Dissertation Ref. No. 032/03/2018 CHARACTERIZATION of CATTLE
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Dissertation Ref. No. 032/03/2018 CHARACTERIZATION OF CATTLE FATTENING AND MARKETING SYSTEMS AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SORGHUM STOVER ENSILED WITH EFFECTIVE MICOORGANISMS (EM) AND UREA IN WEST HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA PhD Dissertation By Daniel Taddesse Wolde Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Animal Production Studies PhD program in Animal Production March, 2018 Bishoftu, Ethiopia CHARACTERIZATION OF CATTLE FATTENING AND MARKETING SYSTEMS AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SORGHUM STOVER ENSILED WITH EFFECTIVE MICOORGANISMS (EM) AND UREA IN WEST HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Production By Daniel Taddesse Wolde March, 2018 Bishoftu, Ethiopia ii Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Animal Production Studies As members of the Examining Board of the final PhD open defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the dissertation prepared by Daniel Taddesse entitled: ‘Characterization of Cattle Fattening and Marketing Systems and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Stover Ensiled with Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Urea in West Hararghe, Ethiopia’, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Production Dr. _______________ _______________ _______________ Chairman Signature Date Dr. _______________ _______________ _______________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Dr. _______________ _______________ _______________ External Examiner Signature Date Dr. Gebeyehu Goshu (PhD, Assoc. Prof) ______________ _______________ Dissertation advisor Signature Date Dr. Mengistu Urge (PhD, Assoc. Prof) _______________ _______________ Co-advisor Signature Date Dr. Zemelak Goraga (PhD) _______________ _______________ Co-advisor Signature Date I hereby certify that I have read the revised version of this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dr. Gebeyehu Goshu (PhD, Ass. Prof) _____________ _______________ Dissertation advisor Signature Date Dr. Mengistu Urge (PhD, Assoc. Prof)______________ _______________ Co-advisor Signature Date Dr. Zemelak Sahle (PhD) _______________ _______________ Co-advisor Signature Date Prof. Berhan Tamir (PhD, Professor) _______________ _______________ Department chairperson Signature Date iii CHARACTERIZATION OF CATTLE FATTENING AND MARKETING SYSTEMS AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SORGHUM STOVER ENSILED WITH EFFECTIVE MICOORGANISMS (EM) AND UREA IN WEST HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA Daniel Taddesse Wolde PhD Thesis Addis Ababa University (2018) ABSTRACT The study was carried out in Chiro, Gemechis, Habro and Tullo woredas of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia from 12 March, 2015 upto 25 March, 2016. The objective of the study was to characterize the cattle fattening and marketing systems and investigate the nutritional quality of sorghum stover treated and ensiled with Effective microorganisms (EM) and urea. To obtain quantitative and qualitative data, survey questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant interview, personal observations and secondary data collection were done. A total of 160 household respondents; 81 from four highland and 79 from four mid-altitude rural kebeles each respondent having at least one fattening cattle at the time of study were interviewed. The survey result indicated that crop and livestock production was the major source of income in the study woredas. Feeding and watering, cleaning the shelter, health care and marketing were the routine cattle fattening activities performed primarily by husband and wife; wife and children; and husbands, respectively. Thinning of maize and sorghum, grass and weeds in wet season and maize and sorghum stover in the dry season were the major feed resources. Storing crop residues were the main coping mechanism during the critical feed shortage months. Feed shortage, shortage of grazing land, water shortage, low selling price and diseases were ranked as major constraints of cattle fattening practices in the study areas. Dried and chopped sorghum stover each weighing 5kg was treated with urea, EM (Effective microorganism) and urea and EM mixture solutions and ensiled in plastic bags for 21 days. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The ensiling, in-vitro and in-sacco experiments were conducted using completely randomized design (CRD). iv The nutritive quality analysis of sorghum stover showed that the pH values of the treated stover were 4.17, 4.30 and 4.27 for EM treated (T2), Urea treated (T3) and EM plus urea treated sorghum stover (T4), respectively. In all treated stover, fungus development was not observed. The organic matter (OM) and NDF values of all treatment types decreased (90.83, 91.7 and 91.67%) and (73.83, 72.23 and 75.00%), respectively but the CP (5.33, 12.97 and 8.73%) and Ash (9.17, 8.30 and 8.33%) increased for T2, T3 and T4, respectively compared to control sorghum stover (T1). The in vitro DMD values showed that treatments T2, T3 and T4 had significant variation with the control, however, T3 showed the highest in vitro DMD value. Ensiling sorghum stover with these additives generally improved the nutritive value. However, T3 had significantly increased CP and in vitro DMD values. The in sacco DM degradability parameters increased by the additives treatment as compared to T1. Urea treatment showed the highest soluble (36.53%), insoluble but potentially soluble (49.51%), potential degradability (86.04%) and effective degradability (63.39%) fractions than the other treatments. The DM degradation increased with increasing the incubation time across all treatments. The rate of degradation decreased in the order of T3 > T4 > T2 > T1. All the treatments had improved the nutritive value of the sorghum stover. However, the urea treatment was more effective in improving the chemical composition and degradability of sorghum stover. In general, legal protection, technical support and credit facility should be available to the major market participants at woreda level. In addition, treatment of sorghum stover with urea for dry season feeding of cattle is recommended. Key words: Cattle fattening, Dry Matter, Effective Microorganisms, In vitro Digestibility, In Sacco Degradation, Sorghum Stover, Urea v STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR First, I declare that this thesis is my bonafide work and that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for PhD degree at Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and is deposited at the College library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however permission must be obtained from the author. Name: Daniel Taddesse Signature: ______________ College of Veterinary Medicine Date of Submission: _________________________ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank and give the credit to the ominiscient and almighty God, his son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit for allowing me to be son of God. Without the guidance, assistance, counsel and comfort of God, this PhD work could be unthinkable. Glory be to him who siths on the throne. Secondly, my heartful appreciation and gratitude go to my pricinpal advisor Dr Gebeyehu Goshu, and my co-advisors Dr Mengistu Urge and Dr Zemelak Sahle for their unreserved efforts to make valuable critics, comments, corrections, advice and motivation starting from the proposal work up to the end of the research work. The author is highly indebted to Addis Ababa University for thematic research grant. Let my sincere thanks go to farmers who patientely availed themselves to give the necessary data and development agents who were involved as enumerators and co-ordinated the work at their respective kebele. Zonal and wereda level Livestock and Fishery Development and Livestock Market experts contributed immensible support in selecting the study woredas and providing secondary data. I would like to thank my dear friend Ato Tibebu Manaye, Professor Neguse Dechasa and Dr Mengistu Urge of Haramaya University for their encouragement and support. Asefaw Meseret is my intimate friend who encouraged me during the work and took responsibility of support. Ato Ararsa Disasa of NVI (National Veternary Institute) and Ato Wendeye Yohanes (West Hararghe zone ICT office) for repairing the PC during times of failure, Ato Tekeleab Serekebrehan (Medawalabu University) and Ato Getu Ketaw for facilitating the laboratory work at HARC, Holeta. I would like to thank the congregation of Galile church of Bishoftu and Chiro Gospel Light Church for their love, prayer and visit of my family during my absence. Last but not least, I want to thank all who put their hand in the research