Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells What Are the Functions of Different Organelles in a Cell? Why? the Cell Is the Basic Unit and Building Block of All Living Things
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Basal Body Structure and Composition in the Apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E
Francia et al. Cilia (2016) 5:3 DOI 10.1186/s13630-016-0025-5 Cilia REVIEW Open Access Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E. Francia1* , Jean‑Francois Dubremetz2 and Naomi S. Morrissette3 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, includ‑ ing the Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. Most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. Although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9 2 axoneme, the structure of the templating basal body is poorly defined. Moreover, the rela‑ tionship between asexual+ stage centrioles and microgamete basal bodies remains unclear. While asexual stages of Plasmodium lack defined centriole structures, the asexual stages of Toxoplasma and closely related coccidian api‑ complexans contain centrioles that consist of nine singlet microtubules and a central tubule. There are relatively few ultra-structural images of Toxoplasma microgametes, which only develop in cat intestinal epithelium. Only a subset of these include sections through the basal body: to date, none have unambiguously captured organization of the basal body structure. Moreover, it is unclear whether this basal body is derived from pre-existing asexual stage centrioles or is synthesized de novo. Basal bodies in Plasmodium microgametes are thought to be synthesized de novo, and their assembly remains ill-defined. Apicomplexan genomes harbor genes encoding δ- and ε-tubulin homologs, potentially enabling these parasites to assemble a typical triplet basal body structure. -
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Supplementary Table S2: New Taxonomic Assignment of Sequences of Basal Fungal Lineages
Supplementary Table S2: New taxonomic assignment of sequences of basal fungal lineages. Fungal sequences were subjected to BLAST-N analysis and checked for their taxonomic placement in the eukaryotic guide-tree of the SILVA release 111. Sequences were classified depending on combined results from the methods mentioned above as well as literature searches. Accession Name New classification Clustering of the sequence in the Best BLAST-N hit number based on combined results eukaryotic guide tree of SILVA Name Accession number E.value Identity AB191431 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiobolus haptosporus AF113413.1 0.0 91 AB191432 Unculltured eukaryote Blastocladiomycota Blastocladiomycota Rhizophlyctis rosea NG_017175.1 0.0 91 AB252775 Uncultured eukaryote Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Blastocladiales sp. EF565163.1 0.0 91 AB252776 Uncultured eukaryote Fungi Nucletmycea_Fonticula Rhizophydium sp. AF164270.2 0.0 87 AB252777 Uncultured eukaryote Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiobolus haptosporus AF113413.1 0.0 91 AB275063 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Catenomyces sp. AY635830.1 0.0 90 AB275064 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Endogone lactiflua DQ536471.1 0.0 91 AB433328 Nuclearia thermophila Nuclearia Nucletmycea_Nuclearia Nuclearia thermophila AB433328.1 0.0 100 AB468592 Uncultured fungus Basal clone group I Chytridiomycota Physoderma dulichii DQ536472.1 0.0 90 AB468593 Uncultured fungus Basal clone group I Chytridiomycota Physoderma dulichii DQ536472.1 0.0 91 AB468594 Uncultured -
THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A
s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost. -
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Millions of years ago, unlikely pioneers sparked a revolution. Cnidarians set animal life in motion. So much of what we take for granted today began with Cnidarians. FROM SHAPE OF LIFE The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Take a moment to follow these instructions: Raise your right hand in front of your eyes. Make a fist. Make the peace sign with your first and second fingers. Make a fist again. Open your hand. Read the next paragraph. What you just did was exhibit a trait we associate with all animals, a trait called, quite simply, movement. And not only did you just move your hand, but you moved it after passing the idea of movement through your brain and nerve cells to command the muscles in your hand to obey. To do this, your body needs muscles to move and nerves to transmit and coordinate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. The bit of business involved in making fists and peace signs is pretty complex behavior, but it pales by comparison with the suites of thought and movement associated with throwing a curve ball, walking, swimming, dancing, breathing, landing an airplane, running down prey, or fleeing a predator. But whether by thought or instinct, you and all animals except sponges have the ability to move and to carry out complex sequences of movement called behavior. In fact, movement is such a basic part of being an animal that we tend to define animalness as having the ability to move and behave. -
Repurposing of Conserved Autophagy-Related Protein ATG8 in a Divergent Eukaryote Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro
Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro To cite this version: Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro. Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote. Communicative and Integrative Biology, Taylor & Francis Open, 2016, 9 (4), pp.e1197447. 10.1080/19420889.2016.1197447. hal-01824938 HAL Id: hal-01824938 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01824938 Submitted on 1 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License COMMUNICATIVE & INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016, VOL. 9, NO. 4, e1197447 (4 pages) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2016.1197447 ARTICLE ADDENDUM Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote Maude F. Lev eque,^ Hoa Mai Nguyen, and Sebastien Besteiro DIMNP- UMR5235, CNRS, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites contain a peculiar non-photosynthetic plastid Received 18 May 2016 called the apicoplast, which is essential for their survival. The localization of autophagy-related Accepted 30 May 2016 protein ATG8 to the apicoplast in several apicomplexan species and life stages has recently been KEYWORDS described, and we have shown this protein is essential for proper inheritance of this complex plastid apicomplexa; apicoplast; into daughter cells during cell division. -
Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS – Vol. II - Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer EUKARYOTE CELL BIOLOGY Michelle Gehringer Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa Keywords: cell theory, cell diversity, eukaryote cell structure, nucleus, chromatin, DNA, organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, transcription, RNA, translation, ribosomes, cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, meiosis, signal transduction, growth regulation, cancer, oncogenesis. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The first cell 2. Origin of Eukaryotes 3. Cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms 3.1. Plants 3.2. Animals 4. Eukaryotic cell structure 5. Organization of eukaryotic cells 5.1. Plasma membrane 5.2. Extracellular matrices 5.3. Protein synthesis and transport 5.4. Cytoskeleton and movement 5.5. Nucleus 5.5.1 Genomes 5.5.2 Gene expression 5.5.3 Maintaining the genome 5.6. Organelles 6. The cell cycle 6.1. Mitosis 6.2. Meiosis 7. Regulation of cell growth 7.1. Signal transduction 7.2. Programmed cell death 7.3. CancerUNESCO – EOLSS 8. Experimental Models 8.1. Yeast SAMPLE CHAPTERS 8.2. Arabidopsis 8.3. Drosophila 8.4. The mouse 8.5. Cell culture 8.6. Separation of cellular contents 8.7. Tracing biochemical pathways 9. Future Investigations Glossary Bibliography ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS – Vol. II - Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer Biographical Sketch Summary Cells form the basic unit of life on our planet. They are well organized systems which perform all the essential tasks of eating, respiring, replicating and excreting waste products. The first cells, which are thought to have evolved about 3.8 billion years ago, much resembled present day prokaryotes. -
Mixotrophic Protists Among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology
FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN PhD thesis Woraporn Tarangkoon Mixotrophic Protists among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology Academic advisor: Associate Professor Per Juel Hansen Submitted: 29/04/10 Contents List of publications 3 Preface 4 Summary 6 Sammenfating (Danish summary) 8 สรุป (Thai summary) 10 The sections and objectives of the thesis 12 Introduction 14 1) Mixotrophy among marine planktonic protists 14 1.1) The role of light, food concentration and nutrients for 17 the growth of marine mixotrophic planktonic protists 1.2) Importance of marine mixotrophic protists in the 20 planktonic food web 2) Marine symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates 24 2.1) Occurrence of symbionts in the order Dinophysiales 24 2.2) The spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in 27 marine waters 2.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in dinoflagellates with symbionts 28 3) Symbiosis and mixotrophy in the marine ciliate genus Mesodinium 30 3.1) Occurrence of symbiosis in Mesodinium spp. 30 3.2) The distribution of marine Mesodinium spp. 30 3.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in marine Mesodinium rubrum 33 and Mesodinium pulex Conclusion and future perspectives 36 References 38 Paper I Paper II Paper III Appendix-Paper IV Appendix-I Lists of publications The thesis consists of the following papers, referred to in the synthesis by their roman numerals. Co-author statements are attached to the thesis (Appendix-I). Paper I Tarangkoon W, Hansen G Hansen PJ (2010) Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes. Aquat Microb Ecol 58:197-213. -
CH28 PROTISTS.Pptx
9/29/14 Biosc 41 Announcements 9/29 Review: History of Life v Quick review followed by lecture quiz (history & v How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? phylogeny) v What is thought to have been the first genetic material? v Lecture: Protists v Are we tetrapods? v Lab: Protozoa (animal-like protists) v Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis v Lab exam 1 is Wed! (does not cover today’s lab) § Since many of the first organisms were photosynthetic (i.e. cyanobacteria), a LOT of excess oxygen accumulated (O2 revolution) § Some organisms adapted to use it (aerobic respiration) Review: History of Life Review: Phylogeny v Which organelles are thought to have originated as v Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry endosymbionts? v Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution v During what event did fossils resembling modern taxa suddenly appear en masse? v A valid clade is monophyletic, meaning it consists of the ancestor taxon and all its descendants v How many mass extinctions seem to have occurred during v A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and Earth’s history? Describe one? some, but not all, of the descendants v When is adaptive radiation likely to occur? v A polyphyletic grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor v Maximum parsimony assumes the tree requiring the fewest evolutionary events is most likely Quiz 3 (History and Phylogeny) BIOSC 041 1. How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? 2. Why might many organisms have evolved to use aerobic respiration? PROTISTS! Reference: Chapter 28 3. -
The Apicoplast: a Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 7: 57-80. Online journalThe Apicoplastat www.cimb.org 57 The Apicoplast: A Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites Ross F. Waller1 and Geoffrey I. McFadden2,* way to apicoplast discovery with studies of extra- chromosomal DNAs recovered from isopycnic density 1Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 gradient fractionation of total Plasmodium DNA. This University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada group recovered two DNA forms; one a 6kb tandemly 2Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, Botany, University repeated element that was later identifed as the of Melbourne, 3010, Australia mitochondrial genome, and a second, 35kb circle that was supposed to represent the DNA circles previously observed by microscopists (Wilson et al., 1996b; Wilson Abstract and Williamson, 1997). This molecule was also thought The apicoplast is a plastid organelle, homologous to to be mitochondrial DNA, and early sequence data of chloroplasts of plants, that is found in apicomplexan eubacterial-like rRNA genes supported this organellar parasites such as the causative agents of Malaria conclusion. However, as the sequencing effort continued Plasmodium spp. It occurs throughout the Apicomplexa a new conclusion, that was originally embraced with and is an ancient feature of this group acquired by the some awkwardness (“Have malaria parasites three process of endosymbiosis. Like plant chloroplasts, genomes?”, Wilson et al., 1991), began to emerge. apicoplasts are semi-autonomous with their own genome Gradually, evermore convincing character traits of a and expression machinery. In addition, apicoplasts import plastid genome were uncovered, and strong parallels numerous proteins encoded by nuclear genes. These with plastid genomes from non-photosynthetic plants nuclear genes largely derive from the endosymbiont (Epifagus virginiana) and algae (Astasia longa) became through a process of intracellular gene relocation. -
Learning List 1. Eukaryotic Cells (Plant and Animal Cells) Have a Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and Genetic Material Enclosed in a Nucleus
Learning List 1. Eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus. 2. Prokaryotic cells contain cytoplasm, cell membrane and a cell wall. The genetic material is not in a nucleus but a single loop. 3. Prokaryotic cells can contain plasmids. 4. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. 5. Animal cells contain nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. 6. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, a vacuole and a cell wall. 7. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. 8. Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage (become specialised) 9. Most plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their life. 10. Cells can be specialised to carry out a particular function e.g. sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells. Cells All living things are made of ________________. Cells can either be ____________________ or ________________________. Plants and animal cells are _________________________. Label the diagram of a plant and animal cell. Compare the structure of a plant and animal cell Bacteria are _______________________ cells. Label the diagram of a bacterial cell. Complete the Venn Diagram to compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Function of cell organelles Learning List – Microscopes 1. Light microscopes use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen. 2. Light microscopes are used to se nuclei, chloroplasts, cell wall, cell membrane and mitochondria. Electron microscopes use electrons to form an image. 3. Stains are used to make the specimen visible. 4. Electron microscopes have a higher magnification. -
Animal Models of Fungal Infection: Critical Systems in Development Of
Animal Models of Fungal Infection Critical Systems in Development of New Antifungal Agents Thomas J. Walsh, MD, PhD (hon), FAAM, FIDSA, FECMM, FAAAS Founding Director, Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program Chief, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Laboratory Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University Attending Physician, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Hospital for Special Surgery Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine Adjunct Professor of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Disclosures/Disclaimers • Disclosures: Dr. Walsh has received grants for experimental and clinical antimicrobial pharmacology and therapeutics to his institution from Allergan, Amplyx, Astellas, Lediant, Medicines Company, Merck, Scynexis, Tetraphase, and Viosera and has served as consultant to Amplyx, Astellas, Allergan, ContraFect, Gilead, Lediant, Medicines Company, Merck, Methylgene, Pfizer, and Scynexis • Disclaimers: The views expressed in this talk represent my opinions and do not necessarily represent the views of Weill Cornell Medicine or those of the FDA. Background • Animal model systems are a critical component of the process of discovery and development of new antifungal agents for treatment and prevention of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). • Models of IFDs in murine, rat, guinea pigs, and rabbits have been developed and studied for development of new systemic antifungal agents. • We will review the conceptual, scientific, and regulatory framework for utilizing these models, cite specific examples of their application, and discuss their predictability for clinical trials. Objectives • Review role of laboratory animal model systems in development of new antifungal agents. • Assess the predictability of these models for predicting outcome in clinical trials.