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The Pastons and Their Norfolk by R H BRITNELL Abstract the Paston Letters Have Two Distinctive Features As Sources of Agricultural History

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The Pastons and Their Norfolk by R H BRITNELL Abstract the Paston Letters Have Two Distinctive Features As Sources of Agricultural History The Pastons And Their Norfolk By R H BRITNELL Abstract The Paston Letters have two distinctive features as sources of agricultural history. On the one hand they illustrate exceptionally well some organizational features of estate management on a smallish estate, notably the absence of closely structured specialization amongst estate officers and the personal involvement of members of the family in minor,matters. At the same time the letters demonstrate the problems of estate management in one of England s most commercialized regions during the I46os and r47os, and they suggest that the x46os in particular were a period of agrarian depression in Norfolk. The combined effect of these observations is to show how even as a rentier family the Pastons were intimately involved in the commercial dilemmas and social conflicts arising from crisis management. I OURCES for the agrarian history of problems of estate administration, and the fifteenth century, when landlords their personal nature means that it is often i large and small usually leased out their possible to gauge the frame of mind in S :[ demesne lands,' are for the most part which particular decisions were taken. laconic. With few exceptions estate They come, too, from a poorly recorded accoufits and valors lack the current infor- level of landed society. It would be a pity mation about the commercial enviromnent if their evidence were to be ignored because needed for explaining management in of its unusualness..~ action. Fluctuations in rents and arrears of The letters are interesting for another rent make poor indicators of either eco- reason. It so happens that the interests of nomic change or administrative policy, so the main branch of the Paston family were that it is difficult to identify the problems chiefly in eastern and north-eastern Nor- confronting estate officials or to evaluate folk, the most fertile and commercially their performance. Memoranda and corre- advanced region of English agriculture. An spondence give occasional insights into examination of agrarian conditions here thinking and practice on large estates, but during the I46os and I47os from a land- such details are not abundant, and there is lord's point of view is of more than local even less material with which to observe interest. This period has been seen in many the way knights and gentlemen managed parts of England as the low point of the i their affairs. 2 For these reasons the Paston fifteenth-century economy with respect to Letters are of particular interest as a source population 4, output s and levels of rent. ~ of agrarian history. They discuss many I: J The letters are here cited from Paston Leners and Papers of the 'j L Bolton, The Medieval En,~lish Economy, 115o-.15oo, 198o, p F(fteenth Century, N Davis, (ed), 2 vols. out of 3, Oxford, 1971, 220. For smaller estates see N Saul, Knights and Esquires: The 1976, referred to hereafter as PL. 'i Gloucestershire Gent U, in the Fourteemh Centur),, Oxford, 1981, pp 4j Cornwall, 'English Population in the Early Sixteenth Century', 234-8; N Saul, Scencs from Provincial L(fi': Knightly Families in Econ Hist Roy, 2ud ser, XXIII, 197o, p 44; J lqatcher, Phlgue, Sussex, Je8o--14oo, Oxford, 1986, pp IO9-11o; C Richnmnd,J0htl Population and the English Eeononty, 134,¢-153o, 1977, pp 43-4; P, S Hopton: A F(fteenth-Century Sll.ffolk Gentleman, Cambridge, 1981, Gottfried, Epidenlic Disease in F(fieemh-Century England, Leicester, pp 34-5, 79, 84; S M Wright, The Derbyshire Gentry of the 1978, pp 228-9. Fifteenth Ce,tury, Chesterfield, 1983, pp I4-16; C Carpenter 'The M M Postan, 'The Fifteenth Century', in idem, Essays on Medieval Fifteenth-Century Gentry and Their Estates', in M Jones (ed), Agriadture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy,Cam- Gentry and Lesser Nobility in Late Medieval Europe, Gloucester, bridge, 1973, p 43; Hatcher, Plague, pp 36-42; A R H Baker, I986, pp 46-7. 'Changes in the Later Middle Ages', in H C Darby (ed), A New : K B McFarlane, The Nobility of Laler Medieval England, Oxford, Historical Geography of England before 16oo, Cambridge, 1976, pp 1973, pp 50--2; R R Davies, 'Baronial Accounts, Incomes, and 202-4; A C Chibnall, Sherington: Fiefs and Fields of a Buckingham- Arrears in the Later Middle Ages', Eeon Hist Rev, 2nd ser, XXI, shire l/illage, Cambridge, 1965, pp 147-54. ~968, pp 211-29; J T Rosenthal, 'The Estates and Finances of e'F G Davenport, The Economic Developmem of a Norfolk Manor, Richard Duke of York (1411-146o)', Studies in Medieval and ao86-1565, Cambridge, 19o6, p 78; J A Raftis, The Estates of Renaissance History, II, Nebraska, I965, pp 123-4, 137-8; AJ Ramse), Abbey, Torouto, 1957, pp 293-4; J Hatcher, Rural Econ- Pollard, 'Estate Management in the Later Middle Ages: The omy and Society in the Duchy of Cormvall, 13oo--15oo, Cambridge, Talbots and Whitchureh, 1383-1525', Econ Hist Rev, 2nd ser, 197o, pp I59-65; Hatcher, Plague, pp 36-42; C Dyer, Lords and XXV, 2972, pp 563-5; C Rawcliffe, The Staffords, Earls of Stafford Peasants in a Changing Society: The Estates of the Bishopric of and Dukes of Buckingham, U94-15el, Cambridge, 1978, pp 148-9. Worcester, 68o-2540, Cambridge, 198o, pp 188-9. Ag Hist Rev, 36, II, pp I32-44 132 !ii ] THE PASTONS AND THEIR NORFOLK 13 3 The letters enable us to observe what agr- a new focus of the Paston estates in Flegg.'° arian problems there were in a well John Paston I died in 1466, and the estates endowed region of the country and to were inherited by his elder son John Paston discover what people said and did about II, who died in 1479.11 them. The distinctive characteristics of medi- eval agriculture in north-eastern Norfolk are now well known through the work of Dr Campbell. The area was one of I exceptionally rich soils, capable of support- The earliest Paston estates lay around the ing heavy crops with less frequent fallow- Norfolk coastal village from which the ing than elsewhere. Arthur Young cited family took its name. Properties became Mautby by name in 1804 as an example of more numerous and more widely distrib- the exceptional fertility of Flegg soil, uted in the time of William Paston I, but which he regarded as among the finest in many of these remained in his widow's the kingdom. It was normal here for over hands for thirty-five years after his death half the sown area to be under barley and in 1444.7 The rest of his estate was divided for between a fifth and a tenth to be between his children. His eldest son, John under wheat, as on the demesne lands at Ormesby Hall in Ormesby St Margaret, Paston I, had to be content initially with a well-documented manor near Mautby the manor of Gresham, near Cromer, belonging to the Clere family. In the though he later recovered his father's Paston correspondence there are details of manors of Swainsthorpe, just south of a tenant's cropping on ten acres at Filby /i Norwich, and Snailwell, Camb. ~ Mean- which suggest a pattern of this intensive while, by his marriage to Margaret character; 5 acres had been summer-fal- Mautby, John held her manors at lowed and sown with barley, and the other Bessingham, Matlask, Mautby and Spar- 5 were divided between 31/2 acres of barley and 11/2 acres of peas. The Pastons liked to h ham, all in Norfolk. The most important of these was Mautby, which gave him a choose their tenants with care, since this foothold in the rich soils of Flegg. 9 John's type of husbandry called for knowledge which evidently not all small farmers pos- interest in Flegg was increased from I459 sessed. In addition to its fertile soils eastern as a result of claims under an alleged will Norfolk had easy communications by sea of Sir John Fastolf. The Fastolf properties to London and other east-coast towns. No were scattered, and some were lost after a region further inland could export grain ii few years, but the Pastons' permanent If and malt so cheaply."- gains from this inheritance were all near ~°PL, 1, pp 259, 376, 426-7, 5o3, 574, 619, 629; I1, pp 280, 355, Mautby: manors in Caistor, Winterton and 421. The most important temporary gains from the Fastolf estate were Hellesdon and Drayton (both held 1459-6S), Guton in Bastwick, together with one third of the Brandiston (held 1459-c147o), and Titchwell (held 1459-71): PL, manor of Runham and some lands in Sto- 1, pp I29, 132- 3, 136, 145-6, 292-6, 3oi-5, 309, 31t, 532, 553, 364; II, pp 218, 299, 311, 348, 359, 372, 393, 555, 57 t. The dates kesby. Caister (held 1459-69, 147o-1 and are those of effective occupation. ),9,i " PL, l, pp iv, lix. from 1476) was particularly important as ': B M S Campbell, 'Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk', Econ Hist Rev, and ser, XXXVI, 1983; idem, 'Arable Productivity in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Norfolk', Jnl Econ Hist, XLIII, t983; A 7pL, 1, pp xli-xliii, 22, 45, I75-7. Young, General View of tile Agriculture of the County of Norfolk, sPL, I, pp 45, 128-9, 223, 251; II, pp 64, 258, 29% 328, 555; F 18o4, pp 13, 366; PL, II, pp 4o8-9. For comments on the Blomefield and C Parkin, An Essay towardsa ToporlrvphicalHistory technical competence of potential tenants see PL, II, pp 217-18, of the County of Norfolk, II vols, 18o5-1o, V, p 6o and VIII, p 38o.
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