Effect of Sorghum-Legume Intercropping Patterns on Selected
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Research Article Irrigation and Drainage Volume 10:5, 2021 Systems Engineering ISSN: 2168-9768 Open Access Effect of Sorghum-Legume Intercropping Patterns on Selected Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Sorghum at Midland Areas of West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia Habtamu Hailu*1 and Tadele Geremu2 1Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Mechara Agricultural Research Center, Soil Fertility Improvement Research Team Mechara, Ethiopia 2Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Fitche Agricultural Research Center, Soil Fertility Improvement Research Team, Fitche, Ethiopia Abstract The experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 cropping season. The study was conducted to evaluate sorghum legume intercropping pattern on selected soil chemical properties and yield of sorghumat Tulo and Chiro district, Western Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia. The treatments were included two legume crops and four planting patterns (single row of Sorghum and double row of haricot bean (1S;2H) in sequence, single row of Sorghum and single row of haricot bean (1S:1H) in sequence, double row of Sorghum and single row of haricot bean (2S:1H) in alternate, double row of Sorghum and double row of Haricot bean (2S:2H) in alternate, single row of Sorghum and double row of cowpea (1S:2C) in sequence, single row of Sorghum and single row of cowpea (1S:1C) in sequence, double row of Sorghum and single row of cowpea (2S:1C) in alternate, double row of Sorghum and double row of cowpea (2S:2C) in alternate, Sole sorghum, Sole haricot bean (Awash-1) and sole cowpea (ILRI11114-accession number) with testing crop sorghum (chiro variety). The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. All necessary agronomic data were collected and analyzed by using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.0. Soil samples were analyzed by standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed that maximum sorghum grain yield (37.28qu/ha) obtained from 1S:2L pattern was higher than other planting patterns. Maximum grain yield of haricot bean and cowpea was recorded from1S; 2H and 2S:2L planting patterns respectively. Selected soil chemical properties were improved under intercropping system over sole sorghum. The highest LER (1.36) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/haricot bean and sorghum/ cowpea intercropping system. The highest total LER was recorded from single row of sorghum and double row of haricot bean (1S; 2H) in sequence. Highest net income accrued from planting patterns of1S; 2H in sequence. Therefore, based on the finding of the study, planting patterns of single rows of sorghum and double rows of haricot bean in sequence (1S:2H) could be recommended in mid land areas of Western Hararghe Zone and similar agro ecologies. Keywords: Intercropping • Legumes • Sorghum • Planting patterns are intercropped with cereal crops. Cereal-legumes intercropping systems Introduction improve nutrient utilization as different crops have varied root lengths and in this way nutrients are absorbed from different soil horizons. The cropping The ever increasing global demands for food and the relationship of enhanced system also increases the productivity per unit of land area due to the food production with food security, and the need to conserve the natural atmospheric nitrogen biological fixation (BNF) that takes place in the root resources, diversification of planting system is necessary. Sustainable nodules of legumes, increase the primary nutrients (N and P) concentration agriculture is a type of agriculture that is more efficient in use of resources, for in roots and shoots of crop plants, enhance micronutrients absorption. the benefit of humanity, and is in balance with the environment. Intercropping Report indicated that in cereal-peanut intercropping systems, there was is the practice done closely by small scale farmers is defined as the growth a 2.5 fold greater concentration of zinc and iron in shoots as compared to of two or more crops together, in the same field during the growing season to their monocropping. Potassium concentration in shoots was also increased, promote the interaction among component crops. It is a cultivation commonly while calcium concentration was decreased in shoots of component crops. practiced, especially in the tropics and in the developing countries. Cereals However, the advantage of intercropping is obtained when correspondent –legumes cropping system is the most used by small scale farmers in Sub species are differences in the form and spatio-temporal of natural resources Saharan Africa because of their compatibility. Intercropping systems help in which different physiological and morphological characteristics will be able farmers to exploit the principle of diversity, they are helpful to avoid reliance to make optimal use of environmental factors when cropped in the vicinity on a single crop and result in a variety of products of a different nature such as of each other. Thus, there are several different modes of intercropping, forages, oil and pulses. Another key advantage associated with intercropping ranging from regular arrangements of the component crops to cases where is its potential to increase the land productivity per unit area and the efficient the different component crops are intermingled. Intercropping also uses the utilization of farm resources [1]. Cereals intercropping with legumes result in practice of sowing a fast-growing crop with a slow-growing crop, so that the increased resource capture by component crops and improve soil microbial first crop is harvested before the second crop starts to mature. In Ethiopia, activity along with better efficiency of resource conversion which triggers where sorghum is one of most important staple food crops for most rural higher biomass production. Soil fertility is also improved when legumes community, low soil fertility causes serious yield reductions. Sorghum is third important crop after teff in terms of total area production. Its production *Address for Correspondence: Habtamu Hailu, Oromia Agricultural Research accounts about 16.89% of the 87.48% annual cereal production in Ethiopia Institute, Mechara Agricultural Research Center, Soil Fertility Improvement Research (CSA, 2018). In Oromia region, where the study area located, about 20.8 Team Mechara, Ethiopia, Tel: 910605646, E-mail: [email protected] million quintals of sorghum grain were produced during 2018 main cropping Copyright: © 2021 Habtamu Hailu, et al. This is an open-access article distributed season on around 7 hundred thousand hectare (CSA, 2018). The average under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits grain yield of sorghum in Oromia region is about 28.30 quintals ha-1 well unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the below the industrialized world (CSA, 2018). Thus a whole range of growth- original author and source are credited. reducing factors including low soil fertility are responsible for this low grain Received 29 April 2021; Accepted 20 May 2021; Published 31 May 2021 yield. In mid land areas of West Harerghe zone, intensive cultivation, Hailu H, et al. Irrigat Drainage Sys Eng, Volume 10:5, 2021 increased population pressure, deforestation and mismanagement of Sorghum + haricot bean (1S;2H) the resources have been led to severe soil erosion and high fertility loss. Sorghum + haricot bean (1S:1H) Therefore, it is necessary to adopt sustainable soil nutrient managements such as intercropping cereals with legume crops to improve yield of crops Sorghum + haricot bean (2S:1H) and its contribution on nutrient replenishment as one of its main components which improved intercropping systems are part of ISFM technologies [1,2] Sorghum + Haricot bean (2S:2H) in order to guarantee improvements in food productivity and thereby food Sorghum + cowpea (1S:2C) security. Therefore the study was initiated with the objectives; to evaluate the effect of intercropping pattern on yield of sorghum and on selected soil Sorghum + cowpea (1S:1C) chemical properties. Sorghum + cowpea (2S:1C) Materials and Methods Sorghum + cowpea (2S:2C) Sole sorghum Description of the study Area Sole haricot bean The field experiment was conducted in midland areas of West Hararghe sole cowpea zone, Chiro and Tulo district. Chiro district is capital town of the Zone which The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) is found at about 324 km far to East of Finfine, the capital city of the country. in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Each plot and block was The maximum and minimum temperature is 23oC and 12oC respectively. The separated by 1m. The plot size was 3.75 m x 3.0 m = 11.25 m2. The sorghum rainfall is bimodal and erratic nature in which main rainy season is extended were planted in spacing of 75 cm x 25 cm. Sorghum seed was drilled in from June to September and short rainy season is stretched x from March the rows and thinned to the recommended spacing at 25 cm between to May with the mean annual rainfall is 1350mm. The district is mainly plants. Other agronomic management practices were followed as per the characterized as steep slopes and mountains with rugged topography, which recommendation for the crop. Both cowpea and haricot bean were spaced is highly vulnerable to erosion problems. The district bordered with Miesso in at 18.75 cm from the sorghum rows with intra-row spacing of 20 cm and 10 the North, Gemechis in the South, Guba-koricha in the West and Tulo in the cm for cowpea and haricot bean respectively. The inter row spacing between East. Tulo district is situated in the dega and weyna dega agro-ecological the rows of legume crops was depends on the treatments. For the treatments zones with 25% in the highlands and 75% in the midland. Mean daily of single row of sorghum and double rows of legumes in sequence and minimum and maximum air temperature is 19oC and 22oC respectively with alternatives (1S:2L) and also Double rows of sorghum and double rows of mean daily air temperature of 20.5oC (BoARD, 2018).