Science based pasture® 2009 SOWING GUIDE

Seed Distributors Pty Ltd in association with the

SARDI New Variety Evaluation Group CROPPING RobRo Wheeler South Australian Research and DDevelopment Institute SARDI’sSA New Variety Agronomy Group is again pleased to be collaborating with Seed DDistributorsi in the preparation and dissemination of advice to agribusiness and consultants in relation to sowing options for 2009. With many new crop varieties coming on stream for 202009, especially in wheat, the information contained in this publication will be invaluable in gguidingu choice and management of new varieties. TTheh performance data presented here is largely based on New Variety Trial (NVT) and SARDI fiefield trial data, and is synthesised into practical, concise and easy to read information without bibias.a Growers and agribusiness consultants should not forget that recent dry seasons in south eastern Australia have favoured early flowering and maturing types and hampered thorough varietal evaluation, especially in relation to some of the features of interest in new varieties, such as disease resistance, grain quality and performance under favourable spring conditions. Consequently other varietal performance publications such as the harvest report, compiled by SARDI staff and printed within Grain Business magazine, and the NVT website, www.nvtonline.com.au will also prove useful to complete the picture on new varieties. We trust you will find this sowing guide most useful and welcome feedback to improve its content and presentation for future editions,

Regards Rob Wheeler Leader, New Variety Evaluation Crop Improvement South Australian Research and Development Institute

ByBy Sean Coffey Seed Distributors - Cropping Manager As the 2008 harvest starts up it is with pleasure that I present the 2009 Seed Distributors CrCropping Guide. Once again it is with gratitude that I thank Rob Wheeler and his team for the cocontinued access we receive to the information and trial data collected through the work of the SASARDI New Variety Evaluation Group. WWith the poor performance experienced by growers across the nation over the past two seasons iitt is important now more than ever to ensure that your growers are selecting the right varieties fforor their enterprise. This guide is a very useful tool in helping you to make those decisions with yoyour clients, and of course our staff at Seed Distributors are always on hand for any advice you mmay require. Thehe season looked promising early on; with timely rains up until August for a majority of areas keeping production on track, producing crops with massive potential. This was followed by an all too familiar September, consisting of warm windy days and a lack of rain events. The bulky crops were quickly stressed, bringing us to the point where I fear potential for great quality seed will be limited. Scattered thunderstorms during late November will have mixed results. Some later sown cereals in longer season regions are welcoming this unseasonal rain as a good chance to fill what would otherwise be small grain. However for the most part this rain is a hindrance and not a help; with a lot of hay on the ground waiting to be baled and many areas beginning harvest problems with sprouting and germination of seed for next year could become common. Seed Distributors Cropping will again be distributing all cropping varieties you require from our own production of common cultivars to the latest PBR releases. Furthermore with our extensive network of seed industry partners across the length and breadth of Australia we have the ability to hunt down those hard to source varieties. This year we will again endeavour to make securing quantities of seed as easy as possible for you and your clients. With continual supply, timing and price updates we will keep you informed of happenings with regards to seed. We pride ourselves on our freight and logistical management, making it easier for you to get your seed on time with minimal hassle and cost to your client. Our main warehouse and office facility based in the heart of Wingfield is the dispatch point for all our seed orders; its ideal location makes collection by your carrier or delivery to their depot a simple task. Well I hope you enjoy the 2009 guide and find it useful. Should you require any further copies of this guide please contact the office and we will have it posted out. As always please feel free to contact me at any stage. Here’s to a good 2009!

Cheers Sean Coffey Cropping Manager Seed Distributors Mobile: 0428 652 226 Contents:

Plant Breeder’s rights 2 Wheat variety sowing guide 7 Barley variery sowing guide 15 Oat variety sowing guide 19 Canola variety sowing guide 24 Triticale variety sowing guide 28 Chickpea variety sowing guide 31 Lupin variety sowing guide 34 Vetch variety sowing guide 37 Pea variety sowing guide 39 Faba Bean variety sowing guide 42 Lentil variety sowing guide 45

Special thanks to Rob Wheeler and the SARDI New Variety Evaluation Group or the information supplied in this guide and their involvement in this project.

1 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Plant Breeder’s RightsA information and variety update 2009

By Rob Wheeler and Peter McCormack, SARDI.

Key Points ‡ When purchasing seed of a PBR a protected variety for direct consumption Cultivar you should purchase it in as food or feed (for example, deliver it for ‡ Most new varieties are protected by the name or names of the entity or animal feed or to a flour mill) but they PBR and growers need to be aware of entities in which you intend to deliver. are not permitted to sell, trade or give the implications. You should retain invoices to prove away the variety for seed without the ‡ Seed of varieties with PBR protection that you have entitlement to that seed authorisation of the owners or licensee. can only be bought from the owner, and the crop produced. commercial partner/licensee or an ‡ If farmers are unsure, they should Royalties agent (seed merchant) authorised by seek information from the owner, ‡ The concept generally referred to as the owner. commercial partner/licensee or the ‘end point royalty’ collection gives the ‡ Once purchased, growers can maintain selling agent (seed merchant). licensee the right to collect royalties seed of a variety with PBR protection This leaflet explains some of the origins, on harvested grain. to satisfy their seed requirements for benefits and restrictions associated with ‡ Increasingly more varieties grown by the following season. PBR. farmers, e.g. ‘Pugsley’ and ‘Yitpi’, use ‡ Farmers can sell the products of a protected variety for commercial use Plant Breeder’s Rights this method of royalty collection. as feed or food (e.g. deliver to ABB PBR was introduced to stimulate ‡ Farmers should carefully read any Grain, AWB, flourmill or sell as animal private investment in plant breeding by documentation provided to be feed) unless bound by a ‘closed loop’ conferring ownership rights to varieties fully aware of the conditions when contract. and thereby the potential to market those purchasing seed of a variety. While ‡ Farmers cannot sell, trade or give rights as part of a commercialisation the restrictions in the use of seed away the variety for seed. process. under the PBR Act are clearly defined, ‡ Farmer to farmer trading of seed The Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 other contractual arrangements may without authorisation of the owner as amended act no:148 2002 gives an have been imposed by the licensee will make them liable to prosecution. owner of PBR the exclusive right to sell, following agreement by the owners. ‡ Commercial marketing arrangements produce or reproduce, import, export, For example, some contracts specify between the owners and the licensee stock or condition the seed of a variety that the harvested grain must be can vary between crops and varieties, protected by PBR (or license another delivered to certain collection and farmers must be aware of person or organisation to undertake these agencies; these are commonly called the conditions of the marketing activities). ‘closed loop’ marketing arrangements arrangements. The rights are similar to patents or or that EPR’s are on total grain ‡ Before you take delivery of certified copyright, (these record ownership of the production of the variety excluding seed of a new variety, you are genetic material) and are administered encouraged to request a copy of under the Act. PBR protection can last up seed saved for the following years the paddock inspection report and to 20 years for broadacre crops. production, ‘farmer saved seed’. the certificate of analysis report. PBR guarantee ownership of a variety ‡ AGT Seeds have introduced a new It is important that you read the but do not specify how the variety should concept which allows growers who information contained in the be commercialised or whether or where have purchased retail seed of the inspection report and the seed royalties should be charged. varieties, Gladius and Correll to then analysis certificate to make sure you In the absence of a contract stating trade “farmer to farmer” subject to a are buying the best available seed. otherwise, farmers can sell the harvest of three party agreement.

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2 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Wheat Variety Owner Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Type Maximum quality Comments registration licensee ($/tonne ex.GST) in SA AGT Scythe AGT 2004 AGT Seeds EPR $1.50 APW Tested as RAC1055 Annuello Vic DPI 2001 Graintrust /PlantTech EPR $1.65 AH Tested as VL709R Axe AGT 2007 AGT Seeds EPR $2.50 AH Tested as RAC1192 Bolac AGT 2006 AGT Seeds EPR $2.00 AH Tested as VQ2621 Carinya AGT 2005 AGT Seeds EPR $2.00 AH Tested as SUN421T Chara Vic DPI 1999 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.00 AH Tested as VI341 Correll AGT 2006 AGT Seeds EPR $1.50 AH Tested as WI23322 (restricted seed trading allowed, contact AGT) Derrimut Nugrain/AGT 2006 Cropcare Seed Tech. EPR $2.95 AH Tested as NGSP005 Drysdale Graingene 2001 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.00 APW EGA Gregory EGA 2004 Pacific Seeds EPR $2.10 APW Tested as QT10776 EGA Wentworth EGA 2004 Pacific Seeds EPR $2.10 APW Tested as QT10580 Espada AGT 2008 AGT Seeds EPR APW Tested as RAC1263 GBA Sapphire GBA 2003 Pioneer Seeds EPR $3.00 APW Tested as GB007 GBA Ruby GBA 2003 PlantTech Pty LTd EPR $3.00 ASW Tested as GB 99-099 Gladius AGT 2006 AGT Seeds EPR $2.50 AH Tested as RAC1262 (restricted seed trading allowed, contact AGT) H46 AGT 2005 AGT Seeds EPR $1.00 APW Kukri Uni of Adelaide 1999 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.00 AH Tested as RAC820 Livingston AGT 2007 AGT Seeds EPR $2.50 AH Tested as SUN 389A Longreach Bullet Longreach PB 2007 AWB Seeds EPR APW Tested as LRPB0423 Longreach Catalina Longreach PB 2006 AWB Seeds EPR $2.50 AH Tested as LRPB0268 Longreach Guardian Longreach PB 2006 AWB Seeds EPR $2.50 APW Tested as LRPB0617 Magenta DAFWA 2007 Cropcare Seed Tech. EPR $3.00 ASW Tested as WAWHT2726 Peake Nugrain 2007 Cropcare Seed Tech. EPR $2.95 AH Tested as NGSP006 Pugsley AGT 2002 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $1.50 APW Tested as WI 99069 Tamaroi NSW Ag 1997 Durum Growers Assoc Seed Durum ‘Over the fence’ trading permitted Mackellar CSIRO 2001 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.00 AWW/FEED *See note below Wyalkatchem Dept A&F WA 2001 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $1.25 APW Tested as WAWHT2212 Yitpi Uni of Adelaide 1999 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.00 AH Tested as WI96080 Young AGT 2005 Graintrust EPR $1.70 AH Tested as VQ0326 All the varieties (with the exception of Tamaroi) listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

‡ These varieties may have ‘End Point’ (EP) royalty or ‘grazing fee’ depending on the ‘end use’ of the crop. Growers purchasing seed of any of these varieties should seek information from the agent (seed merchant), or licensee regarding the type of royalty payment to be made.

‡ Farmer to farmer trading of Gladius and Correll is allowed subject to an agreement with AGT Seeds and where the original seed was purchased through a recognized retailer.

Lupins Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Comments licensee Coromup DAFWA Coorow Seeds Tested as WALAN2173M Jenabillup DAFWA 2007 Seed Group Alliance EPR $2.40 Tested as WALAN2224 Jindalee NSW 2000 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.25 Tested as WL318 Mandelup WA 2005 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $2.30 Moonah Vic 1998 AWB Seeds Ltd Seed Quilinock WA 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $0.95 Tanjil WA 1998 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $0.85 Wonga NSW 1995 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed

All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

3 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Barley Variety State of origin Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments registration licensee in SA Baudin WA 2002 AWB Seeds EPR $3.85 Malting Tested as Wabar2080 Buloke Vic 2005 AWB Seeds EPR $2.00 Pot. malting Tested as VB0105 Commander SA 2008 ABB Seeds EPR $3.80 Malting Tested as WI3416 Dhow SA 2002 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3102 Flagship SA 2005 ABB Grain/PlantTech EPR $1.80 Malting Tested as WI3408 Fleet SA 2006 ABB Grain Ltd EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3804 Hannan DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2321 Hindmarsh Vic 2006 AWB Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as VB0324 Lockyer DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2288 Roe DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2310 Sloop SA SA 2002 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3167 Sloop Vic Vic 2002 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as VB9953 Torrens SA 2001 Graintrust No royalty Feed Tested as WI3107 Capstan SA 2002 ABB Grain Ltd EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3385 Maritime SA 2002 ABB Grain Ltd EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3297 Vlamingh WA 2005 Grain pool of WA EPR $3.00 Malting Tested as WABAR2175 Yarra Vic 2004 ABB Grain Ltd EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as VB0021 Most of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Triticale Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Comments licensee Endeavour NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Royalty included in seed purchase price Tested as AT528 Hawkeye SA 2007 AGT Seeds EPR $2.50 Hillary NSW 2001 Waratah Seeds Co. No PBR or royalty Dual purpose/grazing Jackie NSW 2001 Waratah Seeds Co. Seed Dual purpose/grazing Jaywick SA 2007 AGT Seeds EPR $2.50 Kosciusko NSW 2003 Wilson Bros. EPR $ Prime 322 NSW 2001 Waratah Seeds Co. EPR $1.00 Rufus NSW 2005 Seed Distributors No PBR or royalty Tickit SA 2002 Crop Care Seed Tech EPR $1.40 Tobruk NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Royalty included in seed purchase price Tested as AT574 Speedee SA 2003 Seed Distributors Seed Some of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Credit and Treat are no longer covered by PBR and can be traded ‘over the fence’.

Chickpeas Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments licensee Almaz CLIMA 2005 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $7.50 Kabuli type Med-large size Flipper NSW 2005 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $3.00 Desi type Genesis™508 Vic 2004 AACT EPR $5.00 Desi type Gensis™509 Vic 2005 AACT EPR $5.00 Desi type Genesis™079 Vic 2007 AACT - Kabuli type Small size 6-7mm Genesis™090 Vic 2004 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Genesis™114 Vic 2007 AACT - Kabuli type Med-large size Genesis™425 Vic 2007 AACT - Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Howzat NSW 2000 ABB Grain Ltd Seed Desi type Nafice CLIMA 2005 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $7.50 Kabuli type Med-large size Yorker NSW 2005 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $3.00 Desi type All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

4 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Oats Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Quality licensee Brusher SA 2002 AEXCO Seed/EPR $1.00 Hay Kangaroo SA 2003 AEXCO Seed/EPR $1.00 Hay Mitika SA 2004 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed Possum SA 2002 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $1.50 Milling/Feed Quoll SA 1998 PlantTech Pty Ltd No PBR Feed Tungoo SA 2008 AEXCO Un-announced Hay Wintaroo SA 2001 AEXCO Seed/EPR $1.00 Hay Yallara SA 2008 Un-announced Un-announced Some of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Notes on hay varieties Growers wanting to purchase seed of Wintaroo, Brusher and Kangaroo need to contact one of the AEXCO Export Hay Processors or SAFCA seed growers. Growers will be asked to declare ‘end use’ (ie export hay or on farm feed) at the point of sale so as to determine the royalty type. Hay sold through an AEXCO export hay processor will incur an ‘end point’ royalty. Hay for ‘domestic sale’ or ‘on farm use’ will incur a seed royalty.

Field peas Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Comments licensee Bundi Vic 2005 Premier Seeds No EPR Excell Vic 1999 Harvest Grain# No EPR Kaspa Vic 2001 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $2.00 Morgan VIC/NSW 1998 Hart Bros Seed ‘Forage’ use also Parafield SA 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed No PBR Sturt Vic 2003 Premier Seeds Seed SW Celine introduction 2006 Cropcare Seed Tech. EPR $3.00 Yarrum NSW 2004 AGT Seeds EPR $4.00 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties, except Parafield, and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. # contact DPI Victoria for seed.

Lentils

Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial Royalty Market restrictions partner/licensee (ex. GST) Aldinga SA 1994 AFCA None None Boomer CIPAL 2005 AWB Seeds EPR $5.00 Delivery to nominated receivers Digger Vic 1994 None No royalty Now no marketing restrictions Nipper CIPAL 2005 AWB Seeds EPR $5.00 Delivery to nominated receivers Northfield SA 1996 AFCA No royalty Nil, but no farmer to farmer trading Nugget CIPAL 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Delivery to nominated receivers Tiara CIPAL 2006 AWB Seeds EPR Under contract, AWB Seeds

All the varieties listed above, except Aldinga, Northfield and Digger, are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Beans Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments licensee AscotVF SA 1996 PlantTech Pty Ltd No PBR or royalty Faba grade 1 Cairo NSW 2003 Graintrust/PlantTech EPR $3.00 Farah SA 2003 PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1 Tested as 483/3 Fiesta VF SA 1998 PlantTech Pty Ltd No PBR or royalty Fie grade 1 Manafest SA 1999 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1 Not PBR protected Nura SA 2005 AWB Seeds Ltd EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1

All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

5 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Canola Variety Year of registration Commercial partner/licensee Royalty AG Muster 2007 Crop Care Seed Tech Seed ATR409 2007 Crop Care Seed Tech ATR Barra 2007 Nuseed Seed ATR Cobbler 2008 Nuseed Seed ATR Marlin 2008 Nuseed Seed ATR Summitt 2006 Nuseed Seed AV Garnet 2007 Nuseed Seed AV Jade 2006 Nuseed Seed Boomer 2005 Graintrust EPR $5.00 Bravo TT 2005 Nuseed Seed Cargill 102 2007 Cargill ? Cargill 103 2007 Cargill ? CBTM Argyle 2008 ABB Seeds EPR CBTM Tarami 2007 Graintrust EPR $5.00 Hyola 76 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed Dune (Juncea) 2007 Pacific Seeds EPR $5.00 Flinders (TTC) 2007 Crop Care Seed Tech. Seed Hyola 50 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hurricane TT 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed J05Z-08960 (tested as) 2008 Pacific Seeds EPR $ K9209 (tested as) 2008 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Monola 75TT 2007 Nuseed Crop Network NL 045 (tested as) 2008 Nuseed Crop Network NMT 310 (tested as) 2008 Nuseed Crop Network Oasis CL 2007 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Pioneer 45Y77 2006 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed Rottnest (TTC) 2007 Crop Care Seed Tech. Seed Skipton 2004 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed Storm TT 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed Tarcoola 2007 Nuseed Seed Tawriffic TT 2007 PlantTech Pty Ltd Trilogy 2004 Graintrust/PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Trigold 2005 Graintrust/PlantTech Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Warrior CL 2006 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed 43C80 2008 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed 46Y78 2007 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed 46Y81 2008 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed 44C79 2007 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed

All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.This is NOT a complete list of PBR’s Canola varieties but a selection of recently released varieties. Space prevents us from listing all varieties.If growers intend sowing seed of varieties other than those listed above they will need to check the PBR status of those varieties.

Vetch

Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial Royalty Comments partner/licensee Capello SA 1999 Seedmark/PlantTech Seed Namoi alternative Haymaker Plus 1999 Seedmark/PlantTech Seed High level hard seed Morava SA 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed Forage use Rasina SA 2006 Seedmark/PlantTech Seed Tested as SA34719

All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Explanation of abbreviations ABB = Australian Barley Board AEXCO = Australian Exporters Company AFCA = Australian Field Crop Association AWB = Australian Wheat Board SAGIT = South Australian Grains Industry Trust AGT = Australian Grain Technologies AAC = Australian Agricultural Commodities WACB = Western Australian Canola Breeders DAFWA = Dept. Agriculture and Food Western Australia EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia

6 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Wheat variety sowing guide 2009

By Rob Wheeler, Senior Research Scientist, New Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

his sowing guide provides data Variety and current Suitability and significant features and guidance on bread wheat and max. grade durum wheat varieties for sowing HARD T Annuello Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance in South Australia in 2009. Many new varieties, from a range of wheat breeding Axe Low to medium rainfall districts, particularly areas with sharp dry finish Bolac High rainfall districts especially South East region and Kangaroo Island organisations, will be widely available for Catalina Medium to high rainfall districts sowing in SA in 2009. Few of these new Chara Medium to high rainfall districts especially south east region but below minimum varieties have had extensive state-wide standards for stripe rust resistance evaluation within SARDI and National Correll All districts, avoid low test weight situations and wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot Variety Trials (NVT) over many seasons and susceptibility further, many have been tested only in the Derrimut Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance dry seasons of 2006 and 2007. In previous Gladius All districts Clearfield JNZ Medium to high rainfall districts, imidolazine tolerant but below minimum standards for years these may not have been listed, stripe rust resistance pending evaluation over many seasons, Kukri Low to medium rainfall districts, possible wheat on wheat option but since many have disease resistances, Peake Medium to high rainfall districts and marginal grain size yield and quality combinations, important Yitpi All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note below to sustainability of SA wheat production, minimum standards for stem rust resistance it has been decided they should be listed Young Medium to high rainfall districts, wheat on wheat option, avoid sharp finishing situations due to small grain and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance with comments to assist decision making. APW However where varieties do not meet AGT Scythe All districts but below minimum standards for stripe and leaf rust resistance minimum disease resistance standards for Camm All districts, but septoria risk in high rainfall areas and potential serious stripe, stem and rust, as set by industry, they are listed with leaf rust risk a cautioning note. Drysdale All districts and particularly low to medium rainfall districts but below minimum Varieties have been listed according to standards for stripe rust resistance AWB quality classification grade and are EGA Gregory South East districts, more evaluation needed EGA Wentworth Medium to high rainfall districts, potential Janz replacement, but below minimum listed in alphabetical order and not in standards for stripe and leaf rust resistance order of preference or recommendation. Espada All districts GBA Sapphire Medium to high rainfall districts, potential Janz replacement but below minimum Selection criteria standards for stripe rust resistance Frame All districts, but avoid sowing into wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility Information on the most important H46 Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust and selection criteria, grain yield, quality, Septoria tritici blotch resistance maturity and disease resistance for each Longreach Guardian Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and marginal grain size variety can be found in tables 1 and Pugsley Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance 2. While the varieties listed above are Wyalkatchem All districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance considered likely to provide the best ASW return within each quality grade, farmers GBA Ruby All districts and wheat on wheat option but possible sprouting risk need to consider their individual farm and Krichauff All districts, but below minimum standards for stripe and leaf rust resistance paddock situation and make their selection SOFT based on all available information. Anlace Soft wheat producing districts, noting that seed must be treated for bunt control Where possible, the growing of a single Barham Soft wheat producing districts and Bowie replacement but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance variety only should be avoided. Climatic, Bowie Soft wheat producing districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance disease and price risks should be spread by Yenda Long season soft wheat producing, and irrigation districts but below minimum growing at least two or more varieties with standards for stripe rust resistance varying maturity, disease resistance and/ DURUM or quality classification. Average protein Kalka All durum districts including boron toxic soils content for current wheat varieties is very Hyperno All durum districts similar and rarely varies by more than Saintly All durum districts one percent when grown under identical Tamaroi All durum districts

7 SEEDS FOR SUCCESSPhone (08) 8445 1111

Wheat:

.
Very wide adaption, mid season maturity .
High relative grain yield from very low yield potential through to high yield potential areas .
Highest yielding variety in the 2007 South Australian National Variety Trials

.
Exceptional early vigour and very early fl owering .
Outstanding yield under terminal drought stress .
A short season alternative to Gladius

.
Pugsley replacement with wider adaption and robust yield .
Solid performance under drought stress, but high relative yield in medium to high yield potential areas .
Excellent rust resistance package CORRELL .
Broad adaption to the southern environment .
CCN resistant and boron tolerant .
Yitpi replacement with improved stem rust resistance

Triticale: HAWKEYE .
Mid maturity variety for feed grain production .
High yield potential under a wide range of environments .
Higher yielding, stripe rust and CCN resistant alternative to Kosciuszko and Tahara JAYWICK .
Early to mid maturity variety for feed grain production .
Suited to shorter season environments or later planting options .
Later maturing, CCN and stripe rust resistant alternative to Speedee

Seed is available through: Visit www.ausgraintech.com or call Dan Vater on 0427 188 919 for more information

8 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Table 1: Some agronomic characteristics of selected varieties under SA conditions.

Variety Max. Flowering Coleoptile Boron toler. CCN resis. CCN toler. Other features Quality length

AGT Scythe APW EM M MI S - Broadly adapted Annuello AH ML M I R I Similar plant type to Janz, small grain Axe AH E MS MI S - Good early vigour, “Yitpi like” grain size Barham Soft EM M MI MS - Bowie plant type Bolac AH L - - - - Acid soil tolerance Carinya AH M M I S - Similar plant type to Janz Chara AH ML MS MI R MI Premium quality, acid soil tolerance Clearfield JNZ AH M S I Correll AH M ML MT MR - Like Yitpi but generally lower test weight Derrimut AH EM - MT R - Short stiff straw Drysdale APW EM MS I S - Acid soils tolerance, transpiration efficient EGA Wentworth APW EM - MI S - Similar plant type to Janz Espada APW M - MT MS - Excalibur ASW EM M MI S MT Zinc efficient, generally outclassed, rust susceptible Frame APW ML ML MT MR MT Large grain, good early vigour GBA Sapphire APW M M - - - Similar plant type to Janz GBA Ruby ASW EM - MI S - Shown some susceptibility to sprouting Gladius AH EM M MT MS - Very high yield, Waxy leaves, low tolerance of Hussar® H 46 APW E MS I MS MI Similar plant type to H45 Livingston AH EM - - - - Krichauff ASW M M MT S MT Good P. neglectus resistance but now outclassed Kukri AH EM M I S I Premium quality, some crown rot tolerance Longreach Catalina AH EM - - R - ‘Yitpi like’ grain size Longreach Guardian APW E - MT R - ‘Janz like’ grain size Magenta ASW M L - MS-S - Below minimum disease standards for Yr Peake AH E - - R - ‘Janz like’ grain size Pugsley APW ML ML MT MS MI Widely adapted, high yields Wyalkatchem APW EM MS I S MI Short stiff straw, derived from Machete Yenda Soft ML ML MT MS - Yitpi AH ML M MT MR MT Like Frame but sometimes earlier flowering Young AH E MS I R - Durums Tamaroi APDR M I MS - Most widely grown Kalka APDR EM M MT MS MT Derived from Yallaroi, improved boron tolerance Hyperno APDR M

Flowering: VE= very early; E= early; EM= early to mid season; M= midseason; ML= mid to late season; L=late Coleoptile: I = intermediate; L = long; VL = very long; S= short - variety yet to be fully evaluated. Boron tolerance: I = intolerant; MI = moderately intolerant; MT = moderately tolerant; T= tolerant CCN tolerance indicates the ability of the variety to grow and yield in the presence of CCN. Resistance refers to the ability of the variety to reduce CCN carryover.

9 Phone (08) 8445 1111

conditions. Perceived differences in growers who purchased seed from retailers yellow leaf spot. Gladius has midseason protein achieving capability between are able to trade “over the fence” subject maturity and good grain size like Yitpi. varieties should be given only minor to a seed sales agreement with AGT, and Trials indicate Gladius to have a lower emphasis and protein should be managed there is now no EPR on grain retained on tolerance to Hussar®. Seed is available through good crop nutrition. farm for seed. from AGT Seeds, but current growers who purchased seed from retailers, are able to Derrimut A trade “over the fence” subject to a seed Notes on newer varieties Derrimut (NGSP005) has AH quality and sales agreement with AGT. was released in 2006 after development by A AGT Scythe Nugrain and Sunprime. Within SARDI H 46 A AGT Scythe was released by Australian and NVT trials since 2004, Derrimut has H46 was released in 2005 by AGT and Grain Technologies (AGT) in 2004 as shown a yield potential similar to Yitpi, is derived from H45. It was developed for an APW quality, high yielding, broadly particularly in higher rainfall districts. improved stripe and leaf rust resistance adapted, early maturing variety. It is It has CCN resistance and good levels of relative to H45 although similarly very susceptible to CCN and yellow leaf spot but resistance to stem and leaf rust, MS to susceptible to Septoria tritici blotch and has good stem rust resistance albeit with stripe rust and MS/S to yellow leaf spot. susceptible to CCN. Its reaction to the new marginal stripe and leaf rust resistance. It has moderate grain size, is midseason stripe rust strain is very susceptible and so AGT Scythe has good black point flowering and short plant height. Derrimut there is now little place for H46 in SA. tolerance. Seed distribution is managed is commercialised by Crop Care Seed H46 is classified APW quality in SA and by AGT Seeds. Technology. commercialised by AGT Seeds. A Axe Espada A Livingston A Axe (RAC1192) is a vigorous growing, very Espada (RAC1263) was developed by Livingston (SUN389A) was developed by HDUO\ ÀRZHULQJ$+ TXDOLW\ YDULHW\ UHOHDVHG AGT, released in Feb 2008 and is a sister NSW Ag Narrabri breeders and released E\$*7 LQ$XJ :LWK ODUJH JUDLQ DQG line to Gladius. It is agronomically similar by AGT as an AH eligible wheat for NSW ORZVFUHHQLQJVORVVHVLWKDVVKRZQKLJK\LHOG to Gladius, but features improved leaf rust and Qld. In SA NVT it has demonstrated SRWHQWLDO LQ 6$ XQGHU YHU\ GU\ DQG VKDUS resistance (R-MR), slightly better yellow yield similar to Yitpi in medium to higher ¿QLVKLQJ FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV WKH   leaf spot (MR-MS) and Septoria tritici rainfall regions with midseason maturity. DQGVHDVRQVDOEHLWZLWKPRUHPRGHUDWH resistance and higher yield potential in It carries good resistance to all rusts being \LHOGVLQ$[HLVUDWHGDV06WRVWHPUXVW higher rainfall environments. In other MR to stem rust, R to stripe rust (including DQG 05 WR VWULSH DQG OHDI UXVW$[H LV 6 WR differences to Gladius, Espada has APW the WA Yr17 strain) and R-MR to leaf rust. \HOORZOHDIVSRWDQG&&16HHGLVDYDLODEOH quality, is susceptible to black point. Seed It is MS-S to yellow leaf spot and has good WKURXJK$*76HHGV is available through AGT Seeds. black point tolerance but is susceptible to A CCN. Seed is available from AGT Seeds. Bolac GBA Sapphire A and GBA Ruby A Bolac (VQ2621) is a very long season, These varieties were released nationally by Longreach Bullet A milling wheat, eligible for AH and released Grain Biotech Australia during 2003. GBA Bullet (LPB0423) was developed and by AGT. It is suitable for mildly acidic to Sapphire is derived from Janz and offers an released from Longreach Plant Breeders alkaline soils and could be an alternative alternative to Janz with slightly improved in 2008 and is a vigorous growing, very to feed wheats and later varieties such as yield (SA trial data) but generally similar early maturing, APW quality wheat. It Chara, in the SE of South Australia. Bolac disease resistance and APW quality. Seed is is resistant to CCN and has moderate has good rust resistance albeit MS to stem licensed to Pioneer Hi-bred. GBA Ruby has resistance to stem rust, is susceptible to rust, and is later flowering than Chara, an ASW classification in SA and excellent stripe rust, MR/MS to leaf rust and yellow but earlier than Kellalac. Seed is available resistance to stem, stripe and leaf rust and leaf spot and S/VS to Septoria tritici blotch. through Graintrust/ABB Seeds. yellow leaf spot combined with moderate Bullet has not been widely tested in SA Correll A to high yield potential. SA observations NVT prior to 2008 and more evaluation is from 2004 showed some susceptibility to needed. Seed is licensed to AWB Seeds. Correll (WI23322) was released from sprouting in GBA Ruby. Seed of GBA Ruby AGT in 2006, is derived from Yitpi and is Longreach Catalina A is licensed to PlantTech. agronomically similar but with improved Catalina (LPB0268) was released by stem rust resistance and black point Gladius A Longreach Plant Breeders in 2006 as an tolerance. It is seen as an alternative to Gladius (RAC1262) was developed by AH quality, CCN resistant hard wheat Yitpi, to reduce the stem rust risk currently AGT from a collaborative project with suited to medium rainfall districts across posed with Yitpi. SA NVT data since 2005, SARDI partly funded by SAGIT. It is SE Australia. Catalina is several days shows Correll to be similar in yield, grain broadly adapted (yielding well in 2005, earlier flowering than Yitpi and has similar size and plumpness to Yitpi, but averages 2006 and 2007), very high yielding, has an physical grain quality. Catalina is MR/MS around 2-3 kg/hl lower test weight and AH classification and is well adapted to low to stem and stripe rust and R/MR to leaf is 2 to 5 days earlier flowering, and even rainfall environments. While moderately rust but is MS/S to yellow leaf spot and more when very early sown. Correll has susceptible to CCN, it has boron tolerance, Septoria tritici blotch. Widespread NVT an AH quality classification in SA. Seed is and has good resistance to stem rust, MR- yield data is limited to the drier 2006 and available through AGT Seeds but current MS to stripe rust and MS to leaf rust, and 2007 seasons where yield results have been

10 AWB Seeds Committed to the Australian Wheat Industry.

With increasing pressure on the agricultural sector to produce sufficientPhone food (08) and 8445 fibre 1111 for an increasing population, scientists at the C.S.I.R.O, have joined Crop and Food Research NZ and the GRDC to form HRZ Wheats (Pty Ltd) This new breeding organisation is dedicated to developing high yielding wheat varieties suited to the longer growing season areas of southern Australia. Dr Garry Rosewarne and Dr Richard Richards, both from CSIRO, have screened high yielding material from NZ and South Africa in intense foliar disease nurseries to develop the first varieties from the program suitable for Australian conditions. The culmination of their research and ongoing development has led to the 2008 Spring launch of Gascoigne milling wheat for the mid to high rainfall regions of Southern Australia. Dr Garry Rosewarne

Gascoigne Limited Release in 2009

Gascoigne is a semi-dwarf white grained spring wheat that Gascoigne flowers slightly earlier than Sunbri and 2-3 days after is broadly adapted to a range of environments. It has high and Chara and it has good lodging tolerance and strong straw. stable yields and is large grained, making it suitable for tight Gascoigne has a preliminary classification of APW in Victoria and finishes. It has an excellent disease resistance profile, with adult is currently undergoing quality assessment in South Australia. In plant based resistance for all three rusts, as well as immunity high yielding regions it has good protein levels and it is expected to stem rust conferred by Sr24. to achieve at least APW classification. It has good YAN colour and The line has undergone field testing in 2003, 2004, 2005 and should be a suitable export quality wheat. Gascoigne also has 2007, and this year has entered into NVT across the high rainfall good resistance to black point. zones on the NSW south eastern slopes, southern Victoria, SE South Australia and Ag Zones 3 and 6 in WA.

Take the Bullet between your teeth – Limited Release in 2009

Varietal yield data in seasonal conditions over the past three field resistance to Yellow leaf spot. It is an ideal option for wheat years suggest that short season cultivars are performing well on wheat rotations and for late breaks or double knock weed amidst unfavourable spring conditions. Longreach Bullet is a management plans. Bullet is CCN resistant and has preliminary very quick variety with excellent early vigour and useful levels of APW rating in SA.

Caparoi Durum Outstanding Quality – Limited Release in 2009

Caparoi durum is high yielding durum with high level resistance to Caparoi durum has been tested in yield trials conducted in New stem rust, flag smut and yellow leaf spot with moderate resistance South Wales in 2002, and in regional advanced trials in northern to Leaf rust, stripe rust, root lesion nematode and black point. New South Wales, central Queensland, southern Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia from 2004 to 2007. Wollaroi Caparoi has strong seedling vigour with excellent lodging and has been used as the prime comparator, as it has a similar maturity shedding resistance. to Caparoi durum and is the most popular cultivar, accounting for Preliminary end user evaluation is that Caparoi Durum 50% of the production in northern New South Wales. demonstrates excellent colour and quality traits.

For More Information Please Contact Seed Distributors AWB Seeds Wheat Range on 08 8445 1111 Milling wheats Winter Wheats Durum Or call your AWB Seeds local Agronomist: Gascoigne Brennan Caparoi Simon Crane Vic 0407 887 901 Bullet EGA Wedgetail Arrivato Rob Gill C.NSW,S.NSW, Tas 0428 122 465 Catalina Mackellar Jandaroi Jon Thelander N.NSW, QLD 0429 314 909 Guardian Rudd Sentinel3R Tennant Richard Prusa SA, WA 0417 891 436

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Table 2. Mean yield (% of Yitpi) of varieties from SARDI and SANVT trials (2000-2007), and reaction to common disorders. Variety Agricultural district Septoria Yellow Lower Upper Murray Mid Yorke South Stem Stripe Leaf tritici Black leaf Eyre Eyre Mallee North Pen. East Rust Rust# Rust blotch point spot AGT Scythe 103 100 98 102 101 100 MR MS-S MS-S MS MR S Annuello 99 92 93 99 98 97 R MS MR S MS S Axe 103 102 102 103 100 98 MS MR MR MS MS-S S

Barham - - - 96 - 96 MR MS-S1 MR-MS MS-S MS MS-S

Carinya 102 95 96 103 102 102 MR MS1 MR-MS MS S S-VS Longreach Catalina 101 99 98 99 98 97 MR-MS MR-MS R-MR MS-S - MS-S Chara 94 85 84 96 93 96 MR-MS MS-S MS MS MS S Clearfield JNZ 96 89 89 97 95 95 MR MS MS MS S S Correll 104 103 103 104 104 102 MR-MS MR MS MS MR-MS S-VS

Derrimut 104 99 98 103 102 102 R-MR MS12 R MS-S S S Drysdale 96 95 92 97 95 96 MR MS MS MS-S MS MS-S EGA Wentworth 101 97 96 100 98 99 MR MS-S MS-S - S S Espada 106 103 103 104 104 103 R-MR MR-MS R-MR MS-S MS-S MR-MS Excalibur 102 102 100 99 99 97 MS MS-S S-VS S S-VS MR-MS Frame 95 95 95 96 96 95 MS MR-MS MS MS MS S-VS GBA Sapphire 98 93 92 96 95 96 R MS MR-MS MS S MR-MS GBA Ruby 102 99 100 103 100 101 MR-MS R-MR R MR-MS - MR

Gladius 107 105 107 107 106 105 MR MR-MS1 MS S MR MS H 46 103 97 91 100 98 97 MR-MS VS R VS MR-MS MR-MS Livingston 101 94 94 100 98 97 MR R R-MR MS-S - - Krichauff 101 101 94 97 99 97 MR S S MS MR MS

Kukri 94 93 91 94 95 92 MR MR-MS2 RMRMSMS Longreach Guardian 105 100 98 104 103 103 MR MS-S MS MS MS S Magenta 103 99 100 102 102 103 R MS MR S - MR-MS

Peake 103 101 102 103 101 101 MR-MS MR-MS2 R S MS-S MS-S

Pugsley 103 98 100 104 104 104 MS S1 MR MS MS S Wyalkatchem 107 101 98 103 102 100 MS S R MR-MS MS MR

Yenda - - - 96 - 98 R MS-S12 MR MS-S MR MR Yitpi 100 100 100 100 100 100 S MR-MS MS MS MS S-VS

Young 104 101 101 102 100 99 MR MS12 MR-MS MS MR MR-MS Yitpi yield t/ha 2.85 1.35 1.66 3.31 3.36 3.76 Durums Kalka 100 95 100 100 R MR MR MS - MR Tamaroi 100 100 100 100 R MR MR S MR-MS MR Tamaroi yield t/ha 2.60 1.36 2.91 2.98

R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptible; - = variety yet to be fully evaluated; # = ratings for new WA Yr17 strain. Varieties with 1 have the Yr17 (VPM) seedling resistance and so will be resistant to the older WA strain.; 2 = some susceptible plants in mix; Black Point is not a disease but is a physiological response to certain humid conditions. Information on disease reaction was supplied by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI) and compiled before the full data from 2008 was available. Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382

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Table 3. Domestic Flour Millers Assessment - S.A. Wheat Varieties (updated August 2008)

Variety End Product Category Quality Parameters Comments Max Class Grade Plant Bakery Artisan breads Biscuit Cake Hot plate goods Milling Quality Flour Colour Absorption Water Extensibility Max Resistance Viscosity Paste Dough Rapid Mixing Time Barham SF1 3 3 2 G A VG VG G H&G Acceptable Biscuit Quality Bowie SF1 3 3 2 A A G A A H&G Acceptable Biscuit Quality Annuello AH 2 1 G A M G A MED&A A M Acceptable AH quality — has low WA and long development Carinya AH 2 3 G A A G M MED&A G M Acceptable AH quality Chara AH 1 3 G G P VG P MED&A A VP Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement Clearfield Janz AH 3 2 G A A G G MED&A G G Acceptable Hard wheat quality Correll AH 3 1 G A A-M G A MED&A G A Acceptable AH quality Janz AH 3 2 G A A G A MED&A G G Acceptable Hard wheat quality — has lower water absorption Kukri AH 1 3 G G M G P MED/H&A P VP Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement Machete AH 3 2 M G VG G G MED/H&A VG G Excellent hard wheat quality — has low milling yield Yitpi AH 3 2 G A A A A MED/H&A G A Acceptable Hard wheat quality Young AH 2 2 G A A A M MED&A P Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time. Requires rapid test bake evaluation AGT Scythe APW 2 1 G A M P A H&A M A Marginal APW Quality Camm APW 2 1 A A M A A H&A M M/P Average APW quality with long mix time Carnamah APW 2 1 P P G A A H&A A A Average APW quality Drysdale APW 1 1 G M G P M MED&A M M Marginal APW - has strong unbalanced dough EGA Wentworth APW 3 1 A A M G M MED&A A A Good APW quality Frame APW 3 2 G M G M A MED/H&A VG VG Good APW quality — has short extensibility GBA Sapphire APW 2 1 G G A G M MED&A G A Potential for plant bakeries but requires further evaluation H46 APW 2 1 G G G A M MED&A M A Marginal APW quality Krichauff ASW 2 3 G P G A A H&A A A Suitable specialty milling — has yellow flour colour Pugsley APW 2 1 G A A P A MED&A M A Marginal APW Quality Ventura APW 3 1 G A G A A H&A G G Good APW quality Westonia APW 2 1 A A M A A H&A M A Good APW quality — has low WA Wyalkatchem APW 3 1 G A M G A A G G Good APW quality - but marginal WA New varieties - indicative assessments only Axe AH 1 1 G A VP P VP MED&A G VP Very poor WA with strong inextensible dough, excessive bakery mix time Bullet APW 2 1 G A A A A MED&A A G Low protein achiever, appears suitable for Plant Bakery Bolac AH 2 2 G A G G G MED&A G P Has good water absorption and dough strength, but long mix time Catalina AH 1 1 G A/M A A/M VP H&A A P Very strong dough with excessive mix time Derrimut AH 3 1 G A A/M G A MED&A G A Appears acceptable for Plant bakery Espada APW 1 2 M A A A M MED&A M P Very strong dough, excessive mix time, unsuitable for Plant Bakery Gladius AH 1 3 G A A/M M P MED&A G VP Inextensible and bucky doughs with excessive Bakery mix times Guardian APW 2 1 G A M M P H&A A A/M Low WA, strong dough but may be suitable for Plant Bakery Livingston AH 2 G A A G A MED&A A Has acceptable water absorption, requires rapid dough test bake evaluation Peake AH 3 1 G A A G A MED&A G A Good potential for Plant Bakery application - slightly long mix time

1 = not sought; 2 = some requirement; 3 = highly sought; VG = very good; G = good; A= acceptable; M=marginal; P=poor; VP=very poor; H = High; MED=Medium generally similar to Yitpi. While further Longreach Guardian A has moderate resistance to stem rust but evaluation is needed, it shows potential Guardian (LPB0617) was developed and is moderately susceptible to stripe and released from Longreach Plant Breeders leaf rust and susceptible to yellow leaf for medium to higher rainfall districts in in 2006 and is derived from Krichauff, spot. Early vigour and height is similar south eastern Australia and is licensed to with improved quality (eligible for APW to Janz. Widespread NVT yield data is AWB Seeds. grade in SA). It is resistant to CCN and limited to the 2006 and 2007 seasons with

13 Phone (08) 8445 1111

results generally equal or superior to Yitpi. short straw for ease of stubble handling. Durum wheats It is expected to be more similar to Janz Throughout SA, Wyalkatchem has yielded for physical grain quality. While further well and similar to Pugsley albeit with Kalka evaluation is needed, it may be an option a slight advantage on Eyre Peninsula. Kalka, was developed by the University for districts where risk of stripe rust is low. Sprouting tolerance appears low based on of Adelaide and released by AGT in 2003 Seed is licensed to AWB Seeds. WA observations. Treflan use should also and is derived from Yallaroi with improved Magenta A be cautioned since Wyalkatchem has a tolerance to high soil boron. During 2000 short to medium coleoptile length. Seed is Magenta was released from DAFWA and 2001, seasons generally free of boron in 2007 as a high yielding, mid season commercialised by PlantTech. toxicity, its yields were on average 2-3% flowering, milling wheat eligible for ASW Young A above those of Tamaroi across 12 sites but in SA. In SA NVT, average yields have Young was released from AGT during in the past two seasons the margin has been slightly greater than Yitpi but while 2005 as an early maturing, broadly adapted, narrowed. The grain of Kalka is slightly Magenta has good resistance to stem and AH quality wheat with CCN resistance and lighter but has less screenings than leaf rust, yellow spot and Septoria tritici, it moderate resistance to stem and leaf rust Tamaroi and features improved semolina is MS-S to stripe rust and susceptible to but now rated moderately susceptible to colour and hence marketability. Seed is CCN. Magenta has a long coleoptile. the new stripe rust strain. It has moderate available through the SA Durum Growers Association. Peake A resistance to yellow leaf spot, and black A Peake (NGSP006) is a new variety released point tolerance, and would be suitable Hyperno in 2007 with AH quality, developed by for stubble retention and wheat on wheat Hyperno (WID22209) has a similar Nugrain and Sunprime. Peake is medium- cropping systems. It has shown good yields maturity, adaptation and disease resistance short strawed, mid maturing (5-6 days similar to Yitpi in SA NVT and SARDI trials profile to Kalka and Tamaroi, but generally earlier than Yitpi) and suitable for since 2003, but grain plumpness is lower offers greater yields and improved growing in medium to high rainfall zones than Janz, and suffers in very dry spring semolina colour. Hyperno is eligible for where, within NVT, it has shown high conditions. Seed is available through APDR grade in SA and is being released yield potential. Peake is MR-MS to stem Graintrust/ABB Seeds. from AGT with seed available from the and stripe rust and R to leaf rust. Peake is Durum Growers Association for the 2009 CCN resistant, boron tolerant and is MS-S New biscuit wheats season. to yellow leaf spot and S to Septoria tritici Saintly A blotch. Peake is being commercialised by Barham A Saintly (WID22279) is awnless and earlier Crop Care Seed Technology. Barham (VO2697R) is closely related to flowering than Kalka and Tamaroi and A Bowie but has CCN resistance, improved Pugsley has performed very well in dry finishing rust resistance albeit MS-S to the WA + Pugsley was developed by the former conditions in SA. Saintly has slightly lower Yr17 race of stripe rust, improved grain Waite Wheat Breeding Program and stem and stripe rust resistance compared yield and quality eligible for the AS grade released by AGT in 2003. Pugsley is largely to Hyperno. Saintly is being released from in SA. Barham is a mid season variety derived from Frame and Trident and has AGT with limited seed available in 2009 with similar maturity and plant type to very high yields (long term State average from the Durum Growers Association. 6% above Frame), combined with boron Bowie and produces large grain with low screenings losses but low test weights and tolerance and generally adequate stem Domestic Flours Millers Wheat and leaf rust resistance. However Pugsley is moderately susceptible to black point. is now susceptible to common stripe rust Barham was released by AGT and available Variety Preferences through Graintrust/ABB Seeds. races. It is moderately susceptible to CCN, Much of South Australia’s wheat is and less susceptible to yellow spot than Yenda A exported by AWB Ltd to the Middle East for Frame. It has moderate grain size, low Yenda (VN0870R) is a high yielding, flat bread, and to a less extent, pan bread screenings and classified APW quality. rust resistant, short, stiff strawed biscuit production. The domestic flour millers Seed is commercialised by Graintrust. (Australian Soft) wheat for irrigation and purchase a small proportion of South Wyalkatchem A high rainfall areas of southern Australia. Australian wheat either from the AWB Wyalkatchem was released from WADA It is mid to late season in maturity and or directly from growers. The domestic during 2001 as an APW quality, high has excellent stem and leaf rust resistance flour millers can have different quality protein achieving variety with “Westonia but is rated MS/S to the WA+ Yr17 race requirements to the AWB due to different like” yield potential. It is derived from of stripe rust and susceptible to CCN end products and processes employed. Machete and has some acid and boron and moderately susceptible to yellow leaf Table 3 lists the flour millers’ variety toxic soil tolerance but is susceptible to spot and Septoria tritici blotch and appears quality ratings, which provide growers with powdery mildew and new strains of stem highly susceptible to crown rot. Yenda was an indication of the most highly sought and stripe rust. Wyalkatchem is early released by AGT in 2006 and is available varieties. For further information, contact to midseason in maturity and has very through Graintrust. Laucke Flour Mills (03 5431 5201).

14 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Barley variety sowing guide 2009

By Rob Wheeler, Senior Research Scientist, New Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

his sowing guide provides data Variety Maximum grade Suitability and significant features and guidance on the most suitable A barley varieties for sowing in Baudin malting Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), avoid areas prone to leaf rust T and net form net blotch South Australia in 2009. The recently A A malting All areas commercialised varieties, Flagship , Buloke A Fleet A and Hindmarsh A will be widely Commander malting All areas, except prone to net form net blotch A available for sowing in South Australia in Flagship malting All areas, with timely harvest a priority 2009. The new domestic malting variety, GairdnerA malting Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm) except where high risk of spot Commander (tested as WI 3416) will also form net blotch be released for sowing in 2009. Comments Schooner malting All areas, and most suitable for Shochu market on these and other varieties most suitable Sloop malting All areas, except where high risk of spot form net blotch, outclassed by for SA are included in the preferred list Sloop SA below. Sloop SAA malting All areas where CCN resistance is required, with timely harvest or Varieties have been listed according to windrowing a priority. Avoid areas prone to spot form net blotch quality classification grade and are listed BarqueA feed All areas, except where high risk of leaf scald or net form net blotch in alphabetical order and not in order of A preference. Capstan feed Medium to high rainfall areas where very high yields are targeted and test weight is easily achieved The decision to grow either a malting or A feed variety may depend on one or more Fleet feed All areas, particularly for districts with lower rainfall and light soils factors, including; Hindmarsh A feed All areas ‡ WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ SD\PHQWV EHWZHHQ Keel feed All areas except deep sandy soils of lower fertility and avoid areas prone malting and feed grades as related to to leaf rust yield differences (Table 1); MaritimeA feed All areas and particularly manganese deficient soils ‡ the probability of producing a malting Mundah feed Deep sandy soils of low fertility grade barley; TorrensA feed – hull-less Specialised variety for on-farm animal feed use in all areas ‡ GLVHDVH UHVLVWDQFH DQG DJURQRPLF YarraA feed All areas and particularly districts prone to leaf rust, but avoid grass considerations (Table 2 and Table 3 competitive situations, and areas prone to net form net block respectively). Western Australia with earlier maturity, form net blotch, better head retention For long term stability in farm returns slightly improved grain size and wider than Schooner, but is susceptible to CCN. and market supply and demand, farmers regional adaptation. It is a mid season Buloke has grain plumpness and test now growing only feed varieties should malting variety with excellent straw weight superior to Gairdner but slightly consider including some malting varieties strength and head retention. Baudin is inferior to Schooner and Flagship, and in their cropping. Cereal cyst nematode very susceptible to leaf rust and powdery exhibits sprouting tolerance similar to levels should be carefully monitored when mildew. Its increased susceptibility to the Gairdner. Buloke is available through susceptible varieties such as Schooner, Sloop, Buloke, Baudin and Gairdner are Keel strain of net form net blotch is also AWB Seeds. a concern. Baudin is available through grown. Seed dressings having activity on Capstan A AWB Seeds. powdery mildew should be applied to all Capstan is a very short CCN resistant varieties susceptible to powdery mildew, Buloke A feed variety with outstanding straw particularly when sown before June. Buloke is a high yielding, malting variety strength and head retention developed Notes on varieties developed by VicDPI and released in 2005. by the University of Adelaide Barley It is a tall, early to midseason variety, with Program and released to growers in Baudin A a flowering time similar to or slightly later 2004. Capstan is best suited to high Baudin is derived from Franklin than Schooner. Buloke offers outstanding input farming systems targeting very and Stirling and was released by the yield potential, typically exhibiting a 10% high yield, and it also offers advantages Department of Agriculture & Food WA yield advantage over Schooner. It has in stubble management. Modest early in 2002. It is a Gairdner replacement for good levels of resistance to scald and net vigour and potential for low test weights

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Table 1. Yield of barley varieties in South Australian agricultural districts expressed as a percentage of Schooner’s yield. (SARDI and NVT data, 2000–2007 inclusive). Number of observations in italics.

Region Yorke Peninsula Murray Mallee Mid North Lower Eyre Central & South East Peninsula Western Eyre Peninsula Yield Obs Yield Obs Yield Obs Yield Obs Yield Obs Yield Obs No No No No No No MALTING (SA) Baudin 106 35 101 22 105 21 104 14 101 31 103 14 Buloke 112 25 113 16 108 15 111 10 107 21 109 10 Commander 114 15 112 8 113 9 112 6 107 12 114 6 Flagship 108 35 112 22 104 21 104 14 103 31 106 14 Gairdner 107 40 106 25 105 24 102 16 99 31 106 16 Schooner 100 40 100 25 100 24 100 16 100 36 100 16 Sloop 101 40 104 25 102 24 100 16 98 36 103 16 Sloop SA 103 40 107 25 102 24 101 16 100 36 102 16 FEED Barque 111 40 110 25 106 24 107 14 107 36 104 16 Capstan 114 40 108 17 113 24 110 16 106 24 110 16 Fleet 120 25 114 16 115 15 113 10 113 21 112 10 Hindmarsh 122 10 122 5 120 6 117 4 116 7 115 4 Keel 114 40 107 25 115 24 109 16 110 36 105 16 Maritime 111 32 105 20 107 18 109 12 105 28 106 12 Mundah 106 10 105 7 104 6 104 4 100 10 99 4 Yarra 119 30 106 18 111 18 111 12 109 26 108 12 HULL-LESS Torrens 93 40 86 22 89 24 91 16 88 24 90 16 Schooner's yield (t/ha) 2.81 40 1.57 25 3.20 24 3.56 16 1.86 36 3.41 16

Table 2. Disease reaction of selected barley varieties. Variety CCN resistance CCN tolerance Powdery mildew Leaf scald Leaf rust Net blotch Net blotch Black point (spot form) (net form) Barque R T MR S–VS MS MR MS-S S Baudin S T S–VS MS-S VS MS–S MR–MS* MS Buloke S T MR MR MS–S S MR S Capstan R T MR MR* MS MS MR–MS MS Commander R T MR S S MS-S MS S Flagship R T MR MS MS–S MR–MS MR–MS S Fleet R T MS MR–MS MS MR MR S Gairdner S T MR R* MS S–VS MR-MS MR Hindmarsh R T MS MS MS–S S MR* – Keel R T MR–MS MR* VS MR MR-MS* S-VS Maritime R T S MS-S MS MR–MS R S Mundah S T MS–S S S S MR MR Schooner S T S MS–S S–VS MS–S MR S Sloop S T S S S S–VS MR MS Sloop SA R T S S S S–VS MR MS Sloop Vic R T MR S MS–S MS MR MS Torrens R T MS MS MS MR–MS MR–MS MS Vlamingh S T S MR MS–S MS–S MR – Yarra R T S S-VS R MS MS S–VS Disease rating codes: R = Resistant; MR = Moderately resistant; MS = Moderately susceptible; S = Susceptible; VS = Very susceptible; * = previously resistant varieties now more susceptible to new races (in some areas). Information on disease reaction was supplied by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI). Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382. This table was prepared before all data was available from 2008.

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Table 3. Agronomic characteristics of selected barley varieties. Variety Early vigour Tillering Standing Height to head Earliness to Head retention Ease of Boron tox Manganese ability ability flower threshing tolerance* efficiency Barque 6 9 6 7 6 5 3 3 3 Baudin 5 8 6 4 5 7 – – – Buloke 5 – 5 7 5 6 – 5 – Capstan 4 9 8 3 4 7 7 3 – Chebec 8 7 6 7 6 4 6 2 5 Commander - - 5 6 6 5 – – – Dhow 4 7 8 4 4 7 7 4 2 Flagship 5 7 5 6 5 7 7 2 – Fleet 6 8 6 7 6 5 6 – – Gairdner 4 9 6 5 4 8 6 2 3 Galleon 5 9 5 5 6 5 3 3 2 Hindmarsh 3 8 7 5 6 7 – 5 – Keel685685634 Maritime 8 7 5 6 6 7 7 2 7 Mundah 9 6 6 6 7 3 6 2 5 Schooner 6 7 6 7 5 3 7 2 5 Sloop 6 7 5 6 5 4 7 2 5 Sloop SA 6 7 5 7 5 3 7 2 6 Sloop Vic 6 7 4 7 4 3 7 6 5 Torrens 5 9 6 6 6 4 – – 3 Vlamingh – – 6 7 6 – – – – Yarra3–7458–––

Relative values based on a 0–9 scale, a high figure indicating the variety expresses the character to a high degree. These values are only a guide; growing conditions greatly influence differences. * A high boron tolerance score relates to the absence of leaf symptoms. under drought stress should preclude it the high volume export markets across ABB Grain and the Australian Field Crops from drier districts. Capstan is available South East Asia. Flagship is a tall, early Association (AFCA). through ABB Grain. to midseason maturity variety, similar in Gairdner A A plant type to Schooner and Sloop, but Commander (WI3416) Gairdner is a malting variety released by typically exhibits a 6% yield advantage Commander is a new malting quality line the Department of Agriculture and Food over Schooner. Flagship has excellent developed by the University of Adelaide WA in 1997 and is related to Franklin and and suitable for domestic and some early vigour and weed competitiveness, Onslow. It is well adapted to medium to export brewing markets. Across many but modest straw strength with lodging higher rainfall areas (>400mm) with mid seasons, Commander has demonstrated resistance similar to Schooner. Flagship is to late season maturity and strong straw. wide adaptation, higher yield than all resistant to CCN and relative to Schooner Gairdner has a thin grain, producing other malting varieties, and typically and Sloop, offers improved foliar disease significantly greater screenings losses 12% above Schooner, with good physical and Pratylenchus neglectus resistance. relative to Schooner and Sloop and is grain quality. Commander is resistant Flagship is susceptible to sprouting and also around 1% lower in grain protein to CCN but susceptible to leaf scald, timely harvest is recommended. Flagship than these varieties. Gairdner has leaf rust and spot form net blotch and is available through ABB Grain and resistance to BYDV and powdery mildew, moderately susceptible to net form net PlantTech. some resistance to leaf scald, but is very blotch and therefore should not be grown Fleet (WI3804A) susceptible to net blotch (spot form) and on a barley stubble and areas prone to Fleet is a new, CCN resistant feed barley, susceptible to cereal eelworm. Seed is net form net blotch. Commander will developed by the University of Adelaide licensed to PlantTech. be commercialised by ABB Grain and as a direct replacement option for Barque Hindmarsh A available in limited supply for the 2009 and Mundah. Fleet has a long coleoptile, Hindmarsh is a new, early maturing season. and combines the plant type of Barque, (similar to Barque), semi-dwarf, feed Flagship A the disease resistance and yield potential variety developed by VicDPI and released Developed and released from the of Keel, and the adaptation to deep in 2006. Preliminary (2006 and 2007) University of Adelaide Barley Program sandy soils of Mundah. Fleet exhibits an NVT testing in SA suggests Hindmarsh in 2005, Flagship exhibits an outstanding excellent disease resistance profile, plump offers excellent yield potential and grain malting quality profile, at least equivalent grain but lower test weights than other plumpness with resistance to CCN, to the current elite European and feed types, and a 5% yield advantage over moderate susceptibility to scald and Canadian varieties, and ideally suited to Barque. Fleet seed is available through mildew and susceptibility to the spot form

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net blotch. Preliminary data suggests disease resistance profile but is susceptible It is currently being evaluated in SA NVT it might be rather susceptible to the to the barley grass form of stripe rust. trials and needs further evaluation. Seed Keel strain of net form net blotch. Seed Maritime has excellent physical grain is licensed to the Grain Pool of WA.

is available from AWB Seeds. Further quality and early vigour, and is a good A evaluation of Hindmarsh in SA is needed option for lower rainfall environments Yarra but early results suggest it has some where tall straw and high test weights Yarra is a moderately late maturing, potential in most districts. are sought. Maritime is available through semi dwarf, feed variety developed by ABB Grain. VicDPI and released in 2005. Yarra Keel exhibits prostrate early growth with Keel was released from the University SloopSA A modest early vigour, and hence possible of Adelaide Barley Program in 1999 SloopSA is a malting variety developed poor weed competitiveness, but excellent and is an early flowering, high yielding, by the University of Adelaide and is a feed quality variety. Keel produces CCN resistant ’Sloop type’ derived from yield potential, good straw strength and plump grain with low screenings and Sloop and Chebec. With the exception very plump grain albeit very susceptible has a higher test weight than Barque of CCN resistance it is agronomically to black point. Yarra has outstanding and Galleon but a greater susceptibility similar to Sloop with a very similar quality resistance to leaf rust, and is resistant to to black point. Keel is resistant to CCN profile and slightly improved grain yield. CCN, however it is rated as susceptible and moderately resistant to spot form It is susceptible to head loss under some to very susceptible to leaf scald and has net blotch and powdery mildew but is conditions and should be harvested with moderate susceptibility to both forms of very susceptible to leaf rust. Susceptibility priority unless windrowed. SloopSA offers net blotch. Yarra is available through ABB to net form net blotch emerged in 2007 a malting alternative to the CCN resistant Grain. and was widespread in the mid North feed varieties, Barque, Chebec, Galleon Hannan A (WABAR2321), Lockyer A in 2008. In 2008 susceptibility to scald and Keel but is now well outclassed by A was also apparent in several crops in the Flagship. SloopSA is commercialised by (WARBAR2288), Roe (WARBAR2310) Mid-North. Keel is suited to most areas Graintrust. These three feed varieties were released and soils types but is less adapted to low by DAFWA in August 2007. Hannan is fertility sandy textured soils. Keel seed is tall with early maturity, Lockyer is a semi- Vlamingh A licensed to ABB Grain Ltd. dwarf with mid to late season maturity Vlamingh was developed and released A and Roe a medium strawed, very early Maritime by Department of Agriculture and Food flowering replacement for Mundah in Maritime is a tall, early maturing feed WA in 2006. Vlamingh has completed variety with CCN resistance released malting accreditation in WA and is widely WA. While currently being evaluated by the University of Adelaide in 2004. adapted with a similar phenology and within South Australian NVT trials, the Maritime was developed specifically for disease resistance profile to Gairdner, adaptation and potential of these varieties manganese deficient soils where it exhibits although earlier flowering when sown is yet to be ascertained. Seed of these a significant yield advantage. Maritime in June or July. It has yields generally varieties is licensed to COGGO Seeds in has a yield potential between Barque and greater than Baudin and Gairdner and WA with an eastern states distributor yet Keel on other soil types, and offers a good has plumper grain than these varieties. to be appointed.

18 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Oat variety sowing guide 2009

By Pamela Zwer, Principal Oat Breeder, Sue Hoppo, Scientific Officer, Peter McCormack, Oat Industry Development Manager, Daryl Schaefer, Peter Wheeler and Rebecca Spence, Agricultural Officers, Oat Breeding, and Michelle Williams, Senior Technical Officer, Oat Quality Laboratory, SARDI

he oat variety descriptions in this through your local accredited agronomist variety is sown in a paddock where CCN publication serve as a guide to or contact Alan Mackay, SARDI Plant and or SN is a problem. select oat varieties for specific end Soil Health ph. 8303 9375 for your local There are nine varieties resistant to CCN T accredited agronomist. (Table 5). However, only six varieties are uses with disease resistance, agronomic traits, and yield potential suited to diverse Varieties contained in Table 1 provide tolerant: Wintaroo, Marloo, Wallaroo, options for different end uses. Table 5 Potoroo, Kangaroo and Tungoo. The southern Australian farming systems. should then be used in conjunction with remaining three resistant varieties, this table to determine if the variety of Brusher, Euro, and Yallara are intolerant. New for 2009 choice has both resistance and tolerance There are five varieties tolerant to stem

A to CCN if it is a problem or tolerance nematode. These are Echidna, Quoll, ‡ Tungoo released by SARDI; very to SN if it is a problem. Varieties grown Glider, Wintaroo and Tungoo. All of these limited commercial seed available in where CCN or SN is present should be are rated as resistant to SN except Echidna 2009 resistant to the particular nematode which which is rated as moderately susceptible. ‡ YallaraA commercial seed available in is a problem so that multiplication of the Marloo, Wallaroo, Kangaroo and Potoroo very limited amounts in 2009 nematode is limited. The variety should are intermediate in their reaction to SN. also be tolerant so that it yields well in the In cold wet seasonal conditions these presence of the nematode. Yield penalties varieties may suffer more yield loss than How to use the oat variety sowing of up to 80% can occur if an intolerant in warmer, drier winter conditions guide

Varieties adapted to low, medium, and Table 1. Oat varieties listed according to annual rainfall. Use Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 to further refine your choice within each high rainfall regions and categorised by category. grain and hay end-use are shown in Table 1. Select the group of varieties suited to Annual rainfall (mm) your rainfall region and end use. Consult End use <375 375–500 >500 Tables 2 to 7 to refine the list to one or Milling grain Mitika Mitika Mitika two varieties. Consult Tables 2 and 3 for Yallara Yallara Yallara hay and grain production comparisons, Euro Euro Euro Mortlock Possum Possum Table 4 for agronomic features, Table 5 Mortlock Mortlock for disease resistance, Table 6 for grain Feed grain — sheep, cattle Mitika Mitika Mitika quality and Table 7 for hay quality. Certain Potoroo Quoll Quoll varieties are preferred for particular end- Echidna Potoroo Potoroo uses, so check with processors and millers Wallaroo Echidna Echidna Wintaroo Wintaroo prior to variety selection. Feed grain — pigs, poultry – Numbat Numbat Oat hay Wallaroo Wintaroo Tungoo If cereal cyst or stem nematode Wintaroo Tungoo Glider management is required Brusher Kangaroo Kangaroo Swan Brusher Brusher Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and stem Swan Wintaroo nematode (SN) are major soil-borne Potoroo1 Quoll1 diseases limiting the yield of oats in Potoroo1 certain areas of southern Australia. Due Hay and legume mixes Wallaroo Wintaroo Quoll1 to the significant effect of CCN and SN Wintaroo Tungoo Potoroo1 on varietal performance, soil testing is Swan Kangaroo Tungoo recommended to assess if either of these Brusher Kangaroo nematodes will be a significant problem. Marloo Brusher Potoroo1 Wintaroo The PreDicta™ B Root Disease Testing Swan Service (RDTS) provides a diagnostic service to assess the levels of both 1Although no hay yields are available, Potoroo and Quoll are provided as options for hay production in medium to high rainfall nematodes prior to sowing. This is available areas where lodging, stem and leaf rust, stem nematode or CCN management is required.

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If leaf disease management is Table 2. Seven year (2000-2007) average grain yield of oat varieties tested in grain trials (yield as a percentage of Mitika, number of trials in brackets). required Annual rainfall (mm) Resistance to leaf diseases is important <375 375–500 >500 in most environments. Table 1 should Semi-dwarf (husked) be used to determine the variety options Echidna 102 (52) 103 (80) 104 (76) available for a particular end use. Next, Mitika 100 (61) 100 (93) 100 (96) Possum 99 (63) 100 (102) 100 (101) Table 5 should be used to further refine Potoroo 103 (53) 102 (82) 102 (83) your choice. For example, if a variety Quoll 102 (73) 103 (113) 105 (111) for oat hay is required in a high rainfall Semi-dwarf (naked) environment, Glider, Brusher, Wintaroo, Numbat 55 (14) 69 (20) 77 (15) Marloo, Potoroo, Kangaroo and Tungoo Tall (husked) are suitable (Table 1). Table 3 indicates that Euro 93 (68) 96 (108) 96 (105) Wintaroo is the highest yielding variety Mortlock 85 (79) 85 (132) 84 (132) Yallara 95 (36) 97 (55) 97 (54) for hay in this environment. However, Mitika’s yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.8 3.4 using Table 5 Glider, Brusher, Kangaroo and Tungoo have better resistance to stem and leaf rust. These varieties also vary in their level of resistance to septoria, BYDV, Table 3. Seven year average hay (2000-2007) and grain (2000-2007) production of oat varieties tested in hay trials bacterial blight and red leather leaf which (yield expressed as a percentage of Wintaroo, number of trials in brackets). may be also be important. Table 4 should Hay yield (% Wintaroo) Grain yield (% Wintaroo) then be used to determine if the variety Annual rainfall (mm) Annual rainfall (mm) selected matures at the time required. <375 375–500 >500 <375 375–500 >500 Semi-dwarf (husked) If milling quality is required Eurabbie 89 (24) 91 (32) 92 (30) 105 (27) 106 (27) 106 (34) The probability of a variety meeting the Tall (husked) classification criteria for milling grade Brusher 97 (24) 95 (31) 96 (24) 92 (27) 95 (33) 96 (29) Glider 91 (17) 92 (21) 93 (29) 69 (20) 75 (22) 76 (29) is an important consideration when Kangaroo 95 (24) 95 (32) 97 (30) 90 (27) 92 (34) 93 (34) selecting a variety for milling end-use. Marloo 93 (24) 92 (30) 93 (24) 86 (27) 88 (33) 87 (29) This is greatly influenced by seasonal Swan 96 (24) 95 (30) 96 (24) 85 (27) 87 (33) 97 (29) conditions. Premium milling varieties Tungoo 94 (10) 93 (20) 95 (12) 74 (10) 77 (20) 77 (17) Wallaroo 93 (24) 95 (31) 95 (24) 94 (27) 93 (33) 93 (29) such as Mortlock, Euro, Mitika, Possum Wintaroo 100 (24) 100 (30) 100 (24) 100 (23) 100 (29) 100 (24) and Yallara will reach the classification Marloo’s yield (kg/ha) 6.8 9.7 11.3 2.0 2.7 2.9 criteria for milling grade more often than other varieties such as Echidna (Table 6). Although some varieties are not considered milling class, they may reach milling grade criteria, but would not be processor before you sow a hay crop about Notes on recently released varieties the quality standards required to make accepted for milling. Fact sheets or pamphlets describing all export grade quality hay. Use Table 7 to To select a variety for milling grain in varieties released by the SA based National refine your choice after first ensuring that medium to high rainfall zones where CCN Oat Breeding Program are available is not a problem, you have the choice of the criteria in Tables 1, 4 and 5 are met from Primary Industries and Resources Euro, Possum, Echidna, Mortlock, Mitika for your situation. (PIRSA), the South Australian Research or Yallara (Table 1). Table 2 shows the and Development Institute (SARDI) New relative yield and Table 6 the relative Oats for grazing Variety Agronomy Group or the SARDI grain quality for each of these varieties. website www.sardi.sa.gov.au. Using this information, choose a variety This guide contains no guidelines for that suits your end use based on whether oats suited to grazing plus feed grain Milling varieties yield or quality is a priority. Table 4 should production and repeated grazing from also be used to determine if the variety early sowing. Varieties suited to this YallaraA selected matures at the time required. purpose are bred and tested by NSW Yallara is a medium-tall milling oat variety Department of Primary Industries and a If export hay quality is required developed by SARDI and commercialised more comprehensive guide is contained in 2008. Limited seed of this line will be Hay quality is essential to meet export in the Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide available in 2009. Yallara is a backcross hay standards. It is greatly influenced produced annually by NSW DPI. Please line using Euro as the recurrent parent by seasonal conditions, however, some contact the National Oat Breeding or and a North Dakota line as the source of varieties are more likely to produce New Variety Evaluation Groups for rust resistance. Long term yield of this hay of a higher quality than others. It information on how to obtain a copy of variety is a 2% improvement compared to is imperative that you check with your this publication. Euro. However, yield increases of between

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Table 4. Agronomic features of varieties. bacterial blight. Mitika is no improvement Variety Early Tillering Tolerance Water Plant Earliness of Shattering Standing compared to Possum for CCN resistance vigour ability to grazing logging height maturity resistance ability and tolerance, stem nematode tolerance, tolerance and resistance to septoria, red leather leaf Semi-dwarf and BYDV. It is recommended to replace (husked) Echidna in all rainfall zones but its early Dalyup 7 6 4 6 2 6 10 10 Echidna 7 6 4 6 2 6 10 10 maturity suits it well to low rainfall areas Eurabbie 4 7 8 – 2 5 10 10 where CCN or stem nematode is not a Kojonup 8 6 – – 4 6 10 10 problem. Mitika 7 6 – – 2 7 9 10 Possum 7 6 – – 2 6 9 10 PossumA Potoroo 7 6 4 6 4 7 8 8 Possum is an early-mid season dwarf Quoll 7 6 – – 3 6 8 9 milling grain oat developed by SARDI and Semi-dwarf released in 2003. It was commercialised (naked) Numbat 6 7 – – 3 6 6 8 by AWB and is recommended to replace Tall Echidna for milling grain in medium and (husked) high rainfall areas. Possum has similar Brusher 6 6 – – 8 7 6 6 yield to Echidna in medium rainfall zones Euro 7 5 – 6 5 7 6 7 and is about 5% lower yielding in high Glider 2 7 – – 7 4 6 7 Kangaroo 6 6 – – 7 5 6 7 rainfall zones. It has better milling quality Marloo 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 4 than Echidna and has similar hectolitre Mortlock 7 5 6 6 6 7 6 6 weight and fewer screenings than Euro. It Swan 8 5 5 7 8 7 3 3 is an improvement compared to Echidna Tungoo 4 6 – – 7 5 3 3 Wallaroo 7 5 6 7 7 8 3 6 for stem rust, leaf rust, and septoria Wintaroo 5 6 – – 8 6 6 6 resistance. It is similar to Echidna for Yallara 8 5 – – 6 7 6 7 BYDV tolerance, and bacterial blight Value for trait: 10 = high, 0 = low, – = insufficient information. For plant height: 10 = tall, 0 = short (values of 3 or less are resistance. Possum is not recommended for dwarf plant types). Earliness of maturity: 10 = early, 0 = late. areas where cereal cyst or stem nematode are a problem. It is very susceptible 40 and 100% have been recorded for and intolerant of CCN and moderately varieties with stem rust resistance similar intolerant of stem nematode. to Yallara in years where stem rust is yield limiting. Yallara is similar to Euro Table 5. Disease resistance of oat varieties — field reactions. agronomically and for all foliar and soil borne diseases except stem and leaf rust Rust Barley CCN Stem Septoria Bacterial Red Variety stem leafyellow Resistance Tolerance nematode blight leather and is recommended to replace Euro in dwarf tolerance leaf all areas but particularly where stem and virus1 leaf rust can be yield limiting. In addition, Semi-dwarf Yallara has bright grain and high grain (husked) digestibility making it suitable for the Echidna S S MS S I MT S S MS Mitika MR R S VS I I S MR S horse racing industry. Based on herbicide Possum MS MS S VS I I MS S MS-S tolerance trials conducted by the SARDI Potoroo S S MS R T MI S VS S New Variety Evaluation Group, Yallara is Quoll MR MR MS S I MT MR MS MS particularly sensitive to applications of Semi-dwarf Banvel-M®. (naked) Numbat MS MR R S I I MR MS MS A Mitika Tall Mitika is an early maturing dwarf (husked) milling oat developed by SARDI and Brusher MS R MS R MI I MS MR-MS MR-MS Euro VS S MR-MS R I I MS MS MS commercialised by PlantTech Pty Ltd Glider MR R S-MR MS I T R R R in 2006. It has a superior combination Kangaroo MR MR S-MR R MT MI MR-MS MR-MS MS of foliar disease resistance compared to Marloo S S MR-MS R MT MI S VS S other grain varieties and is also a high Mortlock MS S MS MS I I MS MR MS Swan S S MS MR MI I MS S S feed value oat with low hull lignin and Tungoo MS R MR-MS R MT MT MR MR R high grain digestibility. Grain quality is Wallaroo S S MR-MS R MT MI S S MS similar to Possum and of milling standard Wintaroo S S MR-MS R MT MT MR-MS MR-MS MS with higher levels of ȕglucan. It is an Yallara MR R MS R I I MS MR-MS MS improvement compared to Possum for 1 Disease reactions to BYDV may vary with the strain of the virus. Key to symbols used: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, grain yield in low rainfall areas and has R = resistant, VI= very intolerant, I = intolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, T = tolerant, resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, and VT = very tolerant.

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Hay varieties Table 6. Grain quality comparisons. Variety Hectolitre Screenings 1000 Grain Kernel Probability Protein Oil Digestibility Hull lignin TungooA weight <2 mm weight (g) (%) of reaching (%) (fat) (% digestible content Tungoo is a medium tall mid (kg/hl) milling grade (%) dm) to late season hay variety similar Semi-dwarf in heading date to Kangaroo. It (husked) Echidna M M M M M M M M MH was tested as SV95137-6-3 and Mitika H L H MH H MH M MH L limited seed of this line should Possum H L MH H H MH M M H be available to growers in 2009 Potoroo L MH M M VL M MH ML H through AEXCO. Quoll ML ML M MH L MH M M SEG Tungoo has an excellent disease Semi-dwarf resistance profile. It combines (naked) Numbat VH H L – – H VH VH – resistance and moderate tolerance Tall to CCN and SN. It also is resistant (husked) to leaf rust and red leather leaf. Bettong H ML H ML L H L MH MH Tungoo is moderately resistant Brusher M M MH M L MH M MH L to BYDV, septoria, and bacterial Euro H ML H H VH M L MH MH blight and moderately susceptible Glider ML M M ML VL MH ML H L Kangaroo M ML MH MH L M M MH H to stem rust. Marloo M M M M L M M MH L Hay yield is similar to Kangaroo Mortlock H ML H H VH H M MH H but grain yield is poor. Hay quality Swan M M MH M MH M M MH L is similar to Wintaroo (better than Tungoo L H L ML VL MH M – L Wallaroo M M M MH L M MH M L Kangaroo), although it tends to be Wintaroo M M MH MH ML M M MH L higher in NDF than Wintaroo but Yallara H L H H VH MH L MH H not as high as Kangaroo. Grain Value for trait: L = low, M = medium, H = high, ML = moderately low, MH = moderately high, quality is also poor. Early vigour VH = very high, – no data, SEG = segregating for this trait. is an improvement compared to Glider, but not as good as resistance and tolerance, and BYDV Brusher A Kangaroo. It is moderately low in hull resistance. Kangaroo has high grain lignin. Brusher is an early-mid season tall oat lignin. It is recommended for medium developed by SARDI and commercialised Kangaroo A and high rainfall areas where improved by AEXCO in 2003. It is two to four Kangaroo is a tall mid-late season foliar disease resistance is required and days earlier to head than Wintaroo variety developed by SARDI and a spread of maturities for hay cutting is and has good early vigour. Brusher is commercialised by AEXCO in 2006. It desired. is one to eight days later to head than Hay cut from this variety tends to be high recommended to replace Marloo for Wintaroo with good early vigour. Its in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and lower all rainfall zones where cereal cyst and later flowering time makes it less suited in water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) stem nematode are not a problem due to low rainfall environments. Kangaroo requiring a hay quality management to its superior hay yield compared to this is an improvement compared to Marloo program. This may include cutting at an variety. It’s earlier maturity suits it well and Wallaroo for hay yield, grain yield, earlier growth stage than other varieties, to low rainfall areas. Although Brusher grain quality, stem nematode tolerance, managing the canopy to limit excess has inferior hay yield when compared to septoria, bacterial blight, stem rust, leaf growth, managing nitrogen fertiliser Wintaroo it is recommended to replace rust and red leather leaf resistance. It is applications or cutting the crop higher this variety where improved resistance similar to Marloo and Wallaroo for CCN from the soil surface. to stem and leaf rust or improved hay quality is desired. Grain yield and grain quality is similar to Wintaroo, Wallaroo Table 7. Hay quality comparisons. and Kangaroo with higher grain protein. Variety Digestible dry Crude protein Neutral detergent Water soluble Stem diameter Brusher is moderately susceptible to stem matter (% dm) (% dm basis) fibre (% dm basis) carbohydrate (% dm basis) rust, BYDV, septoria, red leather leaf and Tall (husked) bacterial blight. It is resistant to leaf rust, Bettong M M H ML M resistant but moderately intolerant of Brusher MH M M MH M cereal cyst nematode and intolerant of Glider M M M M M Kangaroo M MH MH ML L stem nematode. When there is a high CCN Marloo M M M M M population in a paddock with favourable Swan M M M MH MH seasonal conditions, Brusher will have Tungoo M M M-MH M M Wallaroo M M M M L significantly lower hay yield than tolerant Wintaroo M M M M M varieties. Brusher is moderately low in Value for trait: L = low, M = medium, H = high, ML = moderately low, MH = moderately high. grain lignin.

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WintarooA available from the SARDI National Oat KojonupA Wintaroo is a mid season tall oat Breeding Program and should be sought Kojonup is a tall dwarf mid-season developed by SARDI and commercialised before attempting to grow these varieties milling variety released by DAFWA and by AEXCO in 2001. It is recommended MannusA commercialised by AgraCorp. It is the for all rainfall zones to replace Marloo. first dwarf plant type with milling quality Wintaroo has higher hay and grain yields Mannus is a dual purpose winter habit oat variety released by NSW DPI in 2006 released for that state. Grain yield is than all other tall hay oat varieties when similar to Echidna. It is susceptible to grown in all rainfall zones and is low in and commercialised by Bolinda Vale Seed. leaf rust and septoria but very susceptible grain hull lignin. Care should be taken, Mannus is a tall oat which yields similar to however, when selecting this variety in Eurabbie for grain recovery after grazing and moderately intolerant of CCN, areas where foliar disease resistance is with improved grain quality. It has low susceptible to stem rust and bacterial yield limiting. In these areas, Glider, husk lignin. Mannus has improved blight, moderately susceptible to BYDV Kangaroo and Brusher all have better stem and leaf rust resistance and BYDV and moderately intolerant of stem foliar disease resistance spectrums than tolerance compared to Eurabbie. In nematode. It has moderate levels of grain Wintaroo. Wintaroo is resistant and limited testing in SA and WA, Mannus had lignin and high grain protein (similar to tolerant to CCN and tolerant to stem a similar heading date and maturity to Mortlock). nematode. It is moderately resistant to Kangaroo. Grain yield in 2006 averaged septoria and barley yellow dwarf virus, 76% of Wintaroo which is substantially Queensland varieties susceptible to stem and leaf rust and lower than tall varieties bred for grain intermediate in its resistance to bacterial and hay end use. It is resistant to CCN Other oat varieties with PBR released blight. Wintaroo is similar to Marloo for but moderately intolerant, moderately recently in Queensland but not tested in early vigour and heading but has better resistant to bacterial blight, moderately southern Australia by the National Oat resistance to brown leaf tipping by hot susceptible to septoria and BYDV, Breeding Program include: Mammoth northerly winds. Wintaroo maintains good resistant to red leather leaf and has poor released by Heritage Seeds and bred colour longer than most varieties so care early vigour (similar to Glider). Mannus by the NZ Institute for Crop and Food is needed to assess the crop for optimum has reasonable standing ability and good Research and Dawson released by Pacific cutting time to ensure good quality. shattering resistance. Hectolitre weight Seeds and bred by North Dakota State University. These varieties were released Notes on interstate varieties and groat percent is lower, but screenings fewer and grain size larger than Wintaroo. as grazing varieties and are generally late Many of the varieties in this section were For more information on this variety maturing. Advice should be sought before evaluated in a limited number of trials in contact NSW DPI or the SARDI National growing any of these varieties in southern southern Australia. More information is Oat Breeding Program. Australia.

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www.seeddistributors.com.au (08) 8445 1111

23 Phone (08) 8445 1111 New canola varieties for 2009

By Trent Potter, Senior Research Scientist, SARDI, Struan

Selection criteria potential and has performed well in GHYHORSHG by 9LF DPI DQG $JVHHGV 2007197WULDOV06H932ZLOOEHJURZQ 5HVHDUFK$75KDVYHU\JRRGEODFNOHJ he choice of most suitable canola under contract production for Cargill. resistance (R-MR) and high grain yield. variety for any situation will often Hybrid Speciality Oils – tested as )LUVW \HDU RI WHVWLQJ LQ 197 LQ 2007. Tfollow a consideration of maturity, 06H939 $75LVPDUNHWHGby&URS&DUH6HHG herbicide tolerance, blackleg resistance Mid maturing specialty hybrid Technologies. and early vigour together with relative GHYHORSHGby&DUJLOODQG9LFDPI.*RRG Monola 75TT, a Monola™ cultivar. yield and oil content. In relation to some EODFNOHJDQG\LHOGSRWHQWLDO06H939ZLOO 1HZUHOHDVH FRGHG107320).6SHFLDOW\ of these issues the following points can be be grown under contract production for canola (HOLL). Mid-maturing. Nuseed made: Cargill. indicate moderate to high yielding. ‡ 7KHZHHGVSHFLHVH[SHFWHGmayGLFWDWH NMC-131, a Monola™ cultivar. Specialty Moderate to high oil and high protein the need for a herbicide tolerant FDQROD (HOLL), VLVWHUOLQH WR 10& FRQWHQW ([FHOOHQW HDUO\ YLJRXU +LJK production system (e.g., triazine PHGLXPPDWXULW\VLPLODUWR$96DSSKLUH content of oleic acid, low level of linolenic tolerant or Clearfield). Remember Nuseed indicate high yield with high oil acid. Blackleg rating R-MR provisional. that a triazine tolerant variety will content. High content of oleic acid, low )LUVW \HDU RI WHVWLQJ LQ 197 LQ 2007. incur a yield and oil penalty when level of linolenic acid. Blackleg rating Developed by Nuseed, grown under grown in situations where they are not R SURYLVLRQDO 5HOHDVHG 2006. 7HVWHGLQ contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop warranted. 197 LQ 2006 DQG 2007. 'HYHORSHG by Network. ‡ 9DULHWDO EODFNOHJ UHVLVWDQFH DQGRU Nuseed, grown under contract with a fungicide use should be considered, premium to Nuseed Crop Network. CLEARFIELD® (imidazolinone tolerant) particularly when rotations are close. Triazine tolerant (TT) varieties 44C79.1HZUHOHDVH FRGHG16%,  The blackleg rating system for all canola (DUO\PDWXULQJVLPLODUWR&3LRQHHU Hurricane TT. New release (coded varieties has been changed from the indicate good vigour, high yield and oil 3DF7  (DUO\PLG PDWXULQJ YDULHW\ numerical one to a descriptive scale (Tables content. No blackleg rating yet. Targeted Pacific Seeds indicate good yield, oil 3 and 4), conforming to the systems used WRUHSODFH&/LPLWHGVHHGTXDQWLWLHV for other major winter crops. and protein content. Ideally fits low to PHGLXP UDLQIDOO DUHDV H[KLELWV JRRG LQ  %UHG DQG PDUNHWHG by 3LRQHHU vigour. Blackleg rating MR provisional. Hi-Bred Australia. New varieties released in 2008 )LUVW\HDURIWHVWLQJLQ197LQ2007.%UHG Juncea canola and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Oasis CL. 1HZ UHOHDVH FRGHG -= Conventional varieties Storm TT.1HZUHOHDVH FRGHG3DF7   )LUVWKHUELFLGHWROHUDQW&OHDUILHOG Hyola®76. (coded CBI6654). Mid- Mid maturing variety, comparable to -XQFHD FDQROD 6HHG TXDOLW\ as JRRG as, ODWH PDWXULQJ K\EULG ZLWK H[FHSWLRQDO Tornado TT. Pacific Seeds indicate good RUVOLJKWO\EHWWHUWKDQ'XQH9HU\OLPLWHG early vigour. Pacific Seeds indicate vigour, yield, oil with moderate protein. VHHG TXDQWLWLHV IRU  %UHG by '3, very high yielding with high oil and Blackleg rating MR-MS provisional. First 9LFWRULDDQG9LWHUUD &DQDGD 0DUNHWHG moderate protein content. More suited \HDURIWHVWLQJLQ197LQ2007.%UHGDQG by Pacific Seeds. to higher rainfall regions. Blackleg rating marketed by Pacific Seeds. R provisional. First year of testing in Tawriffic TT FRGHG %/177  LV 197 LQ 2007. %UHG by &DQROD %UHHGHUV an Early-Mid, Triazine Tolerant Canola New varieties for 2009 International and Pacific Seeds. Marketed variety developed by the Canola Alliance. by Pacific Seeds. Tawriffic TT has a blackleg rating of MR- Conventional varieties MS provisional and is medium in height. No new releases. Conventional specialty varieties The Canola Alliance have indicated Hybrid Speciality Oils – tested as that Tawriffic TT has high yield and oil Triazine tolerant (TT) varieties 06H932 potential. Marketed by PlantTech Pty CB™ Argyle. Mid season maturity. Early to mid maturing specialty Ltd. CBWA indicate the variety to be high K\EULG GHYHORSHG by &DUJLOO DQG 9LF ATR409 FRGHG $75  LV a PLG yielding, with high oil and moderate DPI. Good blackleg resistance and yield season Triazine Tolerant canola variety protein content. Blackleg rating MR (P).

24 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Table 1. Grain quality (oil, protein and glucosinolate content) Table 2. Grain quality (oil and protein content) of canola sown at Bordertown, Frances and Struan in 2007 of canola sown at Keith in 2007 Bordertown Frances Struan Conventional and Clearfield entry Oil Protein Oil Protein Oil Protein Entry Oil Protein Glucosinolates Triazine tolerant AV Jade 46.8 21.5 6 ATR409 43.1 23.8 43.4 23.7 44.8 22.6 Rivette 45.5 22.0 7 ATR-Banjo 42.4 25.1 42.9 24.5 44.0 24.0 Hyola 50 45.5 20.7 6 ATR-Barra 41.7 26.0 42.3 24.5 43.4 23.9 Tarcoola 44.9 21.7 9 ATR-Beacon 40.9 25.4 40.4 24.6 42.5 23.4 Warrior CL 43.7 21.6 8 ATR-Cobbler 41.2 24.6 41.2 23.9 43.4 22.8 44Y06 43.6 21.3 7 ATR-Marlin 43.0 25.5 42.9 24.1 45.6 22.2 AG Spectrum 43.5 21.1 7 ATR-Summitt 41.2 25.6 41.2 23.8 43.7 22.1 AG Outback 43.5 20.9 8 Tawriffic TT 43.8 24.7 45.0 22.6 44.3 22.9 AG Muster 43.4 20.8 10 BravoTT 40.1 25.8 40.9 24.2 42.2 23.0 Dune 43.4 23.9 11 CB-Argyle 42.0 25.3 44.0 23.2 44.1 23.8 44C73 43.2 21.3 6 FlindersTTC 41.9 26.6 43.1 23.7 42.5 23.7 ATR Stubby 40.9 21.8 8 Monola75TT 42.5 24.9 43.2 23.9 42.8 23.9 RottnestTTC 40.2 24.3 41.1 23.2 42.8 22.1 Surpass501TT 41.7 24.9 43.2 23.9 42.0 24.2 Triazine tolerant Storm TT 40.1 26.3 42.2 25.1 42.9 24.3 entry Oil Protein Glucosinolates ThunderTT 42.2 25.1 41.3 24.7 43.6 23.3 Tawriffic TT 44.8 21.9 7 TornadoTT 42.2 25.4 42.6 23.9 43.0 23.8 ATR409 43.7 22.5 9 ATR Banjo 43.6 24.4 11 Conventional TornadoTT 43.6 23.2 6 06H932 39.0 25.1 44.0 20.3 44.2 19.9 Hurricane TT 43.5 23.2 8 AG-Spectrum 39.0 24.4 44.5 19.6 45.4 18.9 ATR Cobbler 43.3 22.8 11 AV-Garnet 42.2 23.7 46.5 18.9 48.5 18.1 Surpass501TT 42.7 23.6 7 AV-Jade 42.5 25.3 47.1 21.3 48.1 20.3 BravoTT 42.3 23.1 12 AV-Sapphire 42.2 25.3 45.9 20.9 48.0 19.0 Rottnest TTC 41.9 22.3 9 Hyola76 43.2 25.3 46.7 20.9 48.2 19.2 ATR Beacon 41.8 23.7 10 Hyola50 42.2 24.2 46.4 20.1 46.3 20.4 ATR Stubby 41.6 23.0 10 Hyola75 39.5 26.2 44.4 20.7 46.7 19.2 CB Boomer 41.1 25.0 7 MonolaNMC131 42.2 23.7 44.9 20.5 45.9 20.2 CB Tanami 40.5 22.6 13 Skipton 43.7 25.5 46.8 20.3 47.8 20.1

Tested in SA NVT in 2007 and 2008. Clearfield Bred by CBWA; marketed by ABB Seeds 46Y81 44.3 24.0 46.3 21.0 48.1 19.0 in eastern Australia. An End Point Royalty 44C73 40.9 24.0 43.0 21.7 44.4 20.5 (EPR) applies. 45Y77 42.2 25.2 44.3 22.2 45.4 20.3 NL045. (not yet named). Mid maturing 46C76 41.4 25.0 42.4 22.5 46.8 18.6 Monola™ variety. Nuseed Crop Network 46Y78 42.7 25.3 44.9 21.6 46.3 19.8 indicates high yielding with moderate- WarriorCL 41.8 25.0 43.4 23.4 44.1 22.3 high oil content. Medium high with excellent uniformity. Anticipated blackleg resistance MR. Tested in SA NVT in 2008. CB™ Telfer in 2008. Bred by CBWA; marketed by Developed by Nuseed, grown under Early season for low rainfall areas. ABB Seeds in eastern Australia. An End contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop CBWA indicate high oil and good blackleg Point Royalty (EPR) applies. Network. resistance. Small amounts of seed may be CB™ Scadden NMT310. (not yet named). Mid available in 2009. Tested in SA NVT trials Medium season for medium to high maturing Monola™ variety. Nuseed Crop in 2008. Bred by CBWA; marketed by rainfall areas. CBWA indicate excellent Network indicates high yielding with ABB Seeds in eastern Australia. An End blackleg resistance and early vigour. moderate-high oil content. Medium high Point Royalty (EPR) applies. with excellent uniformity. Anticipated CB™ Pilbara Small amounts of seed may be available blackleg resistance MR. Tested in SA NVT Early season for low to mid rainfall in 2009. Tested in SA NVT trials in 2008. in 2008. Developed by Nuseed, grown areas. CBWA indicate excellent blackleg Bred by CBWA; marketed by ABB Seeds under contract with a premium to Nuseed resistance. Small amounts of seed may be in eastern Australia. An End Point Royalty Crop Network. available in 2009. Tested in SA NVT trials (EPR) applies.

25 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Table 3. 2008 Blackleg resistance ratings Published Table 4. Standard Disease Ratings – Canola by the Canola Association of Australia Uniform For Growers: What do I see? For Growers: What do I do? Variety Rating Comments Rating Hyola 50 R Resistant Some lesions on cotyledons and leaves. Do not sow into canola stubble from the Hyola 76 R Provisional rating (R) Some internal infection at the base of the previous year. Separate your crop by 500m Dune R Provisional rating plant when cut near maturity. from the previous year’s stubble. Fungicide use is unlikely to be economic. Monola NMC131 R Provisional rating Resistant – Lesions on cotyledons and leaves. Do not sow into canola stubble from the Reduced resistance Monola NMC130 R-MR Moderately Some internal infection at the base of the previous year. Separate your crop by 500m Cargill 102 R-MR Resistant plant when cut near maturity. from the previous year’s stubble. Fungicide Monola 75TT R-MR Provisional rating (R-MR) Some external cankering. use is unlikely to be economic. ATR-409 R-MR Moderately Lesions on cotyledons and leaves. Do not sow into canola stubble from the Resistant Internal infection at the base of the plant previous year. Separate your crop by 500m 46Y81(CL) MR (MR) when cut near maturity. from the previous year’s stubble. In high 46Y78 MR Some external cankering. disease risk situations fungicide use may be Some plant death in high disease pressure of economic benefit. Tornado TT MR situations. Rocket CL MR Moderately Lesions on cotyledons and leaves. Do not sow into canola stubble from the Cargill 103 MR Resistant to Internal infection at the base of the plant previous year. Separate your crop by 500m Hurricane TT MR Provisional rating Moderately when cut near maturity. from the previous year’s stubble. In moderate Susceptible External cankering. to high disease risk situations fungicide use ATR-Marlin MR (MR-MS) Plant death will be easily found in high may be of economic benefit. 45Y77 MR disease pressure situations. AV-Jade MR Moderately Lesions on cotyledons and leaves. Avoid high disease pressure. Do not sow AV-Garnet MR Susceptible Internal infection at the base of the plant into canola stubble from the previous year. (MS) when cut near maturity. Separate your crop by 500m from the Rottnest TTC MR External cankering. previous year’s stubble. In moderate disease CB™Argyle MR Provisional rating Plant death will be easily found in moderate to risk situations fungicide use is likely to be of AV-Opal MR high disease pressure situations. economic benefit. Thunder TT MR-MS Reduced resistance Moderately In low disease pressure situations some Recommended for low disease pressure Provisional rating Tawriffic TT MR-MS Susceptible to lesions on cotyledons and leaves may be regions only (i.e. low rainfall areas). Do not AV-Sapphire MR-MS Susceptible found. sow into canola stubble from the previous 46C04 MR-MS (MS-S) ‡ Low levels of internal infection. year. Separate your crop by 500m from the ‡ Low levels of external canker. previous year’s stubble. In moderate disease ATR-Barra MR-MS ‡ Occasional plant death. risk situations fungicide use may be of Storm TT MR-MS Provisional rating If sown in moderate disease pressure economic benefit. situations plant death is likely to be severe. ATR-Banjo MR-MS Reduced resistance Susceptible In low disease pressure situations some Recommended for low disease pressure Flinders TTC MR-MS Reduced resistance (S) lesions on cotyledons and leaves may be regions only (i.e. low rainfall areas). Do not Hyola 61 MR-MS found. sow into canola stubble from the previous ATR-Cobbler MS ‡ Low levels of internal infection. year. Separate your crop by 500m from ‡ Low levels of external canker. the previous year’s stubble. Fungicide use Warrior CL MS ‡ Occasional plant death. is unlikely to be economic at high or low Bravo TT MS Reduced resistance If sown in moderate disease pressure disease risk situations. If blackleg is causing situations plant death is likely to be severe. yield loss consider a more resistant variety in Reduced resistance AG-Spectrum MS future years. ATR-Summitt MS Susceptible In low disease pressure situations some Recommended for low disease pressure 45C75 MS to Very lesions on cotyledons and leaves may be regions only (i.e. low rainfall areas). Do not 46C76 MS Reduced resistance Susceptible found. sow into canola stubble from the previous (S-VS) ‡ Low levels of internal infection. year. Separate your crop by 500m from Skipton MS ‡ Low levels of external canker. the previous year’s stubble. Fungicide use Tarcoola MS ‡ Occasional plant death. is unlikely to be economic at high or low CB™Tanami MS If sown in moderate disease pressure disease risk situations. If blackleg is causing situations plant death is likely to be very yield loss consider a more resistant variety in AG-Muster MS-S severe. future years. CB™Trilogy MS-S Very In low disease pressure situations some Recommended for low disease pressure CB™Boomer MS-S Susceptible lesions on cotyledons and leaves may be regions only (i.e. low rainfall areas). Do not (VS) found. sow into canola stubble from the previous ATR-Beacon MS-S ‡ Low levels of internal infection. year. Separate your crop by 500m from Rivette MS-S ‡ Low levels of external canker. the previous year’s stubble. Fungicide use 44C73 S Reduced resistance ‡ Occasional plant death. is unlikely to be economic at high or low If sown in moderate disease pressure disease risk situations. If blackleg is causing ATR-Stubby S Reduced resistance situations plant death is likely to be extremely yield loss consider a more resistant variety in CB™Trigold S-VS severe. future years.

26 Phone (08) 8445 1111

TTriumph Jardee indicates exceptional early vigour, with The following varieties are being First TT hybrid canola. CBWA indicate high oil content. Anticipated blackleg outclassed with limited seed moderate to high blackleg resistance and resistance MR. Will replace 46C76, and excellent early vigour. Small amounts of possibly 45Y77 and 46Y78. Tested in SA available in 2009 seed may be available in 2009. Tested in NVT trials 2007 and 2008. Limited seed ‡ 1R indication yet of how many varieties SA NVT trials in 2008 at a few sites only. quantities in 2009. Bred and marketed by will be outclassed for 2009. Bred by CBWA; marketed by ABB Seeds Pioneer Hi-Bred. in eastern Australia. Hyola 571CL. (tested as K9209). Early- mid maturing hybrid with similar maturity The following varieties will be CLEARFIELD® (imidazolinone to 45Y77. Pacific Seeds indicate excellent withdrawn for 2009 tolerant) varieties early vigour, with good oil and yield potential. Anticipated blackleg resistance ‡ 5RFNHW CL 43C80. (coded NS6108BI). Early MR-R. Tested in SA NVT trials in 2008. maturing variety. Pioneer indicate good Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Grain quality early vigour, good yield and blackleg J05Z-08960. (not yet named). Early resistance, with moderate oil content. Grain quality data from trials conducted maturing juncea canola, earlier than Oasis Suited to low rainfall areas and potentially in the South East in 2007 are presented CL. Pacific Seeds indicate exceptional as a late sowing option in medium-high as all entries were only tested at these rainfall areas. Tested in SA NVT trials in vigour. Anticipated blackleg resistance sites (Tables 1 and 2). Many of the newer 2008. Limited seed quantities in 2009. R. An End Point Royalty (EPR) applies. Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred. Under evaluation for expected release varieties have improved oil content over 46Y81. (coded NS05N289I). Mid in 2009. Tested in SA NVT trials in older varieties but consider oil content season hybrid, intermediate maturity 2008. Bred by DPI Victoria and Viterra amongst the other factors when choosing between 45Y77 and 46Y78. Pioneer (Canada). Marketed by Pacific Seeds. a new canola variety.

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THE BEST CROPS START WITH THE BEST SEEDS 27 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Triticale variety sowing guide 2009

By Rob Wheeler, SARDI and Richard Saunders, Rural Solutions, PIRSA

he triticale variety descriptions in relative to Tahara but has had limited Notes on newer varieties this publication serve as a guide yield testing in SA (2007 only) and Tto select varieties for specific end while untested, is unlikely to have CCN Bogong A uses with disease resistance, agronomic resistance. Bogong (tested as H127) was released by traits and yield potential suited to a wide The recent variety releases offer growers the University of New England, Armidale, range of environments across southern improved scope to select triticale varieties in 2008. It is an early to mid season Australia. suited to their environment and season flowering (similar to Treat) fully awned, During the past twelve months, two new and, most importantly, to help them stiff strawed, grain variety with good grain varieties, Hawkeye and Jaywick, achieve more specific rotational disease resistance to all common field strains have been released from the AGT triticale break and end-use objectives. of rust. Bogong has not been tested for breeding program and more recently, Preferred triticale varieties for specific CCN resistance but is unlikely to show Bogong, from the University of New purposes in different rainfall zones are resistance. Bogong has not been widely England program. Both Hawkeye and shown in Table 1. This information is evaluated across seasons within SA NVT Jaywick offer excellent resistance to all and further evaluation is needed. Bogong based on agronomic characteristics and rusts coupled with CCN resistance and is protected by PBR with seed marketed disease reactions of varieties (Table 2), grain yields significantly above Tahara. by ABB Seeds. Hawkeye, has mid maturity like Tahara, and grain yield (Table 3) and quality Hawkeye A and with improved grain quality, would performance data from SARDI and be a suitable replacement for Tahara. NVT field trials across SA grain growing Hawkeye (tested as TSA0108) was Jaywick, has early to mid maturity with districts over the past 7 years. Note that released by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly yields comparable to Speedee, and offers all triticale varieties have similar grain adapted, mid maturing variety with high a CCN resistant alternative for shorter quality characteristics and livestock yield potential and CCN resistance. It growing season situations. Bogong also feed value, which are influenced more also has good resistance to all rusts and offers broad adaptation, high yields, rust by seasonal conditions than by varietal produces large grain with low screenings resistance and improved grain quality differences. (like Tahara) and good test weight (like Treat). It is considered a higher yielding alternative to Tahara and a CCN and stripe rust resistant alternative to Kosciuszko. A Table 1. Triticale Variety Sowing Guide 2009. PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Purpose Rainfall Zone Seeds. Low Medium High Very High Jaywick A <375 mm 375–500 mm 500–600 mm >600 mm Jaywick (tested as TSA0124) was released Short growing season/ A A Jaywick Jaywick by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly adapted, late sown grain production SpeedeeA SpeedeeA Rufus KosciuszkoA early to mid maturing variety with high Rufus yield potential, especially in short, dry A Reduce cereal eelworm JaywickA HawkeyeA HawkeyeA Tickit seasons. It also has good resistance to all A (CCN) numbers TickitA TickitA TickitA Jackie * rusts and CCN resistance and produces A Tahara Tahara JackieA* Breakwell * large grain with low screenings (like A Rufus Rufus Breakwell * Speedee) and good test weight (better Grain production on waterlogging TreatA Credit Muir Abacus than Speedee). It is considered a higher A prone soils Kosciuszko Muir Abacus Muir yielding, CCN and stripe rust resistant KosciuszkoA KosciuszkoA KosciuszkoA A A A alternative to Speedee, suited to shorter Reduce risk of low test weights / JaywickA Jaywick Hawkeye Treat A A seasoned environments or a later planting high screenings TreatA Hawkeye Treat Everest A A KosciuszkoA Treat Everest Kosciuszko option. A PBR variety, seed is available KosciuszkoA KosciuszkoA from AGT Seeds.

Dual purpose – grazing / grain Tobruk Tobruk Abacus Abacus A TreatA TreatA JackieA * JackieA * Kosciuszko Rufus Rufus BreakwellA * BreakwellA* Kosciuszko (W19) was released by the Tobruk University of New England, Armidale, * Not tested in SA trials. in 2003. Kosciuszko is a medium season

28 Phone (08) 8445 1111

CCN susceptible feed grain variety, there is strong interest in it as a hay or and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus taller and earlier maturing than Tahara. dual purpose Triticale. Rufus is 2-3 days neglectus) make it a valuable disease Kosciuszko also offers good disease and earlier than Tahara and is about 5 cm break. Lodging can be a problem in pest resistance and is promoted as being taller and lodging may be a problem in wetter areas or higher yielding situations. well suited to a wide range of soil types. very high rainfall situations. Grain yields Certified seed is not available, so must Kosciuszko has produced good grain at low rainfall SA sites have been shown to be purchased from other commercial yields in all rainfall zones of SA over the equal Tahara but show superior yields in growers. Crops to be used for seed should past four years of testing. Kosciuszko is trials in higher rainfall districts. University be inspected for weed and other cereal protected by PBR but seed sales do not of New England released Rufus after crop contamination, and provided with incur end-point royalties. Growers are interest by SA growers as a dual purpose good nutrition to ensure high quality able to retain seed from production for or hay type. A non PBR variety, seed is seed. their own seed use only. Long term results being increased this year and should be Tickit A consistently show about 5% grain yield widely available from Seed Distributors Tickit was released by the University of improvement over Tahara across rainfall for 2008 plantings. Adelaide triticale breeding program in zones. Speedee A 2002. It is expected to replace Tahara, Prime322 A Speedee (tested as TX93-19-1E) is a having similar disease reactions, including Released by the University of Sydney fast growing and early maturing variety, resistance to CCN, Pratylenchus, and stem, leaf and stripe rusts. It is slightly shorter in 2001, Prime322 is a medium-season released in 2003. It heads about 10 days A than Tahara and has stiffer straw. Tickit grain variety with good straw strength earlier than Tickit and Tahara, making is widely adapted, and has outyielded and wide adaptation. Not CCN-resistant. it a suitable variety choice for short Tahara in most trials, averaging 2% higher Grain yields have been slightly better than growing season environments or late over 6 years of SAFCEP trials. Seed is Tahara in NSW trials, but slightly behind sowing situations. It is not resistant to available from Nugrain Pty Ltd, who hold Tahara at most SA test sites. A PBR variety, CCN. Grain yields have averaged similar the commercial licence for Tickit, and an seed is available from Waratah Seed Co. to Tahara in all districts over the past 2 end-point royalty applies. Ltd, and an end-point royalty applies. years of testing. Speedee is protected A by PBR, with seed marketed in SA by Treat Rufus Seed Distributors. Seed should be widely Treat is a medium-season grain triticale, Released by the University of New available for commercial sowings. several days earlier maturing than England in 2005, Rufus is a tall, mid- Tahara. Its major advantage is superior season maturity, CCN-resistant variety Tahara seed quality: test weight about 6 kg/hl with wide adaptation. Trial yield results Tahara has been the generally preferred above Tahara, and smoother appearance. indicate a useful grain variety (Table 3), triticale variety for use in cereal rotations This should increase the likelihood of nevertheless with features such as reduced in most districts up to 500 mm average achieving receival standards in districts awn length, good early vigour and height, annual rainfall. Its good resistance to CCN where test weights are often too low.

Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of triticale varieties.

Variety Origin Height Maturity Head Type Stripe Rust CCN Pratylenchus Pratylenchus Resistance/ neglectus thornei Tolerance Resistance Resistance / Tolerance / Tolerance Abacus SA M L Br /Awned MR-R S / T MR-R / MT R / MT BogongA NSW M-T M W /Awned R - - - Everest NSW T M W /Awned MR-R S / T - - HawkeyeA SA M-T M W /Awned R R / T - - JackieA NSW T L W /R Awn - R / T MS-MR - JaywickA SA M-T EM W /Awned R R / T - - KosciuszkoA NSW T M W /Awned S S / T - - Muir WA T M W /Awned R S / T MR-R / MT - Prime322A NSW T M W /Awned MR-R S / T - - Rufus NSW T M W /R Awn R R / T MR-R/ MT MR-R/ MT SpeedeeA SA M-T E W /Awned S S / T MR-R/ MT - Tahara VIC T M W /Awned MR R / T MR-R / MT R / MT TickitA SA M M W /Awned R R / T MR / MT MR TobrukA NSW - M-L W /R Awn R - - - TreatA SA T M W /Awned MR MS / T MS-MR / MT -

Height: M = medium; T = tall; Maturity: M = mid; L= late; Head Type: Br = brown; W = white; R Awn = reduced awn; .Disease resistance: S = susceptible; MS= moderately susceptible; MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant; Disease tolerance: T = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant. Note that all recommended varieties are resistant to stem and leaf rust, and yellow leaf spot, mildew and scald. All varieties are susceptible to crown rot and moderately susceptible to common root rot.

29 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Treat tends to maintain good grain size, of Sydney in 2005 and more recently dry matter production over Jackie with even in a dry finish. Grain yields have been Endeavour and Tobuk have been released. good grazing recovery. The latest release, similar to Tahara in all districts except Dual purpose varieties, they all have high Tobruk is a semi awnless, mid to long the Murray Mallee. Disease reactions are dry matter production, on a par with forage season variety for NSW and NE Victoria. also similar to Tahara, except that Treat oats, but generally require early sowing or It has excellent rust resistance and very is susceptible to CCN. Treat has shown to a long growing season to achieve good good straw strength. Tobruk has only be a suitable variety for hay production. A grain production. Hillary is an improved been evaluated for grain during the 2006 replacement for Madonna and Maiden, PBR variety, marketed by PlantTech Pty and 2007 seasons in SA, and as expected, which are no longer recommended. Ltd. performed well in higher rainfall, longer Jackie is CCN resistant, has reduced season environments and less well in low Dual purpose grazing/grain awns and has proven suitable for quality rainfall situations and overall appears varieties hay production in the mid north of SA although now susceptible to stripe rust. to have a fit in SA. Certified seed for A Hillary, and Jackie were both released Breakwell like Jackie is a semi awnless these is available from Waratah Seed Co. by the University of Sydney in 2001. variety for very long season districts. A Ltd. These offer some potential for hay BreakwellA was released by University CCN resistant variety, it offers improved production. See also Rufus above.

Table 3. Yield of selected triticale varieties according to region, expressed as a percentage of Tahara’s yield (SARDI and NVT trials, 2000-2007). Variety Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North Murray Mallee South East Upper Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Everest 100 100 100 100 101 100 Hawkeye # 110 109 109 110 109 109 Jaywick # 108 108 107 108 107 107 Kosciuszko 106 106 107 106 107 106 Rufus 101 101 100 102 100 101 Speedee 100 100 103 100 105 101 Tahara 100 100 100 100 100 100 Tickit 101 101 101 101 101 101 Tobruk # 111 111 105 112 103 109 Treat 99 99 98 99 98 99 Tahara’s yield (t/ha) 3.36 3.57 1.55 3.86 1.28 2.29 # these varieties have had evaluation limited to the 2006 and 2007 seasons and yield data is preliminary only.

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30 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Chickpea variety sowing guide 2009

By Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI and Kristy Hobson Chickpea Breeder DPI Victoria

he availability of the desi chickpea Australia. CICA0503 has comparatively seeded desi types in a range of food variety Genesis™ 509 in 2009 will good lodging resistance that should ensure preparations in the sub continent and a Tprovide chickpea growers in South acceptable harvestability. Seed quality small premium has been available for types Australia with a high yielding desi seed (mainly size, colour and milling yield) is fitting this use. Genesis 508 and 509 have type with ascochyta blight resistance. It will better than that of Genesis 509. If released quality of Tyson or older desi chickpea also provide growers with an alternative CICA0503 will be commercialised through types and are more suited to splitting than marketing option to the small seeded AWB Seeds and expected to be available in whole seed markets hence unlikely to kabuli type Genesis™ 090. Genesis 509, like 2010. achieve the prices of larger more attractive Genesis 090, will be able to be successfully -seed types such as Jimbour and Kyabra. grown in southern Australia with only the Selection criteria Small kabuli types requirement for foliar fungicides during The list of suggested varieties for 2009 is Genesis 090 is a 7–8mm seeded kabuli the podding stage to successfully control shown in Table 1 and is based principally variety suited to bulk kabuli markets. ascochyta blight. Grain yields of Genesis on resistance to ascochyta blight. Markets for these smaller kabuli grades 509 have generally been similar to those of Information on other key selection criteria have not been supplied by Australia in the Genesis 090 in South Australian chickpea and yield for each variety can be found in past and are still being developed but prices trials (Table 3) however it produces seed Tables 2 and 3. When selecting a chickpea are expected to be at least that of desi’s smaller and darker than that of Howzat type (see below) and variety to grow, and generally slightly higher. Seed size is and Jimbour. growers need to make their decision on smaller than Kaniva and Almaz so it will Large seeded kabuli types Almaz and the basis of yield, price, marketability and Nafice have improved ascochyta blight not attract the high prices of large seeded availability of likely target markets. Other kabuli types. A number of marketers have resistance over Kaniva and will improve agronomic traits such as susceptibility returns to some growers in favourable expressed interest in Genesis 090 and have to cold tolerance, root lesion nematode indicated the potential for a premium environments however they will require susceptibility and lodging resistance need foliar fungicides to be applied strategically over the desi prices. Further premiums also to be considered. When comparing may be obtained by selling the seed for prior to flowering along with sprays yields between varieties growers need to during the flowering and podding stages. size. Genesis 079 produces predominantly bear in mind that under high ascochyta Genesis™ 079 an ascochyta blight resistant 6-7mm seed for the bulk small kabuli blight pressure varieties with moderate small kabuli type suited to short growing markets and its fit will be guided by the resistance or less may suffer greater yield season environments and Genesis™ 114 success of Genesis 090. losses than the more resistant lines even a large seeded kabuli type with improved with the application of foliar fungicides. Large kabuli types yields will further increase grower options Larger seeded kabuli varieties generally Almaz, Nafice and Genesis 114 when available. yield 15 to 25% lower than desi types, produce predominantly 9 and 10mm Growers still need to be aware that however the smaller seeded varieties have seed for traditional large seeded kabuli the current new varieties do have some similar or higher yields than current desi markets where seed size is important limitations in agronomic adaptation and options, but will not attract the high prices to attract premium prices. marketability and will not be suited to all of the larger seeded kabuli types. The areas or all situations. Notes on selected desi chickpea major price difference is between the desi varieties Future chickpea variety and kabuli types, but small differences do exist between varieties based on seed size, A CICA0503 is a high yielding potential appearance and marketability (Table 2). Flipper desi chickpea release from Pulse Breeding Flipper was released by the national Australia (PBA) Chickpeas for southern Chickpea types chickpea breeding program in 2005 for Australia. It has high ascochyta blight the higher rainfall areas of northern NSW. resistance, similar to Genesis 509, but Desi Types Flipper has had limited evaluation in larger grain size and higher milling yield Larger seeds are preferred for desi types, southern Australia and has moderate levels than Genesis 509. This mid-season variety regardless of whether they are used for of resistance to ascochyta blight meaning has been consistently high yielding (6-13% splitting or whole seed end use. There it will generally require up to 2-4 strategic higher than Genesis 509) across southern has been an increasing use of large whole fungicides to prevent yield loss. Grain Premium disease control in Pulses P-Pickel T combines the efficacy of the actives thiabendazole and thiram to give highly effective control of a range of diseases in pulse crops.

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Table 1. Chickpea variety sowing guide 2009. Seed is available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Rainfall zones (mm) Below 400 400–450 450–500 Above 500 Howzat Desi types Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Howzat is susceptible to ascochyta Flipper* Genesis 508# Genesis 508# Genesis 508# and will succumb to intense disease Flipper* Flipper* Flipper* pressure therefore an integrated disease Kabuli types Genesis 079^? Genesis 090^ Genesis 090^ Genesis 090^ management strategy including regular Genesis 090^ Genesis 079^? Genesis 079^? Genesis 114*? applications of foliar fungicides is essential Genesis 114*? Genesis 114*? Almaz* to successfully grow this variety. Howzat is Almaz* Almaz* Nafice* Nafice* Nafice* early flowering, medium to tall in height and moderately susceptible to lodging. # = not well suited to low rainfall areas or dry seasonal conditions due to poor yields and small seed size * = moderately resistant to moderately resistant/moderately susceptible varieties, likely to require 2-4 fungicide sprays to successfully grow in SA Notes on selected kabuli chickpea ^ = small seeded type, won’t attract price premium for large seeded kabuli types varieties ? = when available, unlikely to be widely available in 2009

AlmazA yields so far have been slightly lower than podding only are required to successfully Almaz is a large seeded kabuli type Genesis 090 and 509 in southern Australia grow this variety. Seed of this variety is commercialised by AWB Seeds. Seed size is but higher than Genesis 508. Flipper has a available through Australian Agricultural generally larger than Kaniva, with superior medium sized light coloured seed suited Crop Technologies. ascochyta blight resistance but inferior to to whole seed and/or splitting markets. GenesisTM 509 that of Genesis 090. Limited evaluation Seed of Flipper is licensed to AWB Seeds. Genesis 509 is a high yielding and widely indicates it is 15-25% lower yielding GenesisTM 508 adapted desi chickpea with resistance than Genesis 090 in southern Australia Genesis 508 is medium to short in plant to ascochyta blight. Its flowering and and will generally require two to four height, mid to late flowering and resistant maturity timing are earlier than Genesis foliar fungicide sprays, including a first to ascochyta blight. Yields of this line 508 and Howzat. Genesis 509 has medium application six to eight weeks after sowing, are generally around 10% below Howzat plant height, and moderate resistance to to successfully grow it in this region. (in the absence of ascochyta blight) and lodging. Seed size will predominately be GenesisTM 079 it is not well adapted to dry seasonal in the 5-6mm range, smaller and darker Genesis 079 is a high yielding small conditions. Seed quality is similar to that of than Howzat. Genesis 509 has the highest seeded kabuli type with resistance to Tyson. Due to poor relative performance or equal highest long-term experimental ascochyta and is likely to only require in low rainfall environments and dry yield of current commercial desi varieties fungicide sprays during podding. Genesis seasons, it is only likely to be an option in across south eastern Australia. Fungicide 079 has small seed (6-7mm) and very medium to high rainfall areas of southern management trials have indicated that high relative grain yields in short season Australia. Fungicide management trials foliar sprays during podding only are environments. Genesis 079 has produced have indicated that foliar sprays during required to successfully grow this variety. high and consistent yields in medium and

Table 2. Agronomic features of chickpea varieties. Variety Flowering Seed Seed colour Height Ascochyta Botrytis grey Flowering cold Lodging Pratylenchus neglectus size# blight mould tolerance resistance foliage Resistance Tolerance Desi FlipperA mid-late medium brown medium MR S MR MS HowzatA mid med-large light brown medium S MS S MS S MI Genesis 508 mid-late small dark brown medium R S S MR MR Genesis 509 early-mid small dark brown medium R MS MR MS SonaliA very early medium dark brown medium MS S T MS MR Tyson mid small dark brown short S S S R MS MI Kabuli AlmazA late large cream med-tall MS-MR S MS MR Genesis 079 very early small cream short R S MR MS Genesis 090 mid med-small cream-white medium R S S MR MR Genesis 114 late large cream medium MS-MR S MR Genesis 425 mid med-small cream-white medium R S MR MR Kaniva late med-large cream medium S S S S MR I NaficeA late large-v large cream medium MS-MR S MS R R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, T = tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant # Seed size ratings different between species;

32 Phone (08) 8445 1111

low rainfall districts of SA and may have a GenesisTM 090 than desi varieties in southern Australia, greater potential to be crop topped and/ Genesis 090 was the first kabuli type this variety offers chickpea growers a or wick-wiped to control resistant rye grass released in Australia with resistance to high yielding ascochyta blight resistant than other varieties in these environments. ascochyta blight. It is a small to medium alternative to desi chickpeas with potential Some seed of Genesis 079 may be available seeded kabuli, having seed approximately to get higher prices than for desi’s. Seed is in 2009 through Australian Agricultural 1mm smaller than Kaniva and is therefore available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. unlikely to attract the higher prices of Crop Technologies. Kaniva. Genesis 090 has medium height GenesisTM GenesisTM 114 425 with erect branches. Over several years of TM Genesis 425, like Genesis 090, is a small Genesis 114 is a large seeded testing it has shown to be a high yielding kabuli type with moderate resistance to medium sized ascochyta blight resistant line in both desi and kabuli trials, with kabuli type. However Genesis 425 has to ascochyta, which is likely to require and without ascochyta blight disease phytopthora resistance similar to Howzat strategic applications of fungicides during pressure. Under high ascochyta blight and superior to all other kabuli varieties the year. Genesis 114 has larger seed disease pressure Genesis 090 will require and hence may provide a small to medium than Kaniva (9-10mm) and has been fungicide protection during podding to sized kabuli option for the northern areas higher yielding than Almaz and Nafice in prevent seed blemish and yield loss. It of NSW. It has generally been around southern Australia. Small amounts of seed is recommended to treat the sown seed 5-10% lower yielding than Genesis 090 in of this variety may be available in 2009 of Genesis 090 with a seed treatment for southern Australia. Genesis 425 is likely through Australian Agricultural Crop ascochyta blight and seedling root rots. to only require fungicide sprays during Technologies. Due to its equivalent or higher yields podding for ascochyta blight to produce high quality, disease free seed. Seed of this Table 3. Predicted yield of selected chickpea varieties in SA grouped by rainfall zone, expressed as a percentage variety is expected to be available in 2009 of Howzat’s (desi trials) and Genesis 090’s (kabuli trials) yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data 2000–2007, with through Australian Agricultural Crop number of observations in italics). Technologies. Variety <350 mm 350–425 mm 425–500 mm >500 mm All zones NaficeA Desi trials Nafice is a large seeded kabuli type FlipperA 89*1 90* 3 92* 1 – – 91* 5 commercialised by AWB Seeds. It has HowzatA 100 20 100 14 100 10 100 8 100 52 had only limited testing in southern Genesis 079 – – 104* 4 103* 3 104* 1 103 8 Australia. Nafice has the largest seed size Genesis 090 97 5 97 8 98 6 98* 3 97 22 of all commercial kabuli types hence Genesis 508 87 5 88 8 90 6 91* 3 89 22 more able to achieve premium prices, Genesis 509 97 9 98 8 99 6 100 5 98 28 however there are some concerns about SonaliA 95 5 96 8 97 6 97* 3 96 22 potential poor seed colour that requires Howzat’s yield (t/ha) 0.88 20 1.6 14 2.18 10 2.11 8 1.51 52 further evaluation. Like Almaz, Nafice Kabuli trials# has superior ascochyta blight resistance than Kaniva but inferior to that of Genesis AlmazA 74 8 80 10 82 6 80 6 80 30 090. Preliminary evaluation indicates it is Genesis 079 111 9 107 12 104 10 103 7 106 38 15-25% lower yielding than Genesis 090 Genesis 090 100 11 100 13 100 10 100 7 100 41 and will require more foliar fungicide Genesis 114 82 8 85 10 85 6 86 6 85 30 sprays than this variety to successfully Genesis 425 95 9 94 11 94 8 95 6 95 34 grow it in southern Australia including a A 71 8 77 10 79 6 78 6 77 30 Nafice first application six to eight weeks after Genesis 090’s yield (t/ha) 1.03 11 1.59 13 2.25 10 1.88 7 1.64 41 sowing. * indicates limited data, treat with caution; # Data from Kabuli trials only (no low-rainfall sites included)

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33 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Lupin variety sowing guide 2009

By Jim Egan and Joanne Crouch, SARDI, Port Lincoln, and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia, Naracoorte

arrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus aware of the possibility of loaders or air- demonstrated by the fact that it was the angustifolius) are well suited to seeders damaging seed during the storage, top yielding entry in SAFCEP and NVT Nacid and sandy soils, and continue handling and seeding operations. Varieties trials in the very different 2004, 2005 and to be grown in suitable areas as a key may also differ in their susceptibility to 2006 seasons. Although the 2007 season component of the farming system. Good seed damage. broke this pattern, with a number of other prices in recent years have reflected strong Germination testing is a sound varieties and new lines outyielding or domestic demand for lupins in stock feed practice to safeguard against poor lupin matching Mandelup, it still has the highest rations and on-farm grazier use establishment. Sowing rates should also long-term average yields by a margin of 8 be adjusted to compensate for variable to 10% over other current varieties in SA Access to eastern states markets seed size – over-dense lupin stands have sites. been observed this year through sowing In addition to its yield advantages, Poor seasonal conditions and reduced of smaller than normal seed from 2007 at Mandelup has moderate anthracnose lupin sowings have the potential to again standard kg/ha rates. Germination and resistance (slightly better than Kalya, but generate strong local and interstate seed size tests will allow growers to adjust less than Wonga), is resistant to phomopsis demand for SA lupins in the coming 12 sowing rates for a target plant density of 45 stem blight and aphids, and is moderately months. To be able to deliver to Victorian to 60 plants per m2. resistant to CMV seed transmission. and NSW markets, SA growers need to For brown leaf spot it is moderately satisfy anthracnose freedom, market access Herbicide issues susceptible, similar to Merrit. A potential and transporting protocols. Sowing seed weakness for higher rainfall districts is its needs to have been tested for anthracnose Mandelup is listed as being more tolerant of metribuzin, as are the next potential poorer stem strength, giving a higher risk to establish eligibility for an “anthracnose of lodging, although no evidence of this paddock inspection” in SA, and this is also variety releases from WA, to meet the demand there. In SA, metribuzin is not has been observed at wetter sites in recent a sound disease management strategy. years. Seed of Mandelup is available in SA Paddock inspection is usually the cheaper registered for either pre- or post-emergent application, but a permit is now in place through PlantTech Pty Ltd. option per tonne of grain produced, but with APVMA. It is the combination A unfortunately this option is not available Jindalee is the latest flowering and of metribuzin and diflufenican post- to Eyre Peninsula lupin growers. maturing variety currently available. It emergence that is registered or under particularly suits early sowing in higher permit in lupins, but for specific varieties Seed quality and emergence issues rainfall districts, where its vernalisation only, and often for specific locations only. (cold) requirement prevents it from There have been reports of poor Our common older varieties are generally flowering too early. Jindalee can also emergence or abnormal seedlings in not tolerant of metribuzin. Growers should benefit from late spring rains. Its long- lupin crops this year. Poor seed quality has read label and permit details carefully, term yield performance is behind been implicated in many of these cases, to avoid accidental misuse on sensitive Mandelup across all districts in SA, especially if in combination with sowing varieties. however. Jindalee’s anthracnose rating is systems that place greater pressure on MS, slightly less susceptible than Merrit. emergence (e.g. deeper sowing, soil throw Notes on narrow-leafed lupin This level of anthracnose resistance is of herbicide, fertiliser toxicity). varieties generally adequate though, if combined Taking extra care at harvest can have with seed testing, paddock monitoring a major impact on seed quality. Many and sound crop hygiene management. growers leave their lupins until last to Current varieties Jindalee is moderately tall and vigorous, is harvest, which can lead to shattering Mandelup A was released by the WA resistant to phomopsis and has improved losses and possibly contribute to a poor breeding program in 2004. It is a tall brown leaf spot resistance over Merrit. In quality product. Seed crops especially variety, with very early flowering and SA it appears to have improved resistance need to be harvested as soon as mature to maturity, making it well-suited to SA low to root rots and premature wilting that avoid mechanical damage that causes an to medium rainfall districts. Its early occurs on duplex soils with shallow increase in the abnormal seedling count. maturity also makes it suitable for crop underlying clay. Jindalee has speckled seed Growers should be conscious of the need topping, with careful attention to correct and medium seed alkaloid levels. Seed is to handle lupin seed carefully and be timing. Mandelup’s wide adaptation is available through AWB Seeds.

34 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Wonga A is an early flowering, high but has now been displaced by higher of Mandelup in its first year of NVT testing yielding lupin released from NSW. It is yielding/better disease resistance varieties. in SA in 2006, average yields in 2007 were moderately tall and vigorous and stands It is not protected by PBR and so seed can on a par with Mandelup. erect. Wonga is resistant to anthracnose, be traded without restriction. Merrit is Jenabillup A (WALAN2224) was released the best of the commercially available moderately susceptible to anthracnose. in WA in September 2007, specifically for varieties (along with Tanjil). It has Quilinock A is a high yielding lupin, but their southern districts where “black pod moderate resistance to phomopsis and more susceptible to anthracnose than syndrome” (BPS) regularly reduces yields. improved brown leaf spot resistance over most lupin varieties. It is early flowering, Jenabillup has shown a greater tolerance Merrit. Wonga has speckled seed and producing large seeds, but its harvestable and higher yields in the presence of medium seed alkaloid levels - slightly less height is only similar to Merrit. Quilinock this disorder than other varieties. The than Danja, but higher than Merrit. It is is susceptible to lodging and is suitable cause of “black pod syndrome” in WA is like Danja in that it appears to mature only for low and medium rainfall areas thought to be a physiological response more slowly than Merrit. Wonga has where anthracnose is a low risk. moderate resistance to premature wilting to climatic conditions and soil moisture. Affected lupin crops are usually high in on duplex soils with shallow underlying Potential releases for SA clay. Wonga is suited to most areas of SA, biomass and well-podded in spring. As and remains the best option currently The following two varieties have been the season finishes there appears to be a available to SA growers wanting high levels released in WA, and seed is currently being remobilisation of nutrients from the pods of anthracnose resistance. multiplied in NSW for possible release in thus leaving the pods flat and black with eastern Australia. Decisions on release Moonah small seed inside. “Black pod syndrome” is an early flowering lupin here will depend on performance in NVT released for the Victorian Mallee, although has not necessarily been recognised and breeding trials and an assessment of elsewhere in Australia, although similar it has not yielded well in SA mallee-type market potential. If commercialization environments, or other districts here. It symptoms have been reported sporadically does go ahead in eastern Australia, in SA, including on Lower Eyre Peninsula has large seeds and rapid early growth, commercial seed will not be available until in 2007. While Jenabillup averaged only with Danja-type height and growth habit 2010 at the earliest. on sands. Moonah is slightly more resistant 90% of Mandelup’s yield in the 2006 SA A to lodging than Danja. It has some drought Coromup was released in WA in 2006 trials, it showed higher yields in 2007 with tolerance, but is susceptible to premature for medium and low rainfall zones. It a cross-site average of 6% above Mandelup. wilting on some duplex soils with shallow is a high quality narrow-leafed lupin, Research in 2008 is aiming to clarify the underlying clay. Moonah is intermediate in having large and uniform seeds with high presence of “black pod syndrome” here, resistance to anthracnose, between Kalya protein, hence it has excellent attributes and the potential value of Jenabillup in this and Merrit. It has moderate resistance for de-hulling, producing high protein State. Jenabillup’s anthracnose resistance to stem phomopsis, but can be variable, kernel meal for developing premium feed level is low, similar to Kalya and Merrit. particularly where premature wilting markets. Coromup is early maturing and occurs. Moonah is susceptible to brown has a good disease resistance profile that Albus (white) lupins leaf spot and is moderately susceptible to includes anthracnose and phomopsis Pleiochaeta root rot. It has speckled seed, stem blight. Coromup was reselected Sweet (low alkaloid) varieties of the and its grain alkaloid content is slightly from a crossbred line for its improved Mediterranean white lupin (Lupinus albus) less than Danja, but higher than Merrit. tolerance to metribuzin, which is similar to are not currently grown commercially in Mandelup. In WA it is being promoted for South Australia. New variety releases from Kalya is a broadly adapted, high yielding its high quality (i.e. high protein) rather NSW provide SA growers with improved and aphid resistant lupin variety. It than high yields. In the absence of bonus albus lupin options for heavier, fertile, well- flowers slightly later than Merrit, is slower payments for its higher protein, the main drained soil types in the State’s medium to to mature, and so has poor drought role for Coromup may be for on-farm feed high rainfall districts, such as the Lower tolerance. Kalya is moderately resistant use. While Coromup averaged only 87% and Mid-North. to anthracnose. It has mild resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot, but is normally less resistant to phomopsis than Merrit. Kalya Table 1. Narrow-leafed lupin variety sowing guide 2009. has greater harvest height than Merrit, Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall mm) but slightly weaker stems. Seeds are white with light brown marbling, and of similar Low (<375 mm) Medium (375–500 mm) High (>500 mm) A A A size to Merrit. It has medium seed alkaloid Mandelup Mandelup Mandelup A A A levels. Kalya is no longer covered by PBR, Quilinock * Jindalee Jindalee and seed may be difficult to source. MoonahA WongaA WongaA Kalya Kalya Merrit was the most popular variety grown in all districts for a number of years, * Quilinock A is very susceptible to anthracnose and should not be grown in high anthracnose risk areas.

35 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of narrow-leafed lupin varieties.

Variety Flowering Height Early Lodging Pod loss/ Anthrac- Brown Pleio CMV on Phomopsis Phomopsis Drought vigour shatter nose leaf spot root rot seed on stem on pod/ tolerance seed Coromup A * E-M Med Med MS MR MR MS ? MR R R T Danja Early Tall Med-fast MS MS MR-MS MS S MR S S MI Jenabillup A * Early Med Med MR MR MS MR ? MR MR-MS R T Jindalee A Late Tall Med MR R MS MR MR MS R R MI Kalya Early Med Med MS MS MR-MS MR-MS MR MS MR-MS MS MI Mandelup A V early Tall Fast MS R MR MS R MS R R T Merrit E-M Short Med R R MS MS S MS MR MR MT Moonah A Early Tall Fast MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS S MS MS MR - T Quilinock A Early Med Med MS MR S-VS MR-MS S MS MR S T Wonga A Early Med Med MR MS R MR-MS S MR MR MR MI R = Resistant; MR = Moderately resistant; MS = Moderately susceptible; S = Susceptible; VS = Very susceptible. T = Tolerant; I = Intolerant. * Coromup and Jenabillup information based on WA data. # = May escape late infection.

Albus lupins are able to tolerate slightly Table 3. Predicted yield of narrow-leafed lupin varieties in SA by rainfall zones, as % Mandelup (SAFCEP and alkaline soils, with some free lime present, NVT data, 2000-2007). Number of observations in italics. slightly better than narrow-leafed lupins. Variety Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) Statewide average They can out-yield narrow leafed lupins on Low Medium High the right soils, but do poorly on infertile (<375 mm) (375-500 mm) (>500 mm) soils, deep sands and waterlogged soils. Coromup A * 95 7 93 2 93 3 93 12 They are resistant to cucumber mosaic Danja 86 14 85 34 85 32 85 80 virus, and have low levels of phomopsis on A Jenabillup * 103 7 104 3 104 3 104 13 their stubble, although seed and pods can Jindalee A 91 21 93 49 92 47 92 117 be infected. Most albus varieties are very Kalya 92 11 91 22 91 22 91 55 susceptible to anthracnose. Susceptibility Mandelup A 100 21 100 40 100 30 100 91 to Pleiochaeta root rot, which is a problem with older varieties such as Kiev Mutant, Merrit 90 18 89 47 90 43 90 108 A Ultra and Hamburg, is now addressed with Moonah 91 19 91 45 92 38 92 102 A the new variety releases from NSW. Quilinock 98 14 96 44 96 40 97 98 A Care is needed to prevent clean albus Wonga 91 20 92 49 92 46 92 115 seed from being contaminated with bitter Mandelup’s yield (t/ha) 1.48 2.30 2.96 2.24 (high alkaloid) seeds, which can render * Coromup A and Jenabillup A yield data from 2006-07 only, so should be treated with caution. albus grain unacceptable to export and domestic markets. Mutant (Luxor is most resistant), but Andromeda A was released in WA Notes on albus lupin varieties susceptibility to anthracnose. Luxor is the in 2005 as the first albus variety with improved anthracnose resistance. While Kiev Mutant was the main albus lupin earlier flowering of these two varieties (but its anthracnose resistance is significantly variety for many years, along with Ultra, still later than Kiev Mutant), with yields better than Kiev Mutant, it is still Hamburg and others. Recent variety about 4% higher than Kiev Mutant in SA moderately susceptible and therefore releases should displace these old trials. Rosetta is later flowering and taller, not recommended to be sown in areas varieties. and yields have averaged 11% higher than of high anthracnose risk. Andromeda is Luxor A and Rosetta A are higher yielding Kiev Mutant in SA. Both these varieties are late flowering, and its yields have been varieties from NSW with improved licensed to ABB Seeds and seed should be inferior to the two NSW varieties and Kiev resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot over Kiev available for sowing in 2009. Mutant.

36 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Vetch variety sowing guide 2009

By Rade Matic and Stuart Nagel, National Vetch Breeding Program, SARDI and Richard Saunders Senior Research Agronomist, SARDI, Loxton

he vetch variety descriptions in Table 1. Vetch grain variety rainfall zones. this publication serve as a guide to Rainfall zone (mm) select vetch varieties for specific end T <350 350–400 400–475 475–600 >600 uses with disease resistance, agronomic RasinaA* RasinaA* RasinaA* Cummins MoravaA* traits and yield potential suited to a wide Languedoc Cummins Cummins Blanchefleur range of environments across southern Cummins Blanchefleur Blanchefleur A Australia. Morava * A Common Vetch varieties (Languedoc, Languedoc Morava * A Blanch fleur, Morava, Rasina, Cummins) Morava * are a versatile crop, which is used for grain * Preferred variety where rust is a regular problem as well as a number of end uses including green manuring, hay, alone and in cereal Table 2. Vetch hay/silage/green manuring variety sowing guide. combinations, silage and as a pasture. Rainfall zone (mm) The versatility and adaptability of vetches <350 350–400 400–475 475–600 >600 to a wide range of soil types and rainfall RasinaA* RasinaA* RasinaA* MoravaA* MoravaA* areas has made it a valuable crop in %ODQFKHÀHXU MoravaA* MoravaA* Popany Popany cropping rotations. Vetch in the rotation MoravaA* %ODQFKHÀHXU Popany %ODQFKHÀHXU Capelo can provide disease control, increased soil &XPPLQV Popany Cummins Cummins Haymaker fertility, improved soil structure and weed Languedoc Cummins Capelo Capelo control options and benefits. Languedoc Haymaker Haymaker One new vetch variety is available for sowing in 2009 – Rasina. Rasina now joins * Preferred variety where rust is a regular problem Morava as the preferred varieties for grain Note: Vicia villosa Subsp. dasycarpa varieties, i.e. Namoi not preferred in cropping rotations due to high level of hard seeds in areas prone to rust infections. The new rust resistant vetch, Rasina, is suitable for Morava, which produces greater levels of the crop and to make this selection on all low to medium rainfall areas and has been vegetative growth and denser canopies, available information. available since its limited release in 2006. will be more prone to disease. The Disease management is critical when use of fungicides for BGM is generally Notes on selected varieties and difficult and uneconomic in vetch crops. growing a vetch crop regardless of the potential uses end use, where possible disease resistant Management strategies like delaying varieties should be planted as a preference. sowing, lowering seeding rates, the use of Care must be taken when growing rust appropriate rotations and avoiding sowing Blanchefleur susceptible varieties, for while it is usually adjacent to paddocks containing vetch, Prior to the release of Morava, not economically viable to use fungicides bean and lentil stubble is important to Blanchefleur had been the preferred grain for rust on vetch, hay or silage made maximise growth and yield. variety in areas above 350mm rainfall in from rust infected plants must not be fed Grain from Morava and Rasina can be SA. Blanchefleur has mid maturity, white to pregnant livestock as it may induce used without limit to feed all ruminants flowers and reddish brown/mottled seed abortions. and up to 25% in the diet of pigs. with orange cotyledons. It is susceptible Botrytis grey mould (BGM) has not been to rust and ascochyta. Blanchefleur is well a major problem in vetch crops over the Selection criteria suited to medium to high rainfall areas past few seasons, but it can be a problem where rust is not a regular problem. Both Table 3 contains information on the most when high amounts of vegetative growth vetch and lentils are on the prescribed have been produced and long cool growing important selection criteria, grain yield, grain list of AQIS due to the vetch-lentil seasons have occurred. Vetch should disease resistance, maturity, shattering substitution issue, this has meant export not be sown adjacent to the previous resistance and hard seed percentage markets of orange cotyledon varieties like season’s lentil or bean crops particularly for each variety. When selecting a vetch if it was infected with BGM. There is little variety growers also need to consider their Blanchefleur are limited to small bird seed difference between vetch varieties in their individual farm and paddock situation and markets in Europe and seed for grazing resistance to BGM; however varieties like most importantly the end use targeting for and green manure crops only.

37 Phone (08) 8445 1111

Cummins Table 3. Variety characteristics of selected vetch varieties. Cummins is a mid to early maturing, Variety Maturity Yield potential Flower Shattering Hard Disease reaction white flowering variety selected from colour resistance seed % Languedoc. It is well adapted to medium Grain Hay Botrytis Rust Ascochyta to low rainfall areas where it generally Blanchefleur Mid High Mod White MS Low S S MS yields higher than Blanchefleur. Cummins Cummins Early–mid High Mod White MS Low–mod S S S is susceptible to rust and ascochyta. Languedoc Early High Mod Purple MS Low–mod S VS S Languedoc MoravaA Late High High Purple MR Nil VS R MR Languedoc is an early flowering and RasinaA Early High Mod Purple MR Low S R R maturing variety recommended for low Vicia villosa Subsp. banghalensis rainfall areas although its can lodge Popany Very late Low High Purple S Moderate VS R S severely making harvest difficult under Vicia villosa certain conditions. Languedoc generally Haymaker Late Low Very high Purple MS High VS R S exceeds Blanchefleur’s grain yield in Capello Late Low High Purple MS Low-mod VS R S 350mm and less rainfall areas. Its hard seed content is generally around 5-10% Mod = moderate, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible and it is susceptible to rust and ascochyta Table 4. Grain yields of vetch varieties at SA vetch breeding sites expressed as a percentage of Blanchefleur yield Morava A (SARDI data, 2005). Morava is a rust resistant late flowering Variety Blyth Kingsford Lameroo Peake vetch variety with 100% soft seeds. Grain Yield % BF Yield % BF Yield % BF Yield % BF yield is superior to other vetches in the Blanchefleur 3.00 100 3.17 100 3.40 100 2.47 100 high rainfall areas and to Blanchefleur, Cummins 2.63 88 3.41 108 2.71 80 2.03 82 Languedoc and Cummins in all other areas Languedoc 1.97 66 3.78 119 2.56 75 1.69 69 in the presence of rust. It is larger seeded MoravaA 3.18 106 3.15 99 3.02 89 2.33 95 and more resistant to shattering than other RasinaA 3.47 116 3.06 97 4.61 136 3.40 138 vetch varieties. The anti nutritional factor (BCN) levels are lower than Blanchefleur Mean 2.85 3.32 3.26 2.39 and Languedoc. Morava produces higher Table 5. Dry matter yields of vetch varieties at SA vetch breeding sites expressed as a percentage of Blanchefleur herbage yields than all other common yield (SARDI data, 2005). vetch varieties. Morava is later flowering Blyth Charlick Kingsford and maturing than Blanchefleur and grain Variety DM yield % BF DM yield % BF DM yield % BF yield will be reduced in environments with dry finishes. Morava is moderately Blanchefleur 4.52 100 6.04 100 6.72 100 A resistant to ascochyta. Morava 5.02 111 6.56 109 7.58 113 Popany 2.50 55 4.20 69 6.70 100 Rasina A (SA 34719) RasinaA 4.92 109 6.45 107 6.81 101 Rasina is a new soft seeded vetch from Mean 4.24 5.81 6.95 the SARDI National Vetch Breeding Program with the potential to replace common vetch varieties. But, seeds are Capelo and Haymaker are (Vicia villosa Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins smaller than seeds from common vetch subsp. Dasycarpa) Woolly Pod Vetches. for low to medium rainfall grain crops. varieties therefore the seeding rate is lower Rasina is earlier than Blanchefleur and at approximately 30-35kg/ha. Grain from Woolly pod vetches are lower in grain 10 to 15 days earlier than Morava. A this variety cannot be used to feed any yield production compared with common significant advantage over Languedoc, livestock, however grain can be used as a vetches, but are much higher in dry matter Blanchefleur and Cummins is Rasina’s bird feed in mix with other recommended resistance to rust and ascochyta. However grains. Also, this variety can be grazed only production than common vetch varieties. Rasina is not expected to replace Morava from the 10-node stage to podding time. Grain from these varieties cannot be used in higher rainfall districts or for hay It is not recommended that grazing occur production. The level of anti-nutritional to feed any livestock. Also, this variety can earlier and also once the plants begin to factor is 0.6 to 0.8 compared to 0.9 to 1.6 develop seed pods. be grazed only from the 10-node stage to in Blanchefleur and Languedoc. Rasina Popany is a late maturity variety, >125 possesses a distinctive uniform dark podding time. It is not recommended that days from seeding to podding. It is a brown speckled seed coat with dark beige grazing occur earlier and also once the good variety in mid to high rainfall areas cotyledons. Seed of Rasina can be sourced for hay/silage. Popany, possesses 15-25% plants begin to develop seed pods. These from Seedmark. hard seeds. This variety is resistant to rust two varieties are very good for hay/silage Popany (Vicia villosa subsp. banghalensis) but susceptible to ascochyta and chocolate Popany is purple vetch. Grain yield spot. Seed coat is black with distinctive production in areas >400mm of rainfall is significantly lower than yield from white hilum. annually.

38 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Pea variety sowing guide 2009

By Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI and Tony Leonforte Field Pea Breeder DPI Victoria

o new pea varieties are available lower Eyre Peninsula and in the lower not detected. Avoid planting peas in 2009 for SA growers in 2009 however and mid regions of the Mid North in SA close to infected stubbles from 2008 and None or two earlier flowering in 2008. In future Kaspa seed should be in bacterial blight prone areas Parafield ‘Kaspa’ type varieties are expected to treated with metal-axyl seed dressing, will provide a lower disease risk option be available for 2010 sowings. In the particularly in cropping regions prone than Kaspa. meantime Kaspa and Parafield continue to downy mildew. Advanced Kaspa type Kaspa has seed type which is preferred to be the predominant pea varieties grown breeding lines with resistance to the new by the major buyers in the Indian in South Australia due to a combination and old strains of downy mildew were subcontinent. Its round shape and lack of of dun seed type, broad adaptation, high identified in Pulse Breeding Australia dimples allows easier seed coat removal yields and suitability to the practice of (PBA) field pea breeding nurseries at and greater split returns. Kaspa has ‘crop topping’. Kaspa is particularly well Balaklava in 2008. The best adapted of improved market access into the Indian suited to the Mid North, Yorke Peninsula these lines will be fast tracked for release sub continent markets and has obtained and Upper South East districts due to its to growers. a premium over dimpled types like lodging and shattering resistance and Bacterial blight was present in a number Parafield in the past. A number of Kaspa superior yield. Parafield still remains a of pea crops in 2008, particularly Kaspa pea crops are becoming significantly good option for growers, particularly in crops east and north of the Clare Valley. contaminated with Parafield and other the lower rainfall areas or in areas prone Kaspa has greater susceptibility than traditional dun type varieties primarily to moisture stress during the flowering Parafield to this disease and can incur due to volunteers from hard seed reserves. and podding period as seen in many higher yield losses under severe infections. This level of contamination will affect the areas in 2006 and 2007. Parafield is also The very cold and frosty conditions in appearance and quality of the Kaspa seed considered the preferred variety in areas at July and August combined with earlier lots potentially negating advantage in risk of infection from bacterial blight, due than normal sowing dates of field peas the market place. Growers are advised to to Kaspa’s potential for greater yield loss and physical damage to the plant through source new uncontaminated seed if they to this disease. The white pea types Sturt, hail, herbicide injury, machinery wheel have significant Parafield contamination Bundi and SW Celine and the powdery marks and animal traffic (ie foxes) were in Kaspa seed lots or ‘rogue’ the area mildew resistant dun type Yarrum are now mainly responsible for the increased to be kept for seed for off-types during widely available and may provide some number of occurrences this year. Growers flowering. growers with local adaptation advantages with infected crops should either seek new The agronomic practice of early sowing over Kaspa and Parafield. disease-free seed for 2009 sowings or if of field peas was again popular in 2008. Kaspa had been the highest yielding retaining their own seed harvest this first This practice is desirable to maximise variety long term in SA, however due and from areas where bacterial blight was grain yield but can lead to high yield loss to the recent run of dry seasons it is now performing similar to a number of Table 1. Pea variety sowing guide 2009. varieties long term in this state (Table 3). Alternative varieties should be considered Seed type Rainfall zone (mm) if they provide regional advantages in Below 400 400–475 475–600 Above 600 terms of crop management or reduced Dun Parafield KaspaA KaspaA KaspaA risk of crop losses. KaspaA Parafield YarrumA* YarrumA* YarrumA* Parafield Parafield Issues for 2009 MorganA** MorganA** Kaspa’s resistance to downy mildew White SturtA SturtA SturtA SturtA has been overcome by a new strain of BundiA BundiA BundiA BundiA the disease in some regions of southern A A A Australia. This new ‘Kaspa strain’ is SW Celine SW Celine SW Celine virulent on both Kaspa and Parafield and A A A A also other commercial varieties. High Blue Excell Excell Excell Excell levels of downy mildew were found in * Preferred variety only if powdery mildew is a regular severe problem Kaspa crops across the Yorke Peninsula, ** Green manure/forage option

39 Phone (08) 8445 1111

through black spot infections in some potentially providing some relief for pea easier seed coat removal and greater split situations. Furthermore it may reduce the growers in regions prone to bacterial returns. opportunity to achieve an effective weed blight infections. KaspaA control before sowing and/or increase the risk of frost damage and bacterial blight. Selection criteria Kaspa is semi-leafless, late flowering, However if dry or early sowing is to be resistant to shattering and has good early practiced all other management strategies The list of suggested varieties is shown season vigour and moderate resistance to to reduce disease risk must be employed. in Table 1 and is based on performance lodging. Kaspa is susceptible to powdery For the medium and high rainfall areas within different rainfall zones. Information mildew and black spot and now also to it is strongly recommended to delay on the most important selection criteria, downy mildew as its resistance has been sowing peas regardless of variety until grain yield, disease resistance, maturity, broken down in southern Australia. the peak black spot spore release period standing ability, weed competitiveness, Kaspa generally starts flowering a has occurred due to the higher risk of shattering resistance and seed type/quality week later than Parafield but time to increased disease epidemics. Predictions for each variety can be found in Tables maturity is similar or slightly earlier of blackspot spore release times in each 2–3. When selecting a variety, farmers than Parafield, and therefore can be pea growing district can be obtained also need to consider their individual successfully crop topped like Parafield. via the internet through the disease farm and paddock situation, the access The seed of Kaspa is distinct from other forecasting model ‘Blackspot Manager’ and availability of the likely target markets dun types in that it is red brown in (www.agric.wa.gov.au/cropdiseases). and storage and handling facilities and colour and almost spherical in shape. make their selection on all the available Kaspa is very high yielding in many New PBA field pea varieties information. areas of southern Australia, however it Due to white peas not being accepted in needs to be considered carefully before OZP0602 and OZP0601 from PBA Field the bulk dun segregation growers need to use as an option in low rainfall areas Peas are ‘Kaspa’ types with earlier and also consider the different quality types or areas prone to early periods of high longer flowering periods and greater within peas (Table 1) and where they can temperature and drought stress. This is yield in dryer seasons than Kaspa. be delivered. due to its late and condensed flowering OZP0602 was higher yielding than Kaspa pattern. Kaspa also should be considered at 12 of the 14 NVT and PBA evaluation Notes on selected varieties carefully in areas prone to frequent sites in SA in 2007 and at 8 of these sites severe vegetative frosts due to potential it was higher yielding by more than 15%. for yield loss to bacterial blight. Kaspa is OZP0601 also has improved yield stability Dun Types under contract to AWB Seeds Pty Ltd. over Kaspa in low rainfall areas. These lines are currently under multiplication Dun peas are segregated from white Parafield with a view to releasing them in 2010 and blue peas due to the different quality Parafield continues to be a high yielding through the AWB Seeds. OZP0703 is a markets they are aimed at. Some pea option for all areas of South Australia. high yielding early flowering dun variety markets in India and Sri Lanka prefer Parafield is susceptible to downy and with greater tolerance to bacterial blight Australian dun peas due to their distinct powdery mildew and black spot. Parafield than all current commercial pea varieties. ‘nutty’ taste. Kaspa is also preferred over due to its mid maturity timing is generally This line is also under seed multiplication Parafield in these markets due to its well suited to crop toping situations. and may be released for 2011 sowings round shape and lack of dimples allowing Parafield remains a good option in

Table 2. Variety characteristics of selected pea varieties.

Variety Seed Seed Leaf Flower Plant Flowering Maturity Downy mildew Black Powdery Bacterial Shattering Weed Lodging type size form colour height time time spot mildew blight competit- resistance at (pv syringae) iveness maturity Parafield Kaspa strain strain# Alma Dun Me C P T M/L L S - S S - MR Average Poor BundiA White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E R MS S S S R Average# Fair-Good Dundale Dun Me C P T E M S - S S - MR Average Poor DunwaA Dun Me-Lg C P T M M S - S S MR-MS MR Average Poor ExcellA Blue Me SL W Me-T E E-M MR MS-MR S S S MS-S Average Good KaspaA Dun Me SL Pi Me-T L M MR S S S S R Good Fair-Good MorganA Dun Sm SL P T L L R - S S MR MR Excellent Fair Parafield Dun Me-Lg C P T M M S S S S MR-MS MR Average Poor SturtA White Me-Sm C W T M M MS S-MS S S MR-MS MR Average Poor SW CelineA White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E MS-MR - S S S MS Average Good YarrumA Dun Me SL P Me-Sh L M S S S R MR-MS MR Average-poor Fair

# based on limited observations Sm = small, Me = medium, Lg = large, C = conventional, SL = semi-leafless, P = purple, W = white, Pi = pink, T = tall, Sh = short, E = early, M = mid, L= late, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant

40 Phone (08) 8445 1111

medium to low rainfall areas where it these markets may only be small. Small emergent applications of metribuzin on often out yields Kaspa in drier years. It is seeded white peas are likely to only suit alkaline soils in SA. Sturt is licensed to also the preferred dun variety in situations domestic stock feed markets. Growers are Premier Seeds. where bacterial blight is considered a risk. advised to secure markets before deciding SW CelineA Parafield has been found to be susceptible to grow these pea types. SW Celine is a introduced white pea from to immature pod splitting, mainly in low BundiA overseas and is initially being targeted in rainfall areas when late season rainfall Bundi is a medium to large seeded, occurs prior to the pods drying down. the eastern states due to its white seed white type pea with improved standing Parafield is no longer covered by PBR. type. SW Celine has had limited yield ability primarily for the low rainfall areas evaluation in many areas but appears A Yarrum of southern Australia. It is a sister line to high yielding particularly in short season Yarrum is a high yielding, powdery Kaspa with resistance to pod shattering environments. It is an early flowering mildew resistant dun type released and is earlier flowering and maturing than and maturing semi leafless plant type specifically for the northern areas of Kaspa. It has been the highest yielding susceptible to downy and powdery Australia. AGT (SunPrime Seeds) have variety in many areas of southern Australia mildew, black spot and bacterial blight. the licence for seed sales. Yarrum is a semi in dry years and environments and is seen Seed is available through Crop Care Seed leafless, short variety which flowers late as a Kaspa replacement in the drier areas, Technologies. in southern Australia (early in northern providing a suitable market is found for Australia) but matures quickly and similar its grain. Its early maturity means it is well Blue Types (Green Cotyledons) to Kaspa. It is susceptible to downy mildew suited to crop topping. Bundi appears to and black spot but is the only current have moderate but variable resistance to Some blue pea varieties are for specific variety with resistance to pea seed borne the new ‘Kaspa’ downy mildew strain in premium value markets which are usually mosaic virus. Yarrum is best adapted to SA. Bundi is licensed to Premier Seeds. only small. Quality is paramount in these the subtropical cropping region of north markets used predominantly for canning SturtA eastern Australia. Yarrum has yielded and snack food. Important parameters Sturt is a conventional leaf type, small higher than Kaspa in some years but include damage by insects, bleaching of seeded white pea similar to Parafield in can be variable over seasons in southern seed coat and consistency of seed colour. Australia. It may have a role in higher height, lodging resistance and disease ExcellA rainfall regions where it is higher yielding susceptibility. Flowering and maturity than Kaspa in trials and situations where time of Sturt is similar but generally Excell is an early maturing, semi- powdery mildew regularly reduces yields. slightly earlier than Parafield. Sturt is a leafless blue pea licensed with exceptional high yielding variety in southern Australia standing ability allowing it to remain White Types and appears broadly adapted and is upright through to harvest under similar in disease resistance to Parafield. favourable conditions. Excell’s seed is White peas cannot be delivered to bulk It consistently yields higher than all other prone to bleaching often leading to an export markets with dun peas. Some high varieties in trials affected by reproductive inconsistency in seed oat colour hence quality specialised white peas may fit into frosts, indicating some level of tolerance timely harvest is critical if targeting specific premium value markets for split to this stress. Sturt is more sensitive than premium markets. Excell is susceptible to peas. Higher prices may be achieved if Kaspa and Parafield to label rates of powdery mildew, black spot and bacterial supplying specific niche markets, but both post sowing pre-emergent and post blight.

Table 3. Predicted yield of selected pea varieties in SA grouped by annual rainfall, expressed as a percentage of Kaspa’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data 2000–2007**, with number of observations in italics).

Variety <350 mm 350–425 mm 425–500 mm >500 mm All zones BundiA 101 22 98 18 97 9 96 6 100 24 ExcellA 86 15 85 19 85 16 85 11 85 61 KaspaA 100 27 100 27 100 19 100 15 100 88 MorganA NA NA NA NA 84 18 Parafield 95 27 94 27 96 19 94 15 94 88 SturtA 102 27 98 24 97 17 96 12 98 80 SW CelineA 98 10 99 6 100 6 100* 2 100 24 YarrumA 101 22 103 17 104 8 105 6 104 53 Kaspa’s yield (t/ha) 1.39 27 2.19 27 3.43 19 3.86 15 2.5 88

* indicates limited data, treat with caution. ** 2003 data not included in long-term analysis due to variability in variety performance due to variable varietal emergence.

41 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Faba bean variety sowing guide 2009

By Jim Egan and Joanne Crouch, SARDI, Port Lincoln; Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia, Naracoorte; and Jeff Paull, University of Adelaide

ariety selection in faba beans for Product that does not meet export current faba bean varieties have similar the major SA bean production human food standard or is surplus to susceptibility to Cercospora, but a resistant Vregions basically comes down to demand is consumed domestically in line is in advanced testing for potential a choice between Nura and Farah. Yield stockfeed rations, often at lower prices. release in the next few years. potential of these two varieties is generally Sound beans are also finding a place in similar across districts, and both produce many integrated cropping and grazing Other management issues highly marketable seed. enterprises as a means of finishing lambs Severe stem “necking” occurred in Disease management is easier in Nura, on farm. There can often be strong grazier a number of faba bean crops in 2008, which has better chocolate spot and rust demand for feed beans in dry conditions. following strong winds in September. resistance than Farah. On the downside, Several factors are implicated, including Nura is about a week later flowering than Varieties and disease management moisture stress and differences in varietal Farah, is more sensitive to high rates of Nura in particular, and Farah to a susceptibility. Some worst affected crops, Spinnaker® than Farah, and not as tall lesser extent, allow growers to be more particularly those showing poor pod set, growing under some conditions, including reactive to chocolate spot than previously, have been cut for hay. later sowing. Nura’s shorter height can by monitoring Ascochyta levels in high cause harvest difficulties and grain loss in risk situations, and protecting against Pollination low rainfall districts and seasons. chocolate spot should seasonal conditions Bean growers need to be more aware of For broad bean production in very high dictate. With Fiesta, growers must the benefits of pollination by native bees, rainfall / long growing season districts such maintain Ascochyta disease control until other insects or introduced bees. Recent as the Lower South East of SA, Aquadulce after flowering is finished to ensure seed research in SA has identified that huge is the variety of choice. A small quantity of staining is not an issue. Crops with dense yield gains are possible using properly commercial seed of a replacement variety canopies are more prone to chocolate spot managed hives for pollination in pulse for Aquadulce (tested as Gilb/57/6-1) in warm and prolonged wet conditions, crops, particularly beans. To successfully should be available in 2009. and growers should not be complacent implement commercial pollination of after dry conditions. Variety management pulses, apiarists must: manage the hives Varieties and market preferences packages (VMP) for Farah and Nura as ‘pollinators’ not honey producers; beans and more detailed information The Middle East human consumption place their hives throughout the crop; on disease management in faba beans and remove the bees when insecticide or market prefers Australian faba beans, can be accessed from the Pulse Australia fungicide etc is applied. Growers must: ahead of competition from France and website, at www.pulseaus.com.au/crops/ the UK. To access the export human food put up with bee hives through their faba_beans/ . crop; see a yield benefit to pay for the markets, the Australian product must be Cercospora leaf spot continues to be of high quality, including freedom from pollination service; consider chemical use more widely reported in faba beans. and timing wisely and adopt integrated mechanical damage, weathering, disease Caused by infection with the fungus staining and storage problems. Old crop pest management (IPM), to protect bees Cercospora zonata, this disease is soil and native pollinators. beans darken with storage and age and borne and so occurs in paddocks with a become unsuitable for the export market bean history, particularly if close in the Harvest and seed quality after about 9 months. rotation (less than 4-6 years). Correct Our varieties Farah, Nura and Fiesta, identification is essential to distinguish it Physical damage of bean seed has been are well accepted, and the market signals from Ascochyta leaf spot, chocolate spot a major problem in recent years, and are that the small faba beans like the old or herbicide spot damage, all of which can needs to be better managed. Budworm Fiord and Ascot varieties are no longer show similar plant symptoms. Incorrect damage and Ascochyta staining are wanted in the Middle East. Co-mingling diagnosis can lead to inappropriate or important seed defects, and monitoring of these smaller seeded varieties with unwarranted fungicide use. Early control and early control of these problems is the now accepted Fiesta /Farah size will with carbendazim or tebuconazole (under critical to achieving high quality seed. downgrade the overall quality. current permit) has worked well. All Harvest at the higher moisture contents

42 Phone (08) 8445 1111

(12-14%) and handle the beans carefully was also much smaller than local varieties, staining. Manafest is able to tolerate when shifting them. Growers should be and only slightly larger than the small- soil conditions which lead to iron and wary of bunkers/silo bags that might allow seeded Fiord. manganese deficiency in other faba bean A moisture to enter storage to cause mouldy Farah is a direct selection from Fiesta, varieties. It has excellent early vigour and grain and possible rejection. licensed to PlantTech Pty Ltd with an very early branching, but is later flowering End Point Royalty. It is identical in most than Farah and Nura. Seed is larger Notes on faba bean varieties respects to Fiesta, except for its moderate than Farah, and light brown in colour. A resistance to ascochyta seed staining Manafest back-cross line with improved Nura A is a medium-sized faba bean with and more uniform seed size and colour. Ascochyta resistance is in NVT trials in moderate resistance to Ascochyta blight Although the risk of suffering Ascochyta 2008 and is expected to be released for and rust, and intermediate resistance seed staining is reduced with Farah, the commercial sowings in 2010. This line (MR-MS) to chocolate spot (better than risk is still present if Ascochyta is not might again create an opportunity in Farah). All three resistance levels are properly managed. Farah’s yields are the South East of SA to develop specific better than Fiesta. It is susceptible to slightly higher than Fiesta in most areas markets to exploit its medium sized, Cercospora leaf spot, similar to Farah of southern Australia, but its major light coloured seed, which may attract a and Fiesta. Nura is generally shorter in advantage is the increased likelihood of premium. height than Fiesta and Farah, making it achieving market standards for freedom less likely to lodge but more difficult to from seed staining. harvest in lower rainfall districts or with Cairo A is derived from a selection made Broad bean varieties late sowing. Nura’s long-term yields are from an open-pollinated population of a Aquadulce is a tall, late flowering and similar to Farah, however highest relative faba bean accession in northern NSW. It maturing broad bean variety, suited yields are achieved when sown early. It is equally as susceptible to chocolate spot to areas with at least 500 mm average has good seed appearance, light buff in as Fiord, and its Ascochyta susceptibility is annual rainfall, such as the Lower South colour, with minimal seed staining and worse than Fiord, hence it is not favoured East of SA. It is considered moderately discolouration. Nura flowers about 7 days in SA. ABB Grain holds the commercial susceptible to chocolate spot because it later than Farah, but matures about the licence, and an End Point Royalty applies. can succumb under high disease pressure. same time. Its major advantage to growers Cairo is recommended for northern It is more tolerant of waterlogging is a likely reduction in fungicide sprays, NSW /southern Queensland, where it than Fiord, it nodulates better and is with Ascochyta blight and rust protection has outyielded their current varieties. more tolerant of iron and manganese only required in high risk situations. Seed Particular advantages there are its grain deficiencies. Aquadulce’s large seed size is available from AWB Seeds and an End quality, its resistance to stem collapse Point Royalty applies. from frost and its good rust resistance. makes it a specialty bean with different Doza A is a small to medium sized Fiesta is early to mid flowering. It has marketing opportunities to faba beans. faba bean released for the subtropical buff coloured seed, larger than Fiord. It commands a price premium over faba environments of northern NSW and Fiesta has good seedling vigour, medium beans, depending on seed size. southern Queensland. Doza has superior height and does not lodge readily. It is A line selected from Aquadulce, rust resistance to all current varieties, classed as susceptible to chocolate spot Gilb/57/6-1, is expected to be available reasonable resistance to chocolate spot, because it does respond to fungicide use, in limited quantities for commercial but it is susceptible to Ascochyta blight but is less susceptible than Fiord. Fiesta sowings in 2009. Gilb/57/6-1 has similar and therefore not likely to have a role is more susceptible to Ascochyta than adaptation to Aquadulce, but its seed is in southern Australia. Its combination Farah and Nura and a proactive disease larger and more uniform in size, with of early flowering, high yield, disease management strategy is recommended to no “evergreens”. It has significantly resistance, uniformity of seed size and ensure market standards for clean seed improved resistance to Ascochyta blight color is a significant improvement over are met. Fiesta is no longer protected by (MR-R), better rust resistance (MR) and is current varieties recommended for the PBR, and no End Point Royalty applies. slightly less susceptible to chocolate spot. sub-tropical northern region. Doza has Manafest is a medium sized faba bean The yield of Gilb/57/6-1 has been similar good resistance to stem collapse from released without PBR for high rainfall to, or slightly greater than, Aquadulce in frost, an important trait in its target areas. Manafest has reasonable resistance trials in the South East over the past 7 environment. It is being commercialised to chocolate spot and rust, but its major years. by ABB Seeds, with an End Point Royalty. weakness is its susceptibility to Ascochyta. In its first year of testing in SA NVT and It is no longer widely grown because of Acknowledgement breeding trials in 2007, Doza’s yields were difficulties in controlling Ascochyta from well behind the local standards Nura, very early in the season and continuing Rohan Kimber, Pulse Pathologist, SARDI, Farah and Fiesta. Seed size in the SA trials through to late season to avoid seed for provision of disease information.

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Table 1. Faba bean variety sowing guide 2009.

Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) Low (<375 mm) Medium (375–500 mm) High (>500 mm) FarahA NuraA NuraA Fiesta* FarahA FarahA NuraA Fiesta*

* Fiesta needs a higher level of disease monitoring and protection in most years.

Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of faba bean varieties. (National disease ratings as supplied by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA)).

Variety Maturity Seed colour Seed size Height Ascochyta Chocolate spot Rust (g/100) blight Aquadulce Late Light brown to brown 100–160 tall MS MS MS Ascot Early Light brown to brown 35–55 short R VS S CairoA Early Light brown to brown 55–75 medium–tall VS VS MR-R DozaA Early Buff 35-55 medium VS S R FarahA Early–Mid Light brown to brown 55–75 medium MR-R S S Fiesta Early–Mid Light brown to brown 55–75 medium MS-MR S S Fiord Early Light brown to brown 35–55 short MS VS S Manafest Mid Light brown 88–100 medium VS MS MS NuraA Early–Mid Light buff 50–70 short MR-R MS-MR MR

R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptible All common varieties (Nura, Farah, Fiesta and Fiord) are rated as Susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot.

Table 3. Predicted yield of faba bean varieties in SA by rainfall zones, as % Farah (SAFCEP, NVT and breeder’s data, 2000-2007). Number of observations in italics.

Variety Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) State-wide average Low (<375 mm) Medium (375–500 mm) High (>500 mm) CairoA 96 13 95 22 95 9 95 44 DozaA 91 1 90 7 91 2 91 10 FarahA 100 21 100 33 100 17 100 71 Fiesta 99 21 98 41 99 24 99 86 Fiord 94 21 93 41 90 20 92 82 Manafest 87 19 85 37 89 24 87 80 NuraA 98 21 97 40 96 22 97 83 Farah’s yield (t/ha) 1.57 2.87 2.73 2.39

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44 Phone (08) 8445 1111 Lentil variety sowing guide 2009

By Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI, Michael Materne, Senior Pulse Breeder, DPI Victoria and Matt Dare Research Officer SARDI

he wide spread availability of the disease resistance over Matilda. Seed ascochyta blight), agronomic adaptation dual disease resistant red lentil quality is very important in marketing and marketability. Growers can spread Tvariety Nipper and the large green lentils and it is critical that seed is their disease, yield and marketing risks by seeded green lentil variety Boomer produced with freedom from any disease growing more than one variety, providing provides SA lentil growers with increased or environmental seed staining. Boomer the varieties chosen differ in their disease opportunities to spread their disease, will provide SA growers with an alternative and marketing characteristics. Variety agronomic and marketing risks in 2009. to red lentils when the price for green purity is very important in lentils and there is a restriction of 1% for lentils Nipper is the first Australian lentil lentils is higher. not of the specified variety at delivery variety with resistance to both ascochyta Role of Boomer in the farming system points. This is of particular concern blight and botrytis grey mould (BGM). ‡ Boomer provides a high yielding when growing varieties with different Role of Nipper in the farming system green lentil option for growers in all seed coat colours (Table 2). Be aware of the ‡ Nipper provides a low BGM and traditional red lentil areas of South potential for contamination from hard seed and ascochyta blight risk variety for growers Australia. volunteer lentils in paddocks when changing in traditional lentil areas of south- ‡ Grain yield and disease resistance to new varieties with different seed coat colours eastern Australia. characteristics are similar to Nugget. ie Northfield to Nipper. ‡ Good disease resistance will potentially ‡ Boomer, like Nugget, is taller and Price differences can occur between reduce the need for fungicides and earlier flowering than Nipper and varieties across seasons. Northfield, and therefore costs. Northfield, and more suited to low to a lesser extent Aldinga have achieved a ‡ Nipper, due to its small plant type and rainfall areas, or drought years and price premium over other varieties in some improved disease resistance, will be a late sowing in more favourable areas. years, however this will not always occur. safer option than all other varieties for ‡ Boomer has large seed size allowing Growers need to produce a high quality earlier sowing dates. the successful cleaning of small weed product to secure markets and achieve the ‡ Nipper has many characteristics that seeds from the harvested sample highest prices. On farm storage can assist are similar to Northfield. It is expected ‡ Relative prices and market availability in attaining the highest price for grain to replace Northfield in all areas and for red and green lentils are important in some seasons and allow lentils with provide a disease resistant small seeded considerations in the decision to grow poor quality issues or contaminants to alternative to Nugget in medium Boomer. be stored until appropriate cleaning and and higher rainfall lentil growing marketing can occur. Timely harvesting is To spread risks when growing lentil areas, dependent upon marketing recommended in lentils to minimise seed preferences. varieties growers need to continue to take discolouration and damage and also to ‡ Because it is shorter in plant height and into account differences between varieties reduce the risk of yield loss from strong later flowering than Nugget, Nipper in their yield, disease resistance (BGM and wind events on the ripe crop. is less suited to low rainfall areas, or drought years and late sowing in more favourable areas. Table 1. Lentil variety sowing guide 2009. Boomer is the first Australian bred green lentil variety. Green lentils have Rainfall zones (mm) yellow cotyledons and are generally Below 400 400–450 450–500 Above 500 consumed whole with the seed coat still Red seed type Nugget NipperA NipperA NipperA in tact. Traditionally Australia has been NipperA# Nugget Nugget Nugget uncompetitive in the world’s medium Aldinga Northfield* Northfield* and large seeded green lentil markets as Northfield* Aldinga Aldinga A A A A our only variety, Matilda, has had inferior Green seed type Boomer Boomer Boomer Boomer seed size and seed quality to overseas Tiara^ varieties. Boomer has seed size larger # = not well suited to low rainfall areas or dry seasonal conditions due to low biomass type, must be sown early in these situations than Matilda and suitable for these world * = susceptible to botrytis grey mould, not preferred type in areas or seasons prone to this disease markets. Additionally it has improved ^ = spring sowing type

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Selection criteria of growth making it prone to lodging improved salinity tolerance and similar under favourable growing conditions. levels of boron tolerance to current Information on the most important In less favourable growing conditions its varieties. Due to its improved disease selection criteria, grain yield, disease improved vigour and plant height can be resistance it is expected that only one resistance, maturity, standing ability, an advantage. It has improved resistance fungicide application at canopy closure shattering and seed type/quality for each to ascochyta blight and BGM compared will be required to effectively control BGM variety can be found in Tables 2–3. When to Matilda. Boomer will be best adapted in most situations. Nipper is licensed to selecting a variety growers also need to medium rainfall areas of southern AWB Seeds. to consider their individual farm and Australia with mild finishing conditions Northfield paddock situation and the access and to ensure that the large seeds can fully availability of the likely target markets and Northfield is more susceptible to BGM form. Ascochyta blight must be managed than all other varieties but along with to make their selection on all available during podding to avoid disease blemish information. Nipper is the only variety with seed on the seed coat. Early sowing may resistance to ascochyta blight which increase the risk of seed blemish from Notes on selected varieties reduces disease blemish on the seed. The ascochyta blight in Boomer. Boomer is use of management practices to minimise Aldinga moderately susceptible to shattering at BGM infection in crops of Northfield Aldinga is a mid season variety maturity. Delayed harvest under some is essential when growing this variety. moderately resistant to foliar ascochyta conditions can result in shattering and Northfield has small round tan coloured blight but more susceptible to botrytis downgrading of seed quality. Boomer is seed which has attracted a market grey mould (BGM) than all varieties apart licensed to AWB Seeds. premium over other varieties in the past. from Northfield. Aldinga has been found NipperA Northfield is no longer covered by PBR. to be more prone to lodging and more Nipper is the first Australian bred lentil sensitive to waterlogging than most other Nugget variety with dual resistance to ascochyta varieties. Aldinga has larger seed size than Nugget has a similar flowering pattern blight and BGM. This unique combination all other red lentil varieties that can be an to Digger, flowering slightly longer of disease resistance will make it a low cost, advantage if small broadleaf weed seeds than Aldinga and Northfield. Nugget is low disease risk option in disease prone need to be graded out of the sample. moderately resistant to foliar infections of areas. Nipper has a seed size similar to Aldinga is still suited to most areas of SA ascochyta blight and moderately resistant Northfield although it is grey in colour. providing BGM management strategies to moderately susceptible to seed infection Nipper, like Northfield, flowers later are implemented. by ascochyta blight. It is moderately than Nugget but often matures slightly resistant to BGM but under favourable A Boomer earlier than Nugget. Long term yields conditions Nugget will produce higher Boomer is a large seeded high yielding in southern Australia show that Nipper biomass levels than all other varieties green lentil released as Australia’s first generally yields greater than Northfield (except Boomer) making it slightly more adapted green variety for all lentil growing and similarly to Nugget. However, it has prone to this disease in these situations. areas. It has superior seed size to Matilda been lower yielding than Nugget in short Nugget is often more upright at maturity (approximately 30% larger) making it season environments or situations where it than other varieties which can make it more competitive with overseas varieties on produces less growth. Conversely, Nipper more prone to pod drop at maturity export markets. Boomer has a large plant has been the highest yielding variety in than types that lodge. Nugget has been type and can produce prolific amounts all trials affected by BGM. Nipper has the highest yielding variety long term in

Table 2. Variety characteristics of selected lentil varieties.

Variety Seed coat Seed size Vigour Flowering Maturity Lodging Pod drop Shattering Botrytis Ascochyta blight Boron Salt colour time time resistance grey mould Foliage Seed Red lentils Aldinga Green Medium-Large Moderate Mid Mid S MR MR MS MR MS I I Cassab Grey Medium Moderate Mid Mid-Late MS MR MR MR MR MS I I Digger Grey Medium Moderate Mid Mid-Late MS MR MR MR MR MS I I NipperA Grey Small Poor-Mod Mid-Late Mid MR MR MR R R R I MT Northfield Tan Small Poor-Mod Mid-Late Mid MS MR MR S R R I I Nugget Grey Medium Moderate Mid Mid-Late MS/MR MR MR MR MR MS-MR I I Green lentils BoomerA Green Large Good Early-Mid Mid-Late MS MR MS MR MR MS I I Matilda Green Medium-Large Moderate Mid Mid MR MR MR MS MR S I I Tiara Green Very large Good Very-late Very late MS MR - - S S - -

R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, I = intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant

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Table 3. Predicted yields of selected lentil varieties in SA grouped by annual rainfall expressed as a percentage of Nugget’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2000–2007, with number of observations in italics).

Variety <350 mm 350–425 mm 425–500 mm >500 mm All zones Aldinga 95 18 94 20 95 21 93 16 94 75 BoomerA 104 11 104 9 104 8 104* 4 104 32 Cassab 96 9 96 13 95 14 94 12 95 48 Digger 96 12 96 18 96 18 96 16 96 64 NipperA 98 18 98 18 98 13 97 8 98 57 Northfield 90 18 91 21 91 21 90 16 90 76 Nugget 100 18 100 21 100 21 100 16 100 76 Nugget’s yield (t/ha) 1.26 18 1.71 21 2.32 21 2.49 16 1.93 76

* indicates limited data, treat with caution

SA, however has had lower yields than autumn or early winter. Tiara is tall and to stabilise and expand lentil production Nipper in trials affected by BGM and has excellent early vigour and very large in southern Australia. All varieties are than Boomer in years characterised by seed size suitable for the large green lentil high yielding and have improvements dry seasons. It remains a good option markets. It is susceptible to ascochyta over Nugget in one or more areas such for SA particularly in the lower rainfall blight and available through AWB Seeds as tolerance to boron and salt, resistance lentil growing regions or in years with subject to seed supply. to BGM and ascochyta blight, earlier late season breaks. Nugget is licensed to maturity, more erect plant type, and high PlantTech and currently under contract Future lentil varieties seed quality. They also provide variations to a number of different marketers. in flowering and maturity length and CIPAL411, CIPAL415, CIPAL501, timing compared with Nugget. CIPAL411 Tiara CIPAL502, CIPAL605, CIPAL610 and and CIPAL610 are earlier maturing Tiarra was introduced into Tasmania CIPAL611 are advanced breeding red varieties with improved adaptation to from East Germany. It is a very late lentil lines from PBA Lentils currently short season environments and the maturing green lentil that is suited to high undergoing seed multiplication with PB agronomic practice of crop topping. rainfall cool climate areas of Australia Seeds (Horsham), the seed partner for CIPAL501 is a sister line to Boomer with where spring sowing of crops is practiced. PBA Lentils. A number of these lines will good levels of resistance to seed and With spring sowing it has yielded higher be released in 2010 and 2011 depending foliar ascochyta blight and botrytis grey than all current lentil varieties but upon their performance over the next two mould and is broadly adapted in southern has been lower yielding when sown in years. Once available these lines will help Australia with consistent high yields.
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