Misión Arqueológica En El Valle De Mieso (Sur De Afar, Etiopía) Campaña De 2011

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Misión Arqueológica En El Valle De Mieso (Sur De Afar, Etiopía) Campaña De 2011 Misión arqueológica en el valle de Mieso (Sur de Afar, Etiopía) Campaña de 2011 Ignacio de la Torre Institute of Archaeology, University College London Alfonso Benito-Calvo Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH) Jorge Martínez-Moreno Facultad de Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Rafael Mora Facultad de Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Adrián Arroyo Institute of Archaeology, University College London 83 Resumen Palabras clave El valle de Mieso, en el centro-este de Etiopía, es África, Etiopía, Achelense, Early Stone Age, Later Stone una nueva secuencia arqueológica del Pleistoceno Age. Medio y Superior descubierta recientemente y actual- mente en proceso de estudio. El descubrimiento de material achelense y fósiles del Pleistoceno Medio ha Abstract sido complementado con la documentación de una secuencia de Pleistoceno Superior con numerosos The Mieso valley, in the centre-east of Ethiopia, is a artefactos líticos, restos óseos y estructuras de com- new Middle and Upper Pleistocene sequence recently bustión. Este informe presenta los últimos trabajos de discovered and currently under investigation. Disco- prospección y excavación durante 2011 en los yaci- very of Acheulean artefacts and Middle Pleistocene mientos documentados en el valle de Mieso, que es- fossils is complemented with the documentation of tán aportado información valiosa sobre un área poco a rich Upper Pleistocene sequence bearing abundant conocida del valle del Rift en África oriental. artefacts, bone remains and hearths. This paper re- Informes y trabajos 7 ports the surveys and excavations conducted in 2011 Hacia las partes altas del altiplano se localizan las ro- at the Mieso valley, which are yielding relevant data cas mesozoicas y el zócalo metamórfico (gneises y from an area of the East African Rift valley that was migmatitas) (GSE, 1973; Beyene y Abdelsalam, 2005). poorly known until now. Los estudios estratigráficos de los depósitos cuaterna- rios se han centrado en las siguientes zonas (fig. 1): Keywords – Zona 1 (Z1). Zona del Puente de Mieso. Esta zona se localiza en la zona de confluencia entre Africa, Ethiopia, Acheulean, Early Stone Age, Later los ríos Mieso y Yabdo, en torno al puente que Stone Age. atraviesa ambos ríos para acceder a la localidad de Mieso, desde Asbe Tefari. – Zona 2 (Z2). Zona del valle medio-bajo del río Introducción Mieso, donde se desarrolla una zona de cárcavas en la margen izquierda del valle de Mieso (po- Gracias a la subvención concedida por la Dirección blación de Gorbo). General de Bellas Artes y a los permisos expedidos – Zona 7 (Z7). Tramo medio-bajo del valle del por la Authority for Research and Conservation of Yabdo. Cultural Heritage, en enero-febrero de 2011 se han llevado cabo nuevas prospecciones y excavaciones En el conjunto de estas tres zonas se han levan- en el valle de Mieso, en el centro-este de Etiopía. Los tado diversas columnas estratigráficas alrededor de trabajos se han centrado en el valle del río Mieso y las áreas con yacimientos arqueológicos. A partir de sus afluentes, zona que incluye las poblaciones de dichas columnas se han propuesto diversas unidades Mieso, Boke, Chiro, Darolebu, Doba, Guba Koricha, estratigráficas, que corresponden a la Unidad I (Ui se- Habro, Kuni, Mesela, Tulo. gún de la Torre et al., 2011), y a la Unidad II (Us según 84 Los resultados de la campaña de 2011 confirman de la Torre et al., 2011), atribuidas provisionalmente que la secuencia del valle de Mieso pertenece al al Pleistoceno Medio. El emplazamiento estratigráfico Pleistoceno Medio y al Pleistoceno Superior. La se- de los depósitos superiores observados en la Zona 2 cuencia sedimentaria tiene un máximo de 25 metros ha permitido definir una nueva unidad, la Unidad III, de potencia, y se corresponde con facies aluviales del Pleistoceno Superior. A continuación se describen y coluviales, con tobas volcánicas intercaladas. Los dichas unidades y los tramos que las integran: depósitos contienen restos fósiles, y también densi- dades variables de útiles líticos. Mientras que en la – Unidad I. Es la unidad más antigua, que puede campaña anterior se excavó material achelense in llegar a alcanzar unos 15-17 m de espesor, es- situ, en las excavaciones de 2011 hemos combinado tando bien representada en las Zonas 1 y 7. En el estudio del Pleistoceno Medio regional con traba- la Zona 2 también se observan depósitos apo- jos en sedimentos más recientes. La documentación yados sobre el sustrato que corresponden a esta de depósitos de LSA (Later Stone Age) demuestra el unidad, pero afloran en mucha menor medida y interés de la zona para la investigación del Pleistoce- no presentan relaciones claras con las unidades no Superior etíope. superiores. – Unidad II. Es la segunda unidad, con la que culmina la secuencia atribuida al Pleistoceno Trabajos geológicos Medio. En la Zona 1, esta unidad presenta tres tramos, muy erosivos entre sí. En la región de Mieso aflora una secuencia cuaternaria – Unidad III. Esta nueva unidad diferenciada en la de depósitos aluviales, lacustre-palustres y volcánicos última campaña de campo engloba a los depósi- que, alcanzando un espesor máximo de unos 25 m, tos, principalmente aluviales, observados única- se apoya sobre el sustrato volcánico. Este sustrato re- mente en la Zona 2. Estos depósitos están com- gionalmente corresponde a las Traps Series (Paleoce- puestos por arenas, fangos grisáceos y niveles no-Mioceno) y el grupo Afar (Mioceno-Pleistoceno). de grava. Se han observado grano-selecciones Misión arqueológica en el valle de Mieso (sur de Afar, Etiopía) negativas en los niveles de grava, variando el tamaño desde arenas gruesas hasta gravillas y gravas a techo. Ocasionalmente, también se ob- serva algún nivel con características más traver- tínicas, que correspondería a pequeñas charcas. Dentro de esta unidad se han diferenciado dos tramos, separados en base a un nivel de gravas continuo. En resumen, en las zonas estudiadas del valle de Mieso se han podido definir tres unidades sedimen- tarias. Las Unidades I y II corresponderían al Pleisto- ceno Medio, mientras que la Unidad III, únicamente descrita en la Zona 2, se situaría en el Pleistoceno Su- perior. Estas tres unidades se separan por discordan- cias con palerorrelieves. En conjunto estas tres unida- des muestran una secuencia de aproximadamente 25 m de espesor máximo, integrada por facies aluviales, lacustres, palustres y niveles volcánicos. Los niveles volcánicos detectados corresponden a tres niveles de toba, de textura fina y con apariencia masiva, excepto en las zonas que han sido retrabajadas por medios lacustre-palustre, fluviales y/o eólicos. Estos tres ni- Figura 1. Localización de las Zonas 1, 2 y 7 en el área de Mieso. veles volcánicos se distribuyen en la base y en el techo de la Unidad I, y a techo de la Unidad II. Esta 85 disposición es adecuada para intentar establecer la cronología numérica de ambas unidades pleistocenas y los yacimientos que contienen. Además, la datación de algunos de los niveles carbonatados podría apor- tar también criterios para la correlación estratigráfica. En la Unidad III, debido a la presencia de cenizas antrópicas de combustión y/o huesos en yacimientos de Later Stone Age, las dataciones por AMS permitirán obtener una cronología numérica de alta resolución. Trabajos arqueológicos en yacimientos del Pleistoceno Medio Figura 2. Inicio de las excavaciones en Mieso 48. Fotografía: Ignacio de la La margen izquierda del río Mieso, en una zona cer- Torre. cana al pueblo de Mieso, contiene algunas de las localidades arqueológicas más significativas de las descubiertas hasta el momento. Todas ellas están en ria donde se hallaron dichas localidades, acompaña- proximidad unas de otras, y cuatro de las localidades da por la recogida de materiales en Mieso 4, Mieso 6, descubiertas (Mieso 4, Mieso 6, Mieso 6B y Mieso 7) Mieso 6B y Mieso 7 y sondeos en Mieso 4 y Mieso 7. en una posición topográfica y estratigráfica similar. En 2011, se ha recogido material en Mieso 6, Mieso En campañas anteriores (de la Torre y Benito-Calvo, 6B y Mieso 7. En 2011 también se ha continuado la 2009; de la Torre et al., 2011) se procedió a la pros- excavación de la Trinchera 7 en Mieso 7, además de pección topográfica de toda la exposición sedimenta- realizar un sondeo en Mieso 6B. Informes y trabajos 7 Figura 3. Modelo digital del afloramiento de Mieso 48 junto con el material de superficie documentado (véase de la Torre y Mora, 2004: 19-21 para la descripción de la metodología de levantamiento topográfico empleada). 86 Debido al gran interés del material documentado pero los útiles in situ, con una morfología similar al anteriormente en Mieso 7, en 2011 se decidió conti- material de superficie, sugiere que los materiales pro- nuar con las excavaciones. Mientras que en la cam- ceden de la Unidad Inferior de la secuencia de Mieso. paña anterior no se documentaron restos arqueológi- Durante las tareas de prospección llevadas a cabo cos en las trincheras 5 y 6, en la Trinchera 7 fueron en la parte derecha del río Mieso, frente al área de hallados materiales achelenses en muy buen estado Mieso 4-7, fue descubierta una nueva localidad, Mieso de conservación, por lo que en 2011 los trabajos se 48 (fig. 2). La presencia de huesos bien conservados centraron en esta trinchera, que fue ampliada hacia el y algunos restos líticos en superficie (fig. 3) motivó la sur. En la campaña anterior, el material arqueológico realización de un sondeo con el fin de comprobar la fue hallado en tres posiciones estratigráficas; en un posible existencia de materiales in situ. nivel de arenas, y por debajo en un nivel de arcillas El sondeo realizado en Mieso 48 fue positivo, pu- y otro de gravas. En la campaña de 2011 no han sido diendo ser identificados tres niveles.
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