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Abstract the Paston Women and Gentry Culture: The ABSTRACT THE PASTON WOMEN AND GENTRY CULTURE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND This gender and social history examines the role of the Paston family in the developing gentry culture in fifteenth-century England. A family who desired to increase their social standing, the Pastons worked to first obtain land and wealth in order to become a part of the gentry. This study primarily examines the second way that the Pastons proved their gentility; through exhibiting behavior associated with the gentry, the Pastons proved to the public that they were above the peasantry and that they belonged in the upper echelons of society. In their quest for gentility, the behavior of the Paston women was particularly important to the efforts of their family. This thesis focuses on the ways that Agnes and Margaret Paston adopted the advice present in contemporary conduct manuals and how they incorporated such behavior into their letters. By presenting an image of gentility in their letters, Agnes and Margaret participated in both the developing gentry culture in fifteenth-century England and in their family’s efforts to increase their social status. Letter writing was a venue through which medieval women could express their opinions, and in the case of the Paston women, it was a way for them to directly impact the station of their family. The exercise of gentility in which the Paston women participated demonstrates one way the creation of an individual identity impacts both social status and group formation in Late Medieval England. Melissa Marie Morris December 2010 THE PASTON WOMEN AND GENTRY CULTURE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by Melissa Marie Morris A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno December 2010 © 2010 Melissa Marie Morris APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Melissa Marie Morris Thesis Author Mark Arvanigian (Chair) History Maritere López History Jill Fields History For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. X Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It seems that writing this thesis has taken over my life, but not in a bad way. I have dedicated a majority of my time and energy into researching, writing, and editing this thesis, but now that it is finished, I am extremely happy that I devoted so much effort towards its completion. The task has not been easy, and often not enjoyable; however, I am glad that I endured the process and completed the task that I set out to do. Although I would love to take credit for the entirety of this process, without the support of a number of others I would not have had the knowledge or the stamina to finish this task. Without them, this thesis would likely still be an unfinished product. First and foremost, I must thank Dr. Mark Arvanigian. He has spent the last three years carefully listening to my often crazy ideas, pointing me in the right direction. Without our many discussions of books and ideas, this thesis would still be an unfocused, jumbled mess. With his help, I have been able to gather my thoughts and research, and with his guidance, feel that I have a better understanding of the Late Middle Ages in England. Overall, the graduate program at California State University, Fresno has been a positive experience for me. In large part, I feel this has to do with the guiding hand of Dr. Maritere López. More than a graduate coordinator and advisor, Dr. López has pushed me and my writing to the next level. She has always been completely, often brutally, honest, telling me when I have needed to scrap ideas and start all over again. Although frustrating at the time, I realize now that her guidance has made me not only a better researcher and writer, but also a better individual. I am truly honored to have worked with Dr. López on several vi projects, including the publication of Hindsight Graduate History Journal and serving as her graduate assistant. These experiences have made my graduate school career both more enjoyable and more rewarding, while preparing me for my future endeavors. During my studies, Dr. Jill Fields has been gracious enough to not only give me guidance in the issues faced by women’s historians, but has also given me invaluable experience. By working closely with Dr. Fields, I have learned the processes behind producing an academic publication. Further, she has given me the opportunity to guest lecture in her women’s history classes, helping me to become more comfortable in front of a classroom of college students. Her confidence in me has greatly enhanced my graduate experience. Of my fellow graduate students, two in particular have impacted not only the writing of this thesis, but also my life. Michael Eissinger continuously encourages me and pushes me to continue with my research and education. He has read through this thesis a countless number of times, providing suggestions and edits that I would have missed. Jessica Szalay has been there for me in a number of ways during my time at Fresno State. From helping with Hindsight to letting me bounce ideas off of her, she has been a true friend and colleague. Without my many coffee and lunch outings with both Michael and Jessica I never would have stayed sane throughout the writing of this thesis. Most of all, my family has been an unbelievable source of strength. My grandparents Jerry and Janet Pfeiffer have given me both financial and emotional support. No matter how boring, my grandpa always reads the projects I have been a part of and asks me questions about my research. His interest in history and my research has kept me on track many times. Similarly, my grandma has always vii voiced how proud she is, marveling at the work I have put into this thesis. Their support has truly given me the strength to continue researching and writing. My parents, Larry and Cheryl Morris, have been my biggest cheerleaders throughout my life, and this process was no exception. A friend and confidant, my mom has patiently listened to my stress and frustrations, all the while encouraging me to continue to work towards my goals. Always ready with a smile and a joke, my dad often provided me with much needed stress relief by making me laugh. His reminders to never take life too seriously always helps me to put things in perspective and not get caught up in the seemingly small details. Without the love, support, and encouragement of both of my parents, I would not be where I am today. Last, but certainly not least, my husband Chris has always believed in me, even when I have doubted myself. His constant attention to detail has saved me numerous times from leaving embarrassing typos in various papers, including this thesis. But more than that, his friendship and love has encouraged me to continue on with this project, even during the times when I desperately wanted to give up. Thank you all for your time and commitment. It has truly made a difference in this resulting thesis and in my life. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: THE ENGLISH GENTRY IN THE FIFTEENTH-CENTURY: PROFESSIONS, WEALTH, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY ......................... 26 CHAPTER 3: THE IDEAL WOMAN: FEMALE EXERCISES OF GENTILITY ................................................................................................ 45 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The fifteenth century was a time of contradiction in England; an expansion of royal government encouraged social movement and growth, while political events, such as the Wars of the Roses, created a tumultuous atmosphere in both the towns and countryside. Individuals and their families carefully navigated the political and social scene of the century, with many attempting to find favor with those higher in status while avoiding the direct danger of fighting or, more importantly, being on the losing side of a military dispute. It is this struggle to advance while eluding danger that largely defines the context of fifteenth-century England. A family with aspirations to climb the social ladder, the Pastons of Norfolk illustrate the opportunities available in England and the often difficult path to increasing, and maintaining, one’s status. Although the Paston’s tale is representative of the life of a socially ambitious family, they are particularly important because they left an extensive collection of letters, today referred to as the Paston Letters, which detail the daily business of family affairs and their efforts to increase their status through activities such as securing land.1 The extant Paston Letters reflect the thoughts of several members of the medieval branch of the family, and not only contain invaluable information regarding the political and familial struggles in Late Medieval England, but also include detailed images of the personal and social experiences of the family.2 The Paston Letters have 1 The surviving Paston Letters are gathered in: Norman Davis, ed., Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, vol.
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