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投稿類別 : 英文寫作 篇名: Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheri

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投稿類別 : 英文寫作 篇名: Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheri 投稿類別 : 英文寫作 篇名: Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance 作者 : 李雨潔。台南市私立長榮高級中學。應用外語科三年級忠班 洪宇榛。台南市私立長榮高級中學。應用外語科三年級忠班 指導老師: 曾建鈞老師 Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance I. Introduction 1. Motivation of this research paper Paiwan is densely populated in Pintung County, especially in Laiyi Township. (屏東縣政 府，2014). Also, Paiwan is distributed in the following administrative districts: Machia Township, Santimen Township, Taiwu Township, Chunri Township, Lion Township, Mutan Township and Taichung County. Paiwan is particularly touted as its gorgeous costumes, and the carvings are widely acknowledged. We have friends from Paiwan, yet we are less familiar with their culture and customs. Through this research paper, we are intrigued to explore types of traditional activities, attributes of Paiwan culture, and possible challenges in the cultural inheritance. 2. Research Purposes 1. Understand the ethnic distribution of Paiwan. 2. Explore the extent of familiarity with Paiwan language and the acceptance by the young Paiwan generation. 3. Investigate the willingness of the cultural heritage of Paiwan by the young Paiwan generation. 3. Method 1. This questionnaire adopted a ''questionnaire'' according to the motivation and purpose of the above research. 2. We issued a total of 42 questionnaires were successfully recovered 42 valid questionnaires, response rate as high as 100%. 3. Analyzing the results of related research topics, and explore the different aspects of the experience of the Paiwan nationality students on the “degree of cognition and inheritance of the Paiwan youths”. 4. Research architecture Design the Dicuss the Collect questionnaire Draft theme motivation relevant and the issues Conclusions and purpose documents for the oral interview 1 Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance II. Body 1. The ethnic distribution of Paiwan tribe Prior to the discussion on our formulated research questions in the previous section, we set out to summarize the ethnic distribution of Paiwan tribe. The Paiwan tribe, following the Amis and Atayal, is touted as the third aboriginal tribe in Taiwan. The Paiwan tribe is densely populated in the southern Taiwan, from the north of Kavulungan, to the south of Hengchun Peninsula, to the west of Fangliao, and to the east Taimali and Taitung County Xinyuan hometown. Particularly, most Paiwan people reside in the following eight townships in Pintung County: Santimen, Machia, Taiwu, Laiyi, Chunri, Lion, Mutan, and Manzhoue. Also, the Paiwan tribe is populated in the following four townships in Taitung County: Jinfeng, Daren, Dawu, and Taimali. The name of tribe Paiwan is related to the legend, in which Paiwan is specifically referred to the spiritual land where the ancestors originated from. The so-called spiritual land Paiwan is located in Kavulungan, Dawu. In other words, the Paiwan tribe is mainly originated from Kavulungan, Dawu. Currently, the Paiwan tribe is further subdivided into north , middle , south, and east Paiwan .(臺灣 原住民資訊資源網，2018 ) Figure 1 The distribution map of the Paiwan tribe (Information source: Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous People) 1.1. Attributes of the Paiwan cultural festivals The indigenous art mirrors the ethnic life experiences, the artistic creation from its historical developments, the portrait of indigenous pas-vake firm belief, and the social and cultural identities. That is, the indigenous art acts as the identity of its cultural attributes. The indigenous culture art 2 Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance has always been an important cultural asset to Taiwan, which can be further envisioned in its apparels, handicrafts, singing and dancing styles, ceremonies, and religious festivals. That is why the indigenous art is symbolized as the unique tribal or national characteristics. (原住民族委員 會，2014). In the following, we summarize the festivals of the Paiwan tribe: 1.1.1 Millet Harvest Festival(Harvest Festival) The lexicon Millet in the Paiwan language is specifically referred to pass a year. For the Paiwan, the harvest festival held by Millet is the beginning of the year. At present, most of them have transformed into recreational programs, such as ballad competitions, weight-bearing contests, archery competitions and other performance programs. 1.1.2. Five-Year Festival Square The tribes which are currently accountable for the five-year festivals include: (1) Gulou, Wenle, Wangjia Tribe in Pingtung Laiyi Township, and (2) Lili, Qijia, Gui Chong Tribe in Pingtung Chunri Township and Taitung Daren Township Tuban Tribe. The most important part of the entire festival on the day of the five-year festival is the way that all the fallen tribe gathered at the thorn court, summoning the gods and ancestors to return to be with the tribal people, and praying for the blessings and good luck from the ancestors through the thorn ball. The event descended on himself and his family. Apart from festivals, the peculiar cultural events of Paiwan are sketched as follows: 1.2.1 Caste system As the infants were born, they would be immediately classified by the Paiwan tribe. For instance, Paiwan and Rukai are both aristocratic class systems. Under the norms of the social class system, everyone is inherently divided into different statuses. This is a caste system based on the blood relationship. Yet, the Paiwan youngsters could improve their social status through war, hunting, and sculptures. The Paiwan youngsters may raise their social ranks through marriage. 1.2.2 Ancestral worship The large sculpture of the ancestral spirit in the house reflects the worship of the ancestral spirit by the Paiwan people. A statue, like a pillar in the house, is the most sacred place where many valuables such as clay pots will be placed. 3 Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance Before the start of the five-year ritual ceremony of the Tung Paiwan Tusaka Village, the ex-leader (Bao Xiumi) first sacrifice the ancestral spirit with millet wine in the ancestral house. 1.2.3 Splendid Art Decoration The Paiwan clothing is greatly distinguished from its fancy flowers in bloom. Such a splendid flower decoration, like the art works, is evidently the best portrait of Paiwan costumes. 1.2.4 Clothing Features The special status of the leader and aristocracy, in addition to clothing, is also distinguished from tattoos in arms or wrists. Civilians are also awarded as tattoos in their hands when they have reached certain achievements or gained glories. Among clothing accessories, Paiwan glazed beads are the most valuable accessories in Paiwan traditional clothing. In short, based on the accessories and their corresponding social status (i.e. the symbolization of aristocratic society), the Paiwan tribe is meticulously dressed. The styles of clothing (including accessories) and the marked totem represent social ranks in the caste system. Yet, the Paiwan youngsters would not attend to the importance of clothing styles or marked totem. They just care much about the beauty or particular attributes of clothing or marked totem. 2. Challenges for Paiwan adolescents 2.1. The crisis of tribal society and tradition With the invasion of foreign cultures (especially the Han culture), aboriginal adolescents are now gradually losing their willingness to inherit the culture of their hometown. Aboriginal adolescents are inclined to mark their identities with the tribe totems, leading to the tribal society decaying. The decaying social status of the Paiwan tribe makes the aboriginal people less desired to preserve or inherit their own culture. (亞榮隆・撒可努，2000) Because many traditional customs are gradually lost and failed to be preserved, an increasing number of Paiwan youngsters would not follow the traditional customs or regulations. Under the impact of varying cultures, the aboriginal culture is decayed. Currently, the aboriginal tribes are solely highly valued and subsidized by governments or non-governmental organizations. Yet, the traditionally aboriginal cultures are not highly supported by the younger generation. Bo Hongming (波宏明), Chairman of Taiwan's Aboriginal Language Development Society, discovered that the ethnic language, symbolizing the peculiar identity, encountered a crisis of inheritance. Bo Hongming found that many teenagers are inclined to acquire or learn their mother 4 Paiwan Teenagers' Responses to Their Native Language Learning and Indigenous Cultural Inheritance tongue, leading to the ethnic group to disappear (Vanessa Lai，2017). As Bo Hongming stated, the older generations still fluently engaged in their communication in the native language. Yet, the youngsters failed to communicate in their native language, and many of them failed to understand the basic meaning of their mother tongue. 2.2. Difficulties in employment In addition to the disappearance of the cultural heritage, tribal societies were invaded by the Han people. Finally, the indigenous people fail to meet their needs for life in their hometown, and they are forced to hunt for the labor-oriented jobs in cities. (亞榮隆・撒可努，2000). For the young generation of aboriginal tribes, they fail to make a living in their hometown. They cannot help but get enrolled to the military school to support the living of their family members. Otherwise, the indigenous youngsters would grope
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