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Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851): Scottish Anatomist and Surgeon with a Propensity for Conflict

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Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851): Scottish Anatomist and Surgeon with a Propensity for Conflict Pregledni rad Acta Med Hist Adriat 2015; 13(2);405-414 Review article UDK: 611-013“17/18“ 611 Pattison, S. G. GRANVILLE SHARP PATTISON (1791-1851): SCOTTISH ANATOMIST AND SURGEON WITH A PROPENSITY FOR CONFLICT GRANVILLE SHARP PATTISON (1791.–1851.): ŠKOTSKI ANATOM I KIRURG SKLON SUKOBIMA Anthony V. D’Antoni1, Marios Loukas2, Sue Black3, R. Shane Tubbs2-4 Summary Granville Sharp Pattison was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon who also taught in the United States. This character from the history of anatomy lived a very colourful life. As many are unaware of Pattison, the present review of his life, contributions, and controver- sies seemed appropriate. Although Pattison was known to be a good anatomist, he will be remembered for his association with a propensity for conflict both in Europe and the United States. Key words: anatomy; history; Scotland, surgery; Britain. 1 Department of Pathobiology, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of New York of the City University of New York. 2 Department of Anatomy, St. George’s University, Grenada. 3 Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, U.K. 4 Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. Corresponding author: R. Shane Tubbs. Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, AL, USA, Electronic address: [email protected] 405 Introduction Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851) was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon who taught medical practitioners in both Europe and the United States. Named after a British abolitionist, Pattison would become a controversial figure in both his personal and professional life. His reputation was so infa- mous that Sir William Osler referred to Pattison as “that vivacious and pug- nacious Scot.” Support of this description is found in the fact that Pattison kept a pair of pistols on his desk at all times (Desmond, 1988). Born in 1791, Pattison entered the era of Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccination discovery and Renee Laennec’s invention of the stethoscope. Although from a privi- leged family in Glasgow, his father was originally from the merchant class of Scottish society. At the Glasgow Grammar School, early records indicate Pattison did not excel in academia, as he refused to study what did not inter- est him. Without any distinction in school, Pattison was given private tutor- ing and later enrolled in the University of Glasgow (Pattison, 1987; Duffin, 1998; Zegers et al., 2009; Bazin, 2000). Education and Early Career During this time, schools of medicine required few prerequisites for en- rollment and thus the discipline was accessible to those of varied academ- ic standing. True to every medical school of the day, the first course was in anatomy, and it was at the University of Glasgow that Pattison developed a strong passion for anatomy under the instruction of Dr. James Jeffray. At the time, Jeffray was experimenting with nerve stimulation in collaboration with Dr. Andrew Ure and later in his career, Pattison would earn Ure’s ire. After graduation, Pattison took employment at College Street Medical School, and got on well with the founder and surgery professor, Dr. John Burns. His brother, Allan Burns, hired Pattison as a teaching assistant when only 18 years of age. The exposure proved advantageous to Pattison as Burns’ rep- utation was high particularly in relation to the ligament and space of Burns. Pattison benefited from this relationship and become Burns’ partner in the museum of anatomy (Pattison, 1987; Wade, 2001). Corpse Issues Prior to 1832, many surgeons in Great Britain illegally exhumed bodies for academic studies. Because medical science could only legitimately use 406 Richard James Lane Sitter: Granville Sharp Pattison. (© National Portrait Gallery, London) 407 the corpses of hanged criminals, a shortage slowly occurred as cadaveric demand outstripped availability. Pattison was not exempt from this behav- ior and he became the head of the exhumation group led by Burns. Medical students illegally exhumed the mortal remains of Mrs. Janet McAllaster, a 40-year-old victim of tuberculosis and wife of a rich Glasgow wool merchant and so began Pattison’s journey into open confrontation and conflict with society. To disguise Mrs. McAllaster’s identity, her facial features were alleg- edly mutilated. Pattison survived being pelted with stones and near lynch- ing and later pleaded ‘not guilty’ to this crime in an Edinburgh courtroom (Crawford, 2013). Forensic medicine played a key role in the conviction of the grave rob- bers: artificially constructed dentures created for Mrs. McAllaster fitted the corpse’s mouth. However, a disagreement persisted in court between oppos- ing plaintiff and defense dentists. The defense argued that the dentures did not fit the corpse’s mouth and the corpse in question had never been preg- nant based on the absence of corpora lutea scar tissue. Pattison’s verdict was to be found ‘not proven’ and the judge issued a warning that Pattison should monitor carefully his professional conduct. Despite strong evidence of guilt and the presence of Mrs. McAllaster’s body parts in the medical school lab- oratory, Pattison later complained publically and dramatically of maltreat- ment, stating “I was indicted, and tried like a common criminal.” Pattison later submitted many papers to the Glasgow Medical Society. These topics ranged from epilepsy to abdominal surgery (Pattison, 1987). Competency Questioned A surgeon at the age of 25, Pattison soon faced another challenge in his professional career. In one day, he committed two actions earning the enmi- ty of his senior colleague Dr. Hugh Miller at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Although the specific details of their initial acquaintance is not known, Miller was forthright in his opinion of Pattison as an “incompetent” indi- vidual, notably after a lower limb amputation performed by Pattison. The charges of ‘patient endangerment’ stemmed from clinician disagreement over the location of the femoral amputation. Pattison would ligate the fem- oral artery at the groin, then perform the procedure in such a way as to ne- cessitate incision at the femoral neck, despite a consensus that such an event should be a last resort only. The same day, Pattison was accused of a second episode of medical malpractice. A severely injured patient was consulted by 408 Miller and he decided that no further medical intervention was required because the patient was near death. Pattison performed his own evaluation and surgery, unbeknownst to Miller, and the eventual death of the patient resulted in accusations of improper procedure. The situation deteriorated to such an extent that Pattison challenged Miller to a duel, although no such event transpired as Miller, sensibly, refused to participate. An investigation into these incidents found fault in Pattison’s actions. He eventually departed the Glasgow Royal Infirmary and took a position at Anderson’s Institute in Glasgow, but prior to the appointment he spent six months training in Paris (Pattison, 1987; Pattison, 1980). Conflict with the Ures With new colleagues and a solid academic position, it appeared Pattison was about to enter a time of tranquility in his life, however, another quar- rel soon ensued. The stench from his cadavers in the anatomy lecture hall disgusted a fellow colleague, Ure. This was just the beginning of conflict, as Ure’s wife eventually claimed that Pattison was the father of her soon to be born daughter. The promiscuous behavior was in fact well known to the servants of the Ure household because Mrs. Ure and Pattison had frequent encounters of a questionable nature. To defend his innocence, Pattison de- famed the character of the Ure family and accused Mrs. Ure of deceit. She later admitted that she accepted bribes from Ure during the trial but pater- nity was never proven, and newly-divorced Ure would eventually move to London to begin a new career. The trauma to Pattison’s career did not go un- scathed by these events, as he resigned from the faculty of Anderson College (Pattison, 1987). Moving to the United States His reputation was so tarnished, in fact, that he was described as “your private character at present lies under a stigma and employing you, our own good name would be abused.” To survive, Pattison emigrated to the United States to begin a new life in medicine. After a brief stop in London, in 1818, he traveled to Philadelphia to interview for a teaching position at the University of Pennsylvania, a position made known to him by his brother, John Pattison (Anonymous, 1830). Despite his new geographic location, his troubles con- tinued to follow him. He was not offered the position at the University and 409 soon met with Dr. Nathanial Chapman and this unfortunately led to anoth- er era of conflict (Anonymous, 1830;Wainwright, 1940). Chapman, who had previously studied under Dr. Benjamin Rush, a sig- natory of the Declaration of Independence, had risen as a powerful figure in the medical community. In regards to obtaining a faculty position, Chapman befriended Pattison, yet also supported Pattison’s rivals for the same teach- ing position. Pattison taught his anatomy course with the specimens from his Glasgow museum but to avoid conflict with other lecturers, he scheduled his sessions outside of the regular class time. However, Chapman constant- ly changed his lecture hours to coincide with Pattison’s, which precluded students from attending both. Chapman’s hostile behavior led Pattison to challenge him to a duel which Chapman declined and the battle was in- stead fought via the pen. In a series of pamphlets, Chapman attacked the professional and personal life of Pattison, with strong references to his af- fair with Mrs. Ure and this culminated into an unexpected physical brawl on the streets of Philadelphia. Pattison eventually had a pistol duel with the brother-in-law of Chapman, the American general Thomas Cadwalader.
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