A snapshot of Pittsburgh LOOKING BACK at 1816 from 191 6 By Aaron O’Data and Carrie Hadley

Learn More Online 44 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY SUMMER 2016 | The 200th anniversary of Pittsburgh’s incorporation explained “This morning about sunrise, we left Pittsburgh with all the joy of a bird which escapes from its cage. ‘From the tumult, and smoke of the city set free,’ we were ferried over the Monongahela, with elated spirits.”

“[John Byrne] at his Umbrella Manufactory, Fourth, Between Market and Ferry Streets. Just received and for sale at his Oyster House, a few kegs of the most excellent Spiced Oysters [but] continues to make and repair Umbrellas and Parasols in the newest manner.”

~ both from Pittsburgh in 1816, published 1916 1

These two spirited, offbeat quotes are a tiny but entertaining window into the world of Pittsburgh in 1816, the year of its official incorporation as a city. In 1916, Pittsburghers saw fit to mark the centennial of the incorporation by gathering small sketches about the city for a book, Pittsburgh in 1816. The slim volume was compiled by unknown authors from the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, and is structured like a written photo album, with snapshots of information to “interest the Pittsburgher of 1916 chiefly because the parts and pieces of which it is made were written by men who were living here or passed this way in 1816.”2 To mark the bicentennial of the incorporation of Pittsburgh, it is fitting to look back on both the city’s founding and its centennial year.

Cover of Pittsburgh in 1816. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 45 We see an example of a perceived insult by a Boston newspaper, which was apparently unaware of Pittsburgh’s location as well as the origin of its new mayor.

Map of Pittsburgh c. 1817, drawn in 1850. HHC Detre L&A, General Print Collection.

Pittsburgh’s first mayor, Ebenezer Denny, was elected in 1816 and served for five months. As discussed by The Commonwealth, he was a native of Carlisle, Pa. HHC Detre L&A.

46 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 Pittsburghers of 1916 lived during a and cornices—anything that would afford travel books and memoirs. When a primary tumultuous period, not entirely unlike their a vantage, however precarious—to watch source was not available to quote, summarized counterparts from the previous century. the charter centennial parade, long heralded information was added from various histories European nations were already fighting the and actually realized as the most elaborate of the city, their sources as mysterious as the Great War, while America was still dealing with procession ever seen in this city.”7 authors themselves. This questionable source the aftermath of the sinking of the Lusitania The parade featured an array of floats material aside, the text is valuable for its a year earlier. When the ship was sunk by a and organizations. Indeed, “much that has window into the minds of Pittsburghers of 1916 German torpedo, it took with it nearly 1,200 gone in the last 100 years to bring honor and seeking to celebrate their city’s innovation by passengers, including Margaret Kelly from fame to Pittsburgh as a city of commerce, comparing the past to their present. In that era Maginn Street on Pittsburgh’s North Side.3 manufacture, education and patriotism, of Progressive politics, it was only natural that At home, Pittsburghers were grappling with passed in review through Fifth avenue to the city’s residents and leaders might pause to labor problems: martial law was declared the Oakland district.”8 Included were floats review how far they had come in a hundred in Braddock following riots at the Edgar featuring branches of municipal government, years. The following paragraphs from the book Thompson Works, and in May some 50,000 fraternal and ethnic organizations, and at range from nostalgic to self-congratulatory. coal miners walked off the job on strike.4 least one float featuring a birthday cake with In spite of trouble abroad and labor 100 candles.9 Many of the floats portrayed Pittsburgh in 1816 disputes at home, Pittsburghers were able differences between 1816 and 1916: The old Conestoga wagon that made to pull together and celebrate their progress Pittsburghers of 1816 were certainly proud over the previous century. In March 1916, its bi-monthly trip from and to Philadelphia; the canal boat, that held as of their new city, as the book’s unnamed as the William Penn Hotel in downtown much freight as a box car now contains; authors make clear. Here, we see an example was finishedfi nished at a cost of $6 million, the the first street car, drawn by mules; the of a perceived insult by a Boston newspaper, cornerstone was being laid for a new City- hand-pump fire engine, followed by which was apparently unaware of Pittsburgh’s County Building. August saw the purchase types of the fire-fighting engines in the location as well as the origin of its new mayor. order of their development; the archaic of a site at Smithfield Street and Oliver An author at The Commonwealth—one of Avenue by the Mellon family for their new horse car, preceding the modern electric trolley car; the little log school house, in Pittsburgh’s papers—however, was quick bank, and the following month, Schenley juxtaposition to replicas of the highest to defend the city and Mayor Denny and to High School in Oakland opened.5 By the High School in Oakland opened. type of educational institution; the deliver a stinging rebuke. close of 1916, residents could look back on a first local efforts in art, contrasted with Ebenezer Denny, esq. has been elected lot of changes, from an explosive population the magnificent development of today mayor of the city of Pittsburgh, Ohio.— increase, an influxinfl ux of immigrants, the parallel in painting, sculpture and architecture; This gentleman we believe is from growth of industry, and the advancement the blacksmith’s forge alongside the Massachusetts and is highly regarded modern steam-hammer; the old-time for his integrity and patriotism. and improvement of services provided by iron furnace overshadowed by the ~ Boston Yankee the city. The spirit and optimism of the great blast furnaces and rolling mills Progressive Era is evident in Pittsburgh as of 1916—all passed in review before We congratulate the editor of the the city began to celebrate all it had achieved the many thousands who trod the Yankee upon the knowledge of men in the last 100 years. concrete sidewalks.10 and places, exhibited in the foregoing One of the largest celebration events article. It has been a custom at the Eastward to censure and burlesque was the Charter Centennial Parade, held Spectators “were taken to and from the the people of Western Pennsylvania Friday, November 3. Newspapers called it scene in trolley cars and horseless vehicles that on account of their ignorance. Let the are of a type that the Pittsburgher of 100 years the “Greatest Parade in [the] City’s Annals,” editor of the Yankee now blush at his causing traffictraffi c to be delayed for hours by the ago would never dared even to dream of,” own. Could it be believed that any man “great throng” of both parade participants and emphasizing just how far the city had come.11 of common geographical knowledge... spectators—of which there were reported to The emphasis on historical reflection would have located Pittsburgh—a city containing ten thousand inhabitants— be 250,000 to 300,000.6 One account reported is embodied by the Pittsburgh in 1816 book. possessing a manufacturing capital of that “half of Pittsburgh stood on curbs, sat on The text uses articles from three newspapers of many millions—having three banking 1816—The Gazette, Pittsburgh Mercury, and rickety boxes, hung out of windows, dangled institutions, and a commerce extending from firefi re escapes and clung to poles, billboards The Commonwealth—as well as quotes from to every part of the union—a place

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 47 This idyllic image was taken from a sketch by Mrs. E.C. Gibson during a wedding tour in 1817. HHC Collections, 86.1.278.

which has long been considered the into the frontier. This desire to acquire disappeared in the Ohio. The remains emporeum [sic] of the West, and which western lands can be seen through a number of Fort Pitt (from whence the town makes a more conspicuous figure in of examples, including the conflicts that has its name) are very faint; we can yet books of travels than even the Town perceive part of the ditch, its salient sprung up from the post-Seven Years’ War of Notions itself;—could it, we ask, be angles and bastions ... but several believed, that such a place should be so expansion west. These clashes resulted in houses, stores, and a brewhouse, are little known or thought of in the town Britain’s attempt to secure the frontier with built on the ground. of Boston, as to be located in the state the Proclamation Line of 1763, forbidding ~ Palmer’s Journal of travels in the of Ohio? Mayor Denny possesses all settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains. United States and Canada, 181714 the virtues that are attributed to him But Western Pennsylvania proved too by the Yankee, and many more, that Although Pittsburg, a few years since, alluring. Desire for western lands was so great render him an ornament to the station was surrounded by Indians, it is now a to which he has been elected;—but he that this action in part led to the formation of curiosity to see any there; a few traders does not boast an ancestry in the land “revolutionary alliances” between colonists, sometimes come down the Alleghany, of steady habits, the seat of Hartford and later to the War for Independence itself.13 with seneca oil, &c. Convention politics. He is a native of Such fascination with the west drove many ~ Palmer’s Journal of travels in the 15 Carlisle, in this state. Americans to move. It also gave interest United States and Canada, 1818 ~ Commonwealth, Aug. 6, 181612 to the genre of travel narratives written When this city and vicinity was surveyed throughout the 19th century. Below are some Pittsburgh in 1816 looked to the region’s by the author of this treatise, in of the impressions authors of these narratives October, 1815, there were in Pittsburg colonial history as a source of pride. Since the had of Pittsburgh. 960 dwelling houses, and in the suburbs, beginning of the settling of North America, Fort du Quesne, built by the French, villages, and immediate outskirts, about colonists sought to push further and further formerly stood here; its site has almost 300 more, making in all 1260, and

48 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 including inhabitants, workmen in the Cowan’s New Rolling Mill, a new lock “The remains of manufactories, and labourers, upwards factory built by Patterson, two steam of 12,000 inhabitants. engine and boiler works, one steel Fort Pitt ... are very ~ Darby’s Emigrant’s guide, 181816 factory and a goodly number of small concerns manufacturing various articles. faint; we can yet Pittsburgh is laid out to front both In 1817 the city councils appointed a rivers; but as these do not approach at committee to collect and publish a list perceive part of the right angles, the streets intersect each of all the large factories in the city. This other obliquely. It is not a well built was done perhaps to let the world know ditch ... but several city. The south-west part is the most of the industry and thrift of Pittsburg, compact, but many years must elapse and is valuable because it is an official houses, stores, and before it will resemble Philadelphia. list and is to be relied upon. It must a brewhouse, are Wooden buildings, interspersed with also be remembered that these figures those of brick, mar the beauty of its best represented the industries of Pittsburg built on the ground.” streets; and as few of these are paved, when barely emerging from the panic of mud, in showery weather, becomes 1815–17, a financial depression that has abundant. A short period, however, will scarcely been equalled [sic] in Western probably terminate this inconvenience. Pennsylvania in all its history. ~ Thomas’s Travels through the western ~ Boucher’s Century and a half of Pitts­ country in 181617 burg20 There are many good stores in The authors of Pittsburgh in 1816 Pittsburg, and a great trade is carried on with Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the included information about the city’s past States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, with slavery—an institution not limited to &c.; exclusive of the carrying trade, and the South. With the “Act for the Gradual the number of boats that are always Abolition of Slavery,” Pennsylvanians in fact proceeding down the Ohio, with vast held slaves into the 1840s. By 1850, there were quantities of foreign merchandize, none recorded.18 destined to Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Nearly all of the fi rst residents of Indiana, &c. The inhabitants send Pittsburg and vicinity who were wealthy up the Allegheny, Monongahela, and enough to afford the luxury were owners their forks, whisky, cyder [sic], bacon, of slaves. The Nevilles, John Gibson, apples, iron, and castings, glass and James O’Hara, Alexander Fowler, foreign merchandize; in return they Adamson Tannehill, the Kirkpatricks receive many thousand bushels of salt and many others owned them, and from Onondago, and immense rafts several thousand continued to do from Alleghany and French creeks. The so as late as the war of 1812. The old quantity of rafts imported into Pittsburg newspapers contained advertisements annually, is computed at 4,000,000 feet; for runaway slaves even as late as 1820. average nine dollars per 1000 feet. ~ Wilson’s History of Pittsburg19 ~ Palmer’s Journal of travels in the United States and Canada, 181721

Pittsburgh has been often referred to Pennsylvania does not seem to be very as the Smoky City. This image, attributed “An Act to Incorporate the City of Pittsburgh,” wide until one has to traverse the distance passed March 18, 1816. This 25-page to the rapid growth and success of industry, document establishes the city of Pittsburgh as a between its two largest cities, Pittsburgh is probably most often associated with the legal entity with its own system of government. and Philadelphia. Pittsburgh in 1816 offers The charter, approved by the state Senate second half of the 19th century and a majority a glimpse into a time when this distance and House of Representatives in General of the 20th. These quotes from Pittsburgh Assembly, describes the method for electing was not only inconvenient or potentially in 1816 demonstrate that Pittsburgh was an and appointing government officials including unpleasant, but downright difficult and the city’s first mayor, outlines the role of the industrial city even before its incorporation. mayor’s court, and empowers the county sheriff certainly excruciating. and the mayor to uphold city laws. Before the time of railroads between Pennsylvania State Archives, Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission, Record In 1813 there were five glass factories, Group 10, Proclamations (series 10.3). L2016.3.1. Photo by Nicole Hayduk. three foundries, a new edge tool factory,

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 49 Rivers offered natural highways to the early settlers of the west, and in particular Pittsburgh—long prized for its access to these waterways. Pittsburgh’s Monongahela wharf, 1911. HHC Detre L&A.

the east and west of the Allegheny day of pure home grown tobacco and to those belonging to the Mississippi mountains, the freight business to being used very largely, at first by the Steam Boat Company, will form a the Monongahela was carried on by Conestoga wagoners, took the name chain of conveyance from New Orleans means of the Conestoga road wagons ‘stogies’ which clings to them yet. to this place, which must result very drawn by six horses. By this way the ~ Boucher’s Century and a half of Pitts­ much to the advantage and prosperity freight to Pittsburgh was carried burg23 of Pittsburgh and intermediate towns. exclusively, but after the completion of ~ Cramer’s almanack [sic], 181625 the Pennsylvania canal, transportation Overland transportation, though, was Steam-boat, ark, Kentucky, barge, and was divided between the canal-boat not the only way to travel. Rivers offered and the wagon. As early as 1817, 12,000 keel-boat building is carried on to a natural highways to the early settlers of the wagons, in twelve months, passed considerable extent. Sea vessels have over the Allegheny mountains from west, especially in Pittsburgh—long prized been built here, but the navigation is Philadelphia and Baltimore, each with for its access to these waterways. As a center too far from the sea, and attended with from four to six horses, carrying from for river traffi c, Pittsburgh was unsurprisingly too much hazard for it to answer. The thirty five to forty hundred weight. The the home of the first steamboat to travel on following vessels, besides steam-boats, have been built at Pittsburgh and on cost was about $7 per 100 weight, in western waters.24 Pittsburgh in 1816 provides a some cases $10. To transport one ton its rivers: ships, Pittsburgh, Louisiana, few snapshots of Pittsburgh’s early relationship of freight between Philadelphia and General Butler, and Western Trader; Pittsburgh, therefore, would cost about with these technologically revolutionary brigs, Dean, Black Walnut, Monongahela $140, and in so doing two weeks, at watercraft as well as some of the smaller vessels Farmer, and Ann Jean; schooners, Amity, least, of time would be consumed. used to transport goods. Allegheny, and Conquest (navigator). ~ Van Voorhis’s Old and new Monon­ A company, stiled [sic] the ‘Ohio steam ~ Palmer’s Journal of travels in the gahela22 (Printed in 1893) boat company,’ has lately been formed, United States and Canada26 who intend building steam boats to With the Conestoga wagons originated run between this place and the Falls The best mode perhaps in descending our modern “stogie” cigars which of Ohio. The dimensions of the boats the Ohio, in time of low water, is in have become so common in Pittsburg will be 100 feet keel and 20 feet beam. keel boats.... Merchants are beginning and which have been in recent years, They contemplate having two running to prefer this method for safety and sent from Pittsburg to every section this fall or winter, 1815–6…. This line expedition; and instead of purchasing of the Union. They were made in that of Steam Boats, though not attached boats and taking charge of them

50 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 themselves, they get their goods freighted down from Pittsburgh in keel boats by the persons who make them, and who make it their business to be prepared, with good boats and experienced hands for such engagements. ~ Cramer’s Navigator, 181727

The manners of the boatmen are as strange as their language. Their peculiar way of life has given origin not only to an appropriate dialect, but to new modes of enjoyment, riot, and fighting. Almost every boat, while it lies in the harbour has one or more fiddles scraping continually aboard, to which you often see the boatmen dancing. ~ Flint’s Recollections of the last ten years, 182628

Today Pittsburgh is known as the City of Bridges with a record 446 bridges in the city as of 2006—perhaps there is one less for the moment with the recent demolition of the Greenfield Bridge.29 However, when Pittsburgh officially became a city in 1816, it did not have any. The first two bridges were not completed until 1818 (crossing the Monongahela at the Pittsburgh, c. 1825. HHC Detre L&A, GPC.

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 51 Collage featuring (left to right) Mayor Joseph G. Armstrong; Colonel James M. Shoonmaker, the chief marshal; S.W. Jefferis, adjunct of staff; and William H. Stevenson, president of Western Pennsylvania Historical Society; and the Birthday Cake Float complete with 100 candles. The Gazette Times, November 4, 1916, 1.

site of the Smithfield Street Bridge) and 1819 called for the making of four wells, from trusting her on my account, as I (crossing the Allegheny River between Sixth not less than forty-seven feet in depth. will pay no debts which she may contract Street and Federal Street).30 Until then, ferries Three of these were to be located on hereafter. J. Tibbette N.B. I also inform Market street, and were to be walled those who wish to be shaved in Imperial were needed, as discussed below. with stone.... Wells, with the springs at Style, that I am always to be found at my Between 1764 and 1819 the only means Grant’s Hill, furnished the supply of Shop in Market Street, between Front of crossing these streams, at Pittsburgh, water for public use until 1826. and Water Streets.34 was by way of ferries. The first of these, ~ Boucher’s Century and a half of it is believed, was operated from the foot Pittsburgh32 WANTED of Ferry street, Pittsburgh to the opposite At the United States’ Arsenal, now shore, and this was the origin of the name erecting near Pittsburgh. Forty good Ferry Street.... Early in the nineteenth Newspapers from 200 years ago were Stone Masons, and Twenty Labourers, century a ferry was established from the similar to modern newspapers in a number to whom constant employment and mouth of Liberty street, called Jones of ways. Below is a sampling of one of these good wages will be given for one or two Ferry. Foot passengers desiring to cross similarities—advertisements. While Pittsburgh seasons. Apply to the subscriber on the the river employed skiffs, while stock in 1816 gives a number of interesting and ground. Christopher Armstrong35 was taken over on flat-boats. Such boats humorous examples, these are some which may were pushed by means of poles, at low THREE CENTS AND A POUND OF stages of water, and by oars in high water prove most interesting to the reader of 2016. OLD HORSE-SHOE NAILS periods. REWARD! ~ Boucher’s Century and a half of LITERARY NOTICES. Strayed away from the subscriber on the Pittsburgh31 John Binns of Philadelphia proposes 11th instant. to publish a splendid edition of the John Donaldson, Declaration of Independence, which In relation to water, in 1816 Pittsburghers an apprentice to the blacksmith shall be in all respects American: The obtained their drinking water from wells. business—aged 18 years—five feet 7 or paper, the types, the ink, the designs, 8 inches high—stout built—very slow Municipal running water would not be the engravings,—the publication in the motion—very fond of playing available for a number of years. In 1916, the throughout shall afford evidence of ball or being idle—more proud of dress Bureau of Water included two floats in the what our citizens have done in politics, than of his work;—He took with him and can do in art.33 Centennial Parade, displaying Pittsburgh’s no more clothes than what was on his advancements in this vital public service from back, which consisted of one common NOTICE its earliest days. shirt, a dark marsailles waistcoat, a dark My wife Fanny having thought proper The water supply was gained, up to grey coattee and pantaloons, one pair to withdraw herself from my protection, 1802, from wells and springs which stockings, one pair shoes half worn, a without the least cause given on my part flowed from out the hillsides, these neck-handkerchief, and one new black for her doing so, I am compelled, though being sufficient for a small town. An fur hat, made by Wm. Church. No very reluctantly, to forbid all persons ordinance passed August 9, of that year, other marks are recollected. The above

Learn More Online 52 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 Complete listing of all the bicentennial events reward, no charges and no thanks, will 1 Pittsburgh in 1816 (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Library of 18 “An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery - March be given to any person who will return Pittsburgh, 1916), 16, 67. 1, 1780,” 1776-1865, Our Documentary Heritage, 2 Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 36 Ibid., 3. said stray. James Yourd. http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/ 3 “Will Administer Kelly Estate,” Pittsburgh Gazette- documents/1776-1865/abolition-slavery.html Times, June 4, 1915, 7. The newspaper account (accessed March 18, 2016). Two centuries have passed since the reported that Ms. Kelly was buried in Queenstown, 19 Pittsburgh in 1816, 63. Ireland, and that her father, Thomas Kelly, settled incorporation of the City of Pittsburgh, and her estate, which included an account containing 20 Ibid., 21. $2,450 at the Dollar Savings Bank. today residents have even more to look back on. 21 Ibid., 21. 4 Stefan Lorant, Pittsburgh: The Story of an American Summed up positively by the Kaufmann & Baer 22 Ibid., 26. City (Pittsburgh: Esselmont Books, 1999), 692; Co. in its 1916 Centennial Sale advertisement, Robert I. Vexler, Pittsburgh: A Chronological & 23 Ibid., 27. the story of Pittsburgh “is the story of ‘Ever Documentary History (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana 24 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, “Pittsburgh Iron Publications, 1977), 53. & Steel: Transportation,” eCLP, http://www. Onward and Upward.’ Pittsburgh’s progress 5 Ibid., 53. carnegielibrary.org/eCLP/ironsteel/transportation.html (accessed March 19, 2016). and prosperity are due to work and service, 6 “Traffic Held for Hours By Great Throng,” Pittsburgh 25 not luck or chance.... Pittsburgh serves all the Gazette-Times, November 4, 1916; “Pittsburgh Pittsburgh in 1816, 34. Suspends Work As 250,000 Crowd to See Charter 26 Ibid., 34-35. 37 Earth. This store serves all of Pittsburgh.” Centennial Parade,” Pittsburgh Daily Post, November 27 Ibid., 35. No doubt at the tercentennial and beyond, 4, 1916. 28 Ibid., 35-36. 7 “Pittsburgh Suspends Work.” Pittsburghers will look back and consider their 29 Pittsburgh’s Action News 4, “Just How Many Bridges 8 “Progress of City Is Reviewed in Charter Pageant,” are There in Pittsburgh?,” wtae.com, September 13, past in a similar light. Pittsburgh Daily Post, November 4, 1916. 2006, http://www.wtae.com/Just-How-Many-Bridges­ 9 “8,600 March in Celebration of Centennial,” Are-There-In-Pittsburgh/7685514 (accessed March Aaron O’Data is a graduate of Duquesne Pittsburgh Daily Post, November 4, 1916, 3. 19, 2016). University’s Public History Program and Geneva 10 “Pittsburgh’s 100 Years of Growth Shown,” 30 Rick Sebak, “The (Official) Birth of Pittsburgh,” College. He is employed by the University of Pittsburgh Gazette-Times, November 4, 1916. Pittsburgh Magazine, February 19, 2016, http:// Pittsburgh’s Office of Institutional Advancement 11 Ibid. www.pittsburghmagazine.com/Pittsburgh-Magazine/ March-2016/The-Offi cial-Birth-of-Pittsburgh and the Heinz History Center. 12 Pittsburgh in 1816, 9. (accessed March 19, 2016). 13 “Proclamation Line of 1763, Quebec Act of 1774 Carrie Hadley is a graduate of Duquesne 31 Pittsburgh in 1816, 40. and Westward Expansion,” Milestones: 1750-1775, University’s Public History Program. She is Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, 32 Ibid., 56-57. a part-time cataloger of the Elaine B. and https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/ 33 Ibid., 67. proclamation-line-1763 (accessed March 19, 2016). Carl Krasik Collection of Presidential and 34 Ibid., 68. Pennsylvania Political Memorabilia at the 14 Pittsburgh in 1816, 13. 35 Ibid., 68. Heinz History Center. 15 Ibid., 13. 36 Ibid., 73. 16 Ibid., 14. 37 Pittsburgh Gazette-Times, March 12, 1916, 4-5. 17 Ibid., 17.

View of the H.J. Heinz Company’s Main Plant from Troy Hill from 1916, in which downtown is barely visible. HHC Detre L&A, H.J. Heinz Company, Photographs, 1864-1991, MSP57.B021.I04.

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | SUMMER 2016 53