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The Difference of Distance Stereoacuity Measured with Different Separating Methods

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The Difference of Distance Stereoacuity Measured with Different Separating Methods 468 Original Article Page 1 of 9 The difference of distance stereoacuity measured with different separating methods Lingzhi Zhao1, Yu Zhang2, Huang Wu2, Jun Xiao3 1Department of Medical Equipment, 2Department of Optometry, 3Department of Medical Retina, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: H Wu, J Xiao; (II) Administrative support: L Zhao; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: H Wu, J Xiao; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Jun Xiao. Department of Medical Retina, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun 130041, China. Email: [email protected]. Background: The majority of tests to evaluate stereopsis should separate two eyes first. Whether different binocular separating manner may affect the test result of stereopsis is the main purpose of this study. Red- green anaglyphs, polarized light technology, active shutter 3D system, and auto-stereoscopic technique were chosen to evaluate distance stereoacuity. Methods: Red-green anaglyphs test system was established with an ASUS laptop with the aid of TNO Stereotest glasses. Active shutter 3D system was set up with the same ASUS laptop with the aid of NVidia 3D Vision 2 Wireless Glasses Kit. The polarized 3D system adopted the AOC display. A Samsung naked- eye 3D laptop was used to set up an auto-stereoscopic system. Thirty subjects were recruited. Distance stereoacuity was measured with those computer systems. Results: The auto-stereoscopic system was failed to measure distance stereopsis. A significant difference was found among red-green anaglyphs, polarized 3D system, and active shutter 3D system (Friedman Test, Chi-square =48.713, P<0.001). No significant difference was found between the polarized 3D system and an active shutter 3D system (Z=−1.134, P=0.257). The stereoacuity of the red-green glasses test was significantly worse than those of the other two test systems (versus shutter 3D test, Z=−4.553, P<0.001; versus polarized 3D test, Z=−4.618, P<0.001). Conclusions: Different separating methods may affect the test result of distance stereopsis. Keywords: Stereoacuity; computer; stereotest Submitted Jan 05, 2020. Accepted for publication Feb 10, 2020. doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.73 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.03.73 Introduction Separating two eyes means what the left eye could not see the right eye sees, and what the right eye could not see the Stereopsis is a type of binocular function to detect the left eye sees. Similarly, the pattern being observed also be subtle distance difference. The Howard-Dolman apparatus, which requires the subject to judge the different distances of divided into two parts, that is, a part of the pattern can be two rods in 6 m, may explain the concept of the stereopsis seen only by the right eye while cannot be seen by the left, most suitable. However, it hardly uses in clinical anymore. and vice versa. The disparities designated between the two Some stereopsis test conduct in the natural situation, such parts of the pattern were used to help detect the stereopsis as Frisby near stereotest and Frisby Davis distance (FD2) threshold of the subject. Red-green anaglyphs is a kind of Stereotest (Stereotest Ltd., Sheffield, UK) (1,2). More tests method to achieve binocular separating. The disparities are should separate two eyes first, and then conduct the test. hidden in the picture, having a red and green color. The red © Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved. Ann Transl Med 2020;8(7):468 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.03.73 Page 2 of 9 Zhao et al. Distance stereoacuity measured with different methods pattern can only be viewed through the red lens and cannot subject may be higher, equal, or lower than the second be viewed through the green lens, while the green pattern subject. Overall, the comparison of two stereopsis tests with can only be viewed through the green lens and cannot be different measuring intervals should be made very carefully. viewed by the red lens. TNO stereotest (Lameris Ootech Computer-aided 3D technology may help to solve BV, Ede, Netherlands) belongs to this type of exam method the problem because researchers could design different (3,4). Polarized light technology is another widely used disparities and different intervals of stereopsis flexibly. method to divide two eyes. The test pattern was having Several methods could be adopted to achieve a 3D effect. two pictures reflecting polarized light with the direction Red-green anaglyphs are a straightforward way to acquire perpendicular to each other. The polarized direction of 3D expression. The picture has a red and green color the lens before the right eye is also perpendicular to that with certain disparities hidden in it can be shown in the before the left eye, and parallel to one of the polarized display, then a 3D effect may appear by wearing red- directions of the test picture. Then, the eye can only see the green glasses. Polarized light technology can also be used picture through the polarized lens with the same polarized on a computer display. A specific display that can emit direction and cannot see the picture of the vertical polarized polarized light with the direction perpendicular to each direction—the Fly Stereo Acuity Test (Vision Assessment other, accompanied by a set of polarizing glasses, can Corporation, Illinois, USA). Randot Stereotests (Stereo achieve a 3D effect like printed polarized light 3D test Optical Company, Inc. Illinois, USA), Random Dot Stereo materials (14). Active shutter 3D system equips with liquid Acuity Test (Vision Assessment Corporation, Illinois, crystal shutter glasses, and a monitor with a high refresh USA) et al. are all belonging to this type of technique (5-7). rate is another mature 3D technique. A timing controller Auto-stereoscopic, or naked eye 3D technique, is a kind of can synchronize the liquid crystal shutter glasses and the method to achieve a 3D effect without the help of wearing high refresh rate monitor, ensuring certain images send added glasses. Although getting rid of wearing spectacles, to specific eyes (15). Auto-stereoscopic, or naked eye 3D dividing binocular is essential. Some methods, such as a technique, can also be realized to achieve 3D expression. lenticular lens, can help to refract the pattern sticking under Parallax barrier technology utilizes vertical apertures to the lens to the right or left eye, respectively. To achieve the cover the light at certain angles to ensure sending different effect that what the right eye sees cannot be seen by the left images to different eyes, while lenticular technology uses eye and vice versa. Lang stereotest (Lang-Stereotest AG, the refraction function of microlenses to deviate the light to Kusnacht, Switzerland) is a type of naked-eye 3D stereopsis certain directions to different eyes (5,16). screening tool (8-10). Whether different binocular separating manner may Whether the test results were consistent between affect the test result of stereopsis is the main purpose of different separating methods of an existing controversy. this study. Distance stereoacuity is the checking index. Some researchers found that the TNO stereotest may Separating manners we chose in this study were red- overestimate the result than other exam tools (11-13). green anaglyphs, polarized light technology, active shutter One of the reasons may be the binocular dividing method. 3D system and auto-stereoscopic technique. This study However, different step ranges of the different tests may continued in two phases. The first phase was to evaluate the interfere with reasonable interpretation. For example, if a practicability for four dividing methods being adopted to subject got a score 200 seconds of arc (arcsec, ") in Titmus evaluate stereopsis in a long distance. The second phase was stereotest and another subject got a score 240" in TNO to compare the test results of those methods selected from stereotest. Could you conclude that the stereopsis of the the first phrase. first subject was better than that of the second subject? The answer is uncertainty. The disparities set of Titmus were 400", 200", 140", 100", 80", 60", 50", and 40", while the Methods TNO stereotest were 480", 240", 120", 60", 30" and 15" Computer system (30" and 15" were deleted in the latest version). The test value 200” in Titmus meant that the actual test value was Red-green anaglyphs and active shutter 3D system in a range ≤200" and >140"; while the test value 240" in A laptop (ASUS G750Y47JX, 17.3" 16:9 full HD 3D TNO stereotest meant that the actual test value was in a (1,920×1,080 120 Hz), ASUSTEK Computer Inc., Taiwan) range ≤240" and >120". That is, the true value of the first running Windows 8.1 and NVidia 3D Vision 2 Wireless © Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved. Ann Transl Med 2020;8(7):468 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.03.73 Annals of Translational Medicine, Vol 8, No 7 April 2020 Page 3 of 9 A B C Figure 1 Photograph of the test setups. (A) An ASUS laptop and NVidia 3D Vision 2 Wireless Glasses Kit set up an active shutter 3D system; (B) an ASUS laptop with the glasses of TNO stereotest set up a red-green anaglyphs test system; (C) the polarized 3D display of the polarized light test system. Glasses Kit (Expressway Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used of TNO stereotest. The missing section of the disc may as an active shutter 3D system (Figure 1A).
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