israel’s negotiating stance in talks the agreement. Efrat, Beitar and other communities,
51 most of which are in the area east of settlements, whose status he did not In the final analysis, it is hard to assume what was the 'Green Line' prior to the clarify precisely. that a permanent settlement could have Six Day War. been attained on the basis of Rabin’s D. The establishment of blocs of The status of the Palestinian entity conditions. Nevertheless, some do settlements in Judea and Samaria, would be inferior to that of a state; assume that due to the difficulties like the one in Gush Katif.1 it would be home to most of the of reaching a permanent settlement, In Rabin’s eyes, the most important Palestinian residents living in the Gaza Rabin would have changed course and element in the permanent settlement Strip and West Bank and would be worked instead for a long-term interim was an expanded and united able independently to govern the lives agreement that would have satisfied the Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, under of the Palestinians under its authority. Palestinians, or alternatively reached an Jewish sovereignty, with free access to Rabin did not relate to the Palestinian accord on some of the disputed issues, the holy places and freedom of ritual refugees in his speech. with others deferred to the long term. for the other religions (essentially the status quo before the permanent In the estimation of his closest advisors, Dealing with Arafat settlement). In many of his speeches Rabin would at most have been willing since the signing of the Oslo Accord, to give the entire Gaza Strip to the More than any Israeli prime minister Rabin insisted that Jerusalem is not a Palestinians, but no more than 70 who followed, Rabin earned the subject for negotiation or bargaining. percent of Judea and Samaria. He Palestinians’ trust as a man who Nevertheless, Rabin never mentioned strongly opposed any concession on honors his commitments. This belief what this united Jerusalem includes, Jerusalem or on the Right of Return. - itself an improvable assumption - and whether it includes the 200,000 There is no clear answer as to whether ignores our uncertainty about Rabin’s Palestinian residents. Rabin thought the Palestinians would vision of a permanent settlement or if accept this approach to the permanent his approach would have achieved a Rabin differentiated between territorial settlement or view it as an opening for permanent settlement satisfactory to borders and security borders. In his negotiations. Even his closest advisors the Palestinians.The hypothesis states view, the territorial borders of the State did not know his true position. that thanks to his personality and the of Israel, though not clearly defined, bonds of trust he had with Arafat, Rabin would exceed the lines of June 4, This concept of a permanent settlement would have succeeded in gaining the 1967. The security border would be entails fewer concessions than those Palestinians’ agreement to a negotiated located in the Jordan Rift, but the area proposed by Barak at Camp David. settlement, thus preventing the violent would not necessarily be included It is therefore doubtful whether the confrontation. Although this hypothesis within the state’s territorial borders. Palestinians would have been willing is interesting and of course impossible Rabin differentiated between types to accept it, although it could be to confirm or refute, it is doubtful that of settlements (some of which claimed that Rabin’s approach to the Rabin could have reached a permanent are cited by name) that should be permanent settlement was an optimal agreement with the Palestinians based included within the territory of the program, subject to modifications and on the program that he introduced on State of Israel, and blocs of Jewish negotiations. October 5th 1995.
52 Rabin: the Broad Vision 1992, with the unanimous support of I met him three times in his Defence of a Soldier-Statesman all 15 members, on the deportation Ministry office in Tel Aviv. I still have of over 400 Palestinians from the vivid recollection of those meetings. By: Ambassador Chinmaya West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The I was immediately and pleasantly Security Council had requested the surprised by the man I met. The R. Gharekhan, India's Special Secretary General of the United one quality, which struck me most, Envoy for West Asia and Nations to take up the matter with was his transparent forthrightness, Middle East Peace Process the Government of Israel. I had his honesty. Here was a man, I just joined the United Nations as thought, who did not waste time in As the Special Envoy of the Prime Under-Secretary General in charge diplomatic niceties but who, once Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan of the multilateral track of the Madrid he agreed to something, could be Singh, it is my privilege to participate peace process. I was deputed by depended upon to honor his word. in this commemorative conference the Secretary General as his Special He offered no excuses or apologies to honor the late Yitzhak Rabin who Emissary to negotiate with the for the deportations, nor did he sacrificed his life in the service of his Government of Israel the modalities demonstrate any hostility towards country and in the cause of peace. of implementing the Security Council the United Nations. He encouraged Rabin became the Prime Minister of resolution. me to spell out my proposals to Israel shortly after India, which had which he promised to give careful accorded recognition to the new During my stay in Israel, which consideration. I, of course, had no State soon after it was established, lasted several days, I met with the illusions. I did not expect Israel to decided to establish full diplomatic government leaders including the easily agree with Security Council’s relations with the State of Israel in then Foreign Minister, Mr. Shimon demand to revoke the deportations. January 1992. Mr. Rabin was an Peres, Deputy Foreign Minister Nevertheless, I was impressed that enthusiastic supporter of rapidly Yossi Beilin, as well as the Director Mr. Rabin not only did not reject the expanding bilateral relations with General of the Foreign Ministry Uri resolution but, in fact, showed full India. I am confident that he would Savir, who went on to play a key role willingness to negotiate a phased be more than satisfied at the growth in the negotiations leading to the Oslo withdrawal. I will not go into all the in Indo-Israel relations within a short Accord. My principal negotiations details, but towards the end of my span of a dozen years. were, however, with Prime Minister mission, which was not successful, Rabin. Besides being the Prime as I would have wished, I suggested Rabin's transparent forthrightness Minister, he also was in charge of to Mr. Rabin that he ought to arrive I had the privilege of meeting Prime the Defence Ministry. I had, of course, at the same kind of deal I had Minister Rabin for the first time in heard about Mr. Rabin, about his suggested to the United States rather January 1993. As this distinguished “iron fist” policy and about his gruff than that suggested to the United audience is no doubt aware, the and even abrasive manner. I was, Nations. He smiled and disarmingly United Nations Security Council therefore, not particularly looking agreed with me. adopted a resolution in December forward to my meeting with him.
53 Rabin: UN conferred legitimacy of the direction in which he saw the international community and, most on the State of Israel Israelis and the Palestinians moving significantly, by the President of the in the years ahead. Of course, he Palestinian Authority, Mr. Mahmoud The last time I personally met Mr. would never dilute Israel’s military and Abbas. It required political courage on Rabin was in October 1995, in New security capability, but at the same the part of the Prime Minister to make York. He had come to participate in time, he had the courage to come to the decision and implemented it. the 50th anniversary celebrations of terms with the forces of history and the United Nations. At a gathering the realities on the ground. There can A few months ago, Prime Minister Dr. of Jewish leaders at which I was be no definite answer to the question Manmohan Singh stated that Middle present, Mr. Rabin told his audience, whether the peace process would be East, or West Asia, to give the region in unambiguous terms, that while at a different stage today had Rabin its proper geographical description, Israel had legitimate grievances lived longer. Mr. Aaron Miller, who had become a region of major against the United Nations, the knew Mr. Rabin as well as anybody concern to India. Therefore, India's Israelis and the Jewish community else, believes that, Rabin could Prime Minister decided to appoint a everywhere must never forget that have overcome the deep distrust of Special Envoy to the region, the first it was the United Nations which Israeli politics and worked with the time that a government in India has had conferred legitimacy on the Palestinian partner. Most people in taken such a step. State of Israel. I know that the this conference would probably agree relations between Israel and United with Mr. Miller’s. Today, as we pay tribute to the Nations have improved significantly memory of Yitzhak Rabin, the in recent years, but in 1995 it was An overwhelming majority on soldier turned statesman, it would a very significant statement on the both sides crave for peace be beneficial to all of us in the part of Mr. Rabin. international community, including in The situation today, as I see it, has particular the Israeli and Palestinian Many people have claimed to have not changed in any fundamental people and their leaders to reaffirm authored of the Oslo Accords, but it sense over the past few years. An their commitment to find solutions, had only one parent on the Israeli side overwhelming majority of people however difficult, to the undoubtedly - namely, Mr. Rabin. It was he who on both sides continue to crave complex and emotional issues facing had to take the political decision and for peace. The Oslo Accords have them. assume responsibility for signing the been overtaken by the Roadmap. accords. He put his political career The leadership on both sides Rabin’s words are as relevant today and, as subsequent events were so has accepted the Roadmap and as when he said them more than tragically to demonstrate, his life on continues to pledge their respective 10 years ago: 'We shall negotiate the line for the sake of peace. He did commitment to implement it. The as if there is no terror and we shall not act out of fear of the Intifada but decision of Prime Minister Sharon deal with terror as if there are no through careful calculation of Israel’s to withdraw from the Gaza Strip was negotiations.' interests and through a broad vision warmly welcomed by India and the
54 Prime Minister Blair's worked unstintingly for his country's about progress. And we will not Message in Memorial of best interests. The combination of trivialize the decisions which remain Yitzhak Rabin integrity, courage, judgment and to be taken. But there remains a pragmatism, so central to the way determination to find new solutions Yitzhak Rabin worked, is an example to longstanding and difficult problems. By: Lord Michael Levy to us all. The goal of an Israeli state and a Personal Envoy of Prime Palestinian state living side by side in Minister Tony Blair and Special Speaking before the US Congress peace requires great courage, effort Advisor on the Middle East on the eve of the signing of the and sacrifice. But it is a worthy goal. Oslo Accords, Prime Minister Rabin And it is a crucial obligation we all I have been asked to deliver the declared: “I was a military man for 27 share. But just as Yitzhak Rabin’s following speech on behalf of my years. I waged war as long as there legacy has survived the terror which Prime Minister Tony Blair. was no chance for peace. I believe took his life, so those who search for there is now a chance for peace, peace can and will overcome those On this day of commemoration and a great chance, and we must take who use violence for destructive reflection, I would like to express advantage of it.” Yitzhak Rabin did ends. my gratitude for Yitzhak Rabin's not make the move from being a man commitment and sacrifice. The loss of war to a man of peace because Those who demonstrate the bravery of Yitzhak Rabin was a tragedy not the courage of his military career had to search for peace, despite obstacles only for his family, but also for the deserted him, rather the opposite. and opposition, are heirs to Yitzhak whole Israeli people. The courageous thing to do then Rabin’s vision. It has often been said was to search for peace. He knew that the best memorial to Yitzhak I became leader of my own country’s that achieving peace required difficult Rabin’s life would be a just and lasting Labor party only shortly before Yitzhak decisions for the sake of a greater peace. As we remember Yitzhak Rabin Rabin’s death. I went to his funeral good, but was undeterred. today, let us all redouble our efforts, determined to express my own strengthen our resolve and extend personal solidarity with his vision, Yitzhak Rabin set in train a dialogue our compassion to all those who and with the people of Israel. That which, despite serious setbacks, have suffered from this conflict, so occasion was my first personal continues today. Now there is renewed that together we may be worthy of encounter with the profound and opportunity. The disengagement from his legacy. impressive sense of determination Gaza gives us all a chance to rebuild in adversity that has marked Israel’s the momentum. And the Roadmap national life at difficult moments. shows us the way ahead to end the (Footnotes) terrible conflict in this region. 1. Pursuing Peace: The Peace Throughout his long and distinguished Speeches of Prime Minister Yitzhak career, Yitzhak Rabin’s life was We must never underestimate the Rabin, Tel Aviv 1995, pp. 149-150 devoted to the State of Israel. He challenges. We are not complacent (my emphases)
55 His Vision - Our Reality:
Yitzhak Rabin and Egypt From War to Peace
Yitzhak Rabin… A Fighter gigantic steps forward. This is how late in his career. Yet this transition for Peace history is written and how peace is from soldier to man of peace did not made. Without any doubt, Yitzhak arise from a vacuum. Rabin showed By: Dr. Osama El Baz, Rabin was one of these courageous signs of aspiring for peace earlier in leaders who is committed to a better his career as well. chair of panel, Political Advisor future for his own people and for his to the President of Egypt adversaries. Rabin's development into a peacemaker In the history of nations, certain He recognized the right of the individuals endowed with wisdom, Palestinian people to live in peace Prime Minister Rabin, during his vision and courage emerge in the and dignity like his own people. first period term as Prime Minister midst of despair in order to pave the He realized the fact that making in the 1970s, negotiated with Egypt road to a better future for their people. peace, however difficult and risky towards an interim agreement. There is no doubt whatsoever that the it may appear, should be given top Faithful to his very nature, Rabin late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was priority and be approached with full was sensitive to security issues. one of these leaders. In an address commitment. Those who become However, more significantly, he from the podium of the Knesset in discouraged by obstacles, sharp sought a political agreement, not a July 1992, he urged his colleagues differences or illusions of destined military one. For Rabin, what was and his people at large to think of conflicts and irreconcilable interests important was the extent to which engaging in peace making rather than must not be allowed to block the road this interim agreement would end in a peace process. He believed that it to the future. The future is made by the state of war, and bring peace was absurd to waste any opportunity great individuals whose moral a step closer. That initial step was for making peace and ending war, commitment to peace precede their a clear sign of the peacemaker violence, bloodshed and hatred. To suspicions and fears. which he was to become, and his Rabin, the sad events and images of acceptance of the “land for peace” the past should never block the vision In Egypt, we came to know the late formula. Addressing the Knesset of real leaders and their supporters Yitzhak Rabin over a number of years on the agreement, Prime Minister from taking calculated risks along the through various circumstances. We Rabin stated: 'I assume that if it is road to peace. knew him first as an adversary, but achieved, it will be demonstrated in later we knew him as an interlocutor for the future - whatever the criticism Throughout the history of our region, peace, and ultimately as a full partner that is being leveled at it today - this the Middle East, we see shining in peace, a true peacemaker. Rabin was a serious attempt, on Israel's examples of leaders endowed with has often puzzled commentators initiative, to make a breakthrough courage and commitment. With their who were astounded that a tough on the road towards peace.'1 After sense of mission and hope, they were soldier came to be regarded as a the interim agreement was initialed able to defeat the voices of doom and man of peace; they argued that this on 1st September 1975, the late gloom of their adversaries and take transition could only have occurred President Sadat, a hero of peace
56 himself, acknowledged that a new business regarding the peace peace, a true peacemaker. It has period had begun that represented process. Likewise, Rabin knew that always been our conviction that a turning point in the Arab-Israeli Egypt was a key player in the future the quest for peace, in addition to conflict. The road towards peace of peace in the region. During his true leadership, encompasses three had been established, and it was address presenting his government attributes: a vision for peace among soon thereafter that President Sadat to the Knesset on 13 July 1992, equals; a pragmatic approach; and took the first bold step on this road, Rabin specifically mentioned Egypt a belief in partnership. Allow me to albeit with the new Prime Minister in his plans to pursue peace, when share with you what we believed to of Israel, Menachem Begin. During he stated, 'In peace-making, we wish be the manner in which Yitzhak Rabin Sadat’s historic visit to the Knesset, to call upon the aid of Egypt, whose possessed these three attributes, Yitzhak Rabin as a member of late leader, President Anwar Sadat, and how he employed them in the Knesset, approached the President exhibited such courage and was able quest for peace. and told him: 'your courageous and to bequeath to his people – and to us bold arrival here hopefully created a – the first peace agreement.' Rabin The need for a vision for peace new era.' Yitzhak Rabin undoubtedly recognized that Egypt would be a key had his share in initiating this very first resource in the pursuit of peace, and Rabin was an attuned observer of blossom of peace in our region. therefore ensured that his first foreign the realities and imperatives of his diplomatic visit as Premier, coming a time. In presenting his government Yitzhak Rabin would return more few days after this Knesset address, to the Knesset in July 1992, Rabin than a decade later, and for a second was to Egypt. This was also the first stated: “no longer are we necessarily time become Prime Minister of Israel. such visit by an Israeli Prime Minister ‘a people that dwells alone,’ and no During the interim, he remained close to Egypt since 1986. Throughout the longer is it true that ‘the whole world attuned to the realities of the Arab- course of his three and a half years is against us.’ We must overcome the Israeli conflict. Moreover, as Minister as Prime Minister, Rabin was to sense of isolation that had held us in of Defense during the national unity visit Egypt on no less than seven its thrall for almost half a century. We government, he witnessed first-hand occasions to confer with President must join the international movement the aspirations of the Palestinian Mubarak. towards peace, reconciliation and people expressed during the Intifada cooperation that is spreading over in their quest for self-determination, President Mubarak, in eulogizing the the entire globe these days – lest and their refusal to continue living late Yitzhak Rabin, said that Rabin we be the last to remain, all alone, under Israeli occupation. Undoubtedly was 'a courageous leader and a in the station.” In 1992, Rabin was a this experience influenced Rabin's recognized statesman….He defied believer in the imperative for peace outlook when he returned to the the prejudices of the past to tackle and the possibilities afforded to premiership. the most complicated of problems, achieve it. He set about to resolve the namely the Palestinian problem, in a Arab-Israeli conflict, not to manage Egypt recognized early on that the forthright manner.' Egypt recognized it. Unfortunately today, certain voices new Israeli Prime Minister meant Yitzhak Rabin as a partner for are ignoring such lofty principles and
57 operating on the assumption of the to the Territories that was common for a change in his relations with continuation of violence and of among his political colleagues. This, the PLO, and with Yasser Arafat. subjugation. in addition to Rabin's pragmatism, Rabin’s pragmatism was soon to enabled his vision for peace to bear carry the day, and in a little bit over Rabin possessed a vision of how to fruit. a year from assuming office, he achieve peace, which he outlined to would officially recognize the PLO, the Knesset as a priority. “The new The need for pragmatism sign agreements with Arafat and Government has made it a central in an inspiring twist of fate, share goal to promote peace-making and Yitzhak Rabin was personally well- the Nobel Peace Prize with Arafat. to take vigorous steps that will lead suited to the need for pragmatism that Today we are encouraged by further to the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict”. would arise in the quest for peace. pragmatic steps taken along the road he declared. Regarding the Palestinian He had been described by a keen to peace. The Israeli withdrawal from question, he would later elaborate by observer to exhibit pragmatism but the Gaza Strip and a few settlements referring to the plan stipulated by the not cynicism, and was thus “motivated in the northern part of the West Bank Camp David accords of applying self- by a belief in life’s possibilities.”3 He is a step in the right direction. We government in Gaza and the West looked forward to a future that would call upon the Israeli Government to Bank for an interim period of five offer better possibilities for both continue the withdrawal of its troops years. No later than three years after peoples. Rabin was far from being from all the Palestinian territories, and the period of autonomy was to take an ideologue and did not care for to implement all of its commitments hold, permanent status negotiations dogma. His adaptability was always in this respect in accordance with the would begin. evident and his capacity to change Road Map peace initiative. and to reform his views was a major On the Palestinian track, a major credit to peace. In a pragmatic reversal of policy on component of Rabin’s vision as it the Syrian track, Rabin declared in was to unfold was his acceptance of It was out of these personal convictions September 1992 that his government the inevitability that Israel would have that Rabin recognized the dangers and would adopt the ‘territory for peace’ to sit down with the Palestinians as the lost opportunities that would result concept, acknowledging that UNSC partners for peace. In terms of his from a lack of pragmatism. In early resolutions 242 and 338 applied to vision on the withdrawal from the September 1992, Rabin cautioned the Golan.5 We urge Israel and Syria Occupied Territories, Rabin was wise that 'it is time to give up the religion to engage constructively on the road enough to declare as early as 1979 in of Greater Israel,' a reference to his to peace guided by this principle his memoirs and earlier, that territorial willingness for territorial concessions.4 acknowledged by Rabin, with its compromise was not anathema, and He acknowledged that the previous roots contained in the Camp David 'that it may well be the only truly sterile formula of ‘peace for peace’ Accords. feasible solution precisely because it was going nowhere. is the most just''2. Rabin saw beyond On the Palestinian track, Rabin’s the emotional and religious attachment pragmatism recognized the need
58 The Need for Partnership courageously advocated the cause of to attribute this fact to the lack of a peace on the basis of “land for peace” partnership between Rabin and the A solid path towards peace requires and the coexistence of two states late President Assad. Indeed, while the presence of trustworthy partners. living side by side in harmony and the two men never met, and while Rabin was lucky to have partnerships dignity. He entered negotiations with negotiations between both countries that enabled him and each member Israel on this basis, hence departing were limited, Rabin was reported to of the partnership to move forward from the traditional Palestinian and have felt that he could trust Assad, towards peace. Yitzhak Rabin Arab position that considered the considered him a ‘man of his word,’ also found a profound and strong establishment of a Jewish State in and that he would honor any accord partner in Shimon Peres, his Nobel part of Palestine be an unthinkable that they might reach.7 co-laureate. Despite their differences anathema. Having taken a courageous over the years, both men had the departure from long-held Palestinian A more prosperous partnership for moral courage and responsibility and Arab views, Arafat was attacked peace for Rabin was undoubtedly with toward their people to partner for by both sides equally. the late King Hussein of Jordan. The this noble cause. nature of the issues to be resolved by It is a strange coincidence that the both countries were not as complex as In his search for a partner on the memorials of these two historic on the other tracks and were quickly Palestinian side, Rabin was to discover leaders are taking place at the same resolved, culminating in the October that the PLO and Arafat in particular time, more or less. We hope that the 26th 1994 signing of the peace treaty who were the real interlocutors. vast majority of these two peoples between Jordan and Israel. Ultimately, on 10th September 1993, will honor the two great leaders by Israel and the PLO were to sign letters heeding their historic transformation President Mubarak was undoubtedly recognizing each other. Within a matter and pursue peaceful coexistence considered by Rabin to be a partner of months, Rabin was to conquer his relentlessly. I am not unaware of the for peace, as discussed earlier. lingering apprehensions about the obstacles and difficulties. However, Equally, the United States, which has PLO and Arafat, and was to come saving the lives of both peoples is a historically taken an essential role in to recognize Arafat’s honoring of his historic mission that none of us can the search for Middle East peace, commitments. Trust began to replace ignore. May we be inspired by the has been an important partner. The suspicion, and respect ensued.6 memory of Yitzhak Rabin in order EU, Russia and the international to revive the essence of peace and community have also played vital To some extent, the memory of coexistence. Today, we are reassured roles in establishing peace. As Yitzhak Rabin as a staunch fighter for that President Mahmoud Abbas is early as 1979, Rabin alluded to the peace and coexistence coincided with maintaining this partnership. important role that the international a turnabout in the Palestinian attitude, community could play in cementing championed by Chairman Yasser On the Syrian track, actual peace through their support and Arafat. Arafat led the way to a new achievements have been unfortunately financing of economic and social chapter in the region’s history when he limited. However, it would be a mistake development.8
59 The late Yitzhak Rabin had a vision of both sides. Rabin was determined terrorists and blind unchecked for peace, he had the pragmatism that radical elements on both sides authoritative power. Our only hope to carry it out, and he had the willing would not prevail. In his final speech is through the true pursuit of peace partners. Throughout his quest for to the Israeli public, at a massive pro- that focuses on the return of the peace, he was constantly conscious peace and anti-violence rally, Yitzhak Occupied Territories. of the imperative of security for his Rabin said, minutes before his death, citizens, and the need to promote “I have always believed most of the it. Fortunately, Rabin was a believer nation wants peace and is prepared that peace and security must proceed to take risks for peace. And you here, in tandem if either of them is to be who have come to take a stand for achieved. He realized that it would peace, as well as many others who never be possible to rely solely on are not here, are proof that the military force to serve as an instrument nation truly wants peace and rejects of stability and for achieving security violence. Violence is undermining the for Israel.9 He was to express his foundations of Israeli democracy. It conviction about the simultaneous must be rejected and condemned and necessity of peace and security soon it must be contained. It is not the way after taking office as Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Democracy is in 1992, where he stated: 'In my our way... Peace is not just a prayer. opinion, peace constitutes a very It is at first a prayer, but it is also the important component as a factor to realistic aspiration of the Jewish guarantee the security of the State of people. But peace has its enemies, Israel, [since] peace without security is who are trying to harm us, to torpedo meaningless to me. However, a true peace.” peace increases the security of the State of Israel.'10 We all miss the late Yitzhak Rabin and his vision and convictions, his While the late Prime Minister Rabin leadership and his partnership. was progressing with his partners During the period from September towards peace, as he had cautioned 2000 to September 2005, more than his fellow countrymen and women, 3,300 Palestinians and almost 1,000 a price was being paid by both Israelis lost their lives in indiscriminate Israelis and Palestinians. Violence acts of violence.11 We Arabs, Israelis and terrorism raged then, as they and, indeed, the international raged before the peace process, as community must continue fighting they are raging today. Violence and for peace. Together, we must face terrorism are the common enemies the painful challenges from radicals,
60 Yitzhak Rabin and Egypt: Yitzhak Rabin, however, would work generation continuity that Yitzhak From War to Peace to maximize the benefits to be derived Rabin played. from the existing cards and develop The Nobel Prize which Rabin shared By: Ambassador strategies and tactics for changing the in 1994 was awarded specifically for Dan Kurtzer, Former U.S. rules of the game to suit the hand that the breakthrough achieved in the Oslo he was holding. Accords and the transformation which Ambassador to Egypt he and Shimon Peres effected in and Israel So, my remarks today will be less Israel’s relations with the Palestinians. romantic or visionary than the The Prize also reflected Rabin’s I want to thank the Rabin Center occasion might call for, although no leadership which, together with the and the Strategic Dialogue Center less respectful of the extraordinary heroic efforts of the late King Hussein, of the Netanya Academic College personality that Yitzhak Rabin resulted in a Treaty of Peace between for the invitation to join you and exemplified throughout his life and Israel and Jordan. the opportunity to address this through his professional achievements. conference. It is not my first time He was a member of Israel’s founding I would maintain, however, that the at this College, and I want again generation, but also a part of the underlying strategic significance of to congratulate Danny Yatom and generation of transition. He was a Rabin’s concept of war, peace and the administration, faculty, students fighter, as brave and as brilliant as Israel’s place among the nations of the and supporters of this institution for any warrior ever produced by the Middle East was in his longstanding creating a center of excellence here people of Israel; but he was also a record of interaction with the United in Netanya. man of peace, unafraid to take the States and with Egypt, both when he risks associated with peace. He was a had to fight on the battlefield and when The theme of this conference – being man of vision but not really a visionary, he represented Israel at the summits held in remembrance of and in tribute for he never lost sight of the firm of diplomacy. I want to explore this of the late Yitzhak Rabin – is probably ground on which visions of peace and thesis today from the perspective of loftier than Prime Minister Rabin would reconciliation needed to be planted. the United States and U.S. interests in have been comfortable with. The late In a eulogy I delivered in Maryland the Middle East in the three decades Prime Minister Rabin exuded Israeli the week after the assassination, following the 1967 war. realism and pragmatism. His thinking I compared Prime Minister Rabin was rooted in the here-and-now, far with the forefather Yitzhak – two Rabin's interaction with the less in the visionary thoughts of the historical giants, both with substantial United States and Egypt future. He seemed to conduct his individual achievements but both also affairs as though saying: “The world noteworthy for carrying and building The ascendancy and dominance has dealt Israel and the Jewish people on what the previous generation had of the United States in world affairs cards that need to be played. Some created. The healthy and vibrant Israel – in particular, in Middle East affairs might pray for a better hand; others of 2005 owes much to the dual roles – expanded consistently from the might lament the cards not received .” of founding father and transitional late 1960’s onward. Although the
61 Vietnam War drained much of the • Israel must ensure strong strategic 1975 Israel-Egypt interim military will of the United States to ties with the United States, i.e., agreement: Rabin's diplomacy intervene militarily, and although the relations that would persist even of realism rivalry with the former Soviet Union in times of bilateral or regional for regional dominance challenged crisis, and relations that would be The 1975 negotiations on a second the United States consistently concretized in bilateral agreements interim agreement between Israel throughout this period, the growing and understandings. and Egypt reflect Rabin’s nuanced U.S. economic and political strength Rabin understood that a superpower use of diplomacy, politics, crisis became a force to be reckoned with and a regional power would never management and calibrated threats in international affairs. be able to bring their interests or to navigate toward an outcome with policies fully into concert. But he profound positive outcomes for all During this period, Israel enjoyed also understood that Israel should sides. Although the 1975 agreement a positive relationship with the United not pursue policies that were has a modest title, the stakes in the States, but not without problems. For antithetical to the vital interests of the negotiations were very high, the several decades, the U.S. had been U.S., and conversely that strategic issues were terrifically complex, and balancing its commitment to Israel’s understandings between the two the outcome paved the way for the survival with the pursuit of other national countries were possible. We shall Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty that was interests that appeared to contradict see later how Rabin managed this reached several years later. that commitment – specifically, the strategic imperative in relations with U.S. interest in developing strong the United States. The United States needed a positive ties with moderate Arab states; U.S. outcome for several reasons. On interest in assuring access to Middle • Second, Rabin believed that Israel the domestic front, President Ford East energy resources; and the U.S. must find a way to regularize its wanted a foreign policy success in interest in keeping the Middle East relations with Egypt, the only Arab order to demonstrate his capacity to safe from external and internal threats power able to challenge Israel’s lead and to reassure the American to stability. military supremacy and to impact its public – one year before a Presidential political weight. election – that he was Presidential Rabin’s tenure at the pinnacle of Israel’s material. The United States was in military and his ascent to the pinnacle of In some respects, as we shall see, the final stage of disentangling itself Israeli politics bridged and were shaped Rabin applied the same tactics to from Vietnam. Diplomatic progress by this period. While it is hard to pinpoint managing relations with Egypt as he in the Middle East would help mute a single event or set of circumstances did with the United States. The results the voices of those who forecasted that led to the coalescing of the strategic in both cases were substantial, positive a decline in American international outlook that Rabin was to maintain for and very similar. influence. the rest of his life, by the time of the 1973 war, two things seemed to dominate The United States was also interested his thinking: in improving relations with Egypt and
62 was beginning to understand that its reasons. Washington’s assessment of an arms deal. Rabin’s concerns previous skepticism about Anwar of the Israeli economy in that period about the possibility of enhanced Sadat was misplaced. Sadat’s pre- was bleak, and Rabin made clear U.S.-Egyptian ties probably lay at 1973 diplomatic and strategic moves how dire the situation was, by the foundation of the hesitancy – especially, his decision to send pressing Washington for a very which marked his approach to the Soviet military advisors home and large assistance package. Egypt’s negotiations. his decision to dispatch his national economic picture was even bleaker, security advisor to meet Kissinger for for without an immediate injection of However, once agreement had been secret talks – were not evaluated as assistance, the Egyptian economy reached and once the package of seriously by either the United States came ever-closer to breakdown. public and secret understandings had or Israel as Sadat had intended. The been reached with the United States, 1973 war had been an important The upside stakes for Israel and Egypt Rabin described to the Knesset the wake-up call, but two years had were equally large. Rabin sought not underlying philosophy of his approach passed without the war’s having only a large infusion of economic and and his appreciation of what had changed the strategic outlook in the military assistance, but also a new been achieved. Some excerpts from region. A second interim agreement strategic understanding, covering a his September 3, 1975 statement to could have such an effect. broad range of issues, especially U.S. the Knesset: relations with the Palestine Liberation The core issues in the negotiations Organization and an assurance on …The agreement with Egypt which were profound – Israeli pullback oil supplies to replace the oil fields we have initialed is a very hopeful from the Suez Canal, transfer of the from which Israel would withdraw in event. Its principal significance oil fields, reassertion of Egyptian Sinai. Egypt also sought to establish a is saliently political. Its principal control over the Canal for the first strategic relationship with the United content is that agreement has been time since 1967, U.S. monitors States and was ready to take small achieved that force and fighting will and observers on the ground, and steps, for example, purchasing non- not be the characteristics of Israel- guaranteed freedom of passage for lethal military equipment, as a means Egyptian relations, that neither side Israeli vessels. While lip service would of breaking the ice that had frozen will resort to the use of force against also be sought for the Palestinian U.S.-Egyptian ties since 1967. the other…. issue, the core of this agreement was Rabin’s diplomacy during this bilateral, and its success would say period was instructive of his overall '…I attribute great political much about the possibility of moving approach to complex problems and significance to the very fact that further toward a bilateral peace treaty his willingness to be tough when the President of Egypt found it between Israel and Egypt. necessary. The negotiations nearly possible for his government to sign collapsed in mid-year, and Rabin’s such an agreement with Israel – an Both Israel and Egypt needed an perceived obstinacy caused the United agreement that stands on its own, agreement for their own domestic, States to announce a reassessment of without being conditional upon political and, especially, economic its policy and to delay implementation events on other fronts….
63 '…The close involvement of the from that time on to move in new trip abroad by Rabin after becoming United States in the process by directions. Prime Minister in July 1992 was to which the Egypt, and he was in frequent, almost agreement was attained, in the The Rabin-Mubarak constant, contact with Mubarak agreement itself, and in its concrete relationship during the Oslo after that. Having revolutionized results, process the political landscape in the Oslo at the bilateral level and in the Accord in 1993, Rabin understood global context, is also of political The second example I want to cite to the need for constancy and reliability significance….' underscore my core argument - that in Israel’s position in the region. Egypt Rabin, through realism, toughness and the United States provided these Rabin concluded his statement to and a keen awareness of Israel’s necessary ingredients. the Knesset in what I would presume strategic possibilities and limitations, to call Rabinesque language. 'I sought and achieved enhanced This was never in more evidence stand at the rostrum of the Knesset strategic relationships with the United than during the last phase of the not as a celebrant, or as one who States and Egypt - is the last period of negotiations on the first Interim takes off his armor.' And then his life, when he was overseeing the Agreement, signed in Cairo on May later, 'I have no intention of making Oslo process. A definitive study of this 4, 1994. The negotiating venue was soothing statements.' What we see period has not yet been written. While no accident. Yassar Arafat needed is a hard-headed realist, fresh from we have seen several first person a place in which he felt comfortable the successful pursuit of a series of accounts of the process, we are still and local hosts whom he could trust complex negotiations, taking stock of missing a book that puts the peace and in whom he might confide; and what was achieved and recognizing process, politics and diplomacy into Rabin needed a place close to home what lay ahead. perspective. Allow me a few broad in order to monitor the negotiations comments at this time. and in the presence of a host he also The strategic underpinning of this could trust. process is what interests me. During my tenure as the United States Rabin had laid the groundwork and Ambassador to Egypt (1997-2001), Who will ever forget the scene, foundation for strategic relations with President Mubarak repeatedly told me televised internationally, during the the United States and a partnership that he yearned for a relationship with signing ceremony when Arafat refused of trust and understanding with Egypt an Israeli Prime Minister akin to what to sign the maps accompanying the that was to last for the next twenty he had enjoyed with Yitzhak Rabin. agreement? Who will ever forget years. He had taken the cards that He said Rabin visited him often, called Rabin’s instruction to the Israeli were dealt to him and played them all the time and, most important, delegation to prepare to depart? And with supreme confidence and skill. always fulfilled his commitments. who will ever forget who saved the And he had changed the rules of the Mubarak added that Rabin also told day – Hosni Mubarak, who leaned game, for the Israel-U.S. relationship him what he could not do, which on Arafat and secured his signature and the Israel-Egypt relationship were Mubarak respected.Indeed, the first on the maps. Rabin’s long-term
64 investment in a relationship with with business and finished with consequences for many years. Among Mubarak paid extraordinary dividends business, perhaps punctuating his the highlights of my own diplomatic that day. comments now and then with a wry career were those opportunities to smile that elevated only one side of his work with or close to Yitzhak Rabin. Conclusions: Rabin as realistic, mouth. And yet he was trusted in both We met privately in the late 1980s and credible peacemaker Washington and Cairo. Policymakers early 1990s in his small office on a side in both capitals didn’t need flattery street in the Kirya. I sat in on meetings So, what do these brief historical or what Rabin called “soothing between him and Secretaries of State. snapshots tell us about Yitzhak Rabin statements” to recognize in Rabin a I learned more than I can describe, and his relationship with the United leader who could and would deliver. and I came to admire the man, the States and Egypt? First, I believe they Diplomats who put more store in how statesman and the giant that he was. underscore the realpolitik that stood at they say things, rather than what they May his memory always be blessed, the center of Rabin’s strategic make- say, should take note. and may our collective memory of him up. He was not a romantic about draw inspiration from the successes peace and certainly not Pollyannaish Third, I would cite Mubarak’s emphasis of his historic life and career. about the readiness of the Arab on credibility as an enduring legacy world to turn a new page with Israel. of Rabin’s approach to relations with This was not in the cards, as far as the United States and Egypt. When he could determine. But, he played Rabin was ready to flirt with new his hand to the full, understanding policies and approaches, he would the need for strong regional and do so – witness, the turnabout he international pillars on which Israel’s achieved in Israel’s formal relations political-military strategy could rest. with the PLO and his willingness to Having fought often against Egypt, deposit some ideas with the United Rabin knew Egypt would be the Arab States to try to attract Syrian interest lynchpin of peace, and he successfully in a peace settlement. He would say developed the kind of mutual trust on what he was trying to do and then go which strong ties could rest. Equally, about trying to do it. he achieved the same with the United States, not yielding to American But when he wasn’t ready to flirt pressure but working with it to develop with an idea, he didn’t sugarcoat his mutually agreeable outcomes. statements. His ‘no’ meant no, just as his ‘yes’ meant yes. Indeed, Rabin A second outcome worth considering combined these attributes of style and is style. A conversation with Yitzhak substance into strategic relationships Rabin was not full of charm or flattery. with both the United States and There was no small talk. He started Egypt, which were to have profound
65 Egypt and Israel – Sinai, and wanted a mosque and a coup d'etat took over the government From War to Peace synagogue to be erected beside the in 1952, Egypt's population stood at Santa-Katrina monastery. Jehan told approximately 20 million. By the time By: Ambassador Moshe me that she rejected her husband's of Nasser's death, the population had idea, claiming that neither she, nor grown to 32 million, and by the time Sasson, Former Ambassador the Egyptian nation would make the of Sadat's assassination, it had grown of Israel to Egypt arduous trek out to his grave, if he to 42 million. Currently, the population was buried in the middle of the Sinai stands at approximately 63 million, I served as the second Israeli desert. In the end, Sadat was buried and by the middle of this century, ambassador in Egypt for seven years, neither in Wadi al-Rahat in Sinai nor it is expected to reach a whopping two months, and one day: from May in his birth-place, but was instead 200 million. 18, 1981 until the end of June, 1988. In buried in the place that Jehan decided When Sadat rose to power in 1970, he this role, I worked closely with President upon – beside the Islamic Warrior's consulted with army chiefs and senior Anwar al-Sadat, a true visionary, who grave, across from where he was counselors regarding the chances knew how to understand events and assassinated. that Egypt could recapture the Sinai trends occurring in his country and Peninsula from Israel. All of those in the region. He was able to face The meaning of 'strategic peace' consulted claimed unanimously that difficult situations, draw the appropriate Twenty-six years have passed since the Egyptian army could not defeat the conclusions, and make the required the historic signing of the Egypt- IDF and recapture the Sinai Peninsula, leadership decisions. Israel peace accords. From the which resulted in Sadat attempting to Egyptian perspective, this peace is return Sinai to Egyptian rule through Sadat's forecast of his own death not, and has never been based on a peace treaty with Israel. Sadat also Approximately two months before his an ideological commitment to peace, understood the emotional state of his assassination, Sadat told me during or Egyptian leaders' commitment nation – he knew that he could not one of our intimate conversations to peace as a value or way of life. reach a peace agreement with Israel that the day on which he is to 'meet From the Egyptian perspective, this until he somehow erased the dishonor his maker' is approaching. I was 'strategic peace' came into being suffered by his country at the hands shocked by his words, and started due to the clear national interest to of Israel during the 1967 war. to question his meaning; however, return the Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian he refused to add a word. When I sovereignty. To this end, Sadat launched the 1973 asked Sadat's wife, Jehan, about her Yom Kippur War, whose intention was husband's words, she also found them Upon his death, President Nasser left not necessarily to return the Sinai to discomforting, and added that her the new President Sadat a country Egyptian sovereignty, but was merely husband had recently been unusually whose smaller geographical area to ensure that his army cross the inquisitive regarding his place of burial. (Sinai) was occupied by Israel, and Suez Canal and progress a number According to Jehan, the President had a serious demographic population of kilometers eastward. requested burial in Wadi al-Rahat in explosion problem. When the military
66 'Strategic Peace' is not to be Mubarak himself has repeatedly made is no basis to the claim that he was confused with the traditional meaning the mistake of causing tensions in murdered because of the peace treaty of the word 'peace'. Neither Israel Egypt's relations with Israel and has he signed with Israel. There are only nor the Egyptians anticipated that refused to make diplomatic visits to two leaders who were assassinated an era of 'peace', in its traditional Israel. Israel, naturally, will continue to because of their attempts to achieve meaning, was upon them when develop and prosper even without visits peace: Yitzhak Rabin and Bashir signing the accords. However, from the Egyptian leader – visits which Gemayel. All other Arab leaders in before his death, Sadat signed are more essential to the progress of our region who were assassinated several normalization agreements regional peace than to Israel itself. – and there have been many – were with Israel, including the birth of a murdered because of internal Arab bus service from Tel Aviv to Cairo I should clarify the following point: I give factional conflicts. and the exchange of tourists. Natural my blessing to this 'strategic peace' contacts between the nations had with Egypt, and have the utmost In essence, Sadat was assassinated begun. hopes that similar strategic peace because he rejected the demand to agreements will be signed with the impose 'Sharia' Islamic Law as part Limited normalization under rest of our neighbors. of the country's constitution – the very Mubarak's rule same reason that a group of 'Muslim Egypt's leading role in the Arab Brotherhood' radicals attempted Despite all progress towards world to assassinate President Nasser in normalization, I never ceased 1954. asking myself, from my first day in It is no coincidence that Egypt has Cairo, what would be the fate of the 'led the pack' of Arab states in Lessons learned from peace peace agreements if Sadat were to progressing towards peaceful relations negotiations unexpectedly meet his end, for one with Israel – Egypt was the first to sign reason or another. During those days, a separation of arms agreement with UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and still today, I am convinced that the Israel in 1949 and the first to sign a and 338 left conquered territories peace agreement with Egypt is still peace agreement with Israel. Attempts in Israel's hands (unlike the UN undergoing a 'maturing process' and to reach peace treaties with other Arab decision of 1956), causing Israeli primarily dependent upon the IDF's countries (i.e. Jordan, Lebanon) before Prime Minister Levi Eshkol to claim, deterrent power. signing a peace agreement with "Israel will strengthen its hold on the Egypt, inevitably, failed. This lesson conquered territories, as long as we Truthfully, there has not been any must be applied to the Palestinian have not reached peace agreements." government-initiated border violence front – without Egypt's involvement This left 'bargaining chips' in Israel's since the peace treaty. However, under and assistance, no Palestinian hands, in exchange for which Israel Mubarak's rule, there has been no leader will work for a peace treaty could negotiate peace accords. This attempt to educate Egyptian society with uAs I understand the reasons was true for the Sinai Peninsula, the to accept Israel as a peaceful neighbor. behind Sadat's assassination, there Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and
67 the West Bank. We learned several peace, Israel's military strength and is also untrue. We must stop trying to important lessons from the Egyptian- deterrence capabilities have the flee from genuinely attempting to solve Israeli peace accord and from other utmost importance. the Palestinian problem by talking to peace negotiations, lessons that • A third party that oversees the Palestinians. can be used during future peace negotiations is essential. Without the 3. Today, the ball is in our court, not negotiations in the region: Americans, peace with Egypt would in the Palestinians. Above all, we not have occurred. have the power through democratic • In our region, there is no such thing • Fully-normalized peace, as opposed means to determine our goals and our as "Peace in exchange for Peace". to mere 'strategic peace' is achievable borders, and to stop clinging to the In order to achieve peace, Israel is with our neighbors. However, it is dream of 'Greater Israel'. The actual expected to hand over at least some deeply intertwined with our ability to 'Greater Israel' described in the of its 'assets'. reach a peace agreement with the Bible stretches from the Tigris and • Peace cannot be imposed on the Palestinians. Euphrates Rivers to the Nile. Thus, other party (as former Prime Minister our borders cannot be set by making Barak attempted). Peace must be Essential principles for reach reference to the Bible. negotiated. peace with the Palestinians 4. If we continue to hold onto the • The relationship formed between West Bank we will become, within a the relevant figures on each side By taking all of these points into small number of years, a minority in (for example, Sadat and Begin) is account, I have reached the following our own country. of the utmost importance for peace conclusions regarding the approach 5. We must stop fleeing from negotiations. that must be taken in order to negotiating with the Palestinians • It is essential to not miss opportunities. reach a peace agreement with the by using various excuses, such as As President Clinton said to Yasser Palestinians: the 'no partner' excuse. Many of Arafat after the failure of the Camp these oft used excuses are pure David negotiations, "You missed an 1. The approach of 'interim agreements' demagoguery. opportunity in 1947, and you have is unacceptable. Despite this claim, I repeated the same mistake today. will add, leaving the Gaza Strip as an To sum up, I want to discuss two of You, Arafat, will be the reason that interim step was essential, not because the most difficult issues related to the Temple Mount remains under Israeli it presented an actual solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Jerusalem sovereignty." Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but because and Palestinian refugees. • It is essential to both abandon 7,500 Jews had no business living the path of violence and the path of amongst 1,200,000 Arabs. Jerusalem & the status of holy establishing 'irreversible facts on the 2. The claim that there is no Palestinian sites ground' partner is untrue. Similarly, the claim • Any peace achieved in our region that it is impossible to solve the most While serving as Ambassador must be an honorable peace. substantial issues between Israel and in Egypt, I learned that for the • For the purpose of achieving the Palestinians through negotiations Egyptians, and for many other Arab
68 and Muslim nations, the importance The Refugee problem The Lessons of Camp of Jerusalem is encapsulated by the – creating a solution out of a David as a Prism for two Muslim holy sites located on the problem Viewing more Recent Temple Mount – the Al-Aksa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. The city The Palestinian refugee issue has been Developments itself is of less importance. a huge stumbling block preventing a peace agreement between Israel By: Dr. Yoram Meital Therefore, the status of these holy and the Palestinians and the Arab Chairman, the Chaim Herzog sites may be the key to solving the world at large. I believe that we can, Center for Middle East Studies Jerusalem issue. We can look to a through an Israeli initiative, change and Diplomacy, historical example for assistance: the refugee burden into a revitalizing Ben-Gurion University force that advances the peace A decades-long conflict arose process and co-existence between between the Vatican and the Italian Israel and the Palestinians.An Arabic When looking at Israel-Egypt government when Italy declared proverb states, "Everything that can be relations, after 26 years of peace, Rome to be its undivided capital in achieved through money – is cheap." it is important to look at the various 1870. The conflict over holy sites With this in mind, we should initiate a processes that have accompanied lasted for 60 years until both sides program, created through international this peace over a number of decades. agreed that the 5 major basilicas backing, which encourages refugee It is possible that these processes can in Rome (outside of the Vatican) families to settle in areas of the teach us something about the current would be attributed a "special and West Bank intended for the future state of relations between Israel and guaranteed international status." Palestinian state. These families Egypt and in the region as a whole. will receive compensation payment Similarly, to solve our issue of the on an individual basis from us, not There are three essential historical Jerusalem Muslim holy sites, we collective compensation as proposed events that I want to discuss: the could grant the two mosques a by previous Israeli governments. Camp David Peace Treaty between similar status while adding a clause Israel and Egypt (1978-1979), the that guarantees entrance to the Neighborhoods, industrial zones, failed Camp David negotiations of Temple Mount to anyone independent and agricultural areas could be 200, and the Israeli Disengagement of religion, race, or sex. This type of erected in suburbs of Nablus and from Gaza and the northern West approach could prevent the need Hebron. In time, Palestinian refugees Bank (2005). to split our eternal capital into two would become productive citizens cities, while allowing Muslims to have of Palestine, living in peaceful and The Camp David breakthrough a type of sovereignty over their holy neighborly relations with Israelis, mosques (the structures only, not the who will lend a hand to assist them I want to open with a quote, which grounds underneath). is establishing a respectable standard was said for the first time publicly by of living. Dr. Osama El Baz, which summarizes
69 the incredible turnabout in Egyptian the Arab-Israeli conflict, which had deal with in detail: President Bill policy at the time. He made this far-reaching implications both for Clinton failed at Camp David 2000. statement, not for a foreign audience, the Palestinian avenue and for the He did not make use of the lessons but for an Egyptian audience, with the region as a whole. of 1978 and the sides were not intention of inculcating the Egyptian properly prepared for the required public with a specific message about It is no coincidence that the 1993 concessions. The results of these the meaning of peace with Israel. El Declaration of Principles was based on negotiations speak for themselves. Baz was quoted by the Egyptian the concepts addressed in the Camp The Policy of Openness press as saying something akin to David Accords, and that 15 years after the following – I will paraphrase: Camp David the same principles were The 1978 Camp David Accords used in dealing with the PLO. and diplomatic processes thereafter We must view the current diplomatic I also want to point out the mediation began a process that I like to call 'the process with Israel as a transition from role played by the U.S.A. has not been policy of openness'. My meaning is a conflict over the Israel's right to exist merely essential for the Israeli-Egyptian that peace has not existed in bubble, to a conflict over Israel's borders and track, but for diplomatic progress on a but has been deeply connected to the conditions under which peace will regional level. We must remember that internal economic and political be acceptable. in 1978 the Cold War was the guiding developments, particularly in Egypt. force of international diplomacy, which This openness began in the late I believe that this statement, given had implications for the depth of 1970s and is still developing today. the fact that it was made for local American involvement in the region. rather than foreign consumption, I will provide an example that was extremely important and has Camp David 2000: the failure demonstrates this point. Today, proven to hold significant historical of American mediation one of the most significant topics legitimacy and truth. This transition in regional discourse, including is one of the most important concepts With this in mind, I must point out in Egypt, is political reform. The of the entire Middle East diplomatic that there was a different level of question of whether democratization process. It was expressed through the American involvement between and political pluralism, even if this incredible breakthrough of 1978-1979 Camp David of 1978 and Camp pluralism includes political parties – the Camp David Accords – and David of 2000. In 1978, Jimmy who oppose peace with Israel, has implications not just between Carter led negotiations intelligently such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt and Israel, but for the Middle and successfully by using both the is a positive step for the region, East as a whole. Egypt, the leading 'carrot' and the 'stick'. He knew how is a question that requires serious Arab nation at the time, in a daring to bring the sides to concessions that consideration. This question has no step, challenged Israel with the test neither side was prepared for at the simple unequivocal answers. of forcing Israel to 'lay its cards on beginning of negotiations. the table.' The Camp David Accords I want to make the following blanket raised the most difficult issues in statement that I don't have time to
70 Disengagement and the Israel must stop being suspicious The Forgotten Hero: mentality of unilateralism of Egypt's intentions and must stop Yitzhak Rabin and making public statements about Israeli-Egyptian Relations I want to finish by dealing with the Egypt's intention to use the Sinai Israel's recent Disengagement from Peninsula as a launching grounds By: Prof. Elie Podeh Gaza and the northern West Bank, and for the next war or their intention the policy of unilateralism in general. to blow up the Aswan Dam. These Chair, Middle East I want to take issue with the attempt types of comments are harmful both Department, Hebrew to present the Disengagement, a to the Israeli public discourse and to University of Jerusalem unilateral step, as another step along our relations with Egypt. the road towards peace. “When President Sadat made his 2. The greater challenge presented historic visit to Jerusalem… I was no A unilateral approach that is based on before us is to transform our longer Prime Minister. Yet that visit… the assumption that there is no partner current mentality of unilateralism could never have come about were it on the other side will have disastrous into a mentality of discussion and not for the course of my government implications. Whoever assumes that negotiations, and to create the adopted in signing the 1975 interim growing tensions between Israel required mechanism for advancing agreement. and the Palestinians will have local negotiations. Unilateralism will not implications only does not understand bring peace to fruition. That our policy provoked the anger how the Middle East operates. Lack of the Likud opposition… has not of dialogue with the Palestinians has prevented Mr. Begin's government an extremely negative influence on our from reaping the fruits of our labors… relations with the Arab World, and in Whenever I hear talk of 'peace breaking particular with Egypt. out' any moment - as if the history of Whoever thinks that the Disengagement negotiations began in November will create a bearable level of quiet that 1977 - I feel obliged to set the record we can all live with is gravely mistaken. straight. The 1975 agreement with And whoever thinks that the negative Egypt was never meant to be an implications of unilateralism can be end in itself. As its title implies, it was contained to Israel and the Palestinians designed to advance the 'momentum' ought to reconsider Jordan and Egypt's toward peace, and in that sense it fragile positions in the region. has achieved its objective - no minor accomplishment in ME politics. The bottom line is that today, we face a twofold challenge: I can only hope that the next 1.Twenty-five years after signing achievement along the road will prove the peace agreement with Egypt, to be as durable and successful.”12
71 This passage, taken from Prime 1. Rabin was the first Israeli leader highly likely that he would have hosted Minister Yitzhak Rabin's memoirs, to realize, following the 1973 war, Sadat in Jerusalem. should be treated cautiously by the that a peace agreement with Egypt historian. Politicians, in their post- was both crucial and feasible. In Rabin's early view of Egyptian factum assessment tend to glorify his opinion, the fact that the war leaders their deeds. But with the wisdom of was considered in Arab circles as hindsight, exactly thirty years after the an Israeli "defeat" and Arab victory Rabin's thinking with regard to the agreement and ten years after Rabin's paved the way, psychologically and Egyptians changed throughout assassination, it seems that Rabin's politically, for a possible settlement. the years. A careful reading of his judgment was correct. He also realized - though he was not statements and behavior13 shows the first Israeli leader to do so - that that, following the 1948 war, Rabin The legacy of the Interim Egypt because of Egypt's pivotal role in objected to the signing of an armistice agreement regional politics, it should be the first with Egypt. Later, as a senior military to conclude a peace agreement. officer, he held - like many other When we talk about Rabin's role in the Israeli leaders - a demonic image of Arab-Israeli conflict we usually talk of 2. The fact that Rabin thought of a the Egyptian President Gamal 'Abd al- the Oslo Agreements and the Israeli- settlement in stages (based on Henry Nasser, whom he thought to be bent Jordanian peace treaty. In contrast, Kissinger's step by step diplomacy) led on destroying the state of Israel.14 when we talk about the Israeli-Egyptian to the signing of Sinai II in September Initially, Rabin also possessed a peace treaty, the immediate heroes 1975. In retrospect, this agreement negative image of President Sadat. that come to our mind are President paved the way, psychologically and In his memoirs, he said: "Sadat's Anwar al-Sadat and Prime Minister politically, for the Israeli-Egyptian past actions did give me reason to Menachem Begin. peace treaty of March 1979. view him as fickle."15 He then added: "Ever since the time he turned This is logical since these two leaders 3. Rabin was the first Israeli Prime toward Nazi Germany as a young are mostly associated with the initiative, Minister to suggest meeting any officer… Sadat's career had been negotiations and subsequently with Arab leader anywhere in order to marked by a succession of sharp signing the peace agreement in March further peace talks. The fact that and sudden shifts." In this regard, 1979. Without detracting from their such a meeting did not take place Rabin mentioned three "proofs": role, we need to acknowledge the role during his term was connected to First, in 1971 he signed a friendship of Begin's predecessors, particularly several developments in the Arab treaty with the Soviet Union, which that of Prime Minister Rabin in his brief world, coupled with political events was followed by the expulsion of the tenure between June 1974 and May in Israel. In other words, had the Soviet experts a year later. Second, 1977 in the process that eventually Labor Party not suffered the price of he opened the 1973 war with Assad, led to the signing of the agreement. In the 1973 mishap (mehdal), and had but abandoned him by signing the this article, I would like to emphasize Rabin not resigned as a result of his cease-fire first. Finally, he was disloyal three points: wife's foreign account scandal, it is to Nasser.16
72 Even in 1980, after the signing of believe in historic giant leaps, such oil fields (supplying more than half of the peace agreement, Rabin wrote as following Sadat's visit to Israel: Israel's oil supply). Second, Article that the real intentions of Sadat were "Any attempt to solve the problem Eight of the agreement stipulated unknown and that one should not by a single act," he warned, "will lead that it "is regarded by the Parties rule out the possibility that "he still nowhere."21 as a significant step towards a just conspires to annihilate Israel."17 and lasting peace."24 It was the first Indeed, this was the policy of Rabin's time that an Arab country was willing Rabin's policy of gradualism government during the years 1974- to commit itself to such wording. 77. In one of his articles, he argued In this respect, the agreement Rabin - like previous and future that Israel, in the post-1973, period foreshadowed the peace treaty Israeli leaders - was thinking of was confronted with two choices: signed less than Israel according to the Biblical either to progress towards peace in Third, the Egyptian-Syrian alliance phrase: "A people that shall dwell stages, or to opt for a full, immediate that initiated the 1973 war alone, and shall not be reckoned peace agreement with the Arab disintegrated. Indeed, Syria signed among the nations".18 In fact, an countries. Rabin was in favor of the the first disengagement agreement attempt to sketch Rabin's world view first option and operated according to in May 1974 but was unwilling for - a difficult task given the paucity of this policy.22 Evidently, from the start domestic and regional reasons to sources - suggests that he believed he was bent on furthering the peace participate in the Geneva Summit or in Jabotisnky's "Iron Wall" strategy: process with Egypt and the only to sign a second agreement. In the that peace would be achieved only questions were what concessions years 1975-77, Sadat attempted to from a position of strength.19 Thus, he was willing to make and what involve the Arab states in his peace when Rabin was confronted with the price Sadat would be willing to campaign in order to secure broad question of peace negotiations with pay. Sachar aptly summarized the Arab support for his policy. Yet, his Sadat, he needed to overcome his position: "a piece of territory for a failure to enlist the Arab states led deep suspicions. The only way for piece of peace."23 him to take a unilateral step. The him to diminish, as far as possible, unilateral 1975 agreement, therefore, the cognitive dissonance existing The significance of the second was a forerunner to the 1977 initiative between his perceptions of Sadat disengagement agreement to visit Jerusalem. and the unfolding reality was to adopt a phased, gradual approach. Following the Israeli-US-Egyptian Fourth, and no less important, This is why he embraced Kissinger's intensive negotiations, the second by signing the agreement Egypt step-by-step diplomacy that ensured disengagement agreement was decided to further distance itself the gradualism of the peace process. signed in September 1975. This from the Soviet Union. The result Even after signing the peace treaty agreement was highly important for was the strengthening of US- in 1979 he stated: "the process of several reasons. First, Israel withdrew Egyptian relations - a development transition from war to peace will be from the strategic passes of Mitla and reflected both in the political and extremely lengthy."20 He did not Gidi, as well as from the Abu Rodies economic realms.25 Finally, Israeli-
73 US relations were also significantly it would bring about the desired the US in early 1976, he told a joint consolidated. Avi Shlaim claimed peace agreement. Thus, in order session of the Congress that he that "the agreement with America to overcome this uncertainty and in was "ready to meet any Arab head was as important to Rabin as that order to overcome his own doubts of government at any time and in with Egypt."26 Ephrain Inbar went concerning the Egyptian leader, any place."30 No Arab leader heeded even further, in his book on Rabin Rabin adopted the technique of his request. Then, in 1976-77, there and national security, he argued a phased and gradual process, were few attempts, through Austria that in signing the agreement Rabin enabling the Israeli side to test the and Romania, to open direct dialogue was primarily motivated by the credibility of Sadat, which, at that with Sadat.31 Rabin also made a desire to strengthen relations with time, was still at stake.29 secret visit to Morocco, where he the US. This led him to conclude hoped to persuade King Hassan to that the agreement stood on its Until Rabin's forced resignation arrange a meeting with Sadat with own and was not a necessary step in December 1976, the political the aim of achieving peace.32 All to toward peace.27 Their assessment climate was not conducive to peace no avail. was also based on the text of the negotiations. With the successful Israeli-US memorandum attached conclusion of the interim agreement, At the time of Rabin's attempts, to the agreement signed at that Rabin was compelled to pay more Sadat was occupied with the time of which Article 12 clearly attention to some thorny economic Lebanese war. When it ended with says: "the US Government regards and social issues. The Arab world the Cairo Arab summit in October the [Disengagement] Agreement as was preoccupied with the Lebanese 1976, he felt that, with the election of standing on its own."28 civil war, which broke out in April US President Jimmy Carter who was 1975. Sadat, fiercely attacked by more sympathetic to the Arab cause, The post-interim agreement Arab leaders (particularly by Assad he would be able to bring other impasse who felt betrayed and isolated) partners to the peace negotiations for signing a separate agreement, (even including the PLO). It should It is true that the agreement was not was compelled to demonstrate his be remembered that the food riots, linked to further steps or committed commitment to the Arab cause. which broke out in January 1977 in any party to a future settlement. This resulted in deep Egyptian Egypt, constituted a severe domestic However, evidence from the Labor involvement in Lebanon and attempts challenge to Sadat.33 Therefore, he Party Archives shows that Rabin to enlist Arab partners to the peace sought an Arab and US umbrella did not consider the agreement to caravan. The fact that 1976 was an in order to safeguard his declining be an isolated event. In a meeting election year in the US contributed legitimacy, which had been at peak of the Labor Party, convened a day to the political impasse. only four years earlier with the after the signing, he expressed some October 1973 "victory". doubts as to the direction which the Nevertheless, Rabin tried to find interim agreement would take, but new avenues for holding direct It was only in the autumn of 1977, was convinced that in the long run negotiations with Egypt. Visiting when Sadat realized that all the
74 pressure exerted by the US and the Israeli public realized that if Rabin countries at peace; however, I am Saudi Arabia on Syria and the PLO - who was constantly concerned also aware that the Egyptians have failed to produce results, that he with Israel's security - was willing difficulties in promoting normalization decided to continue on his own. to withdraw from the strategically before the peace process gathers By that time, however, Rabin was important passes and oil fields, it momentum, especially in the Israeli- no longer Prime Minister. Begin had would be possible to concede further Palestinian sphere.36 replaced him in May 1977. In his territories for the sake of peace. desire to break the vicious circle and Indeed, Rabin was right: signing a Rabin's Egypt policy in the punish his Arab recalcitrant partners, peace agreement cannot be done 1990s Sadat decided to take the risk and in one stroke. It is a process; and visit Jerusalem. No one could have this process began following 1973 Following Rabin's election, Egyptian- expected this; in his memoirs, Rabin - maybe even following 1967 - with Israel relations improved substantially. admitted: "I cannot say that I really the adoption of Resolution 242 and In an attempt to demonstrate his expected Egypt's head of state to the Rogers Plan. appreciation of Egypt's leading role visit Israel, openly, and with all the in Arab politics, Rabin visited Cairo pomp and formal ceremonies, at Yet, although Rabin himself did not a week after he entered his office such an early date."34 succeed in reaping the fruits of his - the first made by an Israeli PM labor, we can at least acknowledge in six years. The Egyptians were From Interim Agreement to his contribution to the process, disappointed that Rabin did not Peace Treaty thirty years after the second initiate immediate concessions to the disengagement agreement and ten Syrians and Palestinians. Moreover, In what way did Rabin and the years after his death. his tough policy led to the expulsion disengagement agreement with of some 400 Hamas activists to Egypt enhance the possibility of Rabin continued observing Egyptian- Lebanon in December 1992. In an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty? Israeli relations in the opposition addition, tension in Egyptian-Israeli I would like to mention three and, later, as Minister of Defense relations developed in 1994-95 points in this connection. First, the in the coalition unity governments over the Egyptian insistence that implementation of the first and second in the 1980s. Though many in Israel sign the Nuclear Proliferation disengagement agreements began Israel criticized the "cold" nature Treaty (NPT).37 to create the impression in Israel that of the treaty, Rabin expressed his Sadat could be trusted.35 Second, understanding for the Egyptian Still, Rabin found Egypt to be an these agreements psychologically constraints; in June 1992, a short important interlocutor with regard to prepared the Israeli public for another period before his election as Prime the Oslo agreement. The negotiations Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. And, Minister to a second term, he said: and Egyptian mediation led Rabin though the final concession was I am admittedly disappointed by and Arafat to sign the Gaza and significant - full withdrawal from the lack of satisfactory progress Jericho Agreement in May 1994, in Sinai - so was Sadat's move. Third, in normalizing ties between two Cairo. During the years 1992- 95,
75 Rabin and Mubarak developed warm both were victims of peace, killed by to the reality. Otherwise, leaders may working relations. As military men a religious fanatic. This analogy had be captives of their own old images, they spoke the same language and not escaped Mubarak; seven years which are no longer valid. enjoyed a mutual trust. Whenever after his assassination he said in a confronted with problems on the televised broadcast: "these two great In conclusion, I would like to say Palestinian issue, according to a men [Sadat and Rabin] realized that that this legacy is very relevant to senior Israeli diplomat, Rabin would despite the noble goals of peace, the the current peace process and pick up the phone to Mubarak.38 No process would face many difficulties recommend that Israeli decision- surprise that upon hearing of Rabin's and violent resistance by many forces makers of today wholeheartedly assassination, Mubarak insisted on on both sides. But they were wise embrace it. attending Rabin's funeral. When enough to realize that speeding the Mubarak first met Rabin he promised process of a just resolution would to make a return visit. Unfortunately, spoil the opportunity for these forces this took place only in November to obstruct the process."41 1995, at the funeral. Though private After assessing Rabin's relations with and not official, it was the first visit of Egypt, one might ask what his legacy an Egyptian President to Israel since was for Israeli-Egyptian relations in Sadat's historic visit - a testimony particular and Israeli-Arab relations to Rabin's standing in Egypt. In his in general. I would sum it up in three eulogy, Mubarak depicted Rabin as points: "a true hero of peace."39 A few years later, the Egyptian president said that 1. Peace with our Arab neighbors, Rabin was "a man of his word." He preferably on a gradual basis, should expressed his sorrow that he did always be sought. The gradualism of not live longer because then "we the process is necessary to test the would have been able to solve the credibility of the other party, as well [Palestinian] problem."40 as to alleviate the anxieties of the decision- maker emanating from his Ironically, during one of his sojourns own biased perceptions. in Cairo Rabin visited the tomb of the assassinated Sadat. Shortly after, 2. Egypt, because of its central Rabin himself was assassinated. position in the Arab world, should And though Sadat and Begin are always be involved in the peace the twin leaders associated with process as a key player. the Egyptian-Israeli treaty, history linked Sadat and Rabin together in 3. Negative perceptions of the enemy terms of martyrdom and symbolism: can change, or at least be attuned
76 Footnotes 11 BBC Statistics published 5 19 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel November 2005. and the Arab World, New York: 1 Interview with Prime Minister Rabin W. W. Norton, 2000, p. 504. on Israel Television, 22 August 1975. 12 Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin See also Inbar, Rabin and Israel's Memoirs, Expanded Edition National Security, p. 15. 2 Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, (Berkeley: University of California Expanded Edition (Berkeley; Los Press, 1996), p. 275. 20 Inbar, Rabin and Israel's National Angeles: University of California Security, pp. 16-17. Press), p. 334. 13 See, in particular, Arieh Dalal, Yitzhak Rabin's Perceptions of the 21 Ibid., p. 17. 3 Yoram Peri, “Afterword: Rabin: Arabs and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, From Mr. Security to Nobel Peace MA Thesis, The Hebrew University of 22 Rabin, Strategic Relations, p. 47. Prize Winner,” in The Rabin Jerusalem, 2003. [Hebrew] Memoirs, p. 362. 23 Howard M. Sachar, Egypt and 14 Efraim Inbar, Rabin and Israel's Israel, New York: Richard Marek 4 Quoted in Shalom, Friend: The Life National Security, Washington: The Publishers, 1981, p. 236. and Legacy of Yitzhak Rabin (1996), Woodrow Wilson Center Press, David Horovitz, ed. (New York: New 1999, p. 13. 24 Itamar Rabinovich and Jehuda Market Press), p. 139. Reinharz (eds.), Israel in the Middle 15 Rabin's Memoirs, p. 260. East: Documents and Readings 5 Statement in the Knesset by Prime on Society, Politics and Foreign Minister Rabin, 14 September 1992. 16 Ibid. Relations, 1948 - present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 35. 6 Yoram Peri, in The Rabin Memoirs, 17 Yitzhak Rabin, "Strategic p. 364. Relations," in Hareven, Alouph, 25 Yoram Meital, Egypt's Struggle Between Risk and Chance: From for Peace: Continuity and Change 7 Horovitz, ed., p. 273. Conflict to Peaceful Relations Gainesville: University Press of (Jerusalem: Van Leer Foundation, Florida, 1997, pp. 151-52. 8 The Rabin Memoirs, p. 330. 1980). p. 44. [in Hebrew] By the way, we know very little 26 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 338. 9 Peri in The Rabin Memoirs, pp. on Sadat's views of Rabin. In his 352-53. memoirs, Sadat mentioned most of 27 Inbar, Rabin and Israel's National Israeli leaders but not Rabin. Security, p. 21. 10 Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Rabin, 14 September 1992. 18 Inbar, Rabin and Israel's National 28 Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 340. Security, pp. 8-9. 29 Dalal, pp. 52-53.
77 30 Robert Slater, Rabin of Israel: Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister Warrior for Peace, London: Robson and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by Books, 1996, p. 300. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, 6 November 1995. 31 Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, pp. 301-2. 40 Interview in Al-Arabiyya channel, 15, January 2001. 32 Slater, Rabin of Israel, p. 308; Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 348. 41 Al-Ahram Weekly, No. 611, 7-13 November 2002. 33 Meital, Egypt's Struggle for Peace, p. 153.
34 Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, p. 322.
35 Ya'akov Bar-Siman-Tov, The Transition from War to Peace: The Complexity of Decision- Making - The Israeli Case ,Tel Aviv: The Tammy Shtinmatz Center, 1996 p. 35.
36 Kenneth W. Stein, "Continuity and Change in Egyptian-Israeli relations, 1973-97," in Efraim Karsh (ed.), From Rabin to Netanyahu: Israel's Troubled Agenda, London: Frank Cass, 1997, p. 312.
37 Ibid., p. 311.
38 See Leslie Susser, 10 June 1994, www.thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query
39 www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive Speeches;
78 Two Leaders and Visionaries:
Yitzhak Rabin and King Hussein - Promoting Peace
The Required Conditions that this generally-accepted narrative Conference was a master-stroke for Peace is seriously exaggerated. While of international diplomacy. The focusing on the origins and early proposed arrangement of the By: Dr. Abdel Salam Majali, years of the Arab-Israeli conflict, this conference, carefully worked out by new Israeli historiography strongly U.S. Secretary of State James Baker, chair of panel, Former Prime suggests that Israel has been at least with the help and advice of the late Minister of Jordan as responsible as the Arabs for the King Hussein, who has always been ongoing enmity from 1948 through to a champion of peace, satisfied the Today we meet to remember the present. This new scholarship has long-standing Arab demand for an a remarkable man. A man who argued that the Israelis have been far international conference involving the knew that peace is for the brave less ready for genuine compromise five permanent members of the UN and the brave only. Yitzhak Rabin regarding the central issues of the Security Council, and Israeli demand – a soldier turned politician, turned conflict, particularly the status of for bilateral negotiations with each peace-maker. Palestinians and the final borders of country. Israel, than the dominant mythology Breaking down traditional has implied. King Hussein's offer to include beliefs Palestinian representatives in the The new momentum of the Jordanian delegation succeeded in Jerome Slater, in his last book, Lost 1990s circumventing Israel's rather inflexible opportunities for peace: reassessing policy of refusing to hold talks with the Arab-Israeli conflict, indicated I say this as a prelude to the representatives of the Palestinian that among the most enduring and remarkable period in Middle East people. At the Madrid Conference, potent of the conventional beliefs history that began after the first the whole world witnessed a civilized, about the Arab-Israeli conflict is Gulf War, a period in which our late eloquent Palestinian delegation the view that until very recently the friend Yitzhak played a major rôle by coming to the forefront, paving the Palestinians and most Arab states partnering with former enemies to way for the subsequent signing of refused to recognize the existence make peace. the Oslo Accords. of Israel, rejected all compromise, and sought its destruction. Israel, it In October 1991, the George H. W. In June 1992, sensing a change in was thought, has always been ready Bush administration successfully the regional environment, Israelis to negotiate peace. As Abba Eban's used America's newfound regional went to the polls and gave Yitzhak famously stated, "The Arabs have dominance to convene the Madrid Rabin a mandate to pursue peace. never missed an opportunity to miss Middle East Peace Conference. an opportunity!" This conference, for the first time, In the words of Asher Arian and launched direct contacts between Michal Sahmir in their book The A new wave of Israeli historical Israel and all its Arab neighbors. Elections in Israel 1992: "As the scholarship, however, has revealed The idea of convening the Madrid momentum towards peace in the
79 Middle East surges and wanes, the part, due to the sizeable part of not answer that question; instead I'll intensity of politics in Israel takes Jordanian population that trace provide an insight that sheds light on on added relevance. There can be their roots to Palestine. Many how relations have developed. little doubt that the historic Israel- Jordanians, Palestinians, and PLO peace accord could not have international experts have warned On the Israeli side, there has always occurred were it not for the turnabout that Israel is simply waiting for the been this ostensible and tactical elections of 1992." right historical moment to turn stumbling-block in the hearts and this wishful thinking into a reality minds of her leaders to oppose Ending the dream of Greater and transfer Palestinians by force negotiations with the Palestinians. Israel into Jordan. In face, the policy This has manifested itself in a failure of population transfer to fulfill to act decisively or be proactive It was in Oslo, in 1993, that the Israeli Zionist aspirations has, in effect, towards peace. This stance often government, under Prime Minister been implemented covertly and led to aggressive acts which caused Yitzhak Rabin and his peacemaking gradually over several decades. the loss of life on both sides, and partner Shimon Peres, first agreed in the Israeli public accepting the to withdraw from parts of the West Establishing trust – a key to impossibility of achieving peace. Bank and Gaza. With this shift in peace Israeli policy, Rabin ended the Israeli The hostility – peace dream of Greater Israel. Moreover, he His Majesty, the late King Hussein relationship signaled his support for a solution to once told me that to make peace the conflict that envisioned a new with anybody, you have to build In actual fact, every significant peace state of Palestine arising alongside trust and respect for the other side, agreement was preceded by an Israel, which would be finally and truly understand the difficulties apparently inexplicable action by the recognized by Arab states. facing it. This is a view that I have Israeli government that inadvertently personally held for decades. I also mobilized public opinion towards a The Israeli government at the want to point out that negotiations readiness for 'compromise' for the time belonged to the school that take place between adversaries, sake of peace. perpetrates the old doctrine that a and almost never between friends. Palestinian state exists, not within However, through negotiations, The person who we are honoring the boundaries of historical Palestine you need to both trust your own here today embodied this pattern. but across the Jordan River, in what judgment and your adversary's To his mind, peace justified these has been for the last 60 years the wisdom, and come to trust and types of actions. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. respect your adversary. For example, the deportation of The idea that Jordan equals Should we be surprised at the level Palestinian activists to Lebanon, Palestine has been promoted by of mistrust between Arabs and described by the Israeli press at the several Israeli political forces, in Israelis after fighting five wars? I will time as a "draconian measure…that
80 awarded it [Hamas] a certificate of unfounded. Arabs are a proud and Exodus would no longer generate the honor which will not be easily generous people who respond to type of sympathy for Israel as it did in devalued." The press called the gentle dialogue rather than to brute 1960. There is too great a knowledge decision "a very stupid decision… force. I fear that Israel and many of different opinions. illegal and immoral." other countries have yet to come to realize this simple fact. Force will Peace as giving people a Although such actions may have only lead to more bitterness and fair deal been considered brutal, they laid anger, and never yield positive results. the proper political backdrop for a Confidence-building dialogue is the In the words of a current champion of significant move by Israeli leaders only solution. peace, His Majesty King Abdullah II: on the peace track. This type of "Peace in this part of world will never pattern may have borne fruit in the Arabs are no longer an illiterate become a reality unless and until the past; however, to my mind, violence people. Jordan and many other Arab majority of people become convinced can only breed more violence. countries boast an intelligentsia that that they received a fair deal." Only was educated in the West. This group peace based on legitimacy and Israelis and Arabs have traversed of people does not have negative views security will last. Peace based on a long road of mutual hostility for of Western values. Israeli and U.S. domination and military might can over a half-century to reach the actions, within the context of the 'War never last. negotiating table. Revival of hostility on Terror', are alienating this potential is not in the interests of either side as pro-peace, pro-tolerance lobby. This was also the belief of the soldier we have experienced enough rivers of peace we are honoring today. of blood that have not led to any gain Our American friends are spending Having seen the scourges of war, he by either side. hundreds of million dollars to improve became convinced that only through a their image worldwide. However, genuine peace, a brave peace based The global village – an end to American public image is constantly on trust, could this part of the world misconceptions being damaged by 'stray bullets' in the turn a corner and witness lasting form of insensitive political statements, security. Let me recall Leon Uris' novel disrespectful conduct, or blatant Exodus, later made into a movie, aggression. With the historic concessions made which described Israel's founding. by the Palestinians at Oslo and by One of the most dangerous flaws of The technological revolution, particularly the Arab states at the Beirut Arab this account was its depiction of Arabs the implications of satellite media, is Summit, namely the acceptance of the as a people who fear only the whip, opening the hearts and minds of state of Israel in return for withdrawal who only understand force. people around the world. People are from the lands occupied in 1967, the more open to a variety of opinions issue of peace in the Middle East was As an Arab and Muslim, I must from satellite and Internet media transformed. Rather than continuing contend that this claim is altogether outlets. A one-sided film such as to attempt to redress history, the Arab
81 world has accepted Israel as part of the region.
Israeli leaders must build on the foundations of peace thus far achieved - particularly Camp David I, the Oslo Accord, the Peace Treaty with Jordan - in order to restart the peace process with the Palestinians, and with the Syrians and Lebanese.
It is all well and good to say, as do President Bush and the European Union, that the overarching objective continues to be a negotiated two- state solution agreed to by all parties, which would result in a contiguous, sovereign Palestinian state, and that the only route to this goal is via the Road Map. However, encouraging words do not suffice.
Yitzhak Rabin had a dream that one day peace would prevail over our region. He created a tangible vision to realize this dream and worked endlessly to turn his dream into a reality. I genuinely believe that we all have to work to turn Rabin's dream into a reality by we ourselves becoming visionaries. We owe it to Yitzhak – he paid for his vision with his life!
82 Jordanian-Israeli Relations extent, the Middle Eastern reality. and Hussein during Rabin's first during Rabin's First Tenure There were countries that were tenure as Prime Minister from 1974- as Prime Minister formally at a state of war with Israel, 1977, and in the years leading up to but secretly conducted warm and Rabin's first premiership. intimate relations with Israel. By: Mr. Amos Eran Israel's military assistance in Former Director-General, King Hussein was constantly held in 1970 Prime Minister's office the grip of serious and continuous pressures from Syria, at times from In September, 1970, Rabin, then Approximately an hour after the Egypt and Iraq also, and obviously serving as Ambassador to the U.S., media publicized Israel's famous from the Palestinians both within flew from Washington to New York 'Operation Entebbe', the Prime their borders and without. The to lecture to an important Jewish- Minister's office received a message state of Israel was a 'thorn in the American forum, and to meet with from Jordan's King Hussein to Yitzhak side' of these peoples. During King various figureheads. After arriving at Rabin. The message contained Hussein's rule, there were a total of his hotel, the White House suddenly warm words of praise regarding the 16 attempts on his life. Throughout contacted Rabin with a message decisiveness, daring, and leadership his lifetime, Hussein had to navigate in that the President Nixon and Foreign displayed by Israel, which can be used a strongly oppositional environment. Minister Kissinger request that he as an example to the world in fighting He needed to 'hit the brakes' on immediately arrive at the White House. terror. When I passed this message several diplomatic initiatives in order Rabin's New York engagements were to Rabin, who was exhausted after to survive. cancelled, and within two hours, he a number of sleepless nights, I saw arrived at the White House and was a smile of satisfaction pass over his Hussein's contacts with Israel were immediately taken to the 'Situation face. of great assistance to him, despite Room' where the National Security A number of days later, a news dangers associated with contacting Council was meeting, headed by agency reported the Jordanian Israel. At least twice, in 1958 and in President Nixon. This forum was Ambassador to the United Nations 1970, King Hussein required the Israeli discussing King Hussein's request condemning Israel for its "pirate and army's assistance to help him quash for immediate military assistance, reckless operation in Entebbe…that uprisings that threatened to end his claiming that his rule was under endangers world peace." After rule. In addition, Hussein's contacts direct threat. As a response to the showing the news report to Rabin, with Israel enabled him to strengthen Jordanian army's response to the he joked that we ought to show the his contacts with the Americans. Both rebellion on behalf of the PLO and Ambassador to the United Nations Israel and Jordan had vital interests other Palestinian organizations, two the message sent by the King who in improving their relations. Syrian tank brigades had mobilized he represents. towards the Jordanian border to take I will discuss the direct and indirect vengeance in the largely Palestinian This example illustrates, to a large relations that existed between Rabin areas of Irbid and Jarash. There were
83 also signs that Iraq was preparing to eventually led to the expulsion of the read all the reports of meetings with join the Syrian effort. King Hussein's Palestinian terror groups from Jordan Hussein dating back to 1963, and situation had reached a critical stage. in July 1971. summarized all the materials that were The U.S., preferring that Israel be the written in preparation for meetings one to come to Jordan's aid, asked Israel hoped that this type of military with King Hussein. Rabin for his opinion on the situation. assistance would influence Jordan's Rabin, who knew the territory well position vis-à-vis diplomatic I summarized Israel's goals in future from his tenure as GOC Northern understandings with Israel, and even meetings with King Hussein as the Command, analyzed maps of the a full-fledged peace agreement. following: area and described the military situation in the area, including the Meetings between Rabin and • Checking the possibility of various possibilities for stopping the Hussein from 1974-1977 achieving a separate peace Syrian invasion. agreement with Jordan, or at least Rabin's first tenure as Prime Minister an interim agreement. Israel had previously declared that began officially on July 3, 1974. Two it would not agree to the existence weeks later, President Nixon arrived • Formulating coordinated of foreign armed forces in Jordan in Israel, within the framework of a positions regarding various that may threaten Israel. And it was Middle Eastern diplomatic visit. When developments in the Territories obvious that both Israel and the U.S. meeting his old acquaintance Rabin, in general, and regarding the had common interest in this respect. Nixon said to him that the U.S. gave existence of terror organizations in its blessing to the separation of forces the Territories, specifically. When Nixon requested Israel's agreements with Egypt and Syria response to the idea of sending troops (which were only finalized at the end • Finding solutions to ad-hoc to Jordan's aid, Rabin consulted with of 1975), but would only be satisfied problems that tend to occur in Prime Minister Golda Meir. Golda met when Israel signs a similar agreement bi-lateral relations between the with the appropriate security forum, with Jordan. Kissinger added, "If you countries. and after a series of urgent meetings, do not reach an agreement with King decided that the Israeli Air Force would Hussein regarding the West Bank • Identifying areas in which bomb the Syrian tank units, while they quickly, the international community agreements or understandings were still on Syrian territory, and that will recognize Arafat. You need to could be reached between the two Israel would mobilize tank units, in act fast." sides. an obvious manner, from Southern Israel towards Jordan. This ‘flexing When I began serving as the • To learned from an ‘inside of muscles’ achieved its goal, as Chairman of the Prime Minister's source’ of developments and it prevented Syria's intervention, Office as Rabin's political advisor, he trends in the Arab world. and allowed the Jordanian army to immediately assigned me to a 'secret quash the Palestinian uprising, which file' related to Kissinger's warning. I
84 Secret meetings between King Hussein always arrived at these Conditions for peace with Rabin and King Hussein meetings in his personal helicopter. Jordan He would always arrive at dusk, just Foreign Minister Yigal Allon and before darkness would descend. I Regarding the possibility of a separate Defense Minister Shimon Peres took would generally wait at the helicopter's peace agreement with Jordan, King part in all meetings. Before these landing location. Once the Jordanian Hussein’s position, to summarize, meetings, the Israeli delegation met team landed, I would lead them to an was as follows: “If you want direct to coordinate positions in preparation. IAF helicopter that was parked in the negotiations, you will receive them. The first of these meetings took place area, which would transport us to the If you want a peace agreement and on August 29, 1974, and was the first meeting place. This travel time gave normalization including and exchange of eight meetings that occurred with me the opportunity to have informal of ambassadors and economic King Hussein during Rabin's three discussions with the King and to pass cooperation, you will receive them. year tenure as Prime Minister. During messages to him, as required. I am prepared to stand in the face these meetings, King Hussein was of enormous pressure and criticism generally accompanied by Zayyad al- The meetings would generally open from the Arab world, but I have one Rafi, who served as Jordanian Prime with a detailed and comprehensive condition for this – the return of all Minister, and continued participating survey of the situation by Rabin territories captured from Jordan in these meetings even after he retired and Hussein. The King would often during the 1967 war, including from the post. include his impressions from meetings East Jerusalem. If this principle is with various Arab leaders including acceptable to you, I am prepared to All the meetings, except for one, meetings with Syria, Egypt, Saudi come to understandings regarding were held in the Arava desert valley Arabia, and the Gulf States. He was your holy sites in the conquered in a caravan that was always set in a often critical of President Sadat. territory, and for small border different location, and always totally He would often emphasize the adjustments, for example in the covered by a mound of sand. One importance of the Americans, but area of Latrun, but on the basis of meeting took place in a government would complain about their lack of full reciprocity. If you think you can guest house north of Tel Aviv, as understanding of the dynamics in the obtain a more favorable deal from Rabin insisted that this meeting Middle East. the PLO, go talk??? have a festive atmosphere due to King Hussein's birthday. Rabin even Ministers Allon and Peres would It was clear that Israel could not presented the King with a birthday often add their opinions to issues that agree to the King’s terms, and from gift – a "Galilee" rifle in a decorative related to their fields, as did Zayyad meeting to meeting, it became case made of olive tree wood. The al-Rafi. Rafi would often directly clearer that we could not reach a King was very moved by the meeting, criticize Israel, to which Allon and separate agreement with Jordan, and asked me, on his way back to Peres would respond, while Hussein although this situation did not his helicopter, to thank Rabin for the and Rabin would usually refrain from prevent us from arriving at a series festive meeting. direct criticism. of understandings in the areas of
85 border indicators, ecology and flights. claiming that had Israel been more A Review of Israel-Jordan However, we were not able to make flexible previously regarding a pullback Steps towards Peace headway in certain fields, such as from Jericho and other territories, it water allocation and elections in the would have been possible to prevent By: Justice of the Supreme West Bank. the developments of the commission. Court Elyahkim Rubenstein This led to a difficult meeting between Fallout of the Rabat the two sides. Former Attorney General Commission In summary, clearly, the main Although ten years have passed The developments surrounding the importance of the contacts between since that fateful day of Rabin's Rabat Commission, which focused Rabin and Hussein was the fact that assassination, I still have not been on the Palestinian issue, had they took place. Even if a peace able to adapt to the fact that a a negative affect on our contacts agreement at the time with Jordan Jew's hand was lifted to murder with the Jordanians. A week before was not possible, the very fact that a Prime Minister of Israel. This act the commission, a meeting took Israel and Jordan were meeting was is in contradiction to everything that place with King Hussein, in which essential. If a peace agreement was Judaism represents, as Judaism we understood that the Palestinian achieved at the time, it is almost certain gave to the world, among the Ten issue would be frozen. Hussein told that the King would have paid with his Commandments, the commandment us during that meeting that he had life. These meetings did achieve a set "Thou shall not murder." The horrid fully coordinated his position with that of tactical understandings dealing with murder is also in contradiction to the of President Sadat, and Rabin had important issues, and a level of trust values that Israel, as a Jewish and nothing to worry about. This position was established between the Hussein Democratic state, represents. The act stated that Hussein would deal with and Rabin. The two sides also came is in contradiction with both Jewish issues pertaining to the Palestinians of to understand the limits of the other and humanistic values, which respect the West Bank and that the PLO would side, and there was an unprecedented the person, as a being created in be responsible for the Palestinian sense of acceptance of the other. the image of the Almighty. It is in Diaspora. However, the results of the There is no doubt that these talks contradiction to morality, honesty, Rabat Commission are well known contributed enormously to the eventual and freedom. The act of killing – the PLO was determined as the sole peace agreement between Israel and the other, within the framework of a representative of the Palestinians. The Jordan that was signed during Rabin’s political debate, is an atrocity. King felt that Sadat stabbed him in the second tenure as Prime Minister, only back. In the meeting that took place after the signing of the Israel-Egypt This week, we will read the Bible with the King after the commission, peace accords. portion from the book of Genesis the King was dispirited and critical known as "The Binding of Isaac of Sadat, who he felt had broken (Yitzhak)". Unlike the Biblical Yitzhak, their agreements. In addition, al-Rafi our Yitzhak was not fortunate enough did not hide his criticism of Israel, to hear the commandment from
86 above, "Do not raise your hand The renewal of the relationship took the Jordanians by surprise, against the boy, or do anything to between the two leaders began though they knew of efforts to him. And the hand was lifted." during the Madrid Conference reach a Declaration of Principles and continued up until the peace agreement with the Palestinians. I had a close personal relationship agreement. The negotiations with A day after Oslo was signed, with Yitzhak Rabin, for whom Jordan operated using parallel Jordan agreed to secretly sign 'The I served as Cabinet Secretary channels – they involved both Common Agenda'. However, during and peace negotiator. I miss him official negotiating delegations and the months following, negotiations deeply and am saddened by direct talks between the leaders with Jordan were put on hold, until his demise – as a human being, and through messengers, such as a meeting was set up between King a Jew, an Israeli, and as his Ephraim HaLevy and myself, which Hussein and Prime Minister Rabin, associate. included confidential talks on water, a meeting in which I took part. This energy, and environmental issues, meeting was essential, as it led A personal relationship that which were of specific interest to to a renewal of negotiations, first enabled peace Prince Hassan, the unsung hero of through tri-lateral talks in Washington these negotiations. with American mediation, and then As you all know, there are schools through bi-lateral talks in the region dedicated to researching what 'The Common Agenda' in the summer of 1994. exactly makes history progress: ideas or personalities. In my view, During meetings in Washington, the Jordan's strategic decision for the answer is a combination of the Israeli and Jordanian delegations peace two. I see ideas as letters that require came to an initial agreement entitled a postman to deliver them to their 'The Common Agenda'. This draft I believe that at some point during correct address. The historic 'letter' was, in fact, already prepared in the spring of 1994, King Hussein of peace between Israel and Jordan November 1992. However, we waited made the strategic decision to make was brought to its correct address: to publicize this draft or advance it a peace agreement with Israel. Once Prime Minister Rabin and King into a peace agreement, because the Palestinians had entered the Oslo Hussein. The relationship between Jordan, ever cautious, did not want process, he felt comfortable making the two of them, which went back to pre-empt other Arab missions to peace with Israel – something that he to the 1970s, enabled these two Washington. had wanted to do for decades. leaders to embark upon the historic mission of bringing peace to fruition. In September 1993, the Olso In the summer of 1994, we began a The relationship between these two Declaration of Principles took new era of Israel-Jordanian relations. leaders and the mutual confidence many Israelis by surprise, including These summer meetings began in that they had in one another had our negotiating delegation in a tent in Israel's Arava desert valley a major impact on the central Washington, which had also dealt on July 18th. During these meeting, components of the peace treaty. with the Palestinian issue. Oslo also I recall saying to my Jordanian
87 counterparts, "This tent is temporary, The stepping stones leading up develop into a natural unit. We but peace will be permanent." to a peace agreement were forced to work on each track separately, all the time maintaining A couple of days later, Foreign I want to briefly address the various liaisons between the two fronts. In Minister Peres met Prime Minister stages leading up to the Israel-Jordan those days, though we had already Dr. Majali in Jordan near the Dead peace treaty. In 1991, the First Gulf signed the secret 'Common Agenda' Sea. On July 25th, Prime Minister War created a window of opportunity agreement, negotiations were slow. Rabin met King Hussein in the in the region that President George The Jordanians were hesitant to White House under the mediation Bush and Secretary of State James move forwards towards a peace of President Clinton to sign the Baker successfully utilized. Secretary accord, mainly due to fear for their Washington Declaration. Over the Baker initiated a 'Shuttle Diplomacy' standing in the Arab World. next three months, the peace treaty that included nine visits to the region was born. from March to October 1991, which Meanwhile, we started various led directly to the Madrid Conference. Israeli-Jordanian action groups in The chemistry and confidence Jordan, at the time, was not in the Washington, whose purpose was to between the two leaders, which most favorable position vis-à-vis deal with various issues, and secret took some time to recover after the the U.S.A., due to its perceived meetings between our leaders, which Oslo surprise, helped bring about relationship with Iraq before the war. Prince Hassan termed the 'safety a number of creative solutions to net.' Progress occurred slowly, until significant issues. The climax of On the eve of the war, in December the breakthrough of the summer of the process occurred on the night 1990, Prime Minister Shamir and 1994. of October 16th in Amman, where King Hussein met to decide on the the two leaders and delegations 'red lines' between the two countries The term 'ripeness' for peace is convened to finalize the peace during the war. A series of confidential extremely relevant in this case. agreement, which was officially meetings followed this meeting for Diplomatic processes often take signed on October 26. the purpose of laying down the time, until the day comes when a infrastructure of negotiations. strategic decision can be made. We all remember the deep emotions expressed by King Hussein for Rabin During the Madrid Conference, Following the Washington Declaration when eulogizing him at Rabin's Israel insisted that Jordan and the of 1994, we began a set of very funeral. Unfortunately, Hussein too Palestinians be represented by a joint intense negotiations in the region that was to depart from us soon after delegation, with the hopes being covered a range of issues including Rabin. Both of these leaders left an that a tri-lateral solution could be security, water, and borders. The incredible legacy. found between the three players. climax arrived in September 1994, However, as we found out, this when Prime Minister Rabin gave me was not possible – the Jordanian- the green light to pass a draft of the Palestinian partnership did not peace agreement to our Jordanian
88 counterparts. Within just a few days, towns) in the Arava region that were and nurtured; it cannot be taken for in part due to the confidence that had located beyond the 1949 armistice granted. been built, Jordan gave its approval lines. We succeeded in negotiating to the draft as a basis. A group of an agreement that included a territory The commonly-held view that us spent a few sleepless weeks at exchange of almost 70 square negotiations between Israel and Prince Hassan's home in Aqaba, kilometers. The Jordanian leadership Jordan were easy is mistaken. A lot where we worked through the final was able to tell its people that it of creativity was required to make details of the accord. had obtained the armistice lines, these negotiations work – and the while our government could tell the results speak for themselves. Central point in the Israel- farmers in the area that they could Jordan peace treaty continue farming their land under our Having taken part in peace negotiations sovereignty. for over 25 years, I just want to point I want to finish by pointing out some out that, despite recent setbacks, we of the central points of the treaty, 4. No international forces were must not forget the negotiations that many of which had existed since delegated to the area, unlike the have succeeded, as these examples 'The Common Agenda': previous peace treaty with Egypt. give us hope for the future. Let us remember the partnership between 1. Termination of the state of war and 5. Cooperation on water issues. King Hussein and Prime Minister belligerency. Rabin. Let us remember the great After the treaty was signed, intensive soldier and peacemaker Yitzhak 2. Recognition, diplomatic negotiations took place regarding the Rabin. We need to ensure that such a relations, and the exchange of treaty's implementation. murder never recurs by educating our ambassadors. public with the values of tolerance and To sum up, the relationship between respect for every human being. 3. Border corrections, an issue Israel and Jordan has gone through that did not receive much public various incarnations. I am still waiting attention, though I believe it was for the day when joint colleges are one of the most important aspects of established in the Arava region, and the treaty. The border between Israel when joint tourism and business and Jordan was historically defined ventures are promoted beyond their in 1922, but was for the most part, current levels. never demarcated. Jordan wanted to establish a border that would I regret that we have yet to implement be based on the armistice lines the aspects of the peace treaty that of 1949. Israel wanted to keep speak of tolerance and understanding agricultural areas that belonged to of the other. Advancing peace is like Kibbutzim and Moshavim (communal growing a flower – it must be cultivated
89 The Jordan-Israel Peace opening negotiations with Israel. Jordan - the Palestinians. There are Accord: A Unique Type of This was the backdrop for the Madrid elements of the treaty, that, though Agreement Conference, which, for Jordan, they do not mention these parties presented the convenient formula by name, clearly represent interests of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian that Israel or Jordan have vis-à-vis By: Prof. Asher Susser delegation. Israel had often wanted these parties. For example, there is Director of the Moshe Dayan Jordan to negotiate on behalf of a clause in which each side agrees Center, Tel Aviv University the Palestinians; however, Jordan not to allow potentially hostile forces would not agree to this arrangement. to be stationed on their territory. This The peace between Israel and Therefore, the joint delegation was a clause is essentially Jordan reassuring Jordan was a function of two great convenient formula for Jordan. Israel that Iraqi or other forces will not men who are no longer with us: be stationed in Jordan. Yitzhak Rabin and King Hussein. The Jordanians were taken by surprise However, even now that we are by Oslo. Just as it was for many In addition, Israel committed itself not without these two figures, the peace Israelis, Oslo represented a shock to to allow for the involuntary removal of between the two states remains Jordanian expectations. The meeting populations from its territory – a clear stable. after the initiation of Oslo between guarantee that Israel will not ‘transfer’ King Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin was Palestinians into Jordan. Israel’s The geo-political background essential for reassessing the shaken recognition of Jordan’s boundaries to the accords strategic understanding between essentially guaranteed to Jordan Israel and Jordan regarding regional that Israel would not attempt to In our current geo-political environment issues, and particularly regarding undermine the Hashemite Kingdom there is much talk about Israel being the Palestinian question. Rabin and in a future peace agreement with the located between the war in Iraq Hussein had to agree upon a strategic Palestinians. All of these clauses, in and the Intifada in the Territories. In platform of understanding before a essence, made reference to third the early 1990s, the situation was peace treaty could be negotiated. parties. in a way similar – the geo-political situation was changing because of Third-party elements of the Another peculiarity of the Israeli- the First Iraq War and because of the agreement Jordanian treaty is the lack of security First Intifada. Israel, because of the arrangements such as early warning First Intifada, was keen to negotiate The Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty, arrangements, buffer zones, or multi- with the Palestinians, while Jordan when compared to the treaty with national forces. This lack indicates had already ‘disengaged’ from the Egypt and the attempted treaty with the level of trust that already West Bank. In addition, after the Syria, was unique because third parties existed between the two states and First Iraq War, Jordan felt that it was played central rôles in influencing the particularly between the two leaders. critical to reassert its relationship with requirements of each side. For Israel, After Rabin’s assassination, the the United States, which also meant Iraq was a great concern, and for relationship between the two states
90 changed. The level of warmth and trust between Rabin and Hussein was never recreated between any of the Israel’s later Prime Ministers and Hussein or Abdullah. Currently, the relations are stable and business- like, but the personal warmth no longer exists. However, maybe this is a normal state of relations between states that are at peace in the Middle East.
91 The Various Stages of contact with King Hussein as a Prime Stage Two: 1984-1988 Jordan-Israel Relations Minister. Note that these stages only and the Rabin-Hussein cover time periods in which Rabin From 1984 to 1988, Rabin, as himself had direct relations with the Defense Minister, worked in Relationship Jordanians, either as Prime Minister a dynamic way to strengthen the or Defense Minister. Jordanian presence in the West By: Prof. Shimon Shamir Bank and remove PLO influences Tel Aviv University, Former Stage One: 1974-1977 from the area. Rabin described the Israeli Ambassador to Egypt policy at the time as ‘improving the and Jordan In 1974, Rabin met with Hussein in a leaving conditions’ in the West Bank, caravan in the Arava desert, where which meant investing in specific As Israel’s first ambassador to they discussed the separation of development and infrastructure plans, Jordan, appointed by the Rabin forces, something very important to as well as increasing the flow of government, I would like to make a King Hussein in order to strengthen Jordanian money into the West Bank few comments on the relationship, his position ahead of the Rabat and establishing a Jordanian bank. as it developed between Rabin and Conference. Hussein wanted When the King decided to disengage Hussein. Israel to withdraw approximately from the West Bank in 1988, this was ten kilometers, a request that had a serious disappointment for Rabin, A few days after my appointment, previously been rejected by Golda which he didn’t hesitate to indicate I was invited to Rabin’s office for Meir and Moshe Dayan. to Hussein. a briefing, in March 1995. Rabin wanted to give me a thorough Rabin held with Golda and Dayan Stage Three: 1991-1992 briefing of the evolution of the and did not agree to the separation relations between the two states. of forces; however, he made a After the Iraq War, Jordan had been Anyone who was subjected to a number of counter-proposals to King weakened due to its identification presentation of such a nature by Hussein, including offering Jordan a with the Iraqi side. Israel was quite Rabin knows that he gave very long, port in Haifa. I’d like to point out that, angry with Jordan for the stance that detailed, analytical, and systematic in my opinion, we did not do enough it took during the war. presentations. to strengthen King Hussein ahead As a result, Jordan was eager to of the Rabat Conference, whose cooperate with American Secretary This presentation, which I will try result – the recognition of the PLO of State James Baker, and was very to summarize for you, is of interest as the sole representative of the helpful in putting together the joint because it illustrates Rabin’s views of Palestinians – was harmful both to Jordanian-Palestinian delegation for how relations developed between the us and to Hussein. the Madrid Conference, which made two states. Rabin presented to me bilateral talks possible. the evolution of the relations in five stages, starting from 1974, his first
92 Stage Four: 1993 I continued to a meeting with Eitan of radical Islam. Rabin predicted that Haber. Haber said to me, 'For the Iran threat would worsen – as King Hussein, initially, regarded the Rabin, the peace between Israel it has - and therefore devised the Oslo Accords as a very heavy blow to and Jordan is the apple of his eye.' concept of a window of opportunity. his position, and he closed the bridge He also emphasized that all matters He also felt that Syria needed to be crossings immediately following the regarding peace with Jordan are neutralized. These were strategic Declaration of Principles. Hussein directed from the Prime Minister’s considerations that were shared by made clear to the Israelis that office, while matters regarding the both leaders. he felt that they had abandoned Palestinians are directed by the Jordan in signing the Declaration of Foreign Affairs Ministry. Neither Rabin nor Hussein were Principles without coordinating with people who enjoyed making ‘small Jordan. Rabin, immediately after Oslo The Rabin-Hussein talk’. I remember at state dinners was initiated, rushed to assure the Relationship Rabin and Hussein, sitting across King and promise him that nothing from each other, neither contributing in principle had changed in their By the time I was appointed, the much to the discussion. Peres carried relations. chemistry between these two leaders the burden of the conversation, and was already famous. For Hussein, did so brilliantly. King Hussein would Stage Five: 1994 Rabin displayed the two most listen and smile, and from time to important attributes that he desired time, encourage some of the other During this period, the peace treaty in both leaders and in anyone with participants to speak. Both Rabin with Jordan was concluded. A series whom he worked: credibility and and Hussein were, to a certain of secret meetings led to the joint discretion. Hussein saw Rabin as a extent, shy people. declaration, in which Rabin and man of his word, a man who says Hussein appeared before the U.S. what he thinks, and a man who does The pair developed a relationship of congress, and officially declared an what he says. Hussein saw Rabin as trust, friendship, and mutual affection. end to the state of war. realistic and pragmatist. Both leaders I believe that, aside from his relations At the end of the meeting with Rabin had backgrounds as war heroes who with the Egyptian leadership, Hussein detailed above, Rabin instructed me had fought in crucial battles for their formed his closest bond with Rabin, that he wanted to keep in constant respective countries – Rabin in 1948 of all regional leaders. contact with the situation in Jordan, and 1967, and Hussein in 1970. If we compare the Rabin-Hussein and that I could call him at any time. Both leaders led their respective relationship with the Begin-Sadat While my immediate superior in the countries by always emphasizing relationship, we see stark differences. Foreign Ministry often took a couple strategic considerations. They both The ice between Begin and Sadat of days to return my phone calls, saw their countries as fighting for was never broken. Rabin was always available within survival within a hostile environment. five minutes, at any time of day or Rabin’s strategic thinking at the time If I may speculate, I believe that night. After that meeting with Rabin, heavily emphasized the implications Rabin’s understandings of Hussein’s
93 sensitivities were such, that the in Amman, the Israeli expropriation For example, when we reached a opening of Western Wall Tunnel of land in East Jerusalem in April dead end in negotiations over the (which occurred under Netanyahu’s 1995 created a storm in Jordanian aviation agreement, in part, due to rule), without any prior coordination public opinion. Jordanian Members El Al’s interest in limiting Jordanian with Hussein, would not have of Parliament wanted to recall their fly zones, Rabin intervened and occurred under Rabin’s rule. In Ambassador from Israel, and kick demanded that we find a compromise addition, the Khaled Mashal affair me out of Jordan. King Hussein within one week – which we did. would not have happened under faced enormous internal and Rabin’s rule. external pressure. On May 21st, King Let me conclude by stating that Hussein sent a secret letter to Rabin for his vision of peace, Rabin paid A convergence of interests in which he explained the damage a terrible price. He said in the caused by this expropriation of land, Knesset on October 25, just days However, we should not get carried claiming that it contradicted Jordan’s before his assassination, that “the away stressing the chemistry between special rôle in Jerusalem. He asked peace agreement with Jordan is the two leaders. Chemistry, though that Rabin coordinate steps taken not just a political agreement; it is important, was less essential than regarding the status of Jerusalem a basic and substantial change in the convergence of interests between with Jordan. our existence.” Rabin was devoted the two leaders. Rabin was able to to peace, with both the Palestinians identify early on in their relationship Bilateral agreements and the Jordanians. the central concerns of the King: reclaiming lost territory, water rights, The bilateral agreements between The Jordanian response to the holy sites in Jerusalem, the burden the two states were very important assassination of Palestinian refugees, regional for Rabin. Elyakim Rubenstien, and security, and economics. Rabin then myself (when he was appointed On the night of Rabin’s assassination, tried to accommodate these needs to the Supreme Court), directed the King Hussein called me repeatedly in as best he could. Rabin worked hard monitoring committee that was meant order to receive updated reports from to convince Washington to provide to conclude bilateral agreements in the hospital. Though the Ministry of aid for Jordan, while also convincing approximately 15 areas. Unfortunately, Foreign Affairs did not find it important Hussein to shorten his shopping list. this monitoring committee did not to keep me frequently updated that He also recognized the special rôle always progress effectively. night, thankfully, my daughter in Tel on Jordan in administering the holy Aviv continually phoned me with the sites in Jerusalem, an important issue There were great obstacles due to latest information. I could feel in the for Hussein. security considerations, bureaucratic King’s voice the great shock that this It is important to admit that the issues, vested interests, and small- horrible event elicited in him. relationship was not free of problems. minded pettiness. When we got Friction did surface from time to time. stuck, we always turned to Rabin, a Hundreds of people came to our For examples, shortly after my arrival method I learned from Elyakim. Embassy in Amman to express their
94 sympathy, including the royal family, politicians, military men, students, and ordinary people coming in their working clothes from all parts of the Kingdom. They all wrote their feelings in the condolence book that we opened for the public.
At Rabin’s funeral, Hussein’s speech, which was not prepared, but instead delivered straight from the heart, succeeded in moving millions of viewers. He said to Rabin, “I am only used to standing in these types of ceremonies when you are standing near me to talk about peace, our commitment to build a better future, and future generations that will live in peace. I never thought that my first trip to Jerusalem would be under these circumstances.”
Ali Shukri once told me that the King said to him during Rabin’s funeral, “I wish to end my life as Rabin has – as a martyr, and not on a sick bed.“ As we all know, this did not happen.
95 Syria and Lebanon Yitzhak Rabin and the Efforts to bring an End to the War
Peace with Syria: strategic dialogue with Assad on the The current American Still a Strategic Option topics of Lebanon, U.S. hostages, approach to Syria building a unified front against Iraq, By: Edward P. Djerejian, and even the freedom of travel for I want to make a few comments chair of panel, Founding Syrian Jews. However, the essential on the current American thinking Director of the James A. Baker issue, from our perspective, was about the state of affairs with convincing Assad to agree to direct Syria. Contrary to what is generally III Institute for Public Policy at face-to-face negotiations with Israel. published in the press, for the last Rice University, We felt that if we could get the pan- two years the Bush administration, Former U.S. Ambassador to Arab leader, Assad, to agree to aside from the 3 month period that Syria and Israel negotiations with Israel, other Arab kick-started the Iraq War, attempted countries would fall into place. In to engage Bashar Assad in the I would like to give a brief context to fact, Yitzhak Shamir, in part, agreed kind of strategic dialogue that we our discussion of Rabin’s attempts to to attend the Madrid Conference, developed in the 1990s with his reach peace with Syria and Lebanon. because of the breakthrough we father, particularly regarding issues We have heard about how Yitzhak had achieved in Damascus. concerning Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, and Rabin was a strategic thinker – a the Palestinian groups in Syria. Two type of lawyer statesman. In dealing The issues of land, peace, security, years ago, Secretary of State Colin with Syria, he was facing another and water have all been discussed Powell went to Damascus to begin strategic thinker – Hafez al-Assad. during various stages of negotiations high level dialogue, which I took part Rabin understood the geo-political between Israel and Syria, with U.S. in. At my last meeting with Bashar importance of Israeli-Syrian relations. mediation. The conventional wisdom el-Assad last January, I realized that He knew that comprehensive peace is that 80% of these issues have there was a major difference between would not be possible without been dealt with, meaning that when negotiating with the father and the peace with Syria. He understood negotiations resume, we will begin at son. The strategic grasp of Hafez el- Syria’s regional rôle, particularly in an advanced starting point. Assad was such that, though he was terms of Lebanon, Iraq, and Turkey. the toughest negotiator in the region, Rabin understood that Assad had Although the Geneva summit, in once he made a decision, he could succeeded in creating a pan-Arab role which President Clinton mediated be counted on. With his son Bashar, for Syria, perhaps beyond its actual between Prime Minister Barak and there were too many ambiguities and capacity. I think that this background Assad, failed, the ‘strategic option not enough decision-making. is essential to understanding Rabin’s of peace’, as Bashar el-Assad calls critical so-called ‘hypothetical deposit’ it, still exists. The Hariri assassination, and the in 1993. Mehlis report which followed, has put the whole situation on hold, When I was in Syria from 1988-1991, until the final findings of the report we, the Americans, initiated high level are publicized in December. At that
96 point, the international community The Achievements and 1. Hafez el-Assad was ready to make will need to re-analyze its relations Failures of Israel-Syria a peace agreement with Israel that with Syria. Peace Negotiations under was comparable in terms to the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Syria is currently at a very significant Rabin crossroads. The path that Syria 2. The Bush administration was chooses will have very serious By: Prof. Itamar Rabinovich willing to give full backing to such implications for Lebanon, Iraq, President, Tel Aviv University an agreement. Israel, and Turkey. In addition, and former Ambassador of the possibilities for Arab-Israeli Israel to the U.S. At this point Rabin became more peace could be influenced by the open to the idea of directly negotiating implications of the Mehlis Report. I would like to begin by discussing with Syria. My mandate, as chief However, the strategic option of Rabin’s initial view of the Syrian negotiator on the Syrian track, was peace remains. peace track. During Rabin’s to explore this possibility. For the next election campaign of 1992, Rabin year, the Prime Minister advanced the emphasized the possibility of an peace process on two parallel tracks: interim deal with the Palestinians, the Palestinian and the Syrian. After a but opposed the notion of an Israeli- series of negotiating efforts between Syrian peace deal and withdrawal Israel and Syria in Washington, in from the Golan. early August, 1993, Secretary of If you visit the Golan Visitor’s Center State Warren Christopher came to today, you will see excerpts from Israel to meet Rabin, received Rabin’s Rabin’s pre-election statements, in famous ‘hypothetical deposit’, and which he spoke against withdrawing continued to Damascus. from the Golan. These statements assumed great importance when This ‘deposit’ was a hypothetical, Rabin, as Prime Minister, initiated conditional willingness to withdraw negotiations with Syria. Obviously, from the Golan in return for Syrian Rabin’s pre-election perspective willingness to sign a peace accord changed once he was elected. modeled after the Israeli-Egyptian agreement in terms of its nature, The ‘hypothetical deposit’ structure, timetable, and willingness to engage in public diplomacy that On Secretary of State James Baker’s would create a domestic climate last visit to Jerusalem after visiting enabling Rabin to withdraw from Damascus, he informed Rabin of the Golan. two significant facts:
97 There are two issues I want to raise Rabin was not the only Israeli Prime ambivalent about peace. Though with respect to the ‘deposit’: Minister willing to withdraw from the he came to the conclusion that Golan Heights – Peres, Netanyahu, a peace agreement with Israel was 1. There was a blatant contradiction and Barak were all willing to withdraw advantageous, on another level, he between Rabin’s pre-election from the region in exchange for was not ready to make the significant statements and the new hypothetical peace. All four of these leaders move. reality. How would Rabin reconcile preferred the Syrian option as a first these, should an agreement occur? step to the Palestinian option. The 2. The Soft superpower Rabin’s answer to this, which he told Clinton administration also preferred President Clinton, was that, should the Syrian option to the Palestinian The Clinton administration acted an agreement be reached, he would option, as the first step. And yet, as a ‘soft’ superpower. Experience take the issue to a referendum. He felt throughout the 1990s, there was has shown that in our region we that he needed to obtain legitimacy no Syrian-Israeli deal. need a broker to be tough and for a move that he explicitly opposed manipulative in order to enable the in his election campaign. Aside from Assad’s disappointing parties to come to an agreement. response to Rabin’s ‘hypothetical During the Clinton years, there was 2. Given the monumental step of deposit’, there were a few other a lot of time, goodwill, and creativity the ‘hypothetical deposit’, why significant factors that prevented invested; however, the iron fist was was a peace deal not reached? an agreement on this front: lacking. First and foremost, Hafez el-Assad did not rise to the occasion. His 1. The Ambivalence of the 3. Obstacles built into the response to Rabin’s proposal was leaders relationship disappointing. As a result, Rabin decided that it was not worth it to It is difficult to come to an agreement There were certain obstacles built enter into a long, drawn-out set of when the negotiations are taking place into the relationship that prevented negotiations with the Syrians, and between ambivalent partners. Both progress. For instance, if Assad chose to advance the Palestinian sides wanted an agreement, but both made a deal in 1993, he would front instead, putting Syria on the sides were ambivalent and ambiguous have to explain why he had refused backburner. with respect to the required sacrifices to make a deal during the Camp for an agreement. Rabin, though he David era. In a sense the failure of the displayed the courage to make tough ‘hypothetical deposit’ was the decisions, was an ambivalent man. He The idea of making the same deal 15 turning point of the peace process agonized upon these tough decisions years later, after wasting billions of in the 1990s, as it determined that and was ambivalent about withdrawing dollars and thousands of casualties, the Palestinian front would be the from the Golan – who would not have would be difficult to explain. focus of the process, as opposed difficulty, if not the former GOC of the Therefore, Assad needed to be able to the Syrian. Northern Command? Assad was also to show that he had obtained more
98 than Sadat. However, that necessity, of American mediation, in which made it difficult for any Israeli Prime fundamental issues were explored Minister to make a deal. in great depth, were a new and Though Assad was a great strategic significant phenomenon. The basic thinker, he failed to understand some structure of an Israeli-Syrian deal was of the key elements of modern society created. Bilateral relationships and such as mass-communications, the issue of Lebanon were all agreed public opinion, and democracy to, pending the core issues of the – components of modern life that actual withdrawal and normalization, Anwar Sadat understood instinctively. which eluded us. He refused to understand that the Israeli Prime Minster needed Assad’s The almost four years of negotiations public support to help convince the under Rabin were not wasted. Israeli public of the benefits of leaving However, negotiations collapsed in the Golan Heights. Ambassador Indik the summer of 1995 after the second and I invested a month of work meeting between the countries’ convincing Foreign Minister Farouq Chiefs of Staff. When Rabin was al-Shara to give an interview to Israeli assassinated, we were in the midst television, hoping that this would act of efforts to revive negotiations. as an ice-breaker. A grudging al- However, the assassination, which Shara gave an interview in which he terminated so many other efforts, spoke of the ‘original sin’ of Israel’s temporarily terminated the attempts creation – not a fantastic way to win to renew negotiations with Syria. over public opinion.
The achievements of the Rabin years
Despite the disappointments, we made significant achievements during the Rabin years on the Syrian track. Most importantly, we broke the ice. Israel and Syria began to talk to each other. Handshakes and drinking coffee together were not realities before the Rabin era. Face-to-face meetings, always under the auspices
99 A Comparison between The Strategic environment that negotiation with Syria. How can we the Syrian Strategic enables negotiations explain this? To my mind, the space Environments of the for negotiations is born somewhere At the end of the day, Rabin was a between positions of strength and 1990s and Today leader, and his decisions were greater weakness. Rabin clearly believed that than the historical forces surrounding Israel must negotiate from a position of By: Prof. Shibley Telhami him. strength – a view shared by, I think, all Anwar Sadat chair for Nonetheless, leaders do not operate Israeli Prime Ministers. One negotiates Peace and Development in a vacuum – a phenomenon that when one has the upper hand, but at the University of Maryland political scientists can more accurately also when one feels the heat of an Senior Fellow at the Saban describe. While all leaders will not react uncomfortable status quo – this is the similarly to strategic environments, space that creates negotiations. Center at the Brookings every leader must take into account Institute their strategic environment when The Israeli-Syrian strategic making decisions. environment leading to When we hold conferences on negotiations people of the stature of Rabin, it I will try to describe the strategic focuses our attention on the important environment in which Rabin operated It is essential to look at the strategic theme of leadership. In political vis-à-vis Syria, and to contrast this with environment of Israeli-Syrian relations science, we often underestimate the the strategic environment in which in the 1990s to understand what role of leadership. In my field, we are Israel’s leadership operates today. brought on negotiations. Syria trained to learn from patterns of the Henry Kissinger was quoted as approached negotiations from a fairly past, and attempt to project into the saying, “When I ask Rabin after the strong strategic position, despite the future. This is one of the reasons that 1973 War to compromise, he said, ‘I fact that it had recently lost its key we don’t generally predict dramatic don’t want to compromise when I’m supporter – the Soviet Union. change very accurately. Every weak, so help me be strong.’ When Syrian policy, throughout the 1980s juncture of change in history has I came back to him after making and before, had been largely based had a particular leader associated him strong, he answered, ‘Why do I on the relationship between Syria and with it. Since the role of leadership have to compromise now that I am the Soviet Union. However, there were has not been properly studied, the strong?’” two factors that gave Syria an edge major junctures of change that have following the Iraq War: occurred in this region have not been This is a very powerful strategic accurately predicted by academics. dilemma, and is the psychological 1. Syria had joined the coalition in the state that guides leaders’ approaches Iraq War and actually sent troops to to negotiations. But Rabin did Iraq. In participating, Syria legitimized compromise in the end, with the position taken by Saudi Arabia. In respect to his willingness to enter into addition, Syria’s participation, as well
100 as other European and Arab countries’ First, Lebanon can no longer be used demands, did not occur primarily participation, was hinged on the U.S. by Syria as a source for pressuring due to American pressure. Syria promise to help create a new Middle Israel. In fact, today the opposite is has always been able to withstand East reality after the war. Therefore, true, particularly after Syria’s recent American pressure, as long as Europe Syria’s role in the war gave it an edge withdrawal. Lebanon has turned into and Arab public opinion were on its vis-à-vis the U.S. regarding the post- a pressure point against Syria. side. However, the pressure regarding war environment. the Lebanon pullout, which included a The U.S.A. no longer feels obligated UN resolution and a French-American 2. While in the 1980s, Israel’s presence to assist Syria with respect the alliance, was too much for Syria. In in Lebanon allowed it to apply pressure Arab-Israeli conflict. Although Syria addition, Syria failed to translate Arab to Syria, by the 1990s, Israel’s cooperated with America for a short anger with America into Arab public presence in Lebanon was helping period after 9/11, providing it with opinion support on this issue. Syria apply pressure to Israel. essential intelligence information, U.S. Attacks in Lebanon became the ‘hot- - Syrian relations changed dramatically The implications of chaos in button’ that Syria could push when over the issue of Iraq. Today, American Syria required. The conventional wisdom foreign policy views Syria as a target, in Israel at the time was that Israel distinct from the issue of the Israel- I want to conclude with a few words could neither unilaterally pull out of Syria conflict. Syria is currently being about America’s future Syrian foreign Lebanon, nor make a peace deal heavily pressured by the U.S., without policy. America no longer accepts with Lebanon without a prior deal an independent source of backing. the claim that it must support rogue with Syria. Therefore, the Lebanon régimes out of fear that the only other situation gave Syria an edge. Thus, Within the Arab World, public opinion option is an Islamic fundamentalist though Israel clearly had the military is split regarding Syria. Arab public government. upper hand, Syria had the advantage opinion supports Syria’s relationship of its post-war improved diplomatic with Hezbollah and its position vis-à-vis However, I believe that it would standing, and the ability to apply Iraq, in part, due to the Arab World’s be a big mistake for America to heat in Lebanon when necessary. current antagonism towards America’s encourage instability and anarchy Therefore, a space was created that Iraq efforts. However, Arab public in Syria, hoping that it would lead allowed for negotiations, which did not opinion has condemned Syria on the to a régime change. We have seen previously exist. issue of Rafik Hariri’s assassination. in the past that Syria responds to This was not a popular assassination, deterrence and has red lines that Syria’s current problematic particularly among the Saudis. it fears crossing. The same is true strategic situation for Hezbollah, as well. For example, It is essential to understand to what Hezbollah has not carried out When contrasting the situation in types of international pressure Syria attacks in the heart of Israel, but in the 1990s with the current strategic actually responds. Syria’s rapid pullout border areas only – this seems to be environment, we find major differences. from Lebanon, following international a red line that Syria/Hezbollah was
101 deterred from crossing. However, Rabin and Peace with a Palestinian state and the need to if chaos were to bring Al-Qaeda Syria: the Transformation attack Iraq. He attempted to make related groups to Syria, deterrence of a Leader peace due to realistic, strategic capabilities would be lost. Al-Qaeda reasons, such as the changed status does not respond to deterrence, but of the Soviet Union and the aftermath By: Prof. Moshe Maoz is restrained only by the limits of its of the first Gulf War. own capabilities. Therefore, I believe Dean of Middle Eastern that the issue of provoking régime Studies Department, Netanya The unpopularity of returning change requires far more analysis, Academic College the Golan consideration, and reflection than we have been hearing in the public Nowadays, we hear many figures Essentially, Rabin was not an discourse. who have been involved in the ideologue. He was a pragmatist peace process claim that, had Rabin who made choices due to strategic not been assassinated, there would analysis. Rabin, as has been stated, be peace between Israel and the was very brave in going against the Palestinians. I even heard such a claim Israeli consensus. At the time, 70% from Arafat a few months before he of the public was against giving back died, due to the trust that Arafat felt the Golan to Syria. The Israeli public’s for Rabin. position until today is that they are for peace with Syria, but against returning Rabin’s view of the Syrian track the Golan.
If this is the case regarding the Rabin was under a very vicious Palestinians, I believe it is even more attack from the right wing when he certain regarding Syria. Rabin himself hinted that he was willing to give said in 1994 that he trusted Assad up the Golan for peace. During more than he trusted Arafat, and that fierce demonstrations against him, the Syrian track was simpler than the Rabin was labeled as a traitor who Palestinian track. He even claimed that had deceived the people and was the Syrian régime was more stable endangering Israel’s security and than the Egyptian régime. water resources. Even our current Prime Minister Sharon, who has been Rabin did not attempt to make recently labeled a traitor, has accused peace with Syria due to some kind previous prime ministers, including of revelation from the Almighty, Rabin, of endangering Israel’s security as President Bush claims to have and water resources by negotiating had regarding the establishment of with Syria for the Golan Heights.
102 Rabin was ready to withdraw to Just before the 1967 war, as Chief he wrote in his biography, was within the 1967 lines on the Golan for of Staff, Rabin actually threatened reach. He withdrew from peace real, normalized peace. Peres and to topple the Syrian régime. These negotiations due to public opinion. Netanyahu were also willing to make types of threats can be seen as one this full withdrawal, while it is unclear of the contributing factors leading to I would like to conclude that it how far Barak was willing to go. the deterioration of relations leading wasn’t just a change in the strategic up to the Six Day War. circumstances that brought upon Rabin’s earlier view of peace Rabin’s change in thinking regarding with Syria The transformation of a leader Syria. It was also his leadership and courage that allowed him to pursue The revolutionary change that Rabin With all of this in mind, it is amazing potentially unpopular moves. went through when he became that Rabin underwent such a drastic Prime Minister the second time is transformation in his views of Syria. As Ataturk used to say, which was truly intriguing. Only a few years This transformation, I believe, displays repeated by Ben Gurion, ‘I do not care previously, Rabin was vociferously the difference between a politician and what the people wish for. I know what against returning the Golan even for a statesman, between a politician and the people need.’ peace when he was Defense Minister. a leader. A statesman is somebody As Defense Minister, he claimed that who leads his people, and is not led he preferred the Golan without peace by public sentiment. with Syria, rather than peace with Syria without the Golan. In 1989, Rabin and I want to compare Rabin’s leadership Prime Minister Shamir presented to that of the Prime Minister before a plan for peace with Jordan and him, Yitzhak Shamir. with the Palestinians, but not with When, at the Madrid Conference Syria. Rabin said at the time that he in 1991, Shamir agreed to peace did not regard Assad to be a partner with Syria but refused to discuss the for peace. Golan Heights, due to public opinion concerns, Shamir claimed that UN In 1991, just one year before he resolution 242 spoke of ‘territories’, became Prime Minister, Rabin again not ‘The Territories’, meaning that not repeated that Israel should not all occupied territories would have to make peace with Syria, due to the be returned for peace. He claimed importance of the Golan. He even went that we had already returned the Sinai as far as threatening Syria, claiming which should suffice as ‘territories’. that if Syria were to use ground- to-ground missiles against Tel Aviv, Even Barak reneged on peace with Damascus would be destroyed. Syria, which according to Clinton, as
103 The Problematic Approach The second major event in Israel last Saudi Arabia. In addition, he was of Bashar el-Assad week was the Phil Collins concert in forced to withdraw from Lebanon Tel Aviv, and the fact that he came and lost the trust of the Americans By: Prof. Eyal Zisser directly from Beirut, where he also of the peace camp in Israel. While Head of the department of gave a concert. This shows us in the 1990s, there were many another aspect of the changes taking Israelis who argued for the logic of Middle Eastern and African place in Lebanon. We, mistakenly, negotiating with Syria, this pro-Syria History, Tel Aviv University tend to think of Lebanon only in peace camp is virtually non-existent terms of Hezbollah; however, there today. In Israel, nobody listens to I would like to address the current are strong Western leaning forces Bashar’s calls for the resumption of situation between Israel and Syria there, as well. It is also important negotiations. and prospects for the resumption to note that Bashar el-Assad did of negotiations under Ariel Sharon not attend the concert in Beirut, When he came to power, there were and Bashar el-Assad. though we know from an interview inflated expectations that the young in 1999, before he was president, leader would bring about reform and Two major events happened in our that Assad admires Phil Collins. change – the only question was region in the last week. The first Perhaps his changing opinion how far these reforms would go. was Bashar el-Assad’s speech at about Phil Collins indicates the major Regarding the Israel-Syria peace Damascus University, in which he told difference between Bashar el-Assad track, there was an assumption his audience that Israel, in collusion of the 1990s, and the hopes that we that negotiations would resume with an American conspiracy, is pinned to him, and Bashar el-Assad and that peace could be achieved. behind the assassination of Rafik of today. In the eyes of many, there was a clear Hariri. According to Assad, this is difference between Bashar and his all part of a massive American-Israeli The disaster of Bashar’s rule father, as he gave the impression of conspiracy to take over Iraq, achieve a understanding that the status quo deal with the Palestinians with heavy When looking back at the five years was not tenable. It was thought that Palestinian concessions, bring about of Bashar’s rule, it appears that he Bashar may be willing to ‘smile’ for régime change in Lebanon, disarm succeeded in destroying everything the sake of mobilizing Israeli public Hezbollah, settle Palestinian refugees that his father created during his opinion, where his father could not. in Lebanon, and weaken Syria. 30 year reign. Syria is clearly not a stable country today, as it has been However, we saw no positive change It is my impression that Assad really witness to several incidents at the or reform on the ground, but only a believes that he is facing some kind hands of extremist Islam. Bashar resumption of Hezbollah attacks with of Western conspiracy or plot. We succeeded in destroying Syria’s the blessing of Syria, support of terror ought to assume that these are, in special relationship with France, and groups, and extreme declarations fact, Assad’s beliefs, when trying to with Europe in general. He damaged by Assad denying Israel’s right to understand his actions. Syria’s relationship with Egypt and exist.
104 Questions have been raised about a resumption of negotiations is not whether Bashar el-Assad or the meant for the purpose of achieving Baath régime in general will survive. peace, but is for the purpose of Over the last year, it appears that, resuming some level of dialogue with due to his mistakes in Lebanon and Washington. I doubt very much that in dealing with America and Europe, he will achieve this goal. he is losing the ability to rule over his own country. I believe that there is a certain amount of logic behind Bashar’s moves. The impossibility of resuming However, his logic appears more negotiations similar to that of Saddam Hussein, than to his father’s, who knew when Bashar el-Assad has continually, over to refrain from taking unnecessary the last five years, has continually risks. Bashar, in confronting America, called for a resumption of peace talks is taking a calculated risk that he may with Israel. The framework and legacy pay for, just as Saddam did. In a way, of peace talks have been handed he is following what his father did in down to us by Rabin and Hafez el- the 1980s in Lebanon, when Syrian Assad. However, there are currently forces clashed with American forces; no prospects for the resumption of however, the situation today is far such negotiations because there is no different today than it was then. Syrian partner or Israeli partner. It is unclear how serious Assad actually is, When speaking with my Syrian or whether he has the required power colleagues, we all agree that an or will to actually make peace. opportunity was missed in the 1990s. My Syrian colleagues believe that In addition, Israel is currently interested many opportunities to improve life in issues other than negotiating with in Syria, beyond a peace agreement Syria. Israel no longer sees Syria as with Israel, were missed during the a threat or the key to the question last ten years of Hafez el-Assad’s of Hezbollah, and therefore sees no rule. Unfortunately, I fear that, with need to offer the weakened country Bashar’s current policy, even more concessions. In addition, there is no opportunities to improve Syria’s American mediating partner for such standing and improve the life of talks, a role that has always been Syrians will be missed. crucial for the Israel-Syria track. It appears that Bashar’s calls for
105 Building a Bridge over Troubled Water: Water in the Middle East
Opening Remarks tensions exist, these difficulties quite water-treatment facilities, expanding naturally escalate. This morning and and/or rerouting networks and even By: Michael Stark, chair of early this afternoon, we will hear from establishing new pipelines to transport the panel, President, a distinguished panel of public and water from one location to the next. Veolia Water U.S. private-sector experts who have been These are the issues we shall discuss involved in the management of natural today. These represent a “bridge over It is an honor for my company, resources, especially the management troubled waters”. Veolia Water and me to chair this of water. session. The sessions yesterday and this morning set out to highlight the In the Middle East, as in the rest of the sincere belief of all those who live in world, various water resources cross this region of the world that peace is borders and boundaries. Jordan, not simply the preferred option but Israel, the Palestinian Authority, also a necessity. Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt share rivers, the Red Sea, and This session, “a bridge over troubled the vast Mediterranean Sea. water” is centered on life’s most basic resource. Without water we cannot Within these countries there are sustain health, an economy, industry definable opportunities to establish or life itself. Water can be either a regional water facilities or networks source of fundamental divisiveness that can provide water to the areas or an instrument of peace. with scarce or seasonally-impacted water resources. Around the world, water transcends borders between villages, towns, New technologies are being applied cities and nations. Local and national daily in the water industry. These governmental agencies routinely technologies, when harnessed, could communicate and work together to help foster beneficial cooperation. establish institutional frameworks and Yet the impacted countries have little agreements on the management of or no international law addressing that precious resource. specific water and wastewater issues and conduct only limited These agreements are often complex discussions for exploring mutually and ongoing in their development. beneficial cooperation. For the sake Where water scarcity or other of humanity’s most basic need – which limitations exist, cooperation is more is water – there is an opportunity to set difficult to establish. Where political aside political differences by building
106 Joint Projects: the Only agreements, which have not ceased water resource, we will need to create Solution to Limited Water their activities since their formation. desalination projects within the scope Resources Even at the height of Intifada terrorism, of at least 800 million cubic meters of joint Israeli-Palestinian teams held water annually. ongoing meetings on water issues. By: Binyamin Ben Eliezer The Jordanian-Israeli bilateral teams The deteriorating quantity and Minister of National have promoted joint projects beyond quality of water Infrastructure, Israel our original expectations, when the agreements were signed. Our natural water resources are The issue of water is a very major decreasing both in quantity and component in our relationship with Due to the scarcity of water in the quality. Global warming is causing a our neighbors. Water is one of the region, all parties in the region must decrease in natural water resources fundamental issues, along with come to understandings that, despite both regionally and globally. In security, borders, refugees, and other political disputes, we must abstain addition, pollution, as a result of issues, that face all of us attempting from damaging one another's water unceasing human activity over the to solve regional conflict. systems. Every year, broad multi-lateral last century, has decreased our activities are gaining momentum. water quality significantly. Abuse of Today's water technology situation Countries that stand to gain from large natural resources has resulted in salt is far different from in the past. There scale water projects must encourage accumulation in the western area of are means for artificially producing donor nations to participate in these Israel. Climatic instability and long potable water at reasonable costs, efforts. Joint projects strengthen the drought periods have hampered our the most popular being desalination. ties between the participants and act abilities to exploit water resources With new technological capabilities, as confidence-building measures as in a sustainable manner. Despite water, instead of being a source part of the process of normalization. these unfavorable circumstances, of tension, should be a source of countries in the region have been cooperation and an impetus for Natural resources in our region are able to maintain a reasonable level advance other related issues. The last capable of supplying us with only of human welfare and development. water-related agreements were signed a small quantity of water – only However, we have yet to achieve over 10 years ago, just prior to the 40% of the lowest critical amount adequate water supply and sanitation assassination of Rabin. Multi-lateral required for minimum human levels for all in the region, particularly and bilateral agreements regarding welfare, economic activity and food in the Palestinian Authority. water were agreed upon within the requirements, as determined by framework of both the Oslo II Interim the UN. In another 20 years, our The necessity of joint Accord with the Palestinians and the region's natural resources will be cooperative projects permanent peace treaty signed with able to supply urban consumption Jordan. Bilateral committees have requirements only. In order to initiate In our region, we cannot afford to try been formed to implement these sustainable development of natural to divide water supplies according
107 to state, when the natural sources the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. This are shared. The geographic water water will be desalinated near the situation of shared resources required Dead Sea and create 800 million joint cooperative projects. The idea cubic meters of potable water that of exploiting water as a means for will serve Jordan, Israel, and the cooperation was expressed by Palestinian Authority. This project is UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the realization of a vision initiated by when he said, "The water problems the late Yitzhak Rabin – the ultimate of the world need not be a cause of pathfinder in search for a solution tension, they can also be a catalyst to our regional conflict. May his for cooperation." memory be blessed and serve as a guide to us all. This plan has The spirit of the late Yitzhak Rabin been on the agenda for a long time; is embodied in the section of the unfortunately, from 1994 until today, accords he signed regarding water no serious assessment of this project cooperation. A water engineer has been made. This pipeline, it is by trade, Rabin understood the assumed can provide us with 800 importance of cooperation, of creating million cubic meters annually. additional water sources, of sustaining existing resources and of preventing harm to existing water systems – all features of the peace agreements that Rabin initiated.
In the past few years, Israel has intensified its efforts to explore new sources, increase its water supply and to satisfy not only its own water needs, but also those of its neighbors. For example, in March, 2004, Israel and Turkey signed an agreement which will supply 50 million cubic meters annually for the next 20 years. In addition, we are currently focusing on the joint project called the 'Peace Canal', which will transport 200 billion cubic meters of water annually from
108 The Need for a New With this in mind, we needed to which was once 392 meters below Water Strategy assess a few possibilities. We actually sea level has sunk to 416 meters, considered the possibility of getting and is declining. It is essential that By: Prof. Avishay Braverman rid of agriculture due to the vast water this type of study be conducted as needs of agriculture. However, we soon as possible so that the canal President, Ben Gurion University declined this proposition because we project can be implemented. We learned that the waste water created considered the option of a Syrian When working for the World Bank, by the growing urban population, Canal, which has been put on hold I led a study with top players and which is currently destroying the for obvious reasons. However, when researchers in the field of water in aquifer of the Mediterranean, can there is peace between Israel and Israel to assess the water situation be used constructively by purifying Syria, water need not be the dividing west of the Jordan River. it for specific agricultural projects in point. Syria has enough water the Negev and Galilee regions. We sources in its north connected to a Dr. Munther Haddadin was asked to deduced that purifying this waste national water carrier, in addition to lead a similar study in Jordan. We water would provide approximately the water sources near the Jordan came to the following conclusions: 1 billion cubic meters. River to allow for significant water cooperation. • We found that the land west of the Beyond this, we have two options: Jordan contains approximately 10 or importing water or desalinating water. The Middle East – the next 11 million people, while the water Though we import a small amount of water technology hub supply is approximately 2 billion water from Turkey – 50 million cubic cubic meters. meters – we decided that our best I have heard people quoted as saying bet was to advance desalination that water is an excuse for war. As • We predicted that by the year 2040, projects through canals. Rabin used to say: this is nonsense. the holy land will hold approximately Basically, there is no reason to fight 20 million people. If we assume Water desalination possibilities over water. I believe that a major that the Palestinian consumption water initiative including desalination level should equal the Israeli level, There are currently a few different can alter this area. It has to be done for the point of view of equality, by canal solutions. For many reasons, by serious professionals, with minimal 2020, we will face a shortage of Shimon Peres and Prince Hassan obstacles. Cooperation in this field approximately 2 billion cubic meters of Jordan decided to push for the between Israel, Jordan and Palestine in the holy land. 'Peace Canal' solution, which is to is a must. run from the Red Sea to the Dead • Dr. Munther Haddadin found that in Sea. In order to implement this At the height of the Intifada we built Jordan, they will be facing a shortage project, we must assess the current the biggest water institute in the of 1.5 billion cubic meters of water state of the Dead Sea and the Syrian- Middle East at Sde Boker, all the by 2040. African fault line. The Dead Sea, time working with the Palestinian
109 and Jordanian Water Commissioners. A Brief History of water projects that he had devised We never violated water agreements, Regional Water Conflict and England could sell the land to even during the height of violence. & Possible Future Jewish settlers for a higher price, enabling Great Britain to offset the However, the situation in Gaza, in Cooperation expenses of the purchase and of the which waste water is destroying Boer War in South Africa. the aquifer, is very disturbing and By: Dr. Munther Haddadin must be stopped. The World Bank Former Minister of Water, The pursuit of water resources by must take immediate action on this Jordan the Zionist enterprise continued, disaster as in 1919, the Zionist Congress I believe that Israel has to make My speech is guided by the title dispatched a Jewish engineer named a strategic decision to become a of this panel 'Building a Bridge over Haiim Rotenberg to Palestine. He hub for water technology. We have Troubled Water'. These waters conducted a detailed study in which so many young, eager engineers have been very troubled. These he proposed producing energy from and water-technologists that can troubles started at the same time the Yarmouk and Jordan Rivers. He shape a new water situation for the as the troubles over land resources obtained a license, as a private region. We are starting a major fund began. individual, from the British Mandate for investment in the field of water. to advance his power generation If the government sets long term Water conflict in the Ottoman projects on the Yarmouk, Jordan, water goals and works together with and British Mandate periods and Yarkon Rivers, and to dry up the international corporations, water can Hula swamps – all for the purpose to become a big business for Israel and Perhaps the modern history of putting a foothold in these regions. for the region. This is achievable, if water disputes began when the first we can change the political system Zionist Congress of 1897 dispatched During the British Mandate, Jewish to work for long term solutions. a water engineer to survey the water initiatives increased in scope, water resources of Palestine, and including the establishment of determine how best to utilize water Mekorot in 1932. There was much resources for the benefit of Jewish more Jewish activity on water settlement in the holy land. The resources than the Arabs were engineer submitted his report to aware of, until the first Palestinian the congress. He also submitted Intifada of 1936. After six months a letter to a reverend gentleman in of turbulence, a Royal Commission the Anglican Church, asking him to intervened, eventually recommending urge the King of England to purchase the partition of Palestine, and a link lands in the Jordan Valley at a cheap between the Palestinian state and price from the Ottoman Sultan. The Trans-Jordan. This proclamation engineer would then implement the caused the Jordanians to investigate
110 whether the area had enough water not on the political level by the Arab with the Red Sea. When competition resources to support two states. At League or by Egypt. between the Israeli and Jordanian the same time, the Jewish Agency The U.S. supported Israel's National initiatives increased, the UN sent commissioned an American engineer Water Carrier project and Jordan's three experts who came to talk both to investigate the same issue. At this canal project in Jordan Valley to the Israelis and Jordanians. One point, both sides started competing monetarily, on the condition that of the UN representatives asked me for the same Jordan Valley water the sides agreed to only drawing about the damage the Israeli project resources for their future states and the amount of water stipulated in the would cause Jordan. I answered him future settlements. American envoy's plan of 1955. that if the Dead Sea was raised back to its previous levels, as Israel had Water conflict after Israel was When Israel started taking large intended in their MED plan, the new given statehood amounts of the Jordan River water water level would damage a nearby supply for the National Water Carrier aquifer that yields approximately 15 Once Israel was declared a state, in the mid-1960s, President Nasser cubic meters per year. Israel updated its plans and began initiated an Arab Summit, where it building the National Water Carrier, was decided to divert waters from Cooperative plans for water which was built from the south the Jordan River in the Jordan. resources – a positive sum game towards the Jordan River in the north. It has been mistakenly proposed that When the water carrier approached the 1967 War was a war over water. Competition over control of the Dead Syrian water diversion sites, conflict This was not the case. Documents Sea continued until February, 1994, ensued with the Syrians, including in the U.S. and Israeli archives can when I had the honor of presenting armed clashes. testify to this. However, in 1979, to the tri-lateral committee of water issues almost led to an all- the Jordan-Israel peace talks an The U.S., attempting to become out armed conflict between Israel integrated development plan for the superpower of the Middle and Jordan, in which forces were the Jordan Rift Valley, which was to East, dispatched an envoy, led by mobilized and facing each other, include the participation of Lebanon, Ambassador Johnston, to create only divided by the Yarmouk River. Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Egypt, a water sharing plan between the The United States, with the help of and Saudi Arabia. The plan was conflicting states. The envoy arrived your truly, helped avert a war over to enable seven states, which have in the area on October 12, 1953 and water. generally been in conflict – primarily proceeded to shuttle between the with Israel, but also amongst each Arab states and Israel for a period of When the Israelis came up with their other – to cooperate in developing two years. This envoy came up with a MED plan to link the Dead Sea to and preserving common water general plan for sharing the region's the Mediterranean, we in Jordan, in interests. water and developing the Jordan attempting to compete with Israel valley. This plan was accepted on over water resources, thought of Dennis Ross, highly impressed by my the technical level by all parties, but the idea of connecting the Dead Sea presentation, said, "This is the first
111 time, since I have been involved in tension (as opposed to pumped the peace process, that I have heard ground water), is another aspect of something with meat on it." water supply that requires cooperation. This water supports the production This marked the birth of the 'Red- of food and the rain-fed agriculture. Dead Canal', which was later included I assessed this topic in Jordan and as a separate article in the Jordan- found that this 'green water' is in as Israel peace treaty. I will have to high a quantity as the 'blue water' dispute Binyamin Eliezer's comment – the pumped ground water and that the late Yitzhak Rabin envisioned underground water we all talk about. this canal – it has and always will be Therefore, we must cooperate to use a Jordanian vision. green water resource to up with better If Israel continues to monopolize water production conditions in a variety of supplies in the Jordan Rift Valley and land areas. I would like to conclude the three underground aquifers that by saying that the vision of Rabin are shared with the Palestinians, it paved the way for the understandings will not have enough water to meet created between Jordan and Israel. all of its water requirements, in terms I managed the water conflict with of reaching a water supply to level to Israel for years, and negotiated the balance its food commodities imports new phase of water cooperation, and and exports. witnessed first hand the importance The same concept would apply if of Rabin's vision. somehow Jordan or the Palestinians would monopolize water resources. Our ability to agree on water issues Therefore, no good can come from came when Rabin said to King Hussein monopolization at the hands of a in my presence, "Your majesty, I am single party. However, much good can not interested in one square inch of come of each party within the Jordan, your territory, nor one drop of your Palestine, Israel triangle sharing water." That stand, taken by Rabin resources equally and cooperating paved the way for understandings on to produce a positive-sum game, water resources and on land issues. instead of the competitive approach God bless his soul, and I wish that the which produces a negative-sum next government of Israel would adopt game, in which the gain of one party the same vision that the late Rabin is the loss of the other. had, so that the current conflicts with 'Green water', the water captured Syria, Lebanon and the Palestinians by soil after rain fall through surface can be resolved.
112 Water: A tool for Peace With water scarcity becoming more as Oslo II), an attempt to push the acute, the control of water resources Israel-Palestinian conflict towards By: Dr. Alfred Abed Rabbo has become an increasingly significant a resolution, attempted to tackle Water and Soil Environmental feature of the Arab-Israel conflict, water scarcity issues. Article 40 of in general, and of the ongoing this document deals extensively with Research Unit (WSERU), Palestinian -Israeli struggle, in water supply, and wastewater removal Bethlehem University particular. In fact, at the outset of the and treatment issues. peace process initiated in the 1990s, Worldwide, the availability of water was recognized as one of the Article 40 and its appendices defined adequate freshwater has become a most significant final status issues. water allocations between Israelis limiting factor for human development. Guaranteeing adequate quantities and Palestinians. In the opening The Middle East, as a region, is and quality of water, particularly on paragraph of Article 40, Palestinian characterized by scarce water the Palestinian side, has been one of negotiators managed to receive a clear resources and rapid population growth the most sensitive items on the agenda acknowledgement that they had rights - making it all the more essential that for Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. to water. The agreement allowed the its nations cooperate to ensure that Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) to freshwater solutions are found for all Not a scientific issue accept foreign grants for drilling and citizens. exclusively for improving their water infrastructure. For the Palestinians, regaining control In the more humid regions of the area, Water deprivation cannot be alleviated or being given shared management of the central concern regarding water solely by engineering and scientific the aquifers under its territory was an is the deterioration of its quality due solutions – its human, political, and important step in becoming a viable to pollutants that have infected water cultural aspects must be dealt with as state. The water-related aspect of sources. Conversely, in semi-arid and well. The current water allocation policy Oslo II was also essential to the arid regions, water scarcity has always in Israel and the Palestinian territories development of cooperative projects been the dominant problem. derives from a complex mix of socio- between the two nations, as Israeli, cultural pressures. Water is viewed Palestinian and other scientists and Ecosystem disruption due to over- as a strategic, as well as economic, engineers cooperated to find ways exploitation of both surface and ground commodity for both nations, and has to satisfactorily co-manage the waters, limited ground water renewal significant political ramifications. The aquifers. and surface drainage fluctuation relationship between water security due to changing land usage have all and socio-economic development is The acknowledgement of water resulted, not only in the deterioration of vitally important, particularly for the rights the water, but also in salinity build-up Palestinians. in soil and water. These factors, when also vital to providing Palestinians combined, have had drastic effects on The Bilateral Interim Accord signed in with access to workplaces within fresh water availability in the region. Washington in 1995 (popularly known their own territory (as opposed to
113 having to work as day laborers in on access to trade avenues that allow Agricultural water strategy Israel), essential for developing an for food import. economy that would allow for stable Since the beginning of the Oslo The purpose of raising these questions livelihoods and food security. process, Palestinian politicians have is to ignite a serious debate that will more vigorously fought for water rights allow the Palestinians to legislate Lack of coherent and water allocation than for food improved water policies, reforms, and implementation security. However, it soon became priorities. Irrigation agriculture must be apparent that there were serious a key component of overall Palestinian Unfortunately, actuall implementation problems regarding the sustainability agricultural water strategy. of Palestinian water rights, in terms of of the West Bank aquifers. a coherent policy, has been limited. In Overall targets, in terms of water the West Bank, political maneuvering Food and water self-sufficiency networks' resources and costs has proven to be a prime force required for water withdrawal for governing water use and allocation In the end, Palestine will gain irrigation agriculture, must coincide and has had haphazard affects on water self-sufficiency and food with Palestinian water agricultural patterns of groundwater degradation self-sufficiency only once it gains strategy as a whole. and resource depletion. It is essential independence through a fair deal at that Palestinian access to water and the negotiating table. However, "self- In addition, Palestinian policy makers waste water services translate into sufficiency" is a loaded term that must must engage in a productive debate, an improvement in the coverage and be fully understood. Self-sufficiency and balance the necessary trade-off quality of water networks, especially implies that the Palestinians need to between its agriculture water strategy for households that currently have achieve a balanced water and food on the one hand and its municipal and no connection to water networks. budget through trade. industrial water needs on the other. Currently, approximately 88% of the Palestinian population in the West Food self-sufficiency is not directly Management challenges facing water Bank is connected to the water dependent on locally available water policy makers in Palestine demand network; however, this translates, resources, but is more closely related a pragmatic approach to policy into approximately 55% of towns to Palestinian water management, implementation that introduces reforms and village, only. raising important questions regarding and complies with them. the perceived relationship between Although water security is closely agriculture, food security and water This approach must be intricately related to socioeconomic development, use. Therefore, the equivalence linked with wider long-term social and which is highly influenced by access often attributed to “self sufficiency” economic change. Water management to workplaces, there is no necessary and “water security” must be more by regulatory bodies such as the PWA linkage between access to local water thoroughly examined. (Palestinian Water Authority) must supplies and food security. Food coordinate their approach with other security depends much more heavily Palestinian ministries and NGOs.
114 Water management reforms Other methods for water conservation completely vague context. The Road and distribution include rainwater Map must commit the parties involved Prioritization of water uses is an harvesting, a wider use of springs to resolve the continuing dispute over essential aspect of Palestinian and water tankering. Treating water. Although the Road Map's economic self-sufficiency. Palestinian wastewater at appropriate standards supposed improvement over Oslo is policy makers must implement, in a for non-domestic uses is essential for the use of "performance parameters" step-by-step manner, conventional agriculture and industry. However, to enable fair judgment of each side's reforms tailored to both hydro- irrigation practices have a long way fulfillment of obligations at various geological and socio-economic to progress - in the southern West stages, there are no such parameters conditions. A new system that defines Bank, for example, only 2% of for measuring the fulfillment of water- ground water abstraction rights is agricultural land is irrigated. In that related obligations. badly needed. The Palestinians must area, water resources are insufficient establish an approach that implements for the development of industry and In spite of the hostility, lack of trust water rights and legislates water agriculture, and are inadequate to and uncompromising attitudes that management laws. This approach supply domestic needs. Through developed on each side of the Israeli- would provide a constructive platform American intervention, Israeli and Palestinian conflict, a bilateral solution for building a consensus around Palestinian politicians eventually to the present water crisis is possible. water issues and raising awareness resolved the apparently intractable However, a resolution that seeks a just of the importance of proper water problems regarding the establishment and equitable allocation of the scarce management. Finally, the Palestinians' of a wastewater treatment plant in water resources available requires water legislation must allocate water the southern West Bank. The plant's courageous political decisions that run among agricultural, municipal and construction was to begin in the counter to ideological currents gaining industrial sectors in way that can autumn of 2000, but has unfortunately strength in each respective culture, cope with drought situations. been delayed, primarily due to the which have in many cases been volatile situation existed in the area. adopted by each side's politicians. Sewage management presents another set of issues that must The Road Map ignores the be dealt with by Palestinian policy issue makers. Several towns, particularly rural areas, are still not connected to The most recent phase of international public sewage networks and a general framework for progressing towards shortage of sewage plants exists. a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Developing waste water collection conflict is the Quartet (UN, U.S., and treatment plants is essential for EU and Russia) sponsored Road protecting the environment and for Map to Peace. Unfortunately, in using recycled water for a number this document, water-related issues of uses. are mentioned only once, and in a
115 Middle East regional the area who were preparing to leave at the Dead Sea. There is no doubt water options: Minimizing their jobs, due to the withdrawal. I that desalinating Mediterranean Sea the risks associated with remember saying to Rabin during the water is the most logical option for trip, "I think that water will act as a the short and medium term. water scarcity bridge or window of opportunity, and I want to give a brief overview of what not a cause of war." Rabin did not Israel is trying to achieve regarding By: Saul Arlosoroff react, but simply nodded his head. water resource management, which Director of the Board, National can be also applied to other countries Water Corporation, Israel A few months before he was in the region. assassinated, when we gave Rabin an I had the honor of discussing water honorary degree as a water engineer, I want to deal with certain short term issues with the late Yitzhak Rabin I told Rabin that I believed that the solutions, which to my mind are from 1967 onwards. Rabin has been water negotiations between us and much more practical than the Red linked with water since his childhood, the Palestinians and Jordanians are Sea–Dead Sea canal plans. These especially after finishing his studies not going in the proper direction. solutions will hopefully produce short at Kadourie Agricultural School, and When he asked me why, I gave him my water relief solutions for the region. throughout his military career. opinion in brief. He nodded and asked My presentation focuses on the set that we set up a meeting to discuss of technological instruments that I first met Rabin when he was in this more thoroughly. Unfortunately, can be used to open a window the process of transition from being that meeting did not occur. of opportunity for a peaceful co- a soldier into statesman in 1967, after existence by minimizing the risks and his famous address at Mount Scopus Water, from my point of view, is socio-economic problems associated at the Hebrew University. Whoever undoubtedly a window of opportunity. with regional water scarcity. listened to him at that speech realized Water must be a part of any political that a new Rabin had emerged from regional solution. Even without The following points summarize the the 1967 War. During that speech, implementing multi-billion dollar current water situation in the area: he said, "All that I ever wanted was projects, there are ways in which we to be a water engineer, and I turned can cooperate with our neighbors that The levels of water uses and related out to be a general." will cease to make water of cause of scarcity , at present and especially disputes. in the future, within the three Middle In 1976, after the first Egypt-Israel East entities – Israel, Jordan and armistice agreement, I spent three I see imported water, though not on Palestine – are at approximate rates days in the southern Sinai with the multi-billion dollar level, as has of 280,140,80 cubic meters/capita/ Rabin in others as a farewell visit to a been suggested by my colleagues, year (CMCY) respectively, for all uses. water project that we executed in the as a solution. At some point in the These rates of use represent critical Sinai. During that trip, he gave a very future, it will be economic to bring levels (World Bank definition for semi touching address to oil workers in in expensive water for desalination arid countries—is considered critical
116 and acute for levels below 500 unique and comprehensive strategy. Drip irrigation CMCY). It was designed and aimed to achieve a successful national water demand One of Israel's major breakthroughs • It is assumed that by 2010, unless management program. in the area of agriculture was the significant changes in supply and transition from gravity irrigation, to demand management is implemented, It took Israel almost 40 years to sprinkler irrigation, and finally to drip the water scarcity and water quality legislate, research, develop the irrigation. Today, almost all irrigation in deterioration will cause severe socio- technological and agronomic means, Israel is drip irrigation. Unfortunately, economic damages and risks to create the financial and economic much of the developed world has the social life of the three regional incentives and sanctions, and not implemented these types of societies. harvest the results. These results advanced irrigation systems. Their are shown and detailed in the irrigation efficiency stands at only • Since the great majority of the slides 7, 8, 9, and 10, particularly 40%, while in Israel, it is over 90%. regional conventional water resources regarding the agricultural sector, Just by implementing drip irrigation have already been developed by the urban and industrial sub-sectors, methods, countries can conserve three entities, and since over-pumping and the nation-wide waste water billions of cubic meters of water, from ground water storage already re-use program. without having to spend billions of prevails during dry periods, there dollars. remain only three realistic options to From these results, it is clear that minimize the regional social economic the real agriculture production per Similar conservation programs have risks and problems associated with unit of water has risen by more been implemented in selected urban water scarcity: than 300% enabling farmers to centers, such as the dual volume 1) More efficient management of maintain adequate production and flush toilets, flow regulators and water demands. income despite a reduction of water drip irrigation in urban parks and 2) Augmenting supplies from allocations, an increase in water gardens. international sources. pricing, and incentives and sanctions, 3) Desalinizing brackish and sea regarding water use. Each country The impact of these measures is water resources. in the region and beyond must apparent in slide 10, where it is make a national assessment of its displayed that industrial and urban Water demand management water supplies and figure out how water use per capita has remained – Israel as a case study to conserve water and increase the almost constant, despite over efficiency of water use. The cheapest 350% increase of GDP/Capita, Water demand management is a un-utilized water resource is our which presumably would influence strategy aimed at minimizing water ability to learn how to make the water use/capita. waste and increasing agricultural most of what exists. and industrial production per unit of water, which summarize Israel's
117 If Israel had not have embarked on quantities of water into the region Syria, Jordan, and the Palestinian nation-wide programs such as drip (see slide 15). Naturally, these are Territories, as well. irrigation, it would have had to make dependent upon agreements between use of an additional 150-200% of its the relevant parties, and in some • Nile basin water supply: Water from water resources at prohibitive costs cases, the signing of peace treaties. Nile after being used by Egyptian by desalting huge quantities of sea Some of the options are as follows: farmers, could be connected to a water. pipeline towards Northern Sinai, to • Desalination-West Bank pipelines: the Gaza, and to southern Israel. Re-use of waste water Sea water desalination is already being performed in Ashkelon, and is under Cooperation between the relevant I believe that Israel was the first consideration in Caesarea. I want Middle East countries, transfer of countries in the world to efficiently to propose a pipeline which could knowledge and experience, as well use treated waste water. The Israeli be owned by a 3rd-party to remove as support by donor states will government has given priority to the suspicions on each side, such as the prove that water issues can become national waste water treatment and Americans or Europeans, which could a window of opportunity instead of the needed connections of treated carry desalinized water from Caesarea being a cause of conflict. As water wasted water to the farming areas. towards Nablus in the Palestinian scarcity poses serious risks to socio- This project will free up fresh water territories. This type of project and economic development and regional currently allocated to agriculture to another similar pipeline towards the prosperity, cooperation in this sector other uses. In 2003, 50% of the Hebron area and in Gaza could help must be seen as a potential strategy total water allocated for agricultural the Palestinians reach maintainable that can be used in other sectors. irrigation was treated waste water water levels in the West Bank. The budgets proposed for such (see Slide no. 8). This percentage Affordability is definitely an issue for projects are well within the capacity will grow over the years. these types of pipeline projects. donor states and countries in the region. Problems associated with The re-use of waste water is • Litani River water supply: The the continuation of the water status particularly pertinent regarding the greatest and cheapest fresh water quo will, in the end, cost more than waste water of Palestinians and supply in our area is the Litani River in the potential solutions discussed in Israeli settlers who live above the Southern Lebanon which discharges this paper. mountain aquifer, as their waste approximately 500 Million cubic meters water is currently destroying the per year into the Mediterranean. Without the need for multi-billion aquifer. This supply is useful in that it could dollar projects, we have both the connect to our National Water Carrier water technology and water supply to Water transfer solutions and to the Sea of Galilee. Utilizing this reach adequate levels. Implementing essential water supply would require proper water demand management There are several water pipeline an agreement with Lebanon. This and developing cooperative projects possibilities that could bring large water source could reach southwest are essential for the water situation.
118 A Plan of Action the three major rivers in the region However, technology can produce a for Regional Water are shared by several countries, larger degree of freedom for water Development increasing the interdependence of management and overcoming the various states. The Jordan River, imbalances between the players. which is 360 km long, flows across By: Patrice Folladosa five countries. Even countries with an A three-point action plan International Executive abundance of water resources often Chairman and CEO, Veolia have difficulty agreeing on how to Based on my experience, I would like Water share the resources. to make three proposals that could There is one fundamental factor that be put into action in the region: In the Jordan River region, the governs relations between states situation is characterized by the regarding water issues: geography. 1. Intensify the use of thermal or viscosity of scarce water resources, Geography determines which country membrane technologies for water coupled with the fragmentation is upstream, a key advantage in this desalination. Today only 1% of the of water management among field. Cooperation is all the more world's drinking water is produced numerous states, actors and bodies. essential in arid areas due to the through desalination. There is a lot Water resources in this region cross slow rate of precipitation, the slow of room for growth, provided that national boundaries, and therefore rate of aquifer replenishment, the the cost of energy is controlled. The require strong cooperation between over-utilization of ground water, high new plant in Ashkelon offers a line of neighboring countries. watering levels required for agriculture access to this essential technology. and fast rate of evaporation. Assuming that 20% of the 120 cubic A geographical situation meters that can be produced by this requiring cooperation Urban and industrial development is plant were routed to the Gaza Strip, increasingly competing with agriculture 100 liters of water per capita per day Fifteen million people live in the for water resources, though agriculture would be supplied to more than half Jordan River region. The 1.5 million is still the regions leading consumer a million Palestinians. cubic meters conveyed annually by of water. In Israel, almost half the the Jordan represent only 1/50 of the water demand is for agriculture, 2. Intensify the transfer of expertise Nile's flow rate. With less than 500 while in Jordan agricultural irrigation in order to optimize infrastructure cubic meters of fresh water available is consuming almost 3/4 of the water management in all countries of the per person annually, Jordan, Israel, used. region. By transferring technological the West Bank and Gaza are in a know-how to the Palestinian permanent state of shortage. Politics are obviously a decisive Authority, the Palestinians will be factor in water management in the able to supply more water per capita Water resources are always viewed area. Technology alone cannot settle without having to invest in new water as a geo-political subject; this region the problems here – little can be resources. This will put an end to the is obviously no exception. Two of achieved without diplomatic activity. 50% water loss that currently exists
119 in the West Bank and Gaza. and the distribution of clean drinking Water Cooperation at the 3. Develop alternative resources by water, led to an increase in life American Municipal Level intensifying waste water recycling. expectancy of 10 years. Wherever Israel has reached a level of recycling water treatment is provided, public By: Mayor David G. Wallace 95% of its renewable resource. In health is improved. Sugar Land, Texas Israel, currently 250 million cubic meters of waste water are used for Water sharing and cooperation irrigation, which have been purified is a solution in itself. Fresh water I join you today to share my and treated to varying degrees. The resources in the region are obviously experience as an active member remainder is discharged into rivers inadequate to serve the needs of the of the US Conference of Mayors and the sea due to a lack of waste 15 million inhabitants of the region, and as the Mayor of Sugar Land, water treatment facilities. Treated a population quickly increasing. Texas. Within the US Conference waste water could be also used to Therefore, managing water more of Mayors, I serve as a Trustee and restock ground waters, boosting efficiently, transferring expertise, and am active in an Advisory Board role their potential beyond natural creating alternative water resources with over 1,200 cities in the United levels. This process could prevent must be implemented. The sharing States that have Mayoral forms of intrusion into ground water and the of technology is possible, and awaits local government. water aquifer, and can be used as a diplomatic initiatives, which can be type of underground dam. Indeed, implemented on a step-by-step I also serve as the Co-Chairman treating waste water for irrigation is level. of the US Conference of Mayors essential for the future of agriculture Homeland Security Task Force, and in this region. I would like to conclude by saying the immediate past Co-Chairman that I would like to have seen this of the Urban Water Council where The role of water treatment in conference called: 'From Dream to I continue to serve as a Task Force public health Vision, and from Vision to Action.' member. The US Conference of This can be done. Mayors is the preeminent national Louis Pasteur said, "We drink our organization in the United States illnesses." Supplying clean drinking serving as the public policy voice water and developing water of America’s principal cities. Cities treatment facilities are extremely with populations of 30,000 or more effective weapons against illness. turn to the Conference of Mayors The role of water treatment in public for leadership in shaping federal health must not be underestimated. policy that affects the vast majority The public health revolution in of Americans. To give you some Europe in the 19th century, which perspective on the importance of was spearheaded by the collection the Conference of Mayors and its of waste water by sewage systems longevity, I would point to its founding
120 history and the role it plays today. Cities compete for water with a basis upon which they can The Conference was founded in resources establish and grow a tourism industry 1932, when 14 million people were that further enriches the local and unemployed, lines stretched for It is usual for American cities to regional economy. blocks in front of soup kitchens, compete with each other to increase Above all, however, water is a homeowners were unable to pay their tax base and grow their local natural resource that is essential taxes, veterans were selling apples economies. These are prime to sustaining human life. Like food, on street corners and the nation's indicators of standard of living and energy and infrastructure, water is cities were close to bankruptcy. quality of life. Indeed, great attention a basic need that no society can Responding to the appeals of is paid to maximizing “comparative forego. Fresh water, the type that we mayors, Congress created a $300 advantage” whereby a city will call potable, or drinkable, is certainly a million federal assistance program advertise particular advantages that major limiting factor for development. for cities, marking the first time in citizens and businesses would enjoy Cities that are blessed with an ample the US history that federal relief was if they lived or located in a certain supply can thrive, while cities that provided directly to cities. town or area. For example, a highly are “water constrained” will always educated workforce attracts the high- struggle, unless they arrange for The Conference has grown both in tech industry; while access to major a transfer of water supply from a Mayoral membership and stature. transportation routes helps lower water-rich region. The primary roles of the Conference shipping costs for manufacturers. of Mayors are to: Large call centers are often located This is the case in the United States. in the central states of Nebraska The humid climate that prevails in • Promote the development of and New Mexico because it lowers the east is characterized by bountiful effective national urban/suburban the overall telephone costs involved precipitation. It is an area that has policy; with reaching the national consumer full rivers, full reservoirs and plentiful audience. ground water. The arid climates • Strengthen federal-city of the west, however, have lakes relationships; The presence of water resources and rivers that are dry for a good such as lakes, rivers or the seaside portion of the year, and the ground • Ensure that federal policy meets has traditionally served as a magnet water is found at great depths below urban needs; to attract businesses and people. the surface. We have learned over Not only does the presence of the last few decades that weather • Provide mayors with leadership water serve the wheels of industry, patterns change, and the once and management tools and create but also it provides one of the reliable distribution of fresh water a forum in which mayors can share preconditions necessary for large can no longer be taken for granted. ideas and information. scale energy production – “once Drought, combined with great through cooling.” The presence population growth, has imperiled the of water also provides many cities once adequate water supplies east of
121 the Mississippi River. As water levels consumers. This approach has Examples of successful water recede in reservoirs, the water supply worked for some time, for better or cooperation: becomes more vulnerable to pollution worse. Allocation methods combine Tampa Bay, Florida and invasive species. This increases the consideration of basic population the cost to provide water for people, needs in a humanitarian fashion, Tampa Bay and St. Petersburg, businesses and local government. along with the needs for economic Florida have populations of 285,000 growth and development. and 236,000, respectively. They are Similarly, in the western portion of situated on the Gulf Coast (west) side the United States, droughts have Along with transfers of water there of Florida. Tampa Bay Water Authority diminished water supplies. Chain are also transfers of payment, (TBWA) was established as the reaction events are now becoming because while water is natural, but regional water utility, and it services more common. As less water is it is not free if you want to treat it so Tampa Bay, St. Petersburg and four available to support vegetation, it is that it is useful and transport it to other surrounding communities. In common for trees to become stressed the ultimate users. It is common for all, Tampa Bay Water has a service and experience high rates of disease. these arrangements, in the United area population of 2 million people, When human- or naturally-caused States, to be governed by state but also includes businesses, fires occur, there is a tendency to compacts or the establishment of retail commercial establishments, see catastrophic wildfires that further water authorities. The water authority government and other public devastates the landscape. Then, approach serves to institutionalize the institutions. when the land becomes denuded, the legal, governance, political and social rainfall causes catastrophic flooding arrangements necessary to satisfy The communities are located in even when moderate rainfall events the often competing water users. a warm, humid climate, and they occur. The water authority approach is also experience plentiful precipitation one of the most economical ways each year. There is enough, so that Cooperation yields public to harness water use for competing they have relied on ground water benefits users because it takes advantage of wells for many years. But then the economies of scale that would not population exploded, due in part California, with its vast population and otherwise be attainable, and it can to the opportunity in the area for arid climate, is undeniably dependent be governed in a way that is fair to employment, and perception of it as on diverting water supplies from the all of the participants. A few relevant a “great” place to live with its warm Colorado River. But so are the states examples are drawn here from the temperature and seaside recreational of Arizona, New Mexico and others. U.S. Conference of Mayor’s Urban amenities. As the population grew, While competition for the limited Water Council “Best Practices” series so did water consumption. The supplies of water from the Colorado to illustrate how water authorities can once plentiful ground water began River is often contentious, the vying serve to establish social stability and to diminish, and the aquifer became states negotiate an allocation scheme economic certainty. very vulnerable to salt water intrusion. that seeks to satisfy all of the water Such intrusion would further diminish
122 the ability of the Tampa Bay Water activity bonds for the desalination Indianapolis, Indiana to rely on ground water to sustain plant. These plants also rely on a 14 the area. mile pipe interconnection to deliver Another relevant example drawn the treated water into the existing from the U.S. Conference of There were two alternatives that the water distribution system. Tampa Mayor’s Urban Water Council’s “Best Authority could turn to, besides water Bay Water retains responsibility for Practices” series involves a Public- conservation, to ensure an adequate customer service, including metering, Private Partnership approach. The and affordable water supply for the billing, and collections. private water company that served future. They were: develop a 66 million Indianapolis for 130 years was gallons per day (MGD) surface water What makes this approach acceptable put up for sale because it was plant; and initiate the desalination to the Tampa Bay Water Authority and purchased by an energy company process of brackish sea water from its member communities of 2 million that was ordered to divest its water Tampa Bay. I want to describe how people? It really comes down to the utilities. The Indianapolis leadership Tampa Bay Water turned to a Public following reasons. The Board of was concerned over whether Private Partnership for both these Directors for Tampa Bay Water is the sale of the water utility would initiatives because there are many comprised of local elected officials result in rate hikes, limits on water parallels to the opportunities in this from the participating communities supply and customer service. The part of the world. as well as local opinion leaders. water company served a 25 mile So, each community has a voice in radius including Indianapolis and Tampa Bay Water Authority decided the discussions and the decisions. Marion County, along with its many to contract for the construction of a In effect, each participating entity communities (over 30 separate and 66 MGD surface water plant through maintains strategic control over its distinct municipalities). a Public Private Partnership which own destiny and the needs of its guaranteed the capital cost, the constituents. Since the surrounding The water company serves 279,000 annual operating expenses, the communities use their public authority customers and includes approximately asset life and the quality of water to provide the financing to build the 1.1 million people. While the entire produced all for 20 years. After facilities, they demand that the City of Indianapolis is served by the successful completion and start-up operations of the facilities be open water company, roughly 75 percent of of the surface water facility, they again and transparent. So, the financials the customers and 80 percent of the contracted for a 25 MGD desalination of Tampa Bay Water are open to revenues come from approximately plant. The capital investment was inspection. Also, Tampa Bay Water 30 participating communities and valued at nearly $200 million (US) is subject to public scrutiny via the public entities. in 1999 dollars. Tampa Bay Water requirement to hold open Public relied on its members to obtain Hearings on all major decisions, and The water company was allowed to tax-exempt financing (municipal from time to time, concerning their operate under a franchise established bonds) to pay for the surface water record of service and budgetary by the City in 1870. Thus, the City plant and to obtain tax free private proposals. had a legal right to acquire the facility
123 at any time, but preferred to have water taste and odor, increased the creation of a single water a private company with expertise participation of minority and women authority, facilitate the acquisition, in this area run the operations owned businesses, and the creation development and operation of a life rather than run it as a government of a citizen’s advisory group. sustaining asset for the benefit of all bureaucracy. The decision was stakeholders. made by the City-County Council The citizens of Indianapolis and central to purchase the water company Indiana have realized significant Conclusion and then seek competitive bids from public benefits from this partnership private water companies to enter into approach. For example, water rates Water authorities serve a useful a Public-Private Partnership. The have been frozen for five years; the public purpose by rationalizing the Leadership appointed a bipartisan City maintains control and ownership competing interests seeking to lay Board of Waterworks to conduct a of the asset; and community service claim to scarce water resources. Request for Qualifications (RFQ) and and involvement has increased then a Request for Proposals (RFP) dramatically. • They are, or can be, an institution process to select a private operator; that realizes economies of scale to and the Board was designated to The Board of Waterworks meets make water supplies both adequate oversee the new operators. The regularly with the facility operators to and affordable to consumers. Board of Waterworks selected Veolia review performance measurements. Water North America as the private The private operator conducts • They are, or can be, an institution operator. periodic engineering assessments that is useful for introducing new of the physical plant and reports to paradigms, such as public-private The Indianapolis Mayor was quoted the Board on the “condition” of the partnerships that can harness private as saying, “The basis of the public- plant. They also report to the Board sector capital and expertise to realize private partnership with Veolia is a on estimates and projections for public benefits. unique, incentive-based contract replacements that involve capital that uses the free enterprise system investments. The City has, in effect, • They are, or can be, an institution to encourage improvements in our harnessed the expertise of the private that provides an environment for Indianapolis water system.” Under sector to provide a public service in rational decision making for scarce this contractual arrangement the City a cost-efficient manner, and has resource among often competing pays the private operator an incentive avoided the establishment of yet parties. fee if performance measures such another government bureaucracy as customer service, water quality, in an area where private sector • They are, or can be, an instrument operations and management, and expertise is already established. to facilitate cooperation of varying community involvement are met. The But perhaps most important was interests to promote economic growth net result of the partnership has been the ability to see over 30 separate and the standard of living for a myriad improvement in several key areas: municipalities, each with disparate of citizens and businesses. rapid customer response, improved views and opinions, and through
124 • They are, or can be, an institution conjunction with the “life-giving” that can provide certainty over one effects of water as a resource, can of the basic necessities of society be used in all parts of the world. It can – water resources – that has important yield public benefits that go far beyond implications for social cohesion cost-savings. It can provide the basis – a basic measure of the strength of for certainty, prosperity and stability: all communities. In short, they are, or can of which are the essential ingredients be, an institution that can promote for peace among neighbors. and help to facilitate a high quality of life to the water authority’s members in the region.
It makes good sense to consider a next level of discussions and investigations to establish a jointly owned water authority to own, develop, efficiently operate and provide oversight for the distribution of the water related assets. The cost- efficiencies involved can be substantial and can yield significant public benefits as well as use water wisely. Veolia Water North America, the host of this session, is a global water company with established expertise in building, operating and maintaining water and wastewater infrastructure. And, they already maintain a significant presence in the region. Neighboring countries should take advantage of such worldwide experience in providing leadership and expertise in exploring and working with multi-governmental agencies through, public-private partnerships. The model of public private partnerships in providing water and wastewater services, in
125 United in Vision: Yitzhak Rabin and the U.S - Close Strategic Partnership
Rabin: Committed to in the Security Council. Part of fortunate, as were many other people, Peace and Development the responsibility was acting as to have been in the company of such across Borders Ambassador-at-Large when it became greatness at least once in my life. necessary for our government to send specific messages to various players It is now, more than ever, incumbent By: Dr. Edward J. Perkins, on the international scene. upon me and others to embrace chair of the panel and make operational his views of The William J. Crowe Chair It was my pleasure to bring a message peace and continue his fight toward Professor of Geopolitics and from President Bush to Prime Minister a greater community of nations. The Executive Director of the Rabin regarding the efficacy of using view from wherever one sits is that International Programs Center, non-governmental organizations to hope is a powerful weapon. Having a help advance the cause of peace conference such as this one enhances University of Oklahoma in the Middle East by giving more both the meaning of hope and the attention to the settlements. possibility of realizing hope. First off, I would like to extend the greetings of the President of Prime Minister Rabin, never a person We are all here to give more strength the University of Oklahoma, David who appeared to be in a hurry, to the vehicles that will, in the end, L. Boren. President Boren has had a took the message in his office in bring about peace and cooperation long and enduring interest in doing the Knesset. He was thoroughly in the Middle East. I can only applaud whatever he can to bring about a reflective in thought as he smoked all of you for being here and offering resolution of conflicts in the world, a cigarette. Finally he turned to me your vision and hope. and particularly in the Middle East. and said, 'Ambassador Perkins, President Boren’s concerns range tell the President the answer is yes. Humbly, it is my pleasure and privilege from political stability to provision of 'The remaining conversation reflected to act as chair and moderator for this education, to social advancement, a person committed to peace and panel. and economic development. development and cooperation across borders. He was quite pleased to know that I would be here along with my I felt that I was in the presence of a colleague, Ambassador Ed Corr, to giant dedicated to building bridges; convey his best wishes and those of one who envisioned a greater the University of Oklahoma. productive community amongst the peoples of the Middle East, and In 1992, I was privileged to represent indeed the world. President George H. W. Bush as America’s Ambassador to the It was a sorrowful time for me when United Nations and Representative he was assassinated. But I was
126 Rabin: Creator of the exists between Israel and the Canal, a critical strategic position. U.S.-Israel Strategic U.S. It is easy for us to take this A huge Soviet military presence sat Relationship throughout relationship for granted today, but opposite Israel, on the other side when Rabin and Kissinger began of the canal, that had moved in to the Times working together, the strength of rebuild the Egyptian army after the the Israel-U.S. relationship was far 1967 war and sponsor the Egypt- By: Ambassador Martin Indyk from obvious. Israel, which has no initiated War of Attrition. Director of the Saban Center oil, inhabits an oil rich region, which for Middle East Policy at the is of vital importance to the U.S - a While Rabin was in Washington Brookings Institution fact that pushes American strategic talking to Kissinger, the IDF was Former U.S. Ambassador to assets to the Arab side. Therefore, fighting Egyptians, under Soviet in the 1960s, Washington viewed tutelage, across the canal. Rabin Israel Israel as a strategic liability rather quickly grasped that Israel had made than a strategic asset. the shift from U.S. strategic liability to I think that all of us who had the being on the front lines of the Cold opportunity to work with the late Israel's role on the front lines of War competition for influence in the Yitzhak Rabin were enriched by the the Cold War Middle East. That understanding was experience of working with such the basis of a new understanding an extraordinary leader. One of his I should like to discuss Yitzhak that Rabin was able to develop greatest qualities was his ability to Rabin's contribution to this strategic with Kissinger. Kissinger, of course, think strategically and to operate shift in the American point of view. viewed the Middle East as a stage on the basis of a very realistic Rabin came to Washington in 1967 upon which Cold War influence would analysis of the situation. This is as Israel's ambassador to the U.S., be played out, with Egypt being seen one of the reasons why, from the after he, as Chief of Staff, had led as a dangerous concentration of American point of view, everyone the Israeli army to a major military Soviet influence. who dealt with Rabin appreciated victory. At the time, Henry Kissinger the opportunity. was in the White House as National In Rabin's first private meeting with Security Advisor to President Kissinger, the pair discussed how Rabin would always start meetings by Nixon. Rabin's ability to understand Israel could help the United States giving us his strategic analysis of the how Israel's strategic position had in the Cold War rivalry. The very topic at hand. The only other leader changed following the 1967 war idea that Israel could contribute who I knew who did that was Henry enabled him to work with Kissinger something to the United States was Kissinger, another great strategic and lay the foundations of strategic both new and counter-intuitive, given thinker. It is no coincidence that the partnership. the natural power imbalance. Kissinger-Rabin partnership played a key role in laying the foundation One of the major changes was that As a result of this dialogue with of the strategic partnership that Israel's new border was the Suez Kissinger, Rabin lobbied his
127 government to use its newfound turned around towards home, the Kissinger who built the strategic capabilities – U.S. provided Phantom Hashemite Kingdom was saved, relationship with Israel turned on jets – against Soviet piloted MIGs. and again Israel had demonstrated Israel and forced it to stop its efforts The IDF using American equipment its usefulness to the United States to destroy the Egyptian Third Army to shoot down 6 Soviet-piloted MIGs in its ability to help protect American because American and Israeli was the first manifestation of the new moderate allies in the Arab world. strategic interests had diverged. strategic relationship. Washington The notion of Israel protecting Arab The Soviet Union was threatening was extremely happy that Israel had states allied with the U.S. was also a to intervene, potentially with nuclear played the role of America's 'cat's concept that was unheard of before weapons – possibilities that were paw', which could scratch the Soviet Rabin's tenure as ambassador. against American interests. Union. At a time of great difficulty for America in Vietnam, this military The principle of Israel helping the The principle of land for peace episode went a long way to prove United States when their interests and compensation the role that Israel could play. converged on a strategic level formed the basis of the strategic partnership Nevertheless, the 1973 war ushered This principle was reinforced 6 that has existed for decades between in the era of an American-led peace months later in August, 1970, when the two countries. process, causing another change in the King of Jordan found himself in the strategic relationship, with Rabin great difficulties with Yasser Arafat's The shake-up of the 1973 war as Prime Minister and Kissinger as PLO operatives based in Jordan, Secretary of State. The critical who had launched a full-fledged There was the danger of Israel getting principle of the strategic partnership challenge to the Hashemite Kingdom. carried away with its new role, which became Israel's willingness to give up The Syrian army was supporting the to an extent happened leading up to territories it had conquered in 1967 Palestinian revolt, and its tanks had the 1973 war. In part, due to this new as part of a U.S. sponsored peace started rolling towards the Syria- strategic relationship, Israel came to agreement. This was critical both for Jordan border. view itself as the superpower of the America's ability to widen its level of Middle East, which gave Israel the influence in the region and to help Henry Kissinger and Yitzhak Rabin sense that it was more significant secure Israel. agreed that Israel would 'kick up than it actually was, in terms of the some dust' on the Golan Heights, international balance of power. In the process of setting up the by mobilizing tank units towards the bargain of Israel giving up territories in Syrian border. This troop mobilization, The 1973 war was a very rude exchange for peace agreements from in conjunction with the movement of awakening for Israel. From this its Arab neighbors, Rabin established the U.S. Navy's sixth fleet towards war, Israel learned of the limitations another important principle, which Syria's shoreline, deterred Syria of its power and the true nature has been developed into an art-form from advancing against Jordan. of the American-Israeli strategic by subsequent Israeli Prime Ministers. The result was that the Syrian troops relationship. The very same Henry This principle stated that Israel should
128 not only receive peace agreements Rabin approached this new dynamic Golan. That's not how I remember with Arab countries in exchange for in his own way – he did not want the events. Much to our surprise, giving up territory, but should also the United States directly involved Rabin reported to the press of the receive compensation from the in negotiations, but preferred direct good news he'd received from Syria. United States. This compensation did negotiations between Israel and He was not disappointed, though he not only include monetary assistance, its Arab neighbors. He viewed the understood that a Syrian deal was but also new levels of technology United States as the supporter of but going to take time. Rabin felt that he transfer, and political commitments not participant in these negotiations. had a bird in the hand – the Oslo deal made by the United States to Israel Rabin feared that direct U.S. that Shimon Peres was finishing up – regarding future developments of the involvement in negotiations would and a bird in the bush – negotiations peace process. shift the U.S. from the role of Israel's that were just beginning with Syria. supporter into the role of objective He chose the bird in the hand. When The Sinai II disengagement agreement mediator. He had experience the U.S. Christopher had asked Rabin about is the best example of the way in role as mediator during Kissinger's the Palestinian front before he left which Rabin, who fully understood 'shuttle diplomacy', in which he felt Israel for Damascus, Rabin dismissed the importance of Israel giving up the intensity of Kissinger's pressure it with his typical wave of the hand. territory to an Arab country in the on him. Rabin's misleading of us stemmed eyes of the Americans, was able to from the fact that he wanted to develop the concept of American He didn't want us involved; however, conduct direct negotiations with compensation within the context of with the Syrians he didn't have a the Arabs, with little mediation or an agreement. choice because Assad insisted that interference. He saw the U.S. role as Warren Christopher shuttle between to support the deal and compensate The post-Cold War era Damascus and Jerusalem. Oslo, on the deal, but not to negotiate it. This – partners in peace the other hand, was signed began principle was not pursued by his behind our backs. It came as a predecessors – Netanyahu, Barak, In the post-Cold War era of 1993, a surprise to us because Rabin had and Sharon have all preferred to new stage in the strategic partnership been pursuing peace with Syria negotiate with the United States, and between Israel and the U.S. was forged through the United States, and we have the U.S. impose a deal upon between Rabin and Clinton. If during assumed that this was the only track the Arab partners. It's not surprising the Cold War, Rabin had led Israel into being pursued at the time. that this strategy was less successful a role of a promoter of freedom and than Rabin's direct approach. American interests in the Middle East Ambassador Itamar Rabinovitch to counter Soviet influence, in the post- argued yesterday that Rabin was Rabin was both responsible for Cold War era Rabin led Israel into the disappointed by Assad's August creating the basis of the Israel- role of becoming America's partner 1993 response to his 'hypothetical United States strategic partnership in pursuing a comprehensive peace deposit', in which he indicated Israel's and for enabling this relationship in the region. willingness to withdraw from the to transition from its Cold War
129 concept into its post-Cold War United in Vision, Strategic Ministry in 1986, I had no doubt of concept, in which Israel and the Partnership & Friendship the strategic importance that Rabin United States were partnered in attributed to Israel's relationship with their pursuit of peace. The current By: Major-General (ret.) David the United States. At first I believe partnership between Israel and the that Rabin attributed exaggerated Ivry, Former Ambassador of United States in the war on terror, importance to U.S. relations, but as came into being after Rabin's time, Israel to the U.S. time passed I learned to appreciate but was made possible by the Former Director-General, his approach. foundation that Rabin had laid. Ministry of Defense I was directly involved in three formal The strategic relationship between points of contact with the American the United States and Israel began regime – the JPMG (Joint Political with President Truman's recognition Military Group), the JSAP (Joint of the state of Israel. The relationship Security Assistance Planning Group), between the two states exists on a and the ACRS (Arms Control Regional number of American parliamentary Security). levels, despite the U.S.'s presidential system. The essence and center of JPMG: Rabin's detail-oriented power of the relations between the two approach states has evolved between different time periods. The JPMG was a cross-ministry, bi-yearly forum, with one meeting Israel has always tried to stay active vis- taking place in Israel and the other à-vis the American government through in the U.S. At a certain point, there various channels, and during various were as many as 25 participants from time periods. The various branches each county in the meeting, making of the American government – the it necessary to form sub-meetings in White House, the State Department, addition to the general meeting. and the Pentagon – have competed for the task of presiding over aspects In the U.S., the meetings were led of U.S. relations with Israel. by the Assistant Secretary of the State Department, and in Israel the I will focus on Prime Minister Rabin's meetings were led by the Chairman of approach to relations with the U.S. the Defense Ministry. I led 24 meetings both as Defense Minister and as Prime in total, 16 under the direction of Minister. From the time that I started Rabin. working as Chairman of the Defense
130 The JPMG began activities in 1983, joint operations which raised the level being surprised with issues that when I was serving as Assistant to the of cooperation and understandings they were not informed of from the Chief of Staff. At its outset, there was between the two states. outset. an attempt to define the delegation's working parameters. The American Rabin would often participate in the Rabin had the advantage of a deep strategic interest in this forum JPMG meetings in order to fully exploit understanding of procedures and was to learn from Israel's combat the understandings of the group for chain of command within the American experience and military strategies. future activities. He would ensure to administration, and understood with Therefore, the group initiated a joint come prepared to these meetings and whom various issues were to be military action group that planned always took an interest in our reactions discussed. joint military exercises and other to the American views presented. In training activities. The Israeli strategic general, Rabin took a high level of Rabin's accomplishments interest in this forum was to maintain interest in the JPMG. constant contact with the American During Rabin's tenure as Defense government and its branches, to build The shortcomings of other Minister, we advanced many issues trust between the two states, and to defense ministers in addition to the joint military present various challenges that Israel exercises known as 'EUOCOM', faces. Unfortunately, other Defense Ministers such as the stationing of American did not take such a high level of artillery and other military equipment Rabin was deeply involved in preparing interest in the JPMG meetings. in storehouses in Israel, which for these meetings and defining their Some neglected the meetings, allowed Israel to have instant access goals. Our staff would prepare a and viewed the trip to the U.S. as to weapons in emergency situations. presentation for his review, and he a vacation. These defense ministers This setup enabled us to keep our was always the decisive factor when barely took part in the Israeli team's emergency storehouses less full and opposing opinions arose. Rabin saw preparations and focused mainly on lowered our dependency upon the the JPMG meetings as preparations their personal meetings with members shipment of equipment in emergency for meetings that would take place of the American government. situations, a hard lesson learned from at a more senior level. During JPMG the Yom Kippur War. During Rabin's preparatory discussions, we decided Generally, the accomplishments during tenure, we established three military on the issues that would be raised these periods were unsatisfactory hospitals that allowed for quick for approval at senior governmental compared to those achieved when emergency activity. In addition, we levels. We kept to the premise of never the team functioned under Rabin's built landing fields for American raising issues in meetings with the guidance. The Americans could planes according to American Americans that had not been agreed not reach understandings with us standards at Israeli military airports. to within the Israeli preparations. when our teams showed a lack of The American's attributed to Israel During each JPMG meeting, we tried coordination among themselves. the stature of 'Non-NATO Major Ally' to raise original ideas and to promote Also, the Americans did not appreciate which gave us first priority to surplus
131 American military equipment. Initially, of the problems of the project was that Americans and Israelis to coordinate this stature was highly significant, the frequent changes in leadership strategies, despite American promises though it became 'watered-down' disrupted the cohesiveness of joint to the Arab allies in its coalition. Rabin when it was given to several other projects, as each new leader required understood that an institutionalized countries. a trial period to 'learn the job'. dialogue creates ties between two countries that are very difficult to Within the framework of the JPMG, On the Israeli side, there were Defense undermine. The faith and goodwill we advanced the "Draw Down" Ministers who did not appreciate the that is built through such institutions concept, in which the IDF would potential of the dialogue group, which stands strong in the face of small-scale borrow equipment from the American was obvious to the Americans. disagreements and conflicts. Therefore, army. The principle work of the JPMG In addition, the Americans would Rabin always made every effort to hold was the army training exercises set generally suggest raising levels of the JPMG meeting twice a year, even up through 'EUOCOM' in Israel, strategic cooperation if Israel had during periods of disagreement on whose activities corresponded to taken significant diplomatic strides several issues between the Israeli the current political environment vis-à-vis the peace process. and American regimes. and operational requirements of the American army. Strategic Dialogue at the level above JSAP: a display of Rabin's the JPMG usually took place in the diplomatic talents The American delegation at the form of private meetings that included JPMG politicians, which included primarily The second of the Israeli-American the exchange of information and dialogue forums is the JSAP (Joint Strategic cooperation between the opinions, rather than plans for joint Security Assistance Planning Group), two countries experienced both activity projects. a yearly meeting that focuses on periods of growth and reduction. planning the year's security assistance. As someone who led Israeli efforts The importance of the JPMG During this yearly meeting, teams for over 12 years, I saw how the would agree to the assistance that standing of the leader of the American The very existence of the JPMG was would be recommended to Capital team influenced our meetings and an important tool for both parties Hill for approval. The meeting would accomplishments. Generally, the involved. For example, during the first generally occur directly after the American position of leadership in the Gulf War, although the Americans had passing of the American budget, in JPMG was a sought-after position for agreed not to coordinate war plans order to prepare for the next year's which various Assistant Secretaries of with Israel for the sake of maintaining budget. the State Department competed. a coalition with Arab countries, they Americans used the JPMG framework Within the JSAP framework, we In Israel, the Defense Ministry led the to meet with the Israelis, calling aspired to secure several elements JPMG team, while the American team these meetings 'mini-JPMG'. Thus, of this budget, such as the budget was led by the State Department. One 'routine' JPMG meetings allowed the for offshore procurement.
132 During Rabin's tenure as Defense preparations during the actual annual me the feeling that he completely Minister, the preparations for the meeting. trusted my opinions and approach. JSAP meeting were always reviewed thoroughly by Rabin before approval. ACRS: another example of Strategic setback in American The IDF generally made unrealistic Rabin's involvement relations demands on the Americans, and Rabin would ensure to moderate We also took part in the ACRS In our strategic relations with the the unrealistic requests to make (Arms Control Regional Security) Americans, there were certain setbacks them presentable to the Americans. in partnership with the American that generally resulted from errors or Rabin's utilized his diplomatic government. The ACRS was a mishaps. We recall the failed attempt awareness, and refused to allow multi-lateral regional arms control to release American hostages from the IDF to pressure the JSAP team delegation that was created as Iran in exchange for Israeli weapons. into making unrealistic demands of a continuation of the Madrid This bitter failure is often referred to the Americans. Conference, after the first Gulf War. as 'Iran-gate'. The ACRS created five regional The 'Under Secretary' of the U.S. action groups, one of which was I believe that this mishap can be State Department headed the led by me. One of the reasons attributed to our failed attempt to American team at the JSAP annual for my appointment was that I work with the Americans using Israeli meeting, while the Israeli team had already formed a productive methods of flexibility and improvisation. was led by the Chairman of the working relationship with several of This simply caused a lack of trust and Defense Ministry. These meetings the Americans, many of whom were misunderstandings – we tried to help required critical preparatory work. involved in the JPMG. the Americans release hostages, and in When serving as Chairman of the the end, despite our good intentions, we Defense Ministry, I would meet Though the U.S. and Russia were were thought of as the party at fault. frequently with Pentagon personnel co-sponsors of the ACRS, with to prepare them for what the Israeli Russia occupied with post-'Glasnost' The Pollard affair is an example of a delegation planned to bring up at internal affairs, the U.S. became the mistake at the non-governmental level, the annual meeting. Usually, I was dominant force in the initiative. in which the governmental level was able to achieve agreement from not aware of and had not approved of the Pentagon to our terms in these Although, I was appointed to lead the activities. Despite this, the Pollard preparatory meetings, ensuring the Israeli delegation by Prime affair caused monumental damage and that the State Department was Minister Yitzhak Shamir, when Rabin significant setbacks in our relationship well-prepared to hear our demands became Prime Minister, I continued with the Americans. at the JSAP meeting. The key in this post. Rabin, as Prime Minister, to these meetings' success was became deeply involved in the issues In general, all setbacks in American- always preparatory deliberations raised at ACRS deliberations. Rabin Israeli relations were caused by errors and keeping consistent to these supported me in this post, and gave and mistakes, and did not result from
133 any Israeli intention to damage the The Cold War as an The Cold War: conflicting Israeli-American strategic relationship. essential influence on American interests Most setbacks resulted from strategic U.S.-Israel misunderstandings or lack sensitivity I believe that the Cold War played an to American cultural norms, which Relations enormous role in the U.S. attitude resulted in mistrust. towards Israel, in the U.S. attitude By: Prof. Galia Golan towards the Arab-Israeli conflict, Rabin's approach: trust and Political Science, Hebrew and in Israel's attitude towards the consistency of action University Jerusalem United States. This was not a simple relationship in which the U.S. was Rabin always displayed consistent I'd like to relate to two aspects of pro-Israel, and the Soviets were and trustworthy behavior vis-à-vis the Israel-U.S. strategic partnership: pro-Arab. I would argue that during the Americans. For example, when the strategic partnership or ‘special the Cold War, supporting Israel was a we were accused of selling Patriot relationship’ between the two states, problem for the U.S. because of U.S. missiles to China, Rabin exceptionally and the Cold War as a major influence geo-strategic, political, and economic approved my bringing a group of on this relationship. interests in the Arab world. In fact, it Americans to check our missile was the Soviet Union that sought to warehouses, so that any suspicion The special relationship between create an East-West dichotomous of guilt could be removed before it Israel and the U.S., which did not situation in this arena. The Soviet gained momentum. always exist, began with President Union introduced the Cold War into Kennedy, and the promises he the Arab-Israeli conflict, by attempting In general, Israel has a significant made in 1962 and 1963. I won't go to use the Middle East as a tool interest in maintaining and further into the specifics of why Kennedy against the U.S. developing regular strategic relations changed American policy; however, with the Americans. Israel has always we tend to look at a number of This complicated matters for the made decisions keeping in mind the factors that contribute to this special U.S., but also created a new reality importance of strategic relations relationship: for Israel. Soviet involvement in the with the Americans, as long as the conflict caused the U.S. commitment American interest did not significantly • Shared values between the to Israel's security to be of such damage Israel's existential security. two states including democratic paramount importance to Israel. I governments and the Judeo- am convinced that it was only the Christian tradition. risk of direct American confrontation that tempered Soviet Middle-East • The overlap of strategic interests, as policy both in 1967, 1973, and with discussed previously by Ambassador regard to the PLO. Although the U.S. Indyk – that is, the Cold War as a commitment to Israel did not deter strategic factor. Arab attacks, it did deter Soviet
134 behavior; thus, the U.S. position was Rabin’s understanding of Cold roughly four months, in which arms vital to Israel during the Cold War. War American interests deliveries to Israel were delayed and recriminations were expressed However, the Cold War imperatives I believe that Rabin was extremely by Washington. At the time, Rabin caused the U.S. to constantly try to sensitive to the complexity of refused to agree to the proposed improve its situation in the Arab world American interests both at the global withdrawal lines and other elements in order to temper Soviet influence. and regional levels. He was keenly of the deal. This interest often caused to U.S. aware of the relationship between to convey conflicting messages U.S. Cold War interests and U.S. 1975 Interim agreement: regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict. The policy regarding the Middle East cultivating the ‘special U.S. often attempted to diffuse the conflict. As ambassador, Rabin relationship’ conflict, or even end it by extracting seemed fairly sympathetic to concessions from Israel in order to Kissinger and Nixon's attitudes In the end, a compromise was gain favor with the Arab world. towards the conflict. Rabin shared reached which took the form of a both Kissinger's skepticism of U.S. military presence in Sinai. While During the Cold War, the U.S. was reaching a comprehensive peace the 1975 interim agreement is not to interested in Middle East stability to deal and the importance he attributed be underestimated as the pre-cursor enable it to pursue its multi-faceted to Egypt. He also shared Kissinger's of the peace agreement, I think that interests regionally and globally. view that Golda Meir had not its importance lay in another realm Different U.S. policies throughout displayed enough flexibility regarding – Rabin achieved a significant step the Cold War revolved around the Sadat's initiatives in 1971. up in the special relationship between question of the optimal way to the U.S. and Israel in the form of achieve this stability. Was it best Once Rabin was Prime Minister, the U.S.-Israel memorandum of to arm Israel to prevent deter Arab however, Kissinger and Rabin had agreement signed on September 1, attacks or pressure Israel to diffuse a parting of ways over just these 1975. This set of promises included or end the conflict? issues. While they still agreed on military commitments, oil supplies, a the importance of Egypt and on the commitment to Israel's security, and a All of these questions present a value of step-by-step agreements, guarantee that the U.S. would seeks context for U.S.-Israel relations under one front at a time rather than at a to prevent any international proposals Yitzhak Rabin, in which the 'special comprehensive level, they disputed that were detrimental to Israel's relationship' of shared values figure over the price. Rabin and Kissinger interests. One of the most significant prominently. disagreed regarding the concessions American commitments was their that Israel would have to give up in promise to refuse to recognize or The two periods in question are the 1975 interim agreement with meet the PLO, unless the PLO Rabin as U.S. ambassador and then Egypt, resulting in Kissinger's recognized Israel's right to exist and Prime Minister in the 1970s and as famous four month 'reassessment' accepted UN resolutions 242 and Prime Minister in the 1990s. – a 'time-out' in negotiations of 338. In general, this memorandum
135 of agreement document was the military position, bargaining power, Today, in my opinion, the window strongest commitment ever given and economic potential. of opportunity may be reopening. by the United States to Israel. Let’s hope that we have the sense Obviously, there were other factors that Rabin had to take advantage This commitment acted to pressure that influenced Rabin’s changed of this opening and to return to the PLO to come to the decision thinking in the 1990s, including negotiations. to recognize Israel, the impetus the possibility of a nuclear Iran, the for the Oslo Accords and the two- rise of Islamic fundamentalism, the state solution. Although the PLO’s Intifada in the Occupied Territories, recognition of Israel in 1988 was and Israeli war-wariness. However, I the product of years of internal believe that the most important factor PLO dispute and was influenced was Rabin’s view of the United States by a number of issues, it was highly as the sole world superpower and influenced by the PLO needing to the new world order that resulted. side with the United States, following This caused Rabin to believe that the end of the Cold War. a window of opportunity had been opened. Rabin spoke of this window The post-Cold War order as the remaining open for perhaps five stage for the peace process years only, and he sought to take full advantage of this opening. The end of the Cold War brought on the PLO’s decision to accept Yigal Amir slammed that window resolutions 242 and 338, and also shut in November, 1995. However, a changed Rabin’s view of the conflict, crack in the window remained open thus making Oslo possible from both which could not be shut – the mutual sides’ perspective. The end of the recognition of each nation’s national Cold War resulted in Rabin coming to aspirations, accorded by Oslo. During the understanding that peace treaties the mid-1990s, I contended that the with neighboring states and with the peace process was not irreversible, Palestinians were more necessary and that Israeli tanks could very well than ever. Rabin fully grasped reenter Palestinian towns, which, as the importance of the Americans we know, has happened. However, emerging as the sole superpower the Palestinian recognition of Israel’s in the post-Cold War era, and the right to exist could not be reversed, impact of this development on the nor could Israel’s recognition of Arab world. The loss of the Soviet the Palestinian people, and by Union changed Arab states’ strategic implication, their rights.
136 Notes Regarding Rabin’s Israel strategic relationship. wife, who was the mother of Yael. Role in the Israel-U.S. First impressions of Israeli politics There were a lot of familial cross- Relationship I arrived in Israel the day after currents between them, along with Menachem Begin was elected as the political cross-currents which had Prime Minister in 1977 as U.S. recently intensified following Likud’s By: Ambassador Samuel Lewis Ambassador. My introduction to victory. All the dirty laundry was hung American Academy of Israeli politics occurred about a week out for us that night, leaving my wife Diplomacy, Israel Policy Forum later. Joe Cisco, who had been one of thinking, “Where in the world have Former U.S. Ambassador to Kissinger’s associates in Middle East we landed?” Israel negotiations, was in Israel for a visit. Moshe Dayan hosted a dinner party My impression of Rabin from that Before getting into my lecture, I in his garden in honor of Joe. The evening was that of a man of must take exception to one point that guests included Ezer Weizmann and enormous self-control, dignity, a Galia Golan made. As I understand his wife, Yitzhak Rabin and his wife, taciturn nature, and very thick skin. it, the 1975 American commitment Yael Dayan and her husband, and Through a mutual friend, I often regarding the PLO was not a promise us. My wife and I sat and watched played tennis on Saturday mornings regarding speaking to the PLO. Israeli politics and family politics at with Yitzhak and Leah Rabin. During Kissinger promised not to negotiate their most exquisite. Rabin, who that period, my impressions of with the PLO until the organization was technically still Prime Minister, Yitzhak were more based on his recognized Israel, but did not promise had recently honorably resigned tennis game, than on anything else. not to talk to them. This promise from his post due to legal issues Though he lacked mobility, but he was expanded into a promise not surrounding his wife’s foreign bank would never give up on a point. If he to negotiate inadvertently by Jimmy account, and Shimon Peres had did miss a point, he would become Carter early in his administration and just lost the elections to Mencahem incredibly determined and angry. In ultimately written into legislation by Begin, whose campaign was led by fact, his tenacity and determination the U.S. Congress. However, in the Ezer Weizmann. Weizmann was on a are the two characteristics that 1975 agreement itself, Kissinger kept high, after leading Begin’s campaign I best remember from our tennis the door open for dealing with the to victory. Rabin, obviously suffering matches. PLO, though not for negotiating with due to his resignation and the election them. Kissinger, it should be noted, results, sat there all evening listening Rabin the outsider – was very upset when Carter closed to Ezer throwing darts at him, taking a frustrated patriot that door prematurely. great pleasure in Rabin’s fall. For the next couple of years, Rabin I would like to make a few personal The family relationship only made was a bitter outsider in Israeli politics. observations about my relationship the dynamic more interesting, as In those years of being out of power with Prime Minister Rabin and then Moshe Dayan and Ezer Weizmann and outside of Israel’s strategic discuss a breaking-point in the U.S.- were brothers-in-law via Dayan’s first defense apparatus, he would spend
137 a lot of time on the tennis court. After in which we discussed a minor this relationship. Some of you may our frequent tennis matches, Rabin advance in the autonomy plan’s remember a famous picture in Time would give me his strategic analysis of implementation, Rabin decided to fully magazine of an American soldier the situation. He was very pessimistic let his opinions known. He delivered pointing a firearm at an Israeli tank, of Begin’s leadership, and of Peres’ one of the most undiplomatic series attempting to stop the tank from attempts to rekindle the Labor party. of comments to an American entering Beirut. That picture was rather In general, Rabin gave the impression Secretary of State in the history of symbolic of our strategic relationship of being a frustrated patriot, who the U.S.-Israel relationship. Though during the war. By the time the war would analyze the situation very Vance respectfully listened to Rabin’s ended, and Ariel Sharon was driven thoroughly and accurately, with no tirade, he later suggested to me that out of the Defense Ministry by the ability to change it. we refrain from holding these types Kahan Commission in 1983, there of briefings during future visits. was almost no defense relationship Rabin was also very critical of the between the two states and many American administration, in terms Rabin’s role in rehabilitating angry people in Washington. of the way they were pushing the U.S.-Israel relations in the Camp David Accords with Egypt, 1980s The first attempt to renew the and Palestinian autonomy plan, relationship was initiated by Moshe which, as you know, was still-born Following the 1984 elections, a Arens as Defense Minister and Yitzhak plan. Though he gradually came to national unity government was formed Shamir as Foreign Minister during support Camp David, he felt that the and Rabin returned to a position of the autumn of 1983. They came to Palestinian autonomy plan was an power. Rabin was appointed Defense Washington, met with Secretary of absolute disaster. Minister for the full four year term, State Shultz and President Reagan, while Shamir and Peres were to trade and came to understandings It became clear to me that Rabin between the jobs of Prime Minister regarding the importance of getting missed Henry Kissinger and Richard and Foreign Minister after two years. over the period of difficult relations. Nixon. He could not understand Rabin was, in essence, the anchor They attempted to renew the failed Jimmy Carter or Cyrus Vance, and of that coalition. I remember the document of semi-alliance that did not hold them in high opinion. transformation that Rabin underwent had been previously been initiated when he walked back into the Defense by Begin and Reagan, which was Part of my job was to keep the Labor Ministry, his natural home – it was as suspended when Israel decided party leaders informed regarding the though he had suddenly lost ten to annex the Golan Heights in Camp David negotiations, even years and was fully rejuvenateRabin’s December, 1981. This time there though they weren’t directly involved. return occurred when the U.S.-Israel was a much more serious effort that Whenever Secretary of State Vance relationship was in pretty bad shape. was initiated by Arens and continued came to Israel, I would organize a Though we had developed a deep by Rabin, when he assumed the post briefing between him, Rabin, and strategic relationship in the 1970s, of Defense Minister the following year. Peres. After one of these briefings, the Lebanon War almost destroyed From that point on, the strategic
138 relationship gradually returned to a different worldview, as a function its potential. It is only fair that we of each country’s size, role, and acknowledge that Rabin was not power. Israel has often implicitly the one who initiated the renewal assumed that the United States is of this relationship, and that Moshe a big, powerful country that can Arens receive due credit for getting handle any uncomfortable situation the renewal process started. that arises, while Israel is a small existentially unstable country Reasons for problems in the surrounded by enemies. Therefore, strategic relationship Israeli leader have, in a way, assumed that the U.S. should be more flexible I want to point out that most of the in letting Israel do what it sees fit to misunderstandings at the strategic ensure its security. Israel in a way level between Israel and the United seems to think that America worries States have resulted from Israeli too much about its own interests, leaders assuming that they know as affected by Israeli actions. This more about the United States than kind of subterranean psychology they in fact do, or from American has interfered with relations from leaders thinking they know more about time to time, as it certainly did in the Israel than they in fact do. The IDF and Lebanon War. Pentagon, as well as the respective security agencies, have very close In general, I believe that Yitzhak Rabin working relationships. However, had supreme importance in developing the Pentagon has not always seen the Israel-U.S. relationship. I, like many things the way the White House has, others, believe that if Rabin had not resulting in the Pentagon making been prematurely taken from us, we implicit commitments that causes would have reached a full-scale peace enormous political angst for our accord by this time. political leadership. These instances have occurred all too frequently, to an extent, due to different Israeli and America negotiating styles: Israelis are informal, react quickly to situations, and often negotiate orally, whereas the Americans have a more careful, formal, systematic style of negotiations. In addition, each government has
139 Round Table: The Middle East Towards the Future
Partnering Academic whereby students and professors The American Vision of Institutions can attend each others’ universities the Region’s Future and promote joint research. By: Ambassador Edwin Corr, By: Ambassador Richard I could go on about the wonderful co-chair of the panel Jones, co-chair of the panel relationship between our two Associate Director of the educational institutions, but I don’t U.S. Ambassador to Israel International Programs Center, want to take more of your time. Former Ambassador to University of Oklahoma Lebanon, Kazakhstan, Former Undersecretary At this point, I would like to invite and Kuwait of State Ambassador Jones, the co-chair of this session, to approach and say Unlike most of you in this room, I want to say a few words about a few words before we move onto I did not know Mr. Rabin, but I was Netanya Academic College. We at the speakers. on the White House lawn that the University of Oklahoma feel that beautiful autumn day in September, we have a very special relationship 1993, when the dream for lasting with this college. Professor Ginat has peace became real for the first served as the director of our Center time. How appropriate it is that for Peace Studies for approximately we hold a discussion about the five years. He also serves as the Vice future possibilities for peace, while President for International Relations commemorating Rabin’s legacy. I and Research at Netanya Academic congratulate the organizers of this College, but more importantly for conference – I cannot imagine a us is his role as the director of the more fitting way to continue Rabin’s Strategic Dialogue Center. legacy, or a more impressive slate of speakers. In the past few days, Our Center for Peace Studies leaders from all over the world have at the University of Oklahoma is joined the Rabin family and the carrying out a number of projects people of Israel to commemorate in the Middle East very intensely and celebrate the life of Yitzhak Rabin over the last number of years. We and to ponder his legacy. On Monday are very pleased to have Netanya evening the new Rabin Center for Academic College as our most Israel studies was inaugurated. Its important partner for these projects. noble goals go beyond preserving In addition to other projects, we have Yitzhak Rabin’s memory and legacy, just initiated an academic exchange but attempt to prevent another program between our institution, political assassination in Israel by
140 working to bridge conflicts within of two democratic states living side Mr. Lionel Jospin Israeli society. by side in peace and security more sharply into focus.” Former Prime Minister of Today’s round table session will take a France look at the future vision for the Middle I look forward to discussing this East. Last Sunday night, Secretary of agreement and its implications with Israeliens et de Palestinians et State Condoleezza Rice spoke of the you today. I can certainly say, as one qui à etait suivi avec une attention American vision for the Middle East. of the people involved in negotiations, passioné par les autres people du She described the Middle East as a we have our work cut out for us to monde. Je n’ai pas eu le privilege region where “democracy flourishes make this agreement into a reality. de jouer au tennis avec Itzhak Rabin and the non-negotiable demands of The implementation of the agreement comme un president mais j’ai eu human dignity form the foundations will not be easy, but we believe that la chance de le rancontre a plus for citizenship. We envision a Middle it will ultimately be successful. heures repris a travers les annes la East where all men and women are prèmiere fois en Israel en 1980 à cote secure in their persons and their de François Miteran qui n’etait pas property, with equal opportunities encore le president e la république for prosperity and justice. We will Française. La dèrniere fois alor que continue to envision and work le processuse de Paix etait engage. towards a future when all the people Après sa mort et j’etait la à cote de of the Middle East can gather not vous tous le jour, après sa mort je nué to mourn a fallen hero, but to build a avec son epouse Lea de respect et common future.” de l’amitie à l’occasion de rencontre en France comme en Israel. Yesterday I was privileged to see Secretary Rice lay a foundation I’l ya 10 ans Itzhak Rabin est tombé for the common future through her sur le bal de son assansain et nous successful mediation of negotiations n’avons pas tarde à comprendre between Israel and the Palestinian que c’est tragedie personnel était Authority on a new agreement aussi un drame politique pour Israel, on movement and access. As pour la region et pour le monde. Secretary Rice noted during her C’est pourqui sa mort fu pour press conference yesterday, “The nous aussi un d’oeil. Itzhak Rabin agreement is intended to improve the n’etait ni antendre’ ni un naif il avais daily lives of people on both sides. It etait longtemps un gerier, meme will also help to safeguard security si curusement les images quand for both parties and provide concrete nous montre de nous ces dèrnieres steps to bring President Bush’s vision jours pour évoquer sa memoire etait
141 plein de netrange douceur mais c’est Israeliens et de dirigent Palestinian. Rabin et Shimon Peres en 1995. Ce douceur n’etait sans doute que une Disant plus tard quand est-il de la que nous voyons aujourdhui ce le serenité. vision de Rabin elle reste largement blocage de la feuille de route et dans inlache. Certain de progress real ont veritable prosessues de negotiation Il n’etais ni attend ni un naïf mais il etait uncompli, le plus important a Isaraelien-Palestinian. C’est la pour avait compris un homme politique mes yeux et que l’idée de deux etats suite des acts terrorist par de groupes et un homme d’etat que l’antere Israelien et Palestinian cote a cote Palestiniennes, c’est la continuation fondementale d’Israel et la perenite fasse aujourd’houi l’objet dans large de la colonization notament autour de cette etat passé par un compromis consenssuses dans les deux opinions de Jerusalem et la fermeture teritoriale et ci possible par une attend Israeliene et Palestinian, malgre les progressive d’une grande Jerusalem avec l’autre people de cette terre annes de preuve, de violence et de vis-à-vis de l’interland Palestinian, les people Palestinains. Avec l’aid frustration de terorisme ai prouvés c’est la discretion du quartete et de de Shimon Peres son minister des dans cote et on a fais l’experience la communite international, discretion affairs des étrangers, avec comme tragique à Netania et de misere que l’ont peut expliquer peut-etre interlocateur son ansiens anemie soubis de l’autre. Ensuit le countour par la lacitude mais aussi par Yaser Arafat, et comme pardoner possible de sinon et l’etat Palestinian l’emergance d’autres un jeux dans la l’O.L.P il à explorer le voix de ses ont etait pratiquement defini par les region d’Iraq, la situation Libanaise, compromis, le processes. partieses elles meme, on sait bien la Syrie, le dossier nucleare Iranien que si la paix se fait elle se fera au quele les diplomacie oxidentale Ce processes voulais saver na rien sur ligne de partage qui se trouve accord aujourd’hui un plus grand nu du nodal, il fut ertée et dificille quelque part entre la ligne verte et interes. et il falut de moi de delicate des le carte dessiné en Janvrier 2001 à negosiation pour que les accord Taba l’hors de la dèrniere racontre Ces problems efectivement sont d’Oslo trouve l’application, c’est a de nagotiation Israel-Palestinienne importents mais le staus que actuelle dire le transfer de l’autorité politique jusque ces jours. sur la question Palestinienne est a une autorité Palestinienne sur fragile meme ci la double cheance le grand center uraban à Gaza et En fin, un pas positive significative electorale de 2006 reconduire certain au Jordani. Dans l’esprit d’Itzhak vien d’etre uncomplis par le retrait a attendre, le retrait du Gaza ne doit Rabin que j’ai rencontré à cette de Gaza et la destruction de pas etre une fin en sois, il peut-etre époque Oslo etait un pois de depart. colonies sur le teritoire decide par une etat. Il voulait aller au bout du processes le gouvernement Israelien. Cette un lancer, c’est a dire j’ai le crois fete nouveau car pour la prèmiere Ma conviction est que l’evoulution personellement jusqua la creation fois depuis 1967 les autorites pacifique, democratique depend negotié de l’etat Palestinian meme d’Israel ont demontoulent la totalite peut-etre du sort de l’Iraque mais s’il n’a pas formalment evouquer de colonies sur une partie de teritoire certenement de la reponse apporte cette idée. Il beneficiat pour cela Palestinian. Pour une temps on ai loin au conflit Iasrael- Palestinian. de la double confiance du peuple de l’achevement de la vision d’Itzhak Car la permanence de ce conflit
142 la situation et les conditions de acts de terror et pour le vanqure pourait esperé dans cette region ou vie extraordinairement dificille de asser egart à l’esprit se que disait il continaura a vivre comme etat et Palestinians entre tien et blocage Itzhak Rabin j’ai la sit il faut combatrre comme nation ne plus etre seulement politique et psicologique chez le terrorism comme s’il n’y avait pas a bastion isolée de la democracy les peoples du monde arab et de negosiation et negotier comme s’il mais afferement un example de muselmans il nous ris le reger de n’y avais pas de terrorism. Il est sans cette democracy pour nous tous l’etat d’Israel, la conviction que le pay doute de la responsabilite de dirigent fondemantal. occidenteau pratique dans la region Israelien d’ofrir une perspective a deux pois un juste la dificullte de acceptable dans l’hypothèse que J’exprime cette conviction au nom condamer clairement le terrorism. n’est pas d’ailleurs la logique de de l’amitie ansiene et fidelle que j’ai Mon sentiment et que la solution la feuill de route. Le paradox de la avec Israel je form avec à l’esprit la du conflit Israel-Palestinian appelle period dans laquelle nous sommes vision de paix qui etait seul d’Izhak sans doute trois changements: le et on vois sans doute quele sere la Rabin et qu’il nous revien desormer premier du cote Palestinian consist solution possible, ne que la marche de faire vivre. Grasse a lui le reve et a renonce definitivement au terrorism. vert le reglement rest obscure. On devenu vision en realite. Cette renosantion proclamer et mise peut comprendre la tentation unit la Je vous remercie. en air le choix exlusivement politique teraliste mais je ne crois pas quele donnrai a mon sens au Palestinian puis manaer un solution veritable l’instuement desizife qui lors fait parceque cette solution sere accepté. aujourd’hui de faut en attendre Il foudra donc bien que les parties l’objectife historique le seul qui se remettre au tour de la table pour accepté come un note international trouve de reponse equitable et realiste un etat souvren , viable, reconnu et au grand question de la negosiation. respect. Cette renonsation explicite Le troisième changement releve et effective considerable sur la de la communité international et communite international qui pourai en particulier de Etat-Unis et de alors un site de façon plus raconte l’Europe. La volonté clair et traduite Israel a avance et aurai eagalement en act de trouver une solution et peut-ete meme sur tout un impact veritable à la question Palestinian fera très important sur la secne politique plus pour le qui libre de la region et Israelienne au profit de force favorable les espoires de democracy au moyen à la recherché de la paix. orient que toute les denmostrations de force et l’aura un impact positive Le dexieme changement du cote conciderable sur le monde qui vous Israelien consist sans doute a en tout meme si elle ne peut a elle accepter de sortir de la fatalite du seul resolve tout les problems. Dans statu – co et de negotie malgre les cette nouvelle perspective Israel
143 Sr. Manuel Chaves Permítanme recordar asimismo que Rabin pagó con su vida su propósito, la muerte de Rabin lo fue a manos su empeño y seguramente su sueño, Presidente De La Junta De del extremismo, del fanatismo y del y su muerte precipitó una regresión Andalucia fundamentalismo. Ingredientes en el proceso de paz con un repunte trágicos que de uno y otro lado han de la violencia. Quiero, en primer lugar, agradecer sido protagonistas con demasiada la amable invitación del Centro frecuencia del escenario del conflicto. Hacer frente al racismo, el de Diálogo Estratégico, de este Ingredientes que cada vez que fundamentalismo, la xenofobia y la prestigioso Netanya College, una actúan, como ha ocurrido hace intolerancia es uno de los grandes institución que tantas contribuciones apenas una semana en Jordania, desafíos en este comienzo del siglo XXI. viene haciendo a la causa de la paz un país tan cercano en tantos El antisemitismo es la modalidad más y el entendimiento en esta parte del sentidos, agravan el problema, antigua de esa deformación mental, mundo. encienden las pasiones, generan la ideológica y de las actitudes sociales, represalia, instalan un círculo infernal que tienen muchas ramificaciones. Se cumplen 10 años de la muerte de violencia y retrasan la solución Pero el antisemitismo es la matriz, el de Isaac Rabin. Ante todo deseo pacífica de los contenciosos. prototipo de raíz más antigua del odio expresar mi agradecimiento como al otro. Pues en él se funden todas Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía Rabin, como militar, había defendido las variantes: la religiosa, la cultural, y de la Fundación Tres Culturas siempre la seguridad de su país, la intelectual, la socio-económica y del Mediterráneo, por haber sido ganándose un alto grado de respeto finalmente, la racial. invitado a los actos conmemorativos en dicho terreno. Pero durante la del aniversario, así como a este primera Intifada comprendió que ese De la misma manera, en el contexto Seminario organizado por el Centro nuevo tipo de enfrentamiento no se europeo, la Islamofobia se ha convertido de Diálogo Estratégico, de este podía ganar. Su compromiso con la en salida preferente a las ansiedades prestigioso Netanya College, una seguridad de su pueblo le condujo psicológicas y las inseguridades sociales institución que tantas contribuciones hacia la negociación y la búsqueda que provocan la economía global y la viene haciendo a la causa de la paz de un acuerdo con los palestinos, intensificación de los movimientos y el entendimiento en esta parte del y ello empezó a abrirse paso en la migratorios. mundo. Conferencia de Madrid en el año 91 Como su propio nombre indica, este y en el posterior y complejo proceso Todos ellos son elementos de seminario, “Paz – Sueño o Visión”, que condujo a los Acuerdos de Oslo. lo irracional que dominan con es una apuesta decidida por la paz Rabin inició una nueva senda: la del frecuencia sobre las respuestas y por el diálogo como única fórmula diálogo, la de la comprensión de las políticas, a veces tan frágiles, que de alcanzar acuerdos duraderos posiciones del otro, la de la tolerancia se ven arrastradas por el empuje de sobre un conflicto tan cargado de y el respeto a otras legitimidades, los mitos simplificadores. También destrucción, dramatismo y violencia la de la aceptación del otro como en España y en Andalucía hemos como el conflicto israelo-palestino. interlocutor necesario. conocido una trayectoria de extrema
144 intolerancia fanática y de extrema El giro hacia la paz, primero con la con las principales organizaciones generosidad universalista, y los dos Conferencia de Madrid en 1991, y milicias palestinas. Elementos que extremos han convivido, en cierto después con los Acuerdos de Oslo y apuntaban a una reactivación de la modo, en tensión dialéctica a lo largo el encuentro histórico de Washington Hoja de Ruta y que parecían situar el de la historia. entre Rabin y Arafat, fue posible conflicto en una nueva dinámica de cuando cada adversario aceptó no diálogo y acuerdo. Pero nuevamente Durante años en ciudades como fundamentar más su propio derecho la violencia ha vuelto a ensombrecer el Sevilla, Córdoba o Toledo convivieron sobre la negación del derecho del panorama y amenaza con enterrar las cristianos, judíos y musulmanes. otro, reconociendo a éste la misma esperanzas abiertas. Deseo vivamente legitimidad que a sí mismo, y sobre que la tenacidad y la habilidad de los Aquí se fundieron Sefarad – una de todo, porque tanto israelíes como dirigentes palestinos e israelíes no se las grandes corrientes culturales de palestinos han aceptado hacer estanque en el atolladero del ciclo de la historia judía -, Al-Andalus, un coexistir su propio derecho con la violencia y reanude el diálogo que los califato mítico para la memoria del afirmación del derecho del otro. últimos acontecimientos empezaban Islam, y la influencia de la Castilla a alumbrar. cristiana. En esta tierra andaluza, El proceso de paz descansa sobre dos que lo fue de Séneca, Osio, Averroes principios “dos Pueblos, dos Estados” Nuestra posición y nuestro compromiso y Maimónides coincidieron los y “Paz por territorios”, susceptibles pasa por el reconocimiento del derecho impulsos de culturas diversas que de garantizar estos derechos y de a la existencia de Israel dentro de permitieron elaborar una poderosa hacerlos vivir juntos. El proceso de paz fronteras seguras e internacionalmente síntesis de saberes. ha conocido periodos de esperanza y reconocidas, y este compromiso fases de estancamiento, de retroceso, transciende coyunturas políticas y tiene Creo que hoy más que nunca de nuevos derramamientos de sangre y carácter permanente. Esta posición no se hace necesario reivindicar la de dramáticos rebrotes de la violencia, y es exclusiva de la social democracia cultura del diálogo, de la tolerancia, ello debido al resurgimiento en ambos europea sino que es compartida con de la negociación, del pacto, del lados de tendencias que volvían a la familia democristiana y liberal. acuerdo. cuestionar la coexistencia de ambos A veces el peso de la historia derechos. Al mismo tiempo reiteramos nuestro reciente, cargado de sangre y de compromiso con la resolución de sufrimiento, hace difícil remontar la En los últimos tiempos algunos la cuestión palestina y su derecho mirada y buscar denodadamente signos esperanzadores se han ido a la autodeterminación según las el objetivo supremo de la paz. Una abriendo camino: elección de Abu resoluciones de NN.UU. y la Hoja de paz que siempre estará construida Mazen, Cumbre de Sharm el Sheij. Ruta, con especial mención a la solución con cesiones y con renuncias. Pero Retiradas del ejército israelí de del problema de los refugiados. en las que el premio final siempre ciudades palestinas, desconexión será superior a los jirones que hayan de Gaza, disminución de los actos El periodista Theodor Herzal públicó quedado en el camino. de violencia, acuerdo de “tregua” en 1896 el documento “El Estado
145 Judío” en el que argumentaba Permítanme que haga una referencia Hemos podido constatar que en los que “el problema judío sólo podía al proceso de paz en el marco de diez años de Proceso de Barcelona solucionarse creando un Estado un proceso más amplio, que afecta a éste se ha contaminado por el judío”. En mi opinión, la única todo el Mediterráneo, el Proceso de conflicto en Oriente Medio, llegando manera de solucionar “el problema Barcelona. Proceso que nació en 1995 incluso a paralizarse. En Noviembre de palestino” es la constitución de y en el que la U.E. pretendía crear un este año, la U.E. volverá a tener una un Estado palestino al lado del espacio de encuentro político entre oportunidad de contribuir desde una Estado de Israel. La construcción las dos orillas del Mediterráneo, con perspectiva global a la estabilización de una sociedad palestina estable, una dimensión integral, que abarcara y desarrollo del Mediterráneo en pacífica y democrática es el cimiento la política, el desarrollo económico, ámbitos complementarios como son realmente básico para conseguir la paz el intercambio y diálogo cultural y la la economía, la seguridad, la política, y estabilidad en Oriente Medio y un seguridad. la cultura y el medio ambiente. paso importante para la lucha contra el terrorismo (Adel El Adarwy). Próximamente, a finales de este Tenemos ante nosotros la oportunidad En esta dirección, debemos ayudar mes de Noviembre, vamos a revisar histórica de evitar que el Mediterráneo a los palestinos a construir su propio ese compromiso en la Cumbre se convierta en el escenario de Estado y se han de establecer y de Barcelona que celebrará el confrontación entre Oriente y desarrollar programas que contribuyan 10º Aniversario de su creación. Y Occidente. a reducir de forma sensible las debemos reforzar nuestro compromiso extremas diferencias de rentas que se consensuando acciones concretas y Acudimos a esta cita mediterránea con producen entre Israel y los territorios poniendo todos los medios a nuestro el factor de esperanza que supone la palestinos. alcance para asegurar su éxito, ya consagración en la última Asamblea que si no se produjeran cambios General de Naciones Unidas de En todo caso, debemos volver a en lo institucional y reformas en los un nuevo reto: el del diálogo entre manifestar nuestro más firme rechazo a ámbitos económicos, legales, sociales, civilizaciones, la denominada “Alianza cualquier expresión de terrorismo, de educativos y políticos, el conjunto de de Civilizaciones, que propugnada violencia contra civiles como fórmula de la región tendrá que enfrentarse a inicialmente por el Presidente actuación para obtención de objetivos constantes inestabilidades. Zapatero ha conseguido el respaldo políticos. El Premio Nobel de la Paz Elie de la comunidad internacional. Wiesel ha escrito, “La guerra es como No cabe duda de que la paz en la la noche, lo oscurece todo”. Solo la región pasa en buena medida por Con dicho diálogo se pretende política y el diálogo serán capaces de la solución del conflicto palestino- adoptar medidas y compromisos, que disipar las tinieblas en las que está israelí. Desde hace más de 60 años, más allá de la retórica, profundicen inmersa esta región atormentada y es un factor de inestabilidad política en dos elementos y valores comunes bellísima y devolver a sus habitantes y económica, cuyo resultado más a las distintas civilizaciones y la luz de una vida libre, segura y llena evidente es la débil integración e culturas, y en particular la occidental de esperanza en el futuro. institucionalización regional. y la islámica, y al mismo tiempo se
146 adopten estrategias comunes para Señoras y Señores, cuenta Marek The Global Importance of luchar contra los extremismos y Halter que un día los judíos de Helm, Middle East Peace fundamentalismos de uno y otro un pueblo de Polonia, decidieron signo que son la verdadera amenaza capturar la luna. Llenaron un cubo By: Miguel Angel Moratinos que intenta arruinar el entendimiento de agua y cuando la luna se reflejó Minister of Foreign Affairs, entre culturas. en él lo taparon. Al alba, la luna había desaparecido, pero esto no Spain No hay choque de civilizaciones, les desalentó lo más mínimo. Al sino problemas de aceptación del día siguiente volvieron a hacer lo Yitzhak Rabin is now a part of the otro en las diferentes culturas. Pues mismo, y todas las demás noches. history of Israel, part of the history of bien este espíritu de diálogo cobra No sé si los judíos de Helm acabaron the world. The four elements of fear, en la cuenca mediterránea y en encerrando a la luna en un cubo de fanaticism, close-mindedness, and Oriente Medio una gran actualidad. agua. En cambio sé que, cansados ignorance, though they shortened Y debemos aprovechar el proceso por los años de violencia, los israelíes his life, could not erase his legacy. I de reflexión que con esta iniciativa y los palestinos quieren la paz, y a treasure many positive experiences I se abre para profundizar en los fuerza de esperarla, como a la luna, had working with Yitzhak Rabin. One dividendos de la paz. acabarán por capturarla. of these experiences occurred when Rabin came to Spain, where I, as Pero en esta ocasión quiero también Spain’s Director-General of Middle dirigirme a Uds. en nombre de una East policy, accompanied him on Fundación, que tengo el honor de his first visit to the city of Toledo. He presidir, la Fundación Tres Culturas was struck by Toledo’s similarity to del Mediterráneo. Desde la creación Jerusalem, with its ancient alleyways, de la misma hemos intentado and the showed an incredible interest contribuir modestamente, entre in the Jewish legacy in the city. muchas de sus actividades, a la causa de la paz y el diálogo entre I also remember meeting Rabin palestinos e israelíes. in Israel, just ten days before his assassination. Javier Solona, who Tengan Uds. la seguridad, que todas was at the time Spain’s Foreign aquellas personas e instituciones que Minister, asked Rabin, who was animados de un espíritu constructivo smoking a cigarette and drinking de paz y entendimiento acudan coffee, how he was feeling. Rabin a la Fundación Tres Culturas con answered that the doctors had told iniciativas e ideas para debatir, him that his health was not good encontrarán las puertas de la since he refused give up smoking Fundación abiertas. and drinking coffee, yet still playing
147 tennis every Saturday. Ten days later and secure Israel. We must ensure The EU has always been a non- Rabin was brutally assassinated. that a Palestinian state is peaceful, partisan partner that attempts to democratic, and pluralistic, and at the promote peace and stability in the The will and courage needed same time politically, economically, region. In the last seven years, I for peace and socially viable. have tried to intensify the European Union’s role in this process, and Convening here in Netanya and Many Palestinians have made the to increase each side’s trust of commemorating the great man with strategic mistake of believing that the EU. With the signing of the figures from all over the world to pay they will achieve their national Rafah agreement, the EU has tribute to his legacy is of supreme aspirations through violence. Now been presented with an enormous importance in our attempts to actualize is the time to turn over a new challenge: ensuring security at border his vision. When looking at the future page – diplomacy must be the only crossings. This illustrates a new level of this region, we are all concerned legitimate tool for achieving ultimate of trust that the sides have given to by the monumental challenges ahead. goals. the EU. I believe that these kinds of We all feel frustrated and disappointed confidence building measures are by the failures of peace efforts and The importance of confidence- essential for creating trust on each some have come to the conclusion building measures side. However, we should not lose that peace in the region is impossible. sight of our future broader goal of a However, I don’t follow this line of I think that the election of President final status settlement. thinking. I have dedicated seven years Mahmoud Abbas has empowered of my life trying to help bring peace to a reasonable, serious, peace-loving I am sure that the upcoming elections the Palestinians and Israelis, which I and credible leader who wants to in Israel and Palestine will be the still believe is possible. We need the work together with the Prime Minster basis for new opportunities that will political will and commitment towards of Israel. I am also convinced that the arise. It is essential that each side the goal of peace. I’m sure that the very courageous step taken by Prime acts as a legitimate partner in efforts Palestinian and Israeli people are Minister Sharon of leaving the Gaza to achieve a final peace accord. thirsty for this lasting peace. Strip has given us the possibility to Reaching peace involves many engage in a new dynamic of peace. The international community’s different components. One of these In addition, today we can announce commitment to Rabin’s legacy is strongly condemning absolute that thanks to the tireless efforts of declarations made by extremist James Wolfensohn and Javier The Road Map agreement has been leaders such as the Iranian president. Solana, as well as the efforts of the finalized in writing, but we have yet In addition, we must form a clear Israeli and Palestinian negotiating to get on this the road. I’m absolutely picture of what peace will actually look teams, the Rafah crossing agreement convinced that this road should be like. We must all agree that the two- has been completed. This agreement taken immediately after each side’s state solution is the only solution and is a monumental symbol of new elections. I believe that each side is that this concept must include a stable momentum and confidence. begging the international community
148 to tell it that peace is possible and to best gift we can give Rabin, who gave The Future of the Middle become more actively engaged. his life for peace, is to truly believe East that peace is possible and to make The first step that must be made is to it a reality by giving the Israeli and By: Spilios Spiliotopoulus totally eradicate terrorism and violence. Palestinian leaders the required push. Minister of National Defense, The Palestinians must express their Without peace, we have no future. And clear desire for peace through their we need to ensure a better future for Greece upcoming elections, rather than all of us. adopting any policy that justifies It is a great privilege and pleasure to violence. At the same time the Israelis be given the opportunity to address must be willing to engage in final status such a distinguished audience and negotiations immediately. We all know participate in such a major effort to what the final parameters of the peace promote dialogue and consolidate deal will be and what the final map an atmosphere of cooperation, will look like. The only question is confidence and security. whether we have the political will to achieve it. I’m not sure that Israelis The security environment in and Palestinians understand how the Middle East has become important Middle East peace is for increasingly complicated during the the international community. I can past decades. Up to and including assure you that in every corner of the 1991 Gulf War, the regional the world there is concern about the environment was largely shaped Israeli-Palestinian peace process and by fears of interstate aggression. there are important people trying to Those fears certainly remain today, advance Middle East peace. The but they are manifesting themselves amount of people, organizations, in new ways. Although the Arab- NGOs, media, and politicians that have Israeli conflict has been a persistent been involved in the peace process is source of tension for decades, astounding – and they all know what traditional issues have been joined has to be done. International forums by several more recent problems are constantly discussing peace in that defy easy solutions. Weapons the Middle East as an immediate of mass destruction (WMDs) continue necessity. to spread throughout the region, despite international non-proliferation We the international community must efforts. Terrorists recruited and commit to peace – the must be our trained in the Middle East are now commitment to Rabin’s legacy. The carrying out attacks far beyond their
149 own borders, creating unified global Middle East topics. These meetings believes that all parties involved should interests to counter the roots of this have gradually expanded to include spare no effort in effectively and phenomenon. representatives from all countries lastingly dealing with this international in the region, bringing together as well as regional plague. Greece's role in peace-making officials, academics, journalists, security experts, and people from As a basic policy guideline, my country Greece has traditionally maintained the private sector, creating dialogue has pursued multilateral cooperation friendly relations with Arab and that would otherwise be impossible and aims to help achieve stability in the Middle East countries, due to its due to communication gaps among Middle East. Our cooperation within geographical proximity, economic countries in the region. the framework of the EU Barcelona cooperation and strong historical and Process has been extensive and active cultural bonds, dating back to ancient Road Map as focal point at economic, social and cultural levels. times. Furthermore, Greece has been In this respect, coordination with key called upon to play a role in promoting As a member of the EU and the countries in the Middle East will peace and stability in the region, by international community, Greece continue. actively participating in the elaboration considers the Road Map to Middle and planning of the European Union East Peace to be the central instrument In the context of NATO’s Mediterranean Common Foreign Policy, as well as by of the Middle East peace process. Dialogue initiative, there is extended exercising its role as a non-permanent To this end the active cooperation cooperation among these countries. member of the UN Security Council amongst the members of the Quartet Recently, a very successful multinational for the period of 2005-2006. is crucial. The vision of two states search and rescue exercise codenamed coexisting in peace and prosperity “DOLPHIN 2005” took place in the Greece has always advocated a just, within internationally recognized and Eastern Mediterranean, with the comprehensive and lasting resolution secure borders is one that we share participation of assets and personnel to the Israeli-Arab conflict in the Middle and concur. Thus, we express our from Greece, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, East. Over the years and on a bilateral strong concern with regards to any Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. NATO’s level, Greece has tried to offer its action, whether governmental or Mediterranean Dialogue initiative services in approaching all parties extra-governmental, that contributes constitutes an important project to involved, acting as a mediator for substantially to the vicious cycle of promote stability and security, not peace. Our traditional friendly bilateral violence in the region and perpetuates only for the region but for the wider relations with all countries of the region the already aggravated humanitarian Euro-Atlantic area as well. Moreover, offered us the opportunity to further the and security situation. it is one of the few frameworks that Middle East peace process during the give Israel and Arab States have the Greek Presidency of the E.U. Council The war against all forms of opportunity to cooperate. Therefore, in 2003. Upon this line of policy, the terrorism as well as compliance with we must ensure that this unique Greek government hosts a special international law and UN Resolutions initiative always maintains its cohesive series of "Track Two" meetings on vital are of paramount importance. Greece character.
150 We saluted the successful completion Hamas into a genuine political force, is our hope that Syria will cooperate of the Israeli disengagement from Gaza which would renounce violence and fully and unconditionally with the through fruitful coordination with the enter the political process, should be International Investigative Commission, Palestinians. However, we urge all encouraged. Its participation in the in order to identify and bring to justice parties involved to abstain from actions parliamentary elections of January the perpetrators of this terrorist act, that endanger the peace process, as 2006 should not be viewed with thus facilitating peaceful settlement of well as the fragile truce. Here I should fear, but rather should be seen as an the issue and a chance to open a new mention that Greece welcomes encouraging sign of the organization chapter in its relations with Lebanon. the report of the Quartet’s Special choosing imperative political Envoy Mr. James Wolfensohn for the transformation. Proliferation of nuclear weapons is disengagement and reconstruction absolutely unacceptable. Any actions of Gaza, and supports the Quartet’s Solutions to regional conflict by states that appear to raise that continuous engagement in the must be comprehensive prospect must be blocked at an early peace process. Israel should take stage. At the same time, we strongly all necessary measures to support We have to reinvigorate our efforts support the EU’s approach regarding the economic and political viability of to promote progress on all tracks the Iran situation, according to which Gaza and the West Bank, as well as of the peace process. A lasting and negotiations are seen as the optimal secure freedom of movement between sustainable peace in the Middle East method for solving the crisis. This, the Palestinian population areas. It is will not prevail unless the solution is of course, depends on Iran’s attitude our belief that Gaza must not be comprehensive. Final status issues, regarding finding a solution in the economically disconnected from the including border issues, have to near future. Undoubtedly, we cannot West Bank. be agreed to by the two parties. but condemn in the strongest terms Peace, stability and prosperity in President Ahmedinejad's comments Greece is ready to take an active role in the Mediterranean region are of regarding the State of Israel. successful post-conflict reconstruction, fundamental importance to all of us. using the experience that it has Continuation of the comprehensive acquired in dealing with the conflict in Regarding issues related to Syria dialogue between the EU and Iran is the Balkan states. and Lebanon, we believe that only of paramount importance and should full implementation of UNSCR include all issues of mutual concern The Palestinian Authority and President 1559 can guarantee a sovereign, and interest such as terrorism, counter- Abbas should do everything in their independent and democratic Lebanon. narcotics, the proliferation of WMDs, power to advance the necessary Meanwhile, the newly unanimously human rights, the MEPP, and regional reforms and to fight terrorism. In adopted Security Council Resolution issues. this context, EU’s support through 1636, a great achievement of the the “EU Police Mission for the International Community, serves the Similarly, sovereignty, independence, Palestinian Territories” program is of cause of regional stability and thus territorial integrity, stability and unity vital importance. The transformation of of international security and peace. It of Iraq are of vital importance for
151 all of us. In the on-going political process in Iraq, endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 1546, Greece supports the principles of inclusiveness, participation, reconciliation and national unity, with the aim of a federal, democratic, pluralist and unified Iraq, with full respect for human rights. Terrorist violence, which no cause can ever justify, is unequivocally condemned. We urge Iraqis to eschew violence and participate in the political process as they set the course for Iraq’s future.
Today, the developed dynamic for the settlement of disputes in the region gives hopeful signals and offers an opportunity that we cannot afford to miss.
Within this positive atmosphere, the international community and Middle Eastern states must display courage and decisiveness towards a common direction of peace. The cost of failure is particularly high.
Towards that goal, we should increase dialogue and cooperation, the cornerstones for implementing peace and security in the Middle East.
152 Concluding Remarks
By: Maj. Gen. (ret.) Danny The ten years since Rabin’s assassination future where our children and Yatom, Member of Knesset, have included almost no political grandchildren will be able to enjoy Chairman of the S. Daniel progress. They were, in essence, ten peace the way normal nations enjoy Abraham Center for Strategic wasted years. Instead of just talking peace in many other parts of the about the peace process, we all could world. Dialogue have done much more to develop peace and push it forward. Rabin’s legacy Over the last two days, we have experienced very emotional and The need for courageous Many have asked me, ‘What is the interesting discussions and events. leaders legacy of the late Rabin?’ My answer The time has come to make some is that his legacy is very broad and concluding remarks, although there In this region, we need courageous deep, and touches almost all aspects is a saying in Hebrew that is loosely leaders such as the late Prime Minister of life. His legacy includes setting an translated as ‘It is finished, but not yet Rabin, the late King Hussein, the late example for others, self-determination, a completed.’ This is not only the way President Sadat, and the late Prime total obligation to country and people, to view this conference, but also the Minister Begin. We need leaders to courage both on the battlefield and in issue of peace. The discussions over lead us, pave the way, and bridge the struggle for peace, honesty and the last two days strengthen my belief gaps, so that the people of this region dedication to truth, and approaching and evaluation that peace could have can finally live in peace and tranquility. security as something enhanced been achieved had Rabin still been We need leaders who will be ready by peace. Rabin was a man of his with us. to overturn every stone in search of word – his word was more solid than peace. We need leaders who are a rock, and could be fully depended I speak from a standpoint of a broad ready to take calculated risks and on. Although he was not a man of perspective and wealth of experience make concessions. small talk, he had the ability to build in the peace process. I participated very unique and warm relations with in all the negotiations, meetings, and The main difference between peace and many leaders in the area, especially discussions during Rabin’s tenure, as war is that peace is a win-win situation, with the late King Hussein and I served as his military secretary at the while war is a lose-lose situation. We President Mubarak. time. I participated with Peres during need leaders who will dare to trust one all such meetings, and with Barak in another and be ready, as Rabin said, Rabin understood that the conflict Sheppardstown and Camp David. I to ‘give a chance to peace’. between Israel and its neighbors is, believe that amongst Israeli political at its root, a conflict between Israel and leaders who are alive today, I have the We are dealing with issues of life and the Palestinians. However, he really most comprehensive level of experience death. We must give a chance to a believed that it would be easier to regarding peace negotiations between better future, to a calmer future, to a achieve peace with Syria than with the Israel and its neighbors over the last future void of hostilities, violence and Palestinians due to the fact that the 15 years. terror. We must create a prosperous issues between Israel and Syria are
153 much easier to solve. The Israel-Syria Palestinians and Syrians. They could organizers, my team at the Strategic conflict is mainly a question of borders, do the same regarding Israeli positions. Dialogue Center, and all those who while the Palestinian issue includes We know the price tag of peace. We came to our assistance to make this many other factors. Rabin had the need courageous leaders to call for conference a reality. I spent many courage to negotiate on three tracks a resumption of talks without any sleepless nights worrying about this in parallel: the Syrian, Palestinian, and pre-conditions. Of course, we must conference, and was quite nervous Jordanian tracks. fight terror with all of our strength. But yesterday morning at the conference’s we should not create conditions that outset; however, when I saw the hall Rabin believed that he, a man with his delay the process of peace-making. filling up with so many nice and familiar military and political background, had By discussing peace, we will find ways faces, I relaxed. I would like to thank, the power and leadership to come to to fight terror in conjunction with our from the bottom of my heart, all of the the Israeli people and with agreements Arab neighbors. speakers – the Israelis, and the good that he found suitable and convince the friends of ours who came from all over Israeli people to approve of them and I must confess that this conference the world. I would like to conclude by agree to very heavy compromises and has felt to me like a time-machine, saying to everyone goodbye, salam concessions. as it took me back ten years ago alekum, and shalom l’kulam. Thank to a time when I spent days and you very much. The charted map for peace nights with many of the Palestinian, Egyptian, Jordanian, American, Rabin understood that if our neighbors European, and Israeli figures present are happy, we are happy. It is no mere at this conference, in our joint struggle coincidence that ten years after the for peace. assassination, we miss Rabin so much. It is no coincidence that ten I want to conclude with a short years after the assassination, so many touching story. Immediately after great figures from all over the world Rabin’s funeral, the late King Hussein have come to Israel to participate in called me and Eitan Haber to his hotel the commemoration of the man and room in Jerusalem. With tears in his his legacy. eyes, the King told us, ‘I know that you have just lost a leader, a father, I believe in Rabin’s way. My hope is a Prime Minister, but I, King Hussein, that this conference will help push have lost my best friend.’ These were the peace process forward. The the depths of his feelings towards the geographic and demographic position late Rabin. of each side is well-known. If you wake I would like to take this opportunity me up in the middle of the night, I can to thank each and every one of you. tell you exactly the position of the First of all, I would like to thank the
154