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Evaluating Stereoacuity with 3D Shutter Glasses Technology Huang Wu1*, Han Jin2, Ying Sun3, Yang Wang1, Min Ge1, Yang Chen1 and Yunfeng Chi1

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Evaluating Stereoacuity with 3D Shutter Glasses Technology Huang Wu1*, Han Jin2, Ying Sun3, Yang Wang1, Min Ge1, Yang Chen1 and Yunfeng Chi1 Wu et al. BMC Ophthalmology (2016) 16:45 DOI 10.1186/s12886-016-0223-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evaluating stereoacuity with 3D shutter glasses technology Huang Wu1*, Han Jin2, Ying Sun3, Yang Wang1, Min Ge1, Yang Chen1 and Yunfeng Chi1 Abstract Background: To determine the stereoacuity threshold with a 3D laptop equipped with 3D shutter glasses, and to evaluate the effect of different shape and size of test symbols and different type of disparities to stereoacuity. Methods: Thirty subjects with a visual acuity in each eye of at least 0 logMAR and a stereoacuity of at least 32 arcsec (as assessed in Fly Stereo Acuity Test) were recruited. Three target symbols—tumbling "E", tumbling "C", and "□"—were displayed, each with six different sizes representing a visual acuity ranging from 0.5 to 0 logMAR when tested at 4.1 m, and with both crossed and uncrossed disparities. Two test systems were designed - fixed distance of 4.1 m and one for variable distance. The former has disparities ranging from 10 to 1000 arcsec. Each subject completed 36 trials to investigate the effect of different symbol sizes and shapes, and disparity types on stereoacuity. In the variable distance system, each subject was tested 12 times for the same purposes, both proximally and distally (the point where the 3D effect just appears and where it just disappears respectively), and the mean value was calculated from the mean proximal and distal distances. Results: No significant difference was found among the groups in the fixed distance test system (Kruskal-Wallis test; Chi-square = 29.844, P = 0.715). Similarly, no significant difference was found in the variable distance system (Kruskal-Wallis test; proximal: Chi-square = 5.687, P = 0.338; distal: Chi-square = 5.898, P = 0.316; mean: Chi-square = 6.152, P =0.292). Conclusions: Evaluating stereoacuity using this measurement system was convenient and effective. Changes in target shape and size and disparity types had no significant effect on stereoacuity. It would be helpful to choose optimal targets according to different purposes using computer-assisted 3D measurements. Keywords: Stereopsis, Shutter glasses, Horizontal disparity Background quantified as the minimum geometric disparity that Stereopsis is a higher function of two-eye coordination, elicits the perception of depth termed stereoacuity, mea- which enables a precise judgment of distance. Generally, sured in seconds of arc (arcsec) [1]. Stereoacuity is it is possible to determine distance with monocular vi- sometimes measured from a distance of 3–6 m, e.g., the sion from looming, motion parallax, and pictorial depth Frisby–Davis distance stereotest [3–9]. The majority of cues such as occlusion, perspective, texture gradients, measurements are performed at a closer range, usually relative size, and shadows. However, the most precise 0.4 m, with e.g., the Titmus Fly Test using polarization distance determination is achieved through stereopsis, technology [9–14], and the TNO Stereoacuity Test using which is a specific type of binocular depth perception red and green glasses [9, 10, 15–19]. These traditional resulting from the horizontal separation of the two eyes methods are widely used in clinical practice and experi- and the subsequent ability to recognize retinal disparity mental research. Since the pattern and number of test [1]. Stereopsis is important for carrying out specific pictures are relatively fixed, it can be overwhelming and tasks, including better motor control and quicker and painstakingly slow to study a large number of influen- more accurate cognitive information [2]. Stereopsis is cing factors for stereopsis. With the development and advances in three-dimensional (3D) computer technol- * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 ogy over recent years, researchers have designed new Department of Optometry, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, – Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun 130041, China stereopsis tests with modern techniques [20 25]. At this Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Wu et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Wu et al. BMC Ophthalmology (2016) 16:45 Page 2 of 8 point, no definite conclusions have been drawn on whether the size or the shape of the target would affect the test result and how to choose an ideal symbol to ex- plore stereopsis on the display screen. Thus, we estab- lished a stereoacuity measurement system using 3D shutter glasses technology and designed different test targets in order to assess the effects of different factors on stereoacuity. We also applied two methods to evalu- ate those factors: the fixed distance test and the variable distance test. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of different target shapes and sizes on stereoa- cuity, and it would be the condition to choose optimal targets according to different purposes with computer- aided 3D measurement. Fig. 1 Photograph showing the 3D laptop (ASUS G750Y47JX) equipped with NVidia 3D Vision 2 Wireless Glasses Kit (Expressway Methods Santa Clara, CA, USA) Subjects The study was conducted at the Second Hospital of Jilin University in China. A total of 30 subjects, aged 20–28 midpoint of the L and R images, which was 100 px away (22.9 ± 2.4) years, were included, comprising 11 males from other symbols. The test distance was set at 4.1 m, and 19 females. The refractive status of the right eyes and the symbol sizes represented 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, and were as follows: spherical error +0.50 DS to −4.00 DS 0 logMAR respectively, under these conditions. (−1.42 ± 1.16 DS), cylinder error 0 to −1.00 DC (−0.64 ± Seven symbols were drawn in a line. One symbol, which 0.18 DC), spherical equivalent +0.50 DS to −4.00 DS was the stereo target, was chosen randomly from the five (−1.48 ± 1.14 DS). The refractive status of the left eyes middle symbols and rendered with 3D depth. The stereo were as follows: spherical error +0.50 DS to −4.00 DS target consisted of two component images, each of which (−1.50 ± 1.20 DS), cylinder error 0 to −1.75 DC (−0.92 ± was visible with one eye only as the 3D shutter glasses 0.47 DC), spherical equivalent +0.50 DS to −4.00 DS blocked the other eye. The distance between the two ob- (−1.59 ± 1.14 DS). None of the study participants had jects represented the horizontal disparity. Crossed dispar- severe ametropia, amblyopia [26], strabismus [27], or an- ity occurred when both eyes saw an image on the opposite isometropia [28]. The minimum corrected visual acuity side. If the right image of the symbol was seen by the left of each eye was 0 logMAR. The stereoacuity, as mea- eye, and the left image was seen by the right eye, the target sured by the Fly Stereo Acuity Test (Vision Assessment would be perceived as a single image through the 3D Corporation, Elk Grove Village, IL, USA), was at least shutter glasses. It would appear in a different plane that 32 arcsec. was closer to the observer, compared to the other sym- bols on the same line. Conversely, if the right side of Computer system the symbol was seen by the right eye, and the left side We designed a notebook computer system, using a laptop was seen by the left eye, the target would be seen dent- (ASUS G750Y47JX, 17.3" 16:9 full HD 3D (1920 × 1080 ing into the screen, compared to the other symbols, 120 Hz)) running Windows 8.1 and NVidia 3D Vision 2 and this is called uncrossed disparity. The depth of extru- Wireless Glasses Kit (Expressway Santa Clara, CA, USA). sion of the stereo target was determined by the degree of The NVidia 3D Vision Photo Viewer Software was used disparity. Thus the larger the disparity, the more visible to view 3D pictures (Fig. 1). the stereo perception would be. When the disparity de- creased to a certain threshold, the observer would not be Test targets able to distinguish between the stereo target and the other A program written in C# produced all test targets. Three symbols. The aim of our test was to detect the minimum types of symbols were drawn: tumbling "E", tumbling "C", disparity at which the study participant could still see the and "□" (Fig. 2). Each type of symbol had six different stereo target. sizes, containing strokes that were 19, 15, 12, 9, 7, and 6 pixels (px) wide. Hence, the complete symbols had sizes The fixed distance test system of 95 × 95, 75 × 75, 60 × 60, 45 × 45, 35 × 35, and 30 × 30 In our study, the test distance was set at 4.1 m, and hence px. All symbols were set at 100 px apart, both horizontally 1 px corresponded to a disparity of 10 arcsec. The fixed and vertically. The symbols with 3D effect were slightly distance test system contained three grades of difficulty. different; the perceived images of the symbols were at the The first grade consisted of a single page that contained Wu et al. BMC Ophthalmology (2016) 16:45 Page 3 of 8 Fig.
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