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A REPORT ON CAVE FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 1

Willis J. Gertsch2

Curator Emeritus, American Museum of Natural History, New York

About one hundred species of spiders have so far can caves. been reported from cave habitats in Mexico and in- The obligate cavernicoles are always of special tensive collecting surveys will eventually enlarge this interest because of deep commitment to cave exist- list several times. In an earlier paper Gertsch (1971) ence. Six additional species from Mexico and Central cited 86 species, most of them new, and the present America enlarge this total to 19 from the 13 Mexican report further enlarges the Mexican fauna by addition taxa noted in the earlier paper. Two additional fami- of 20 species of which 16 are herein described for the lies, and Ochyroceratidae, are now repre- first time. In addition, eight new species are reported sented as listed below. from caves in Guatemala, Belize (British Honduras), Family Dipluridae and Panama of Central America, the larger area con- Euagrus anops, new species sidered in this paper. Additional records with full Cueva de la Porra, San Luis POtOSI: Mexico. collecting data are presented for some species noted Family Theraphosidae on earlier lists, and I look forward to future considera- reddelli, new species tion of families not mentioned here. Cueva del Nacimiento del RIO San Antonio, Spiders are important predators of crawling and Oaxaca, Mexico. flying invertebrates and penetrate into all parts of Family caves where prey is present. The regional cave fauna is Metagonia martha, new species derived from local taxa and comprises distinctive ele- Cueva del Nacimiento del RIO San Antonio, ments. Some big-eyed vagrants that depend on sight Oaxaca, Mexico. for hunting cannot exist very long in caves. Most Metagonia jarmila, new species cave dwellers have been derived from available cryptic Bucks Bypass Cave, Belize types of both primitive and specialized groups. The Family Telemidae majority are sedentary and spin webs in crevices on Telema mayana, new species cave walls and under detritus on the floor. Within Cueva Sepacuita, Guatemala these webs such spiders have no need for sight and Family Ochyroceratidae substitute keen chemotactic senses centered in recep- Theotima pura, new species tors on their appendages. The few hunting spiders Cueva de los Vampiros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. living exclusively in caves long ago deemphasized This paper could not have been realized without sight as a requirement of life activities. Representa- the aid of colleagues and friends dedicated to biologi- tives of all kinds live in Mexican and Central Ameri- cal and systematic studies of caves and their faunas. Mr. James Reddell and Professor Robert Mitchell, both of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, I This project has been supported in part by grants GB-3880 and GB-6524X1 of the National Science Foundation. outstanding students of Texas and Mexican caves, are responsible for most of the material of the present 2Home address: P. O. Box 157, Portal, Arizona 85632. report. New material from Central American caves

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and much also from those in Mexico were made avail- FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE able to me by Dr. Stewart Peck of Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. To these students and to their assist- The taxon stygia was based on a pale immature ants and to all others who have contributed to the specimen from Cueva de los Potrerillos with eye project, I offer my gratitude. All the material will be tubercle and eyes greatly reduced in size. A mature deposited in the collections of the American Museum female from the same cave has provided additional of Natural History in New York and The Museum, features that make desirable its assignment to the Texas Tech University in Lubbock. Schizopelma. This is only a tentative placement and cannot be regarded as definite without evidence from the male and deeper study of this difficult SUBORDER group. In this paper two additional species are de- Few mygalomorph spiders have become obligate scribed from cave habitats. One is a troglophile with cavernicoles so discovery of two additional ones from eye tubercle of medium height, black eye rings, and Mexican caves is of special interest. A completely legs of medium length. The second one, named eyeless Euagrus from San Luis Potos(differs striking- Schizopelma reddelli and taken from a mile deep ly from cavernicola of Tamaulipas caves and presents inside a cave in Oaxaca, has paler coloration and several derivative features. A pallid, long-legged thera- longer legs than those of stygia. Both stygia and phosid from Oaxaca with evanescent eyes is related to reddelli are presumed to be troglobites but more in- stygia of San Luis Potos(and both are herein assigned formation and material are necessary before that sta- tentatively to the genus Schizopelma. In Bulletin 4 of tus can be verified. An unusual feature of both species this journal (Gertsch, 1971, p. 48) I listed the few is absence of urticating hairs on the dorsum of the ab- then known troglobite mygalomorphs from the world domen, a distinct patch usually being present in but failed to record a blind diplurid from Australia, American genera of this family. described by Dr. Barbara Main (1969, pp. 9-11) on the basis of fragments from Roaches Rest Cave, one Schizopelma stygia (Gertsch) of the Nullarbor Caves. The four diplurids are all Aphonopelma stygia Gertsch, 1971, p. 49. whitish spiders without eyes and they are presumably restricted to cave habitats. The Cuban Troglothele Diagnosis-Probable troglobite with eye tubercle was based by Fage on a probably young specimen and eyes reduced in size; anterior median eyes pale, with all eyes totally absent. The status of the two much smaller than anterior lateral eyes; scopulae on Mexican theraphosids claimed to be troglobites is dis- all tarsi divided below by long row of setae; legs of cussed below. Both have the eye tubercles mostly medium length, first leg 3.7 times as long as carapace; obsolete and the eyes reduced to pale spots. The re- only simple hairs present on dorsum of abdomen; vised list of world mygalomorph troglobites follows: receptacles of epigynum (Fig. 2a) separated at base Family Dipluridae by about width of one. Accola caeca Simon, 1892, caves, Phi IIi pine Female-Total length 22 mm, not including che- Islands. licerae. Carapace 9.5 mm long, 8:3 mm wide. Abdo- Euagrus cavernicola Gertsch, 1971, caves, Tam- men 12 mm long, 6.5 mm wide. aulipas, Mexico. Carapace oval, truncated in front and behind, Euagrus anops, new species, Cueva de la Porra, covered thinly with procumbent hairs and weak setae San luis POtOSI: Mexico. but frontal margin with row of about forty stouter Troglodiplura lowryi Main, 1969, Roaches Rest setae. Pars cephalica subtriangular, as wide as long, Cave, Australia. demarked by shallow cephalic grooves; cervical groove Family Barychelidae deep transverse depression; pars thoracica with shal- Troglothele coeca Fage, 1929, Gruta Bellamar, low radiating grooves. Eye tubercle obsolete, not fully Cuba. third of frontal width. Eight small eyes present, ratio Family Theraphosidae in millimeters: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 0.30:0.13: Schizopelma stygia (Gertsch), 1971, Cueva de 0.19:0.15. Front eye row moderately procurved; los Potrerillos, San Luis POtOSI: Mexico. anterior median eyes separated by diameter, farther Schizopelma reddelli, new species, Cueva del from lateral eyes (20/13). Posterior eye row straight; Nacimiento del R(o San Antonio, Oaxaca, oval median eyes separated by more than three diame- Mexico. ters (19/70), diameter from lateral eyes. Front of

142 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* carapace and eyes as shown in Fig. 1. Median ocular dian eyes dark, much larger than anterior lateral eyes; quadrangle broader than long (88/18), narrowed in anterior tarsi lacking conspicuous ventral rows of front (88/23). Sternum 4.5 mm long, 3.7 mm wide, setae; legs proportionately longer, first leg 4.5 times clothed with erect black hairs; four pairs of sigilla as long as carapace; receptacles of epigynum widely clearly evident. Labium 1.5 mm long and broad, separated at base (F ig. 2al. armed at tip with 16 small cuspules. Endite 3.8 mm Etymology-Named for Mr. James Reddell. long, 2 mm wide, with cluster of cuspules in basal Female-Total length 18 mm, not including cheli- third. Chelicerae robust, evenly rounded; promargin cerae. Carapace 10 mm long, 8.3 mm wide. Abdo- with 15 subequal black teeth; retromargin with thick men 12.5 mm long, 6 mm wide. band of reddish hairs. Entire spider orange to light brown; hairs mainly dusky and spines black; chelicerae and fangs dark red- I II III IV dish brown. Femur 9.15 8.15 8.00 10.50 Structure like that of stygia unless otherwise no- Patella 5.20 4.75 4.10 4.50 ted. Carapace truncated in front and margin with row Tibia 8.50 8.00 7.50 10.10 of about 24 stout setae. Eye tubercle mostly obso- Metatarsus 7.50 7.15 8.70 12.50 lete; eye group occupying fourth of width of pars Tarsus 5.10 4.90 5.15 6.40 cephalica. Eight small eyes present, pale except dark Total 35.35 32.95 33.45 44.00 anterior median eyes lying on trivial elevation; ratio Leg formula 4132. First leg 3.7 times, first femur of eyes in millimeters:ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 0.15: 0.96 times as long as carapace. Legs long, relatively 0.20:0.13:0.11. Front eye row moderately recurved; slender, with thin black spines. First tibia with 1-1-2 dark anterior median eyes subcontiguous, full dia- ventral spines; first metatarsus with 0-1-1 ventral meter from lateral eyes. Posterior eye row slightly re- spines. First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate curved; subround median eyes separated by about throughout their lengths. Pal pal and tarsal claws five diameters (60/11), about radius from lateral eyes. smooth, without teeth. All tarsal scopulae divided Median ocular quadrangle much broader than long by long row of setae most numerous and broadest (80/11), narrowed in front (80/45). Sternum 4.5 mm on fourth tarsi. Promargin of first coxa and retro- long, 4.2 mm wide, clothed with erect black setae; margin of palpal coxa clothed with fine hairs, on four pairs of sigilla well marked, suboval first pair those faces lacking heavy spines or spinules. Pal pus: large, lying in labial furrow. Labium 1.7 mm long, femur 7 mm, patella 4.1 mm, tibia 5.5 mm, tarsus 1.4 mm wide, provided at tip with seven small cusp- 4.6 mm, total 21.2 mm. ules. Endite 3.6 mm long, 2 mm wide, with cluster Abdomen suboval, covered evenly with suberect of numerous small cuspules in basal half. Chelicerae: black hairs, with thin brush of coarse setae at base promargin of right one with 11 black teeth, three above pedicel but lacking scattered or formal patch of much smaller; promargin of left one with nine black urticating hairs anywhere on dorsum. Midd Ie spinneret teeth, sixth one from apex fragmented to four denti- 0.75 mm long. Lateral spinneret three-segmented, c1es; retromargin with thick band of reddish hairs. with measurements from base to apical segments 1.6 I II III IV mm, 1.3 mm, 2 mm, respectively, totalling 4.9 mm. Femur 11.40 11.30 10.60 12.75 Epigynum (Fig. 2a) broad basal atrium opening Patella 5.50 5.10 4.50 4.65 into pair of apically rounded pouches separated at Tibia 11.00 10.35 9.75 12.80 base by width of one. Metatarsus 11.40 10.75 12.00 16.50 Type Data-Immature holotype from Cueva de los Tarsus 6.50 6.60 6.60 8.50 Potrerillos, 2 km W Ahuacatlan, San Luis POtOSI: Total 45.80 44.10 43.45 55.20 Mexico, 12 July 1967 (J. Reddell, J. Fish, W. Russell) in American Museum of Natural History. Leg formula 4123. First leg 4.5 times, first femur Distribution-Known only from above cave. 1.14 times as long as carapace. Legs quite long, rela- Other Record-MEXICO: San Luis Potosf: Cueva tively slender, with thin black spines. First tibia with de los Potrerillos, same data as above, female; 27 No- 1 (or 2)-1-2 ventral spines; first right metatarsus with vember 1972 (J. Reddell, T. Raines), female. single basal spine, first left metatarsus with four spines, one at apex and three in basal half. First and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate their length; third Schizopelma reddelli, new species tarsus and apical half of metatarsus scopulate; fourth Diagnosis-Near relative of stygia, probable troglo- tarsi scopulate. Palpal and tarsal claws smooth. Ven- bite distinguished by following features; anterior me- ters of first and second tarsi with few apical setae;

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third tarsi with row in apical half; fourth tarsi with (110/55), narrowed in front (110/63). Sternum 4.10 row of setae whole length. Palpus: femur 8.5 mm, mm long, 3.8 mm wide; all sigilla distinct. Labium patella 4 mm, tibia 7 mm, tarsus 7.3 mm, total 26.8 1.3 mm long, 1.5 mm Wide, provided at tip with 11 mm. cuspules. Endite 3.3 mm long, 1.7 mm wide, with Abdomen suboval, covered evenly with pale hairs cluster of cuspules mostly confined to basal third of and suberect dusky setae, with thin brush of setae segment. Chelicera: promargin with nine subequal above pedicel but completely lacking urticating hairs. teeth; retromargin with band of reddish hairs. Middle spinneret 1 mm long. Lateral spinnerets seem- I /I 1/1 IV ingly deformed, with measurements of left one from Femur 10.00 9.30 8.75 11.40 base to apical segment 1.5 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm, Patella 5.35 5.00 4.50 4.70 totalling 2.75 mm. Tibia 8.35 7.60 7.15 9.70 Epigynum (Fig. 2b) presenting pair of subparallel Metatarsus 8.15 8.00 9.20 12.50 pouches widely separated at base. Tarsus 5.75 5.55 5.70 6.70 Type Data-Female ho!otype from Cueva del Naci- Total 37.60 35.45 35.30 45.00 miento del RIO San Antonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, 9 March 1973 (J. Reddell, S. Murphy, D. McKenzie, Leg formula 4123. First leg about four times, first M. McKenzie, M. Butterwick), "found wandering femur only slightly longer than carapace. Legs of me- over a clay bank deep in the cave one mile from dium length with thin black spines; first tibia with mouth, probably in search of troglobitic thysanurans, 2-2-2, first metatarsus with 0-1-1 ventral spines. First which probably comprise an important part of the and second tarsi and metatarsi scopulate to base; third diet of this kind of spider." and fourth tarsi scopulate but their metatarsi scopu- late only beyond middle. Venters of first and second tarsi with few setae in middle line; third and fourth Schizopelma elliotti, new species tarsi with row of setae whole length. Palpus: femur Diagnosis-Troglophile species related to stygia 7 mm, patella 4 mm, tibia 5.8 mm, tarsus 5.3 mm, with eye tubercle and eyes of medium development; total 22.1 mm. dark anterior median eyes separated by diameter, Abdomen suboval, covered thickly with fine hairs smaller than anterior lateral eyes; scopulae of third and scattered long setae; dorsum with thin brush of and fourth tarsi divided by row of setae; legs of black setae above pedicel and thick patch of silky medium length, first leg about four times as long as hairs covering two-thirds length (these representing carapace; receptacles of epigynum widely separated long, somewhat atypical, Type /I hairs). Middle spin- at base, directed laterad (Fig. 2c). neret 0.65 mm long. Lateral spinneret three-segmented Etymology-Named for Mr. William Elliott. with measurements from basal to apical segments 1.5 Female-Total length 20 mm, not including cheli- mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm respectively, totalling 5 mm. cerae. Carapace 9.5 mm long, 8.5 mm wide. Abdomen Epigynum (Fig. 2c) with pair of widely separated 12 mm long, 6 mm wide. seminal receptacles directed laterad. Carapace and appendages dusky reddish brown; Type Data-Female holotype and small female hairs and setae black; chelicerae and fangs dark red- from Cueva de la Laguna, 5 km N Valle de los Fan- dish brown; abdomen dark brown with large patch tasmas (40 km ESE San Luis Potosli. San Luis Potos( of pale silky hairs covering posterior half of dorsum. Mexico, 3000 m, 20 May 1972 (W. Elliott, P. Lynn, Structure like that of stygia unless otherwise R.M. McEachern). noted. Carapace truncated in front and margin with row of about 30 stout setae. Eye tubercle of medium FAMILY DIPLURIDAE development, prominently raised in center; eye group occupying fourth of width of pars cephalica at front. The discovery of a second eyeless Euagrus from a Eyes of medium size; anterior median eyes dark and cave in Mexico is an exciting event. Euagrus anops is eyes ringed with black; ratio of eyes in diameters: a derivative type which has modified its features in AME:ALE:PLE:PME = 0.32:0.23:0.30:0.20. Front several ways. The typical series of teeth on the pro- eye row essentially straight; round anterior median margin of the chelicera is greatly reduced in numbers eyes separated by diameter, nearer lateral eyes and distribution of the elements. The complete lack (23/14). Posterior eye row moderately recurved; of teeth on the tarsal claws is similarly unusual and posterior median eyes separated by four diameters demonstrates that the cave habitat for no obvious (80/20), about radius from posterior lateral eyes. reason can profoundly affect characters often given Median ocular quadrangle twice as broad as long high systematic importance. No males are known for

144 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* the two blind Mexican Euagrus but the expectation I II III IV is that they likely will exhibit typical features of the Femur 2.20 2.15 2.00 2.65 genus. Patella 0.95 0.80 0.85 0.95 The typical Euagrus is a darkly pigmented Tibia 2.00 1.95 1.70 2.65 with dark brown or banded abdomen and fairly large Metatarsus 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.85 eyes on a low transverse tubercle. Abundant in Mexi· Tarsus 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.60 co, the various species spread their sheet webs under Total 8.60 8.40 9.10 10.70 ground objects and in the entrances of caves. A pallid species from caves in Queretaro known only from a Leg formula 4312. Legs longer and thinner than few females is also described below because it seems those of epigean species; first leg about four times, to show some cave adaptation. Other species from fourth leg about five times as long as carapace; fourth caves in various parts of Mexico are not considered in tibia longer than carapace. Legs clothed with fine, the present paper and are listed in another place subprocumbent dusky hairs and few longer bristles merely under the generic heading. and weak spines; those on posterior pairs more nume· rous; palpal claw with series of fine teeth in basal half; paired and unpaired claws of all legs essentially Euagrus anops, new species smooth. Palpus: femur 1.3 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia Diagnosis-Pale, eyeless troglobite differing from 0.7 mm, tarsus 1.1 mm, total 3.6 mm. Euagrus cavernicola as follows: lateral spinnerets Abdomen suboval, covered evenly with fine dusky much shorter than carapace; promargin of chelicera hairs and few longer setae. Spinnerets four, subapical with few tiny teeth in basal half instead of formal in position, leaving short space between them and long series of large teeth; tarsal claws without teeth. anal tubercle; median spinnerets one·segmented, 0.28 Etymology-Specific name from Greek a, without, mm long, with six spinules at apex; lateral spinneret and ops, eyes, without eyes. three·segmented, with measurements from basal to Female-Total length 5 mm. Carapace 2.2 mm apical segments 0.65 mm, 0.65 mm, 0.85 mm respec· long, 1.8 mm wide. Abdomen 2.7 mm long, 2 mm tively, totalling 2.15 mm; lateral spinneret$ and wide. flexible, much shorter than abdomen. Entire spider whitish to faintly yellow, with sparse Epigynum (Fig. 4) consisting of small tube on covering of dusky hairs and spines; carapace and che· each side running into suboval receptacle; opening licerae shiny; abdomen dull white. small and lying in shallow atrium. Carapace elongate oval, evenly rounded on sides Type Data-Female holotype from Cueva de la and in front, covered thinly with suberect dusky hairs. Porra, 5 km N Xilitla, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 19 Pars cephalica subtriangular, with lateral grooves shal· July 1969 (W. Elliott, S. & J. Peck, D. Broussard). low, yellowish in color; cervical groove inconspicuous pit situated back three·fifths distance to posterior Euagrus luteus, new species margin. Eyes and eye tubercle obsolete, its position indicated by suboval area of subintegumental spot· Diagnosis-Golden brown troglophile species rela· ting. Pars thoracica low, with three dark lateral striae ted to ritaensis of southern Arizona, distinguished as on each side. Pedicel 0.3 mm long, exposed from follows: more slender, with thinner legs and much above. Sternum cordate, 1 mm long, 0.95 mm wide, longer spinnerets; eye tubercle and eyes small with thinly covered with erect dark hairs, without obvious posterior median eyes smaller and separated by far sigilla but usual front pair incorporated into trans· more than two diameters. verse labial groove. Labium 0.18 mm long, 0.4 mm Etymology-Specific name from Latin luteus, yel· wide, with row of about eight dusky hairs along front low, pallid. edge. Endites set obliquely, 0.7 mm long, 0.5 mm Female-Total length 9 mm. Carapace 4 mm long, wide, with erect hairs but no cuspules. Chelicera 3 mm wide. Abdomen 5 mm long, 2.7 mm wide. 1.7 mm long, projecting forward, as seen from above Entire spider golden yellow brown; eyes enclosing more than half as long as carapace, smooth above, black field; abdomen with grayish tint; spines and covered thinly with inconspicuous hairs; promargin hairs dusky. with six tiny teeth deep .in furrow toward base, lack· Carapace elongate oval, narrowed and subtruncated ing close·set row of large brown teeth of genus; inner in front and behind, covered thinly with procumbent furrow with half dozen denticles opposite small teeth; dark hairs and few inconspicuous bristles; two long retromargin unarmed, set with row of brown hairs; bristles in cervical groove. Pars cephalica subtriangular, fang brown, curved, thin at end. longer than broad, delimited by fairly conspicuous

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4 3

Fig. 1. Schizopelma stygia (Gertsch), female, front of carapace. Figs. 2a-2c. Epigyna of Schizopelma, ventral views. 2a. Schizopelma stygia (Gertsch). 2b. Schizopelma reddelli, new species. 2c. Schizopelma elliotti, new species. Fig. 3. Euagrus luteus, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 4. Euagrus anops, new species, epigynum, ventral view. cephalic grooves; cervical groove deep pit situated Labium 0.3 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, clothed with back slightly beyond middle of length. Eye tubercle dark hairs but cuspules lacking. Chelicerae 2 mm long, low, about third of width of head in front. Front eye as visible from above less than third as long as cara- row moderately procurved as seen from in front, pace; promargin with 12 to 14 dark teeth of which nearly straight from above; anterior median eyes dark, four are larger; retromargin flanked by even row of fairly large, two-thirds size of lateral eyes (13/20), hairs. separated by radius, nearer lateral eyes. Posterior eye I II III IV row moderately recurved; posterior median eyes sepa- Femur 3.10 3.00 3.00 3.60 rated by more than two diameters (11/26). nearly Patella 1.75 1.65 1.60 1.80 touching subequal lateral eyes. Median ocular quad- Tibia 2.45 2.20 2.35 3.30 rangle much broader than long (46/24), narrowed in Metatarsus 2.55 2.50 3.10 4.20 front by about same ratio; anterior median eyes larger Tarsus 1.70 1.75 1.75 2.15 (13/11). Sternum subcordate, 1.75 mm long, 1.5 mm Total 11.55 11.10 11.80 15.05 wide; three pairs of small sigilla present on side mar· gins and front pair enlarged, lying in lateral groove.

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Leg formula 4312. Legs of medium stoutness; first The systematics of the family must be largely leg 2.88 times, fourth leg 3.76 times as long as cara- centered in study of the genitalia, the special features pace; fourth tibia much shorter than carapace. Legs of which were reviewed for each genus in the paper clothed with few subprocumbent dark hairs and erect above,. making repetition here unnecessary. The dis- bristles and few heavier spines most numerous on tinctive spurs on the chelicerae of the males are posterior legs; first tibia with 1-1-2 ventral spines; usually diagnostic for the taxa. Although basically a first metatarsus with 2-2-2 ventral spines. Palpal claw very generalized organ, the male palpus presents strik- with row of fine teeth for two-thirds length. Paired ing specializations of tarsus and bulb for each of the claws of tarsi with single row of 10 to 20 fine teeth in species. The haplogyne epigynum of the female con- basal half; unpaired claw with two to five small teeth sists of weakly sclerotized internal pouches offering near base. Palpus: femur 2.15 mm, patella 0.65 mm, little for identification. The most instructive features tibia 1.5 mm, tarsus 1.75 mm; total 6.05 mm. are the shape and modification of the sclerites and the Abdomen suboval, covered evenly with fine pro- general pattern of the external facies. cumbent dark hairs and with scattered erect bristles; base of abdomen with thin brush of erect bristles. Coryssocnemis abernathyi Gertsch Median spinnerets 0.75 mm long, with few scattered spinules. Lateral spinneret three-segmented, with Coryssocnemis abernathyi Gertsch, 1971, p. 56. measurements from base to apical segments, 1.7 mm, Records-MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Cueva de los 2 mm, 2.5 mm, respectively, totalling 6.2 mm; lateral Caballos, 30 km ESE San Luis PotOSI: 18 May 1972 spinneret thin, flexible, longer than abdomen. (W. Elliott), two immatures. Oaxaca: Cueva de Apo- Epigynum (Fig. 3) with lightly sclerotized, trans- ala, Santiago Apoala, 20 km N Asuncion Nochixtlan, verse atrium leading to assymmetrically bifid recep- 2 January 1973 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, M. McKen- tacle on each side. zie, S. Murphy), male probably this species. Type Data-Female holotype and immature female from iron mine at road, 2 km E Pinal de Amoles, Coryssocnemis iviei Gertsch Queretaro, Mexico, 17 July 1969 (S. Peck). Coryssocnemis iviei Gertsch, 1971, p. 60. Distribution-Caves of Queretaro. Records- MEXICO: Queretaro: Sotano de EI Tigre, Records-MEXICO: Queretaro: Sotano Encantado, 12 km SW Jalpan, 11 July 1967 (J. Fish), female, 3 km W La Cienega, 20 km NNE Pinal de Amoles, 2 three subadult. Cueva de Tejamanil, Tejamanil, 2 km June 1972 (R. Ralph), two males, female. San Luis SW Pinal de Amoles, 9 August 1969 (D. McKenzie, J. Potosi: Cueva de Potrerillos, 2 km W Ahuacatlan, 27 Reddell), female, three immature. Cave n. 29, 200 m November 1972 (J. Reddell, T. Raines), two males, S Sotano del Buque, 20 km N Pinal de Amoles, 6 three females. June 1972 (W. Russell), three females. Cueva de los Riscos, 5 km SW Jalpan, 10 August 1966 (J. Reddell, Physocyc!us globosus (Taczanowski) J. Fish, D. McKenzie), eight females, immature. Physocyc!us globosus: F. P.-Cambridge, 1902, p. 368. Records-MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Sotano de la SUBORDER Tinaja, 11 km NE Valles, 1 December 1968(J. Hal- FAMILY PHOLCIDAE Ian), female. The cave pholcids of Mexico were shown in an Psilochorus concinnus, new species earlier paper (Gertsch, 1971) to be a rich and varied fauna of generalized, lucifugous types especially at- Diagnosis-Small, dusky, long-legged troglophile tracted to cave habitats. Five eyeless species were similar to fishi and related species, readily separated classified as troglobites; a few others with reduced or by following genitalic features: femur stout, with rudimentary eyes quite likely also may be obligative small ventral process at apex; both embolus and tibial cavernicoles; most of the· remaining ones show few spur bifid at apex; epigynal ridges prominent, with differences or none at all from epigean relatives and anterior one produced to rounded lobe above genital are regarded as troglophiles. In the present paper groove. eleven new species are described from Mexico and Etymology-Specific name from Latin concinnus, Central America and two of these with rudimentary pleasing. eyes, Metagonia martha and jarmila, are claimed to be Female-Total length 2.7 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm troglobites. long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.7 mm long, 1.4 mm

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wide. ridge in front of genital furrow. Sides of carapace whitish; pars cephalica and c1y- Etymology-Named for Mr. Stuart Murphy. peal extension dusky; eyes ringed with black, sternum Female-Total length 2.6 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm dusky and chelicerae brown; legs dusky their whole long, 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm lengths, without darker annulae or spots. Abdomen wide. gray; epigynal ridges brownish. Coloration and structure like those of concinnus. Structure typical of genus (Gertsch, 1971, p. 72). Clypeus 0.43 mm long. Ratio of eyes: ALE:AME: with pars cephalica well elevated and eyes well de- PLE:PME = 10:4:10:9. Front eye row gently pro- veloped. Clypeus long, inclined, 0.46 mm long. Ratio curved, median eyes lying above centers of lateral of eyes: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 10:4.5:9:8.5. Front eyes; anterior median eyes separated by radius, as eye row essentially straight; anterior median eyes far from lateral eyes. Posterior eye row gently pro- separated by about half their radius, about as far curved; posterior median eyes separated by long di- from anterior lateral eyes. Posterior eye row essen- ameter, touching lateral eyes. Sternum 0.75 mm long, tially straight to faintly procurved; posterior median 0.6 mm wide. eyes separated by more than diameter (12/8.5), near- First leg: femur 5.2 mm, patella 0.4 mm, tibia ly touching lateral eyes. Sternum 0.61 mm long, 0.8 0.52 mm, metatarsus 7.3 mm, tarsus 1.7 mm; total mm wide, subtruncated between and separating pos- 19.8 mm. First leg 18 times, first femur 4.8 times as terior coxae by length. Abdomen subglobose, mode- long as carapace. rately elevated and produced above spinnerets Epigynum (Fig. 10) with brownish ridges behind First leg: femur 6.1 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 6.5 and in front of genital groove; front ridge with small mm, metatarsus 8 mm, tarsus 1.75 mm; total 22.85 nodule at middle. mm. First leg 20.7 times, first femur 5.5 times as long Male-Total length 2.7 mm. Carapace 1.2 mm long, as carapace. 1.15 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm Epigynum (Fig. 7) with prominent, transverse wide. ridges behind and in front of genital groove of which Coloration and structure like those of female. Che- front ridge produced behind to bluntly rounded lobe. licera (Fig. 8) with small triangular spur on side in api- Male-Total length 2.8 mm. Carapace 1.3 mm cal half. 1 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.3 mm First leg: femur 7 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 7.2 wide. mm, metatarsus 10.6 mm, tarsus 2 mm; total 27.3 Coloration and structure like those of female ex- mm. First leg 23 times, first femur about six times cept as noted. Posterior eye row faintly procurved. as long as carapace. Chelicera (Fig. 6) with short, sharp spur near base of Male palpus (Fig. 9) like that of concinnus but segment differing in details from that of fishi. differing in details of bulbal elements. First leg: femur 6.35 mm, patella 0.50 mm, tibia Type Data-Male holotype, two males, three fe- 6.8 mm, metatarsus 8.5 mm, tarsus 1.8 mm; total males and immature from Cueva de Apoala, Santiago 23.95 mm. First leg 18.5 times, first femur about five Apoala, 20 km N Asuncion Nochixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexi- times as long as carapace. co, 2 January 1973 (J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, M. Male palpus (Fig. 5) distinct from that of fishi as McKenzie, S. Murphy). follows: femur stouter, broader at apex, with short curved ventral process; long tarsal process notched at Pholcophora quieta, new species apex; embolus with tiny notch at apex. Type Data-Male holotype, two males, three fe- Diagnosis-Small, dusky troglophile with legs of males and immature from Cueva de Cinquenta y Ocho, medium length related to mitchel/i, distinguished by 5 km S San Francisco, 30 km ESE San Luis POtOSI: shorter legs, more widely spaced eyes and by broad San Luis POtOSI: Mexico, 18 May 1972 (W. Elliott, R. epigynal band in front of genital groove. Ralph, P. Lynn); cave at about 3000 m elevation. Etymology-Specific name from Latin quietus, quiet, resting. Female-Total length 1.75 mm. Carapace 0.75 mm Psilochorus murphyi, new species long, 0.65 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 1 mm Diagnosis-Small, long-legged troglophile related to wide. concinnus, distinguished by following features: cheli- Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; eyes cera of male with small triangular spur in apical half; narrowly ringed with black; legs without darker rings; epigynum with small nodule at middle of transverse abdomen green.

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Structure typical of six-eyed group (Pholcopho- Male-Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. rina); six eyes in two triads separated by width of Coloration and structure like those of female. one. Ratio of eyes: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 7:0:6:6. Chelicera with small tubercle near base bearing several Anterior lateral eyes separated by more than diameter spinules and small lateral series on outer margin of (11/7). Posterior eye row moderately procurved; pos- face. terior median eyes separated by more than two dia- Male palpus (Figs. 12-13) with slender elements; meters (16/6), contiguous with lateral eyes. Sternum femoral spur small, sharp process near base; tarsal as broad as long. Abdomen globose, strongly elevated. process elongated, apically truncated; embolus rather First leg: femur 1.7 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 1.8 short rounded process. mm, metatarsus 2.1 mm, tarsus 1 mm, total 6.9 mm. Type Data-Female holotype and damaged male First leg eight times, first femur 2.2 times as long as from Xmahit Cave, Tekax, Yucatan, Mexico, 31 July carapace. 1936 (A.S. Pearse) from six meters deep in cave. Epigynum as shown in Fig. 11. Type Data-Female holotype, four females from Modisimus propinquus O.P.-Cambridge Gruta de Silvino, Izabal, 34 km W Puerto Charrios, Modisimus propinquus O.P.-Cambridge, 1896, p. 223. Guatemala, 20·22 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck). Record-MEXICO: Chiapas: Cueva Chica del Ca- Modisimus iviei, new species mino, 17 km E Tuxtla Gutierrez, 19 August 1967 (J. Reddell, J. Fish, T.R. Evans), two males. Modisimus inornatus: Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938, p. 133 (not inornatus O. P.-Cambridge). Modisimus texanus Banks Diagnosis-Small troglophile of typical design, lack- Modisimus texanus Banks, 1906, p. 94. ing anterior median eyes present in inornatus, related to that and similar species, separable by details of Record-MEXICO: San Luis Potosf: Sotano de la genitalia. Tinaja, 11 km NNE Valles, 1 December 1968 (J. Etymology-Named for the late Mr. Wilton Ivie. Hallan), four females. Female-Total length 2 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. Abdomen 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm Modisimus pusil!us Gertsch wide. Modisimus pusil!us Gertsch, 1971, p. 72. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; ceph- alothorax and median grooves blackish; eyes ringed Record-MEXICO: Nuevo Le6n: Chevy Sink, 10 with black; legs without darker rings or spots. Abdo- km W Galeana, 3 June 1969 (J. Reddell), female. men gray, with series of small bluish spots above, un- marked below. Modisimus boneti Gertsch Clypeus 0.32 mm long, inclined forward, as high Modisimus boneti Gertsch, 1971, p. 66. as more than four diameters of anterior lateral eye. Carapace as long as broad, of average height; ocular Record-MEXICO: San Luis Potosf: Cueva (=So- tubercle prominent, with triads of eyes close together; tano) de los Monos, 15 km NE Valles, 30 December anterior median eyes obsolete and eyes in following 1971 (D. Honea, R. Jameson), female. Cueva de Tani- ratio: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 7:0:6:6. Anterior lateral nul n. 1, 13 km SE Valles, 29 December 1970 (J. eyes separated by diameter. Posterior eye row straight; Hallan), female. Cueva de Puente de Dios, 22 km posterior median eyes separated by diameter, half as SSW Valles, 9 April 1968 (T. Raines), immature fe- far from lateral eyes. Abdomen subglobose, about as male. high as broad. . First leg: femur 3.2 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 3.5 Modisimus mckenziei Gertsch mm, metatarsus 4.2 mm, tarsus 0.8 mm, total 12 mm. Modisimus mckenziei Gertsch, 1971, p. 71. First leg 18 times, first femur 4.9 times as long as carapace. Records-MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Bee Cave, 17 km Epigynum (Fig. 14) medium sized plaque with NE Ocampo, 10 April 1966 (J. Fish, E. Alexander, D. truncated posterior margin and sclerotized pattern of McKenzie, R. Felton), female. Cueva de la Paloma, 1 internal structures most distinct on each corner above km NE Gomez Farias, 18 May 1971 (W. Russell), im- genital groove. mature female.

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6

7

10

Figs. 5-7. Psilochorus concinnus, new species. 5. Left male palpus, retrolateral view. 6. Left male chelicera, retrolateral view. 7. Epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 8-10. Psilochorusmurphyi, new species. 8. Left male chelicera, frontal view. 9. Left male palpus, retrolateral view. 10. Epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 11. Pholcophora quieta, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 12-14. Modisimus iviei, new species. 12. Left male pal pus, retrolateral view. 13. Left male palpus, subdorsal view. 14. Epigynum, ventral view.

and relatives by distinctive genitalia. Modisimus gracilipes, new species Etymology-Specific name from Latin gracilis, thin, Diagnosis-Small troglophile with eyes well devel- and pes, foot. oped and long, thin legs, those of male 50 times as Female-Total length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long as carapace, further distinguished from inornatus long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.93 mm

150 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* wide. wide. Cephalothorax and appendages dusky yellow; cara- Carapace with pale base color overlaid by brown pace pale except for narrow median subintegumental markings covering most of dorsum and all of c1ypeus; dark band from behind eyes to near posterior margin, eyes widely ringed with black; sternum dusky brown; broad black rings around eyes and dusky c1ypeus; legs legs yellowish with small brown rings at distal ends of more dusky apically. Abdomen grayish, covered with femora, at base and near distal ends of tibiae. Abdo· many small bluish flecks above and on sides; epigynal men blackish above and on sides; venter gray. ridges brown. Structure typical, like that of inornatus; pars Clypeus 0.3 mm high, subvertical, equal to about cephalica set off by deep grooves; c1ypeus 0.35 mm three diameters of anterior lateral eye. Carapace as high, only moderately inclined forward. Ocular tu- broad as long, of average height; pars cephalica marked bercle prominent, with triads of eyes close together; by deep linear fissures; ocular tubercle prominent anterior median eyes essentially obsolete and eyes in with triads of eyes close together; anterior median following ratio: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 11 :0:9:9. An- eyes obsolete and eyes in following ratio: ALE:AME: terior lateral eyes separated by less than diameter PLE:PME = 10:0:9:9. Anterior lateral eyes separated (8/11). Posterior eye row weakly recurved; posterior by radius. Posterior eye row moderately recurved; median eyes separated by full diameter, half as far posterior median eyes separated by diameter, third from lateral eyes. Abdomen subspherical, as high as as far from lateral eyes. Abdomen subglobose, as high broad. as broad. First leg: femur 2.65 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 2.2 First leg: femur 3.9 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 3.2 mm, metatarsus 3.2 mm, tarsus 0.75 mm; total 9.3 mm, metatarsus 4.7 mm, tarsus 1 mm; total 13.1 mm. mm. First leg 11.6 times, first femur 8.8 times as long First leg 18.7 times, first femur 5.6 times as long as as carapace. carapace. Epigynum (Fig. 18) simple rectangular plaque trun- Epigynum (Fig. 17) large, half width of venter, cated behind, similar to that of inornatus. slightly convex plaque in front of genital groove with Type Data-Female holotype and female from So- truncate posterior margin and sci erotized angle on tano de Botella Chica, 3 km NW Tequila, Veracruz, each side; narrower band behind genital groove. Mexico, 5 August 1967 (J. Reddell, J. Fish). Male-Total length 2.4 mm. Carapace 0.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Modisimus chil:keringi, new species Coloration and structure like those of female. Che· licera with small, rounded angle just below base bear- Diagnosis-Troglophile species related to pulchellus ing small cluster of spinules and front face with about Banks (1929) distinguished by epigynum (Fig. 19) 22 scattered spinules over most of surface. with truncated posterior margin instead of deep emar- First leg: femur 7.3 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 7.8 gination. mm, metatarsus 13 mm, tarsus 1.6 mm; total 30 mm. Etymology-Named for Dr. Arthur M. Chickering, First leg 50 times, first femur 12.1 times as long as specialist on spider fauna of Panama. carapace. Female-Total length 3 mm. Carapace 1.5 mm Male palpus (Figs. 15-16) with segments short and long, 1.5 mm wide. Abdomen 2 mm long, 1.5 mm thickened; femoral spur sharp, pointed toward apex; wide. tarsal process thickened at apex; bulb with subapical Base color of cephalothorax and abdomen dusky transverse spur and short embolus. orange; pars cephalica in part blackish, with broad Type Data-Male holotype, male and female and dusky band on c1ypeus and eyes broadly ringed with immature from Cueva Lanquin, Lanquin, Alta Vera- black; pars thoracica with narrow black line from paz, Guatemala, 28 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck). cervical groove back to posterior margin; legs with blackish rings at distal ends of femora and tibiae. Modisimus beneficus, new species Abdomen mostly blue above and on sides, with cen- tral and lateral pale streaks; venter whitish. Diagnosis-Small troglophile with dark-ringed legs Pars cephalica set off by deep grooves; c1ypeus like those of maculatipes, distinguished byepigynum 0.45 mm long. Ocular tubercle massive, prominently of different form. elevated; anterior median eyes obsolete, other eyes Etymology-Specific name from Latin beneficus, large in following ratio: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 16:0: kind, generous. 13: 13. Anterior lateral eyes separated by less than Female-Total length 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm diameter (11/16). Posterior eye row weakly recurved; long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 1.7 mm long, 1.3 mm posterior median eyes separated by diameter, half as

151 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* far from lateral eyes. Abdomen suboval, about as high Metagonia tinaja Gertsch as broad; anal portion drawn to short tubercle. First leg: femur 6.3 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 6.4 Metagonia tinaja Gertsch, 1971, p. 83. mm, metatarsus 10.3 mm, tarsus 1.7 mm; total 25.2 mm. First leg 17 times, first femur 4.2 times as long Records-MEXICO: San Luis Potosf: Sotano de la as carapace. Tinaja, 11 km NE Valles, 16 October 1972 (V. Roth, Epigynum (Fig. 19) rounded plaque with posterior B. Firstman), males, females, immature near pool. margin truncate and with elongated groove on each Sotano de Matapalma, 20 km N Valles, 30 December side. 1972 (R. Fieseler), four females, immature. Tamau- Type Data-Female holotype from Chilibrillo Caves, lipas: Sotano de Venadito, 17 km SE Antiguo More- Buenos Aires, Canal Zone, Panama, 8 April 1945 (H. los, 7 April 1971 (D. Honea), female, immature from Trapido). new lower section, about 113 m below surface.

Metagonia atoyacae Gertsch Metagonia blanda, new species Metagonia atoyacae Gertsch, 1971, p. 87. Diagnosis-Troglophile species with eyes of average size, similar to tinaja and related species, easily separa- Records-MEXICO: Veracruz: Grutas de Atoyac, ted by details of epigynum (Figs. 20-22). 2 km E Atoyac, 24 December 1972 (D. McKenzie), Etymology-Specific name from Latin blandus, female. flattering. Female-Total length 3.3 mm. Carapace 1.25 mm Metagonia placida Gertsch long, 1.2 mm wide. Abdomen 2.2 mm long, 1.5 mm Metagonia placida Gertsch, 1971, p. 91. wide. Carapace white to pale yellow with dusky triangle Record-MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cueva de Chorros beginning at cervical groove and running back to near de Agua, 21 km WSW Montemorelos, 19 June 1969 margin; pars cephalica and c1ypeus whitish; eyes nar- (S. & J. Peck, R. Norton), male, five females. rowly ringed with black; sternum and appendages slightly dusky; patellae brown and apices of tarsi with Metagonia suzanne, new species brown rings; abdomen uniform white. Structure typical (Gertsch, 1971, p. 82). Carapace Diagnosis-Troglophile species with eyes of average broad, convex, with c1ypeus 0.22 mm long, rounded size similar to tinaja and related species, separated by in front. Ocular tubercle of average height; triads of details of epigynum (Fig. 23). eyes separated by less than width of one; ratio of Etymology-Named for Suzanne Wiley. eyes: ALE:AME:PLE:PME = 11:0:10:10. Anterior Female-Total length 3.2 mm. Carapace 1.3 mm lateral eyes separated by two diameters. Posterior eye long, 1.15 mm wide. Abdomen 1.75 mm long, 1.3 mm row procurved; posterior median eyes separated by wide. more than diameter (13/10), slightly separated from Base color of carapace and appendages dull yellow; lateral eye. Abdomen elongate oval, as high as broad. carapace with dark maculation behind median groove; First leg: femur 6.1 mm, patella 0.4 mm, tibia 6.3 eyes ringed with black; patellae dusky brown and api- mm, metatarsus 8 mm, tarsus 3.8 mm; total 24.6 mm. ces of tibiae with narrow brown rings; abdomen whit- First leg 20 times, first femur about five times as long ish, with few scattered, subintegumental bluish spots as carapace. on dorsum. Epigynum (Figs. 20-22) borne on inflated tubular Structure typical, like that of tinaja. Ocular tuber- appendage, subspherical, with rounded sclerotized rim cle of medium height; triads of eyes separated by less behind bearing median notch. than width of one; ratio of eyes: ALE:AME:PLE: Type Data-Female holotype from Gruta de Sil- PME = 13:0:12:13. Anterior lateral eyes separated by vino, Izabal, 34 km W Puerto Charrios, Guatemala, two diameters (26/13). Posterior eye row moderately 20-22 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck). procurved; oval median eyes separated by long diame- Other Records-GUATEMALA: Izabal: Cueva de ter, slightly separated from lateral eyes by third of la Coche, 2 km W Livingston, 21 August 1969 (S. & J. narrow diameter. Abdomen elongate, as high as broad. Peck), three females. Alta Verapaz: Cueva Seamay, First leg: femur 6.5 mm, five times as long as cara- Finca Seamay, Senahu, 24-26 August 1969 (S. & J. pace; legs fragmented. Peck), female. Cueva Lanquin, Lanquin, 28 August Epigynum (Fig. 23) broad convex lobe truncated 1969 (S. & J. Peck), two females. behind, with narrow transverse band defined by inter-

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17 16

19

21

Figs. 15-17. Modisimus gracilipes, new species. 15. Left male palpus, retrolateral view. 16. Left male pal pus, subdorsal view. 17. Epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 18. Modisimus beneficus, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 19. Modisimus chickeringi, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 20-22. Metagonia blanda, new species, epigynum. 20. Lateral view. 21. Ventral view. 22. Posterior view. Fig. 23. Metagonia suzanne, new species, epigynum, ventral view. nal dark markings. (Fig. 27). Type Data-Female holotype from Sumidero de EI Etymology-Named for Martha Helen McKenzie. Jineo, 1 km NW Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Female-Total length 2.4 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm 24 November 1971 (T. Raines, L. McNatt), from deep long, 0.7 mm wide. Abdomen 1.6 mm long, 1.3 mm cave at 60 to 153 m. wide. Cephalothorax whitish; legs dull yellow; abdomen gray. Metagonia martha, new species Ocular tubercle convex, transverse ridge of medium Diagnosis-Pale troglobite with rudimentary eyes, development; eyes reduced to close-set, well separated similar to tinaja, readily recognized by epigynum triads, without pigment.

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First leg: femur 4.2 mm, patella, 0.6 mm, tibia 4.4 Male-Total length 2 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, mm, metatarsus 6.3 mm, tarsus 1.3 mm; total 16.8 0.84 mm wide. Abdomen 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. mm. First leg 21 times, first femur 5.2 times as long Coloration and structure like those of female. Eye as carapace. Tibia and patella of fourth leg 3.7 mm tubercle of medium development but eyes mostly ob- long. solete, reduced to faint corneal traces. Epigynum (Fig. 27) prominent, sclerotized brown First leg: femur 7 mm, patella 0.37 mm, tibia 7.3 lobe of quadrangular shape as seen in ventral view. mm, metatarsus 13 mm, tarsus 1.7 mm; total 29.35 Type Data-Female holotype and six females from mm. First leg 38 times, first femur about 9 times as Cueva del Nacimiento del RIO San Antonio, 10 km long as carapace. SSW Acatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, 26 December 1972 Male palpus (Fig. 24) typical of tinaja group; tarsal (J. Reddell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy). process with three terminal spurs and inner process long, flat, hinged, blade-like spur. Metagonia candela Gertsch Type Data-Male holotype and two females from Bucks Bypass Cave, Caves Branch, Belize (British Hon- Metagonia candela Gertsch, 1971, p. 90. duras). 122 m, 14 August 1972 (S. Peck). Record-MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Unnamed cave, Distribution-Caves of Belize. 4 km W Bustamante, 30 September 1972 (P. Duncan). Other Record-BELIZE: St. Herman's Cave, Caves Branch, 122 m, 23 July 1972 and 21 August 1972 (S. Metagonia punctata Gertsch & J. Peck). six females. Metagonia punctata Gertsch, 1971, p. 86. FAMILY TELEMIDAE Record-MEXICO: San Luis PotosI: Cueva de la Up to the present time the family Telemidae has Puente, 30 km ESE San Luis POtOSI: 16 May 1972 been reported only from southern Europe and Africa. (R. Ralph, W. Elliott, M. McEachern). two females. The family was based on a tiny eyeless spider, Telema tenel/a Simon, known only from caves in the Pyre- Metagonia jarmila, new species nees of southern , and a few other records are Diagnosis-Pale, essentially eyeless troglobite of now known from Africa. Years ago it became plain to tinaja group recognized by distinctive genitalia in both me that the spiders from the western United States sexes: inner tarsal process of male palpus long blade; assigned to the genus Usophila were representatives of epigynum beak-like projection standing at nearly right the family and likely even of the genus Telema. The angle on venter. discovery of a species in Guatemala, based on a single Etymology-Named for Mrs. Jarmila Peck. mature female, represents a further extension of the Female-Total length 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.92 mm range of this family of minute spiders, many of which long, 0.75 mm wide. Abdomen 1.4 mm long, 1.1 mm are cavernicoles. The generic position must remain wide. somewhat doubtful because of lack of a male. Carapace white to pale yellow, with faint brownish bar at middle of pars thoracica; legs pale yellow, with Telema mayana, new species only faint darker markings at juncture of segments; abdomen white. Diagnosis-Essentially eyeless troglobite with six Structure typical; c1ypeus 0.28 mm long; ocular vestigial eyes barely discernible in transverse row, dis- tubercle low, less developed in some specimens; eyes tinct from Telema gracilis (Keyserling) in Marx, 1897, obsolete or of moderate development, without pig- p. 37, from Alabaster Cave, in EI Dorado County, ment, eyes silvery spots; triads of eyes vestigial in California, by lack of eyes and shorter legs. some, in others faintly developed corneal projections; Etymology-Named for the Mayas of Yucatan and vestiges of triads separated by one and one-half length Central America. of one. Female-Total length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.5 mm First leg: femur 5 mm, patella 0.4 mm, tibia 6.3 long, 0.42 mm wide. Abdomen 0.4 mm long, 0.35 mm mm, metatarsus 11.3 mm, tarsus 1.4 mm; total 24.4 wide. mm. First leg 26 times, first femur five times length Cephalothorax and appendages yellow; carapace of carapace. with faint radial shadings and narrow dusky marginal Epigynum (Figs. 25-26) conspicuous, triangular, band; chelicerae, labium and endites faintly brown. downwardly projecting process, grooved below, and Abdomen green above and on sides, paler below. with atriobursal orifices at base. Structure typical of Telema. Carapace longer than

154 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* broad, convex, quite high, lacking cephalic sutures An essentially blind species occurs on Jamaica and but with tiny linear median groove behind middle; another is being described from the Hawaiian Islands. pars cephalica highest behind eyes, with pair of tiny A species of Theotima from a cave in Tamaulipas, bristles beside median groove and one at each side of Mexico, shows no trace of eyes and is classified as a eye group; c1ypeus 0.1 mm high, sloping forward be- troglobite. low transverse elevation of eye tubercle. Eyes six, nearly obsolete, four in transverse row; median eyes Theotima sp. small, well separated from larger lateral eyes; all visible Record-BELIZE: Bucks Bypass Cave, Caves as trivial corneal elevations. Sternum 0.4 mm long and Branch, 122 m, 14 August 1972 (S. Peck), two fe- broad, set with few weak setae. Labium 0.16 mm males. long, 0.12 mm wide, rounded in front and emargina- ted behind into truncature of sternum. Endites twice Theotima pura, new species as long as wide, rounded on outer side and moderately convergent around labium, but tips well separated. Diagnosis-Minute, whitish troglobite distinct in Chelicera with fairly long, curved fang and small row having no trace of eyes. of curved hairs on each margin; promargin with sharp Etymology-Specific name from Latin purus, pure. tooth and five small denticles; retromargin with five Female-Total length 1 mm. Carapace 0.5 mm long, small denticles opposite the small ones above. 0.35 mm wide. Abdomen 0.55 mm long, 0.4 mm wide. I II III IV Cephalothorax and appendages pale yellow; abdo- Femur 0.95 0.85 0.63 0.83 men white. Patella 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.16 Carapace longer than broad, of medium height, Tibia 0.90 0.75 0.52 0.65 with scarcely any traces of cephalic sutures or median Metatarsus 0.58 0.50 0.40 0.45 groove; pars cephalica little elevated, rounded in Tarsus 0.42 0.42 0.30 0.35 front; eyes obsolete. Sternum 0.31 mm long, 0.28 Total 3.02 2.67 1.99 2.44 mm wide, rounded between posterior coxae, separa- Legs of medium length, very thin; leg formula ting them by length. Labium with trivial emargination 1342. First leg six times, first femur about twice as at apex, flanked by tiny setae. Chelicera with short long as carapace. Legs with rows of small hairs; pa- curved fang; promargin with series of five small teeth; tellae with thin bristle above at apex and tibiae with retromargin smooth. similar one above near middle. Palp: femur 0.15 mm, patella 0.06 mm, tibia 0.15 mm, tarsus 0.22 mm; to- tal 0.58 mm. I II III IV Abdomen suboval, elevated, slightly overhanging Femur 0.60 0.56 0.46 0.64 pedicel. Colulus large flat lobe pointed at apex. Pair Patella 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.15 of minute tracheal spiracles barely visible behind geni- Tibia 0.62 0.55 0.45 0.67 tal groove, one-third distance to spinnerets. Tiny zig- Metatarsus 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.46 zag belt present across front end of abdomen above Tarsus 0.14 0.27 0.25 0.36 lorum and pedicel. Total 1.94 1.92 1.66 2.28 Epigynum transverse, slightly curved lip just in front of genital groove; single median genital pouch visible through integument. Leg formula 4123. First leg about four times, first Type Data-Female holotype and immature male femur 1.2 times as long as carapace. Legs thin, with from Cueva Sepacuite n. 2, Finca Sepacuite, Senahu, sparse covering of pale hairs. Palpus: femur 0.1 mm, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, 26 August 1969 (S. & J. patella 0.04 mm, tibia 0.08 mm, tarsus 0.11 mm; total Peck). 0.33 mm; tarsus without apical claw. Abdomen suboval, of medium height. Tracheal FAMILY OCHYROCERATIDAE spiracle situated about half way between genital fur- This family of minute, lucifugous spiders is found row and spinnerets. Colulus small rounded lobe set only in tropical and subtropical regions. Most species with fine hairs. five in deep ground detritus and a few have been re- Type Data-Female holotype from Cueva de los ported from cave habitats, where they spin tiny Vampiros, 20 km NW EI Limon, Tamaulipas, Mexico, tangled webs in wall crevices and under ground litter. 27 May 1968 (J. Reddell).

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Ochyrocera formosa, new species tibia 3.5 times as tong as broad; tarsus prolonged for- Diagnosis-Relative of Ochyrocera quinquevittata ward into sharp spur and thus readily distinguished Simon (1882) of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles, readily from all species but quinquevittata Simon by presence distinguished by differences in color pattern and espe- of stout straight spine on tarsus overhanging bulb, but cially by details of male palpus with much longer this spine much shorter than tarsus; bulb elongate tarsus and stouter, more angled embolus. oval, with embolus strongly bent. Etymology-Specific name from Latin formosus, Type Data-Male holotype and male and three beautiful. females from Gruta de Silvino, 34 km W Puerto Female-Total length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm Charrios, Izabal, Guatemala, 20-22 August 1969 (S. long, 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1.1 mm long, 0.9 mm & J. Peck). wide. Carapace pale green with three dark stripes, one FAMILY SCYTODIDAE on each side margin and middle one running from Genus Loxosceles Heinecken and Lowe middle to posterior margin; c1ypeus with dusky smudging; eye tubercles black. Sternum purplish on The genus Loxosceles has many species in Mexico sides, broken by small yellow spots opposite coxae and most of these live in caves when they are avail- and narrow central yellow band running to point be- able. Except for some loss of pigment, most of the fore posterior margin. Legs purplish except for pale cavernicoles differ little from those found outside patellae and pale rings at ends of apical segments. and are classified as troglophiles. All the Mexican spe- Structure typical of genus; carapace low, moderate- cies belong to the reclusa group, a series of closely ly convex, with faint indication of median groove; allied taxa found in North America, in limited number pars cephalica moderately elevated with conspicuous, in Guatemala and Costa Rica of Central America and rounded, declining c1ypeus 0.16 mm long, equal to in the West Indies. The species are separated on the about three diameters of anterior median eye. Eyes basis of color differences, the ranges being from (Fig. 29) six, subequal in size; front row essentially whitish, yellow, dusky orange or even blackish, length straight; anterior median eyes slightly separated, little and proportion of the legs, and especially by the farther from lateral eyes. Sternum 0.39 mm long, features of the male and female genitalia. The epigyna 0.43 mm wide, widely truncated in front, narrowly of the females have provided very important charac- behind to separate posterior coxae by length of one. ters in spite of variability in some species and often Labium 0.15 mm long and wide, rounded in front are more useful than the male palpi in sorting out the and with small emargination at apex. Endites about closely related species. In order to give an adequate twice as long as wide, convergent around labium and nomenclature for the cave representatives, diagnoses nearly touching at apices. Chelicera armed as follows: of the several new species are presented here in anti- promargin with seven strong teeth and broad inner cipation of a future review of the entire fauna of keel as long as tooth row; retromargin unarmed. continental North America. Legs very long, thin, mostly lost or fragmented; The coloration and structure are similar in both second femur 2 mm long, about three times as long as sexes of each species but males have longer legs. The carapace. chelicerae, often the labium and endites, and the Abdomen voluminous, suboval, higher than broad. tibiae and tarsi of the palpi are dark mahogany brown. Tracheal spiracle situated about half way between The eyes are always narrowly ringed with black. The genital groove and spinnerets. Epigynum (Fig. 30) systematic features are those of the reclusa group transverse plaque with small subintegumental recep- (Gertsch, 1958, p. 8) but the typical leg formula, tacle on each margin above genital groove. 2413, shows some variation in both sexes as shown Male-Total length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.7 mm long, below. 0.6 mm wide. Abdomen 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Coloration and general structure similar to those of female. Legs uniform dusky yellow to brownish, pro- Loxosceles valdosa, new species portionately much longer than those of female. First Loxosceles bolivari Gertsch, 1958, p. 22 (Female, not leg: femur 4.2 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 4.4 mm, male holotype). Reddell, 1971, p. 32.(Reddell and metatarsus 1.9 mm, tarsus 1.15 mm; total 11.95 mm. Mitchell, 1971, p. 147. First leg 17 times as long as carapace; first metatarsus with curve at base; metatarsus and tarsus with nume- Diagnosis-Pale, long-legged troglophile with first rous false sutures. leg of male longer than fourth; embolus of male Male palpus (Fig. 28) with following features: palpus much longer than bulb; epigynal pouches close

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29

31 30

Figs. 24-26. Meragoniajarmila, new species. 24. Left male palpus, retrolateral view. 25. Epigynum, subdorsal view. 26. Epigy- num, subventral view. Fig. 27. Fig. 27. Meragonia martha, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 28-30. Ochyrocera formosa, new species. 28. Left male palpus, retrolateral view. 29. Eyes of female. 30. Epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 31. Loxosceles lureola, new species, epigynum, ventral view. together on midline. edges of anterior lateral eyes, more than their diam- Etymology-Named for Cueva de Valdosa of the eter from lateral eyes (24/20). Sierra de EI Abra. I II III IV Female from Cueva de Valdosa-Total length 9.6 Femur 6.75 7.50 6.20 6.60 mm. Carapace 3.8 mm long, 3.25 mm wide. Abdomen Patella 1.25 1.30 1.20 1.20 5.8 mm long, 3 mm wide. Tibia 7.30 8.00 5.65 6.40 Cephalothorax and appendages yellowish to dull Metatarsus 6.10 8.25 6.60 7.35 orange, with following markings: carapace with dusky Tarsus 1.,50 1.75 1.50 1.60 orange V-shaped marking and dentated marginal band Total 22.90 26.80 21.15 23.15 around sides; eyes narrowly ringed with black; abdo- men uniform gray. Leg formula 2413. First leg six times, first femur Clypeus 0.4 mm long, sloping, equal to two diam- about 1.8 times as long as carapace. Palpus: femur eters of anterior median eye; eyes of average size, sub- 1.35 mm, patella, 0.35 mm, tibia 1 mm, tarsus 1.25 equal, all 0.2 mm in longest diameter; median eyes mm; total 3.95 mm. situated about radius in front of line along front Epigynum (Figs. 40-41) with oval pouches close

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together at middle of genital furrow; each pouch with Loxosceles bolivari Gertsch rounded angle on outer side and principal fingerlike Loxosceles bolivari Gertsch, 1958, p. 22 (male holo- receptacle but latter subjected to extreme variability type only). by presence of adventitious lobes. Male Holotype-Total length 7.9 mm. Carapace 3.4 Discussion-The name bolivari is herein restricted mm long, 3.1 mm wide. Abdomen 4.5 mm long, 2.5 to a species from Nuevo Leon and the female allo- mmwide. type, along with much more material now available, Coloration and structure essentially like those of now assigned to the new species valdosa described female. Eyes more closely grouped; median eyes only above. diameter from anterior lateral eyes. Type Data-Male holotype from Cueva Garcia (=Grutas de Villa de Garcia), Nuevo Leon, Mexico, I II III IV 19 September 1942 (C. Bolivar). Femur 7.75 9.00 7.00 7.50 Distribution-Caves of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Patella 1.25 1.35 1.25 1.15 Other Record-MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cueva del Tibia 9.90 10.65 6.70 7.50 Carrizal, 10 km SW Candela, 2 March 1963 (W. Russ- Metatarsus 8.90 10.50 7.65 9.35 ell), two females from within 90 m of entrance. Tarsus 1.75 1.75 1.15 1.70 Total 29.55 33.25 23.75 27.20

Leg formula 1423. First leg 8.7 times, first femur Loxosceles devia Gertsch and Mulaik 2.27 times as long as carapace. Loxosceles devia Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940, p. 316. Male palpus: femur 1.7 mm, patella, 0.6 mm, Gertsch, 1958, p. 11. tibia 1.2 mm, tarsus 0.4 mm; total 3.9 mm. See Fig. 39; femur about twice as long as broad; embolus Record-MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Cueva de los Cuar- longer than bulb (0.54 mm/0.30 mm). teles, 10 km SW Aldama, 23 December 1972 (J. Red- Type Data-Male holotype and six immature from dell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), two males, four Cueva de Valdosa, 11 km E Valles, San Luis POtOSI: females. Mexico, 24 November 1967 (J. Reddell, S. Fowler). Distribution-Caves of San Luis Potos(and Tamau- lipas, Mexico. Loxosceles misteca Gertsch Other Records-San Luis Potosf: Cueva de Valdosa, Loxosceles misteca Gertsch, 1958, p. 27. 11 km E Valles, 19 February 1970 (J.A.L. Cooke), two males, five females, immature in webs of twi- Records-MEXICO: Guerrero: Grutas de Cacahua- light zone; 25 November 1967 (M. Collins, T. Evans, milpa, 17 km NE Taxco, 4 May 1963 (W.J. Gertsch, M. Meredith), male, immature. Cueva de Los Sabinos, W. Ivie), two males, 10 females, immature; 17 Aug- 13 km NNE Valles, 3 April 1942, female allotype of ust 1966 (J. Reddell), female; 2 September 1966 (J. bolivari and immature. Cueva de Taninul n. 4, 12 km & W. Ivie), female, immature. Grutas de EI Mogote, ESE Valles, 11 July 1969 (S. & J. Peck), two females, 12 km N Taxco, 25 August 1965 (J. Reddell, W. Bell), immature. Sotano (=Cueva) Escondido, 12 km NE male, immature; 22 December 1966 (T. Raines), fe- Valles, 31 January 1969 (J. Reddell, W. Russell), two male. Pozo Melendez, 20 km S Taxco, 9 June 1966 females, immature. Cueva de la Libertad, 25 km NW (J. Fish), two females, immature. Cueva de Carlos Valles, 8 April 1968 (T. Raines), two males, two fe- Pacheco, near Grutas de Cacahuamilpa, 17 km NE males. Cuevacita del Sotanito, 9 km NE Valles, 1 June Taxco, 27 June 1954 (R. deSaussure), immature from 1968 (J. Reddell), female. Tamaulipas: Cueva del wall in total darkness. Mexico: Grutas de la Estrella, Abra, 15 km SSW Mante, 25 November 1963 (J. 13 km SSE Ixtapan de la Sal, 17 August 1966 (J. Red· Reddell), female; 7 December 1945 (C. Bolivar, F. dell, D. McKenzie), male, female, immature. Bonet), two females, immature. Cueva de San Rafael de los Castros, 12 km ESE Mante, 10 April 1966 (J. Loxosceles tehuana Gertsch Fish, D. McKenzie), female. Grutas de Quintero, Loxosceles tehuana Gertsch, 1958, p. 26. 13 km SW Mante, 28 November 1964 (J. Reddell), male, female. Sotano de Vasquez, 7 km SE Ocampo, Record-MEXICO: Chiapas: Cueva de Tempisque, 29 December 1972 (R. Jameson, P. Duncan), male, 13 km W Ocozocoautla, 17 August 1967 (J. Reddell, three females. T.R. Evans), female.

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Loxosceles deserta, new species I II III IV Femur 6.35 7.20 5.70 6.70 Loxosceles unicolor: Gertsch, 1958, p. 15. Patella 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.20 Discussion-In 1958 I used the name unicolor Key- Tibia 6.80 7.70 5.75 6.65 serling for a long-legged species widely distributed Metatarsus 6.30 7.65 6.25 7.60 from Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada into adja- Tarsus 1.50 1.60 1.25 1.60 cent California. After study of the presumed type of Total 22.05 25.35 20.05 23.75 unicolor, in the collection of the United States Na- Epigynum (Fig. 36) similar to that of devia; basal tional Museum, it is clear that the common western pouch of seminal receptacle narrower, with long species is distinct so it is renamed above. The exact curved, tubular receptacle and small finger at base; identity of unicolor, said to come from Punta de seminal pouches widely separated by three times Aguas, a small community south of Albuquerque, basal width of one. New Mexico, but possibly with spurious locality data, Male-Total length 6.1 mm. Carapace 2.75 mm remains obscure. Since 1958 the name unicolor has long, 2.5 mm wide. Abdomen 3.35 mm long, 1.7 mm been widely and erroneously used for several species, wide. and is part of medical literature because of its veno- I II III IV mous bite. The species is well described in the paper Femur 5.50 6.15 5.20 5.90 above and there is no need for repetition of the fea- Patella 1.00 1.10 0.90 1.00 tures setting it aside from arizonica, its nearest rela- Tibia 6.00 6.50 4,70 5.50 tive. A new holotype and other data are given below. Metatarsus 5.70 6.50 5.70 7.20 Type Data-Male holotype from Twentynine Palms, Tarsus 1.50 1.35 1.25 1.50 California, May 1945 (J. H. Branch). Total 19.70 21.60 17.75 21.10 Distribution-Common species of southern Utah and Nevada, Arizona especially in western portion, Leg formula 2413. First leg 7.1 times, first femur and central and south California. twice as long as carapace. Male palpus: femur 1.3 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 0.85 mm, tarsus 0.35 mm; total 3 mm. See Fig. 37 of belli; same proportions but embolus much longer than bulb (0.4 mm/0.22 mm). Loxosceles aurea, new species Type Data-Female holotype from Cueva del Gua- Diagnosis-Pale yellow, largely unmarked troglo- no, 23 km S Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico, 24 phile related to devia Gertsch and Mulaik, recognized February 1966 (J. Reddell, W. Bell). by following features: legs much longer, first one Distribution-Known only from above cave. about seven times instead of five times length of cara- Other Records-MEXICO: Durango: Cueva del pace; epigynal pouches widely separated by three Guano, 24 February 1966 (J. Reddell, W. Bell), fe- times basal width. male, penultimate males, two immature; 16-17 June Etymology-Specific name from Latin aureus, 1972 (J. Reddell, W. Elliott, E. Alexander, C. Kunath). golden. two females from guano-covered breakdown. Coa- Female-Total length 7.8 mm. Carapace 3.2 mm huila: epigean station 75 km SW Cuatro Cienegas de long, 2.85 mm wide. Abdomen 5 mm long, 2.5 mm Carranza, 18 July 1965 (J. Reddell, J. Fish), male, wide. immature. Base color of entire spider golden yellow to orange except as follows: carapace with or without faint Y- Loxosceles belli, new species shaped brownish marking on dorsum; eyes narrowly ringed with black; abdomen whitish with yellow cast. Diagnosis-Dusky, short-legged species allied to Clypeus sloping, 0.37 mm long, equal to two diam- arizonica, distinguished by following differences: legs eters of anterior median eye; eyes subequal in size; of male and embolus of palpus proportionately long- median eyes lying just in flOnt of line along edges of er; leg formula of female 4213 and first leg five times lateral eyes and separated from them by slightly more as long as carapace. than diameter (21/16). Etymology-Named for Mr. William Bell. Legformula 2413. Legs thin; first leg 7.3 times, Female-Total length 7.7 mm. Carapace 3.2 mm first femur 1.97 times as long as carapace. Palpus: long, 2.5 mm wide. Abdomen 4.5 mm long, 2.5 mm femur 1.2 mm, patella 0.35 mm, tibia 1 mm, tarsus wide. 1.2 mm; total 3.75 mm. Base color of cephalothorax and appendages dull

159 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* yellow; carapace with dusky V-shaped marking and Loxosceles luteola, new species faint duskiness along side margins; eyes narrowly ringed with black; chelicerae and tibia and tarsus of Diagnosis-Pale yellow, largely unmarked troglo- palpus reddish brown. Abdomen dirty gray. phile related to aureus, distinguished by distinctive Clypeus 0.4 mm high, equal to more than two epigynum and shorter legs. diameters of anterior median eye; eyes subequal in Etymology-Specific name from Latin luteolus, size, about 0.17 mm in diameter; median eyes only yellow. slightly forward of line along front edges of anterior Female-Total length 6.2 mm. Carapace 2.7 mm lateral eyes and separated from them by slightly more long, 2.3 mm wide. Abdomen 3.5 mm long, 1.7 mm than diameter (20/17). wide. Base color of cephalothorax and appendages yel- I II III IV low to orange; carapace with faint traces of V-shaped Femur 4.50 4.75 4.20 4.85 marking; eyes narrowly ringed with black; abdomen Patella 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.10 uniform whitish. Tibia 4.50 4.90 3.70 4.50 Clypeus sloping, 0.25 mm long, equal to two diam- Metatarsus 4.50 5.00 4.40 5.60 eters of median eyes; eyes subequal in size; middle Tarsus 1.35 1.30 1.20 1.35 eyes lying just in front of line along edges of anterior Total 15.95 17.05 14.50 17.40 eyes and separated from them by slightly more than long diameter (16/13). Leg formula 4213. First leg five times, first femur 1.4 times as long as carapace. Palpus: femur 1.25 I II III IV mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia 0.8 mm, tarsus 1.2 mm; Femur 4.85 5.65 4.65 5.00 total 3.75 mm. Patella 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.95 Epigynum (Fig. 38) with two large pouches sub- Tibia 5.40 6.00 4.25 4.95 contiguous at midline, each with single elongated, Metatarsus 5.00 6.10 4.75 5.85 apically enlarged seminal receptacle arising from mid- Tarsus 1.20 1.25 1.15 1.15 dle of pouch. Total 17.45 20.00 15.70 17.90 Male-Total length: 6.1 mm. Carapace 3.1 mm Leg formula 2413. Legs thin; first leg 6.4 times, long, 2.7 mm wide. Abdomen 3 mm long, 1.5 mm first femur 1.8 times as long as carapace. Pal pus: wide. femur 1 mm, patella 0.3 mm, tibia 0.75 mm, tarsus 1 mm; total 3.05 mm. I II III IV Epigynum (Fig. 31) with basal pouches separated Femur 6.00 6.50 5.50 6.00 by twice basal diameter of one, with single curved Patella 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.15 finger with rounded enlargement near end. Tibia 7.00 7.75 5.35 6.15 Type Data-Female holotype from Gruta Sur de Metatarsus 6.70 7.85 6.50 7.70 San Bartolo, 11 km SSE Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, Tarsus 1.50 1.60 1.25 1.50 Mexico,3 December 1966 (T. Raines). Total 22.45 24.95 18.75 22.50 Loxosceles aranea, new species Leg formula 2413; first and fourth legs subequal. First leg 7.2 times, first femur 1.9 times as long as Diagnosis-Pale troglophile with legs of medium carapace. length, distinguished by details of epigynum. Male palpus: femur 1.6 mm, patella 0.6 mm, tibia Etymology-Specific name from Latin araneus, 1.1 mm, tarsus 0.45 mm; total 3.75 mm. See Fig. 37, spider, named for Sotano de Dos Aranas Grandes. proportions like those of arizonica; tibia twice as long Female-Total length 7.5 mm. Carapace 3.5 mm as wide above and on side; embolus longer than bulb long, 3 mm wide. Abdomen 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. (0.23 mm/0.15 mm). Base color of cephalothorax and abdomen yellow Type Data-Male holotype, female and immature to orange; carapace with typical dusky orange Y- from Cueva de las Animas, 56 km E Monclova, Coa- shaped marking at center and faint dustiness on side huila, Mexico, 21 February 1966 (W. Bell, J. Reddell). margins; chelicerae and tibiae and patella of palpus Distribution-Caves of Coahuila, Mexico. dark reddish brown; abdomen uniform Whitish. Other Record-MEXICO: Coahuila: Cueva de los Clypeus 0.48 mm, equal to more than two diam- Lagos, 25 km NW Villa Acuna, 15 November 1964 eters (48/17) of anterior lateral eye; eyes subequal in (J. Reddell, B. Martin), female probably this species. size, each about 0.17 mm; posterior edges of median

160 !"#$%&'(()*+,%-%.)/0+,* eyes nearly touching front edges of anterior lateral I II III IV eyes and separated from each side eye by little more Femur 6.70 7.50 6.50 6.70 than diameter (19/17). Patella 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.40 I II III IV Tibia 7.40 7.85 6.00 6.75 Femur 5.60 5.70 5.00 5.50 Metatarsus 7.00 7.85 6.70 7.85 Patella 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.15 Tarsus 1.70 1.70 1.50 1.65 Tibia 6.00 6.35 4.85 5.30 Total 24.30 26.50 22.20 24.35 Metatarsus 5.35 6.15 5.00 6.00 Leg formula 2413. First leg 6.6 times, first femur Tarsus 1.30 1.35 1.20 1.20 1.6 times as long as carapace. Palpus: femur 1.5 mm, Total 19.45 20.75 17.25 20.05 patella 0.62 mm, tibia 1.1 mm, tarsus 1.5 mm; total Leg formula 2413. First leg 5.5 times, first femur 4.72 mm. 1.3 times as long as carapace. Pal pus: femur 1.25 mm, Epigynum (Fig. 34) with broad, narrow, separated patella 0.5 mm, tibia 0.85 mm, tarsus 1.1 mm; total pouches, each with principal erect, apically enlarged 3.7 mm. receptacle and two short outside fingers. Epigynum (Fig. 35) with large rectangular pouches Type Data-Female holotype, three females and subcontiguous at middle, each with curved tubular immature from Cueva Lanquin, Lanquin, Alta Vera· receptacle enlarged at end. paz, Guatemala, 28 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck). Type Data-Female holotype and three immature Distribution-Caves of Guatemala. from Sotano de Dos Aranas Grandes, 2 km E RIO Other Record-GUATEMALA: Cemetery Cave, Blanco, Queretaro, Mexico, 9 July 1967 (J. Reddell, Lanquin, 312 m (N. Sullivan), female, two immature. J. Fish). Loxosceles tenango, new species

Loxosceles yucatana Chamberlin and Ivie Diagnosis-Long-Iegged troglophile with following features: male palpus similar to that of arizonica with Loxosceles yucatana Chamberlin and Ivie, 1938, tibia twice as long as lateral width; pouches of epigy- p. 126. num large, suboval, subcontiguous at midline, with Records-BELIZE: Rio Frio Cave A, Augustine, sinuous tubular receptacle enlarged at apex. 458 m, 20 August 1972 (S. Peck), male, five females, Etymology-Named for Cueva de EI Tenango, used immature. GUATEMALA: Cueva Najohnaj Coholtu- in apposition. nich, EI Peten, 14 km SW Flores, 25 August 1972 Female-Total length 8.35 mm. Carapace 3.35 mm (S. & J. Peck), eight subadult. long, 3.1 mm wide. Abdomen 5 mm long, 3 mm wide. Cephalothorax and legs dusky orange; carapace with orange-brown V-shaped marking and marginal dusky stripes on sides leaving paler spot on each side Loxosceles guatemala, new species of median groove; eyes narrowly ringed with black. Diagnosis-Troglophile related to yucatana, readily Abdomen uniform gray. distinguished by distinctive epigynum (Fig. 34). Clypeus 0.5 mm long, equal in length to three Etymology-Named for Guatemala, used in appo- diameters of anterior lateral eye (50/18); eyes sub- sition. equal in size, each about 0.18 mm; median eyes situa- Female-Total length 9.8 mm. Carapace 4.2 mm ted third of their diameter in front of line along front long, 3.4 mm wide. Abdomen 5.6 mm long, 3.5 mm edges of anterior lateral eyes, more than diameter wide. from lateral eyes (24/18). Base color of cephalothorax and appendages bright orange, with following markings: carapace with dusky I II III IV brown V-shaped marking and dusky bands along sides. Femur 5.70 6.35 5.50 5.75 Abdomen whitish, covered with dusky hairs. Patella 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.15 Clypeus 0.5 mm long, equal to little more than Tibia 6.00 6.65 4.75 5.50 two diameters of anterior median eye; eyes subequal, Metatarsus 5.50 6.25 5.15 6.00 about 0.22 mm in diameter; median eyes situated just Tarsus 1.10 1.40 1.15 1.35 in front of line along front edges of anterior lateral Total 19.50 21.85 17.70 19.75 eyes.

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34

------

36

41 ------40

Figs. 32-33. Loxosceles tenango, new species. 32. Right male pal pus, retrolateral view. 33. Epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 34. Loxosceles guatemala, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 35. Loxosceles aranea, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Fig. 36. Loxosceles aurea, new species, epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 37-38. Loxosceles belli, new species. 37. Right male palpus, retrolateral view. 38. Epigynum, ventral view. Figs. 39-41. Loxosceles valdosa, new species. 39. Right male palpus, retrolateral view. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Another epigynum, ventral view.

Leg formula 2413. First leg 5.8 times, first femur I II III IV 1.6 times as long as carapace. Palpus: femur 1.15 mm, Femur 6.30 7.00 5.60 5.80 patella 0.46 mm, tibia 0.8 mm, tarsus 1.1 mm; total Patella 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.00 3.51 mm. Tibia 7.30 8.00 5.30 5.70 Epigynum (Fig. 33) with large suboval pouches Metatarsus 6.50 7.60 5.70 6.80 subcontiguous at midline and on each side single Tarsus 1.35 1.40 1.20 1.35 curved tubular receptacle with apical enlargement. Total 22.60 25.15 18.90 20.65 Male-Total length 7 mm. Carapace 3 mm long, 2.7 mm wide. Abdomen 4 mm long, 2.3 mm wide. Leg formula 2143. First leg 7.53 times, first femur

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2.1 times as long as carapace. Maymena delicata Gertsch Male palpus: femur 1.4 mm, patella 0.5 mm, tibia Maymena delicata Gertsch, 1971, p. 94. 1 mm, tarsus 0.35 mm; total 3.25 mm. See Fig. 32; tibia twice as long as lateral width; embolus longer Records-MEXICO: Oaxaca: Cueva del Nacimiento than bulb (0.42 mm/0.27 mm). del RIo San Antonio, 10 km SSW Acatlan, 26 Decem- Type Data-Male holotype, male, six females, and ber 1972 (J. Reddell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), immature from Cueva de EI Tenango, 6 km S Cha- female. Grutas de San Sebastian, 20 km N Sola de pulhuacan, Hidalgo, Mexico, 18 August 1965 (J. Vega,31 December 1972 (J. Reddell, D. & M. McKen- Reddell, J. Fish, W. Bell). zie, S. Murphy), female. Cueva de Llano Grande, 25 km N Sola de Vega, 31 December 1972 (J. Reddell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), female. FAMILY SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE

Maymena mayana (Chamberlin and Ivie)

Maymena mayana: Gertsch, 1971, p. 92. LITERATURE CITED Records-MEXICO: Oaxaca: Cueva del Guayabo, Banks, N. 1906. Descriptions of new American spiders. Proc. 12 km NE Valle Nacional, 29 December 1972 (J. Ent. Soc. Washington, 7:94-110. Reddell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), male. Grutas Banks, N. 1929. Spiders from Panama. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool.,69:55-96. de Monteflor, 6 km NE Valle Nacional, 28 December Chamberlin, R.V., and W. Ivie. 1938. Araneida from Yuca- 1972 (J. Reddell, D. & M. McKenzie, S. Murphy), tan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 491: 123-136. seven females. GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Cueva Fage, L. 1929. Sur quelques araignees d'Amerique du Nord Lanquin, Lanquin, 28 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck), et de Cuba. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 22: 181-187. male, four females; 4 June 1959 (W. L. Varnedoe), Gertsch, W.J. 1958. The spider genus Loxosceles in North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Amer. three females. Izabal: Cueva de la Coche, 2 km W Mus. Novitates, 1907: 1-46. Livingston,21 August 1969 (S. & J. Peck), two males, Gertsch, W.J. 1971. A report on some Mexican cave spiders. four females, immature. £1 Peten: Cueva Jobitzinaj, Assoc. Mex. Cave Stud. Bull., 4:47-111. 6 km S Flores, 22 January 1972 (D. McKenzie), fe- Gertsch, W.J., and S. Mulaik, 1940. The spiders of Texas. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 77:307-340. male. BELIZE: Rio Frio Cave A, Augustine, 458 m, Main, B.Y. 1969. A blind mygalomoprh spider from a Null- 20 August 1972 (S. Peck), two females. arbor Plain Cave. Journ. Royal Soc. West. Australia, 52( 1) :9-11. Maymena chica Gertsch Marx, G. 1891. A contribution to the knowledge of North American spiders. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 2(1):28-37, Maymena chica Gertsch, 1971, p. 94. pI. 1. Pickard-Cambridge, F. 1902. Arachnida. Araneida, 2, pp. 313- Records-MEXICO: San Luis Potosf: Cueva de los 424, pI. xxxi-xxxix. BioI. Centro Amer., Zool. Caballos, 30 km ESE San Luis POtOSI: about 3000 m, Pickard-Cambridge, O. 1895. Arachnida. Araneida. 1: 145- 18 May 1972 (W. Elliott), immature female. Cueva de 160. BioI. Centro Amer. Zool. la Puente, 30 km ESE San Luis POtOSI: about 3000 m, Reddell, J.R. 1971. A preliminary bibliography of Mexican 16 May 1972 (W. Elliott, R. Ralph, M. McEachern), cave biology. Assoc. Mex. Cave Stud. Bull., 3: 1-184. Reddell, J.R., and RW. Mitchell. 1971. A checklist of the male, female, immature; same data 15 May 1972, cave fauna of Mexico. I. Sierra de EI Abra, Tamaulipas male. Cueva de Cinquenta y Ocho, 30 km ESE San and San Luis POtOSI: Assoc. Mex. Cave Stud. Bull., 4: Luis POtOSI: 3000 m, 18 May 1972 (W. Elliott, R. 137-180. Ralph, P. Lynn), females. Sotano de la Tinaja, 11 km Simon, E. 1882. Etudes arachnologiques. 13e Memoire, XX. NE Valles, 16 October 1972 (V. Roth, B. Firstman), Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de la famille des Dysderidae. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 2:201-240. male, seven females, immature from near pool in Simon, E. 1892. Etude sur les arthropodes cavernicoles de small orbwebs. I'ile Luzon. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 61:35-52.

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