Head and Neck 1

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Head and Neck1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Dr. J.E. Bruni, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., University of Manitoba ACROSS 35 Sphincter of eyelids (2 wds) 3 Characreristic feature of C2 30 "Frowning muscle" 36 Mandibular attachment of the vertebra 31 Foramen transmitting CN V3 1 Nerve supplying lateral rectus masseter 4 Masticatory nerve 34 Muscles elevating hyoid bone muscle 37 Depression on upper lip beneath 5 Pigmented part of eye 38 Foramen transmitting CN V2 7 Reflex produced by touching nasal septum 6 Bone supporting the head 42 Cheek bone cornea 39 Deepest cranial fossa 9 Respiratory muscles of neck 8 Muscle innervated by CN XI 40 "White" of the eye 10 Fissure through which c. tympani 11 Bat-like cranial bone 41 Attached to oval window emerges 13 Depressions in the floor of the 43 Contents of cavities in the 12 Part of medial pterygoid plate cranial cavity alveolar process around which tensor veli palatini 14 Bone attached to the tympanic 44 Wrinkles the neck tendon passes membrane 45 Suprahyoid muscle with 2 bellies 16 Paired cranial bones 15 Part of temporal bone enclosing 46 Cranial fossa lodging temporal 17 Bones isolated in sutures organ of hearing lobes 18 Wry neck 19 Cranial bones (number) 47 Exit foramen for CN VII 20 Foramen transmitting ophthalmic 21 Neck triangle bordered by 48 Muscle forming floor of mouth artery trapezius and SCM muscles 49 Breast-shaped process of 22 Cheek muscle 24 Duct draining the eye temporal bone 23 Lower jaw 25 Thinnest skin in the head 50 Upper jaw bone 28 Duct opening into mouth 26 Forehead muscle opposite 2nd molar 27 Fossa lodging pituitary gland DOWN 29 Bone through which cranial 32 Raises the eyebrows cavity and vertebral canal 33 Lens opacities 2 U-shaped neck bone communicate WORD BANK: Atlas, buccinator, cataracts, corneal, corrugator, dens, digastric, eight, eyelids, fossae, frontalis, hamulus, hyoid, hypophyseal, iris, malleus, mandible, mandibular, mastoid, maxilla, middle, mylohyoid, nasolacrimal, occipital, optic, orbicularisoculi, ovale, parotid, petrotympanic, petrous, philtrum, platysma, posterior, ramus, rotundum, scalenes, sclera, sixth, sphenoid, stapes, sternomastoid, stylomastoid, suprahyoid, teeth, temporals, torticollis, wormian, zygoma. .

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ARAŞTIRMALAR (ResearchUnur, Ülger, Reports) Ekinci MORPHOMETRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES IN THE NEWBORN* Yeni doğanlarda orta kulak kemikciklerinin morfometrik ve morfolojik varyasyonları Erdoğan UNUR 1, Harun ÜLGER 1, Nihat EKİNCİ 2 Abstract Özet Purpose: Aim of this study was to investigate the Amaç: Yeni doğanlarda orta kulak kemikciklerinin morphometric and morphologic variations of middle ear morfometrik ve morfolojik varyasyonlarını ortaya ossicles. koymak. Materials and Methods: Middle ear of 20 newborn Gereç ve yöntem: Her iki cinse ait 20 yeni doğan cadavers from both sexes were dissected bilaterally and kadavrasının orta kulak boşluğuna girilerek elde edilen the ossicles were obtained to investigate their orta kulak kemikcikleri üzerinde morfometrik ve morphometric and morphologic characteristics. morfolojik inceleme yapıldı. Results: The average of morphometric parameters Bulgular: Morfometrik sonuçlar; malleus’un toplam showed that the malleus was 7.69 mm in total length with uzunluğu 7.69 mm, manibrium mallei’nin uzunluğu 4.70 an angle of 137 o; the manibrium mallei was 4.70 mm, mm, caput mallei ve processus lateralis arasındaki and the total length of head and neck was 4.85 mm; the uzaklık 4.85 mm, manibrium mallei’nin ekseni ve caput incus had a total length of 6.47 mm, total width of 4.88 mallei arasındaki açı 137 o, incus’un toplam uzunluğu mm , and a maximal distance of 6.12 mm between the 6.47 mm, toplam genişliği 4.88 mm, crus longum ve tops of the processes, with an angle of 99.9 o; the stapes breve’nin uçları arasındaki uzaklık 6.12 mm, cruslar had a total height of 3.22 mm, with stapedial base being arasındaki açı 99.9 o, stapesin toplam uzunluğu 2.57 mm in length and 1.29 mm in width.
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Temporal Bone, Normal Anatomy, Computed Tomography/Histology
Temporal Bone Normal Anatomy Computed Tomography /Histology Correlation Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Eric F. Curtin Barbara J. Burgess Dianne D. Jones Jennifer T. O’Malley Hugh D. Curtin MD Otopathologylaboratory.org Facial nerve Malleus Incus Cochlea Lateral canal Oval Window Axial CT Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII Attic IAC Vest LSCC Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII M I M-Malleus I-Incus Vest Cochlea S-Stapes VII S Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Anterior epitympanic recess Cog Cochleariform process Cochlea Facial recess S-Stapes Pyramidal process S Sinus Tympani ME ME-middle ear RW-round window Cochlea RW Stapedius M Carotid TMJ plate Jugular plate Coronal CT FN 2 FN 1 Cochlea Carotid Malleus Tegmen Incus FN 2 Oval window Scutum Lateral Semicircular Canal Pyramidal process Round Window Jugular Facial Nerve Key image lateral canal facial nerve oval window .. Poschl CT Carotid Tensor tympani Eustachian tube VII1 IAC Basilar turn cochlea Apical turn cochlea Turn 2 cochlea VII1 VII2 Tensor tympani VII2 Jugular vein Tensor tympani Jugular vein Cochleariform process Superior SCC M M-malleus VII2 Oval W Round W Lateral canal Common crus TMJ Lateral SCC VII2 I S I –Incus S- Stapes Tegmen Vestibular aqueduct VII2 VII3 EAC Stenvers CT SSCC VII1 Carotid VII1 is separated from nerve to lateral canal by Bill’s bar Canal for nerve to lateral SCC VII VII1 Basilar turn cochlea LSCC SSCC VII3 Round window Styloid process Vestibule VII3 PSCC Common Crus IAC Axial CT Histology correlation Utricle Lateral Semicircular Canal Vestibule Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Anterior Crus of the Stapes Carotid Tympanic Carotid plate membrane Middle Ear Jugular Jugular plate Coronal CT Histology correlation Saccule Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Otopathologylaboratory.org Eric F.
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The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Sensory information arrives at the CNS • Information is “picked up” by sensory receptors • Sensory receptors are the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment • General senses • Refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception • Special senses • Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Receptors and Receptive Fields • Free nerve endings are the simplest receptors • These respond to a variety of stimuli • Receptors of the retina (for example) are very specific and only respond to light • Receptive fields • Large receptive fields have receptors spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus • Small receptive fields have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Receptors and Receptive Fields Receptive Receptive field 1 field 2 Receptive fields © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Interpretation of Sensory Information • Information is relayed from the receptor to a specific neuron in the CNS • The connection between a receptor and a neuron is called a labeled line • Each labeled line transmits its own specific sensation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Interpretation of Sensory Information • Classification of Receptors • Tonic receptors
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Endoscopic Treatment of Middle Ear Myoclonus with Stapedius and Tensor Tympani Section: a New Minimally-Invasive Approach
British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 4(17): 3398-3405, 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Endoscopic Treatment of Middle Ear Myoclonus with Stapedius and Tensor Tympani Section: A New Minimally-Invasive Approach Natasha Pollak1*, Roya Azadarmaki2 and Sidrah Ahmad1 1Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 2Metropolitan NeuroEar Group, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author NP designed study, performed surgery, literature review, writing, reviewing. Author RA literature review, writing, reviewing. Author SA performed surgery, writing, reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 26th January 2014 th Case Study Accepted 11 March 2014 Published 27th March 2014 ABSTRACT Aims: We describe a new, entirely endoscopic surgical technique for treatment of middle ear myoclonus. Case Presentation: In our patient, the stapedius and tensor tympani tendons were sectioned to control chronic middle ear myoclonus. The procedure was performed using endoscopic ear surgery techniques, with the aid of rigid Hopkins rod endoscopes. Control of the pulsatile tinnitus was achieved after endoscopic tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani, without any complications. Discussion and Conclusion: Endoscopic tensor tympani and stapedius tendon section is a new, minimally invasive treatment option for middle ear myoclonus that should be considered as a first line surgical approach in patients who fail medical therapy. The use of an endoscopic approach allows for easier access and vastly superior visualization of the relevant anatomy, which in turn allows the surgeon to minimize dissection of healthy tissue for exposure. The entire operation, including raising the tympanomeatal flap and tendon section can be safely completed under visualization with a rigid endoscope with good control of the pulsatile tinnitus.
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Cochlear Implants
The Ear • Outer ear - pinna and auditory canal – Pinna helps with sound location • Holds glasses on your head. – Auditory canal - tube-like 3 cm long structure • Protects the tympanic membrane at the end of the canal • Resonant frequency of the canal amplifies frequencies between 2,000 and 5,000 Hz The Middle Ear • 2 cubic centimeter cavity separating inner from outer ear • It contains the three ossicles (the smallest bones in the body!) – Malleus - moves due to the vibration of the tympanic membrane – Incus - transmits vibrations of malleus – Stapes - transmit vibrations of incus to the inner ear via the oval window of the cochlea Malleus Stapes Oval window Round window Function of Ossicles • Outer and inner ear are filled with air • Inner ear filled with fluid that is much denser than air • Pressure changes in air transmit poorly into the denser medium • Ossicles act to amplify the vibration for better transmission to the fluid The Inner Ear The Cochlea – Fluid-filled snail-like structure set into vibration by the stapes – Divided into the scala vestibuli and scala tympani by the cochlear partition – Cochlear partition extends from the base (stapes end) to the apex (far end) – Organ of Corti contained by the cochlear partition The Organ of Corti • Key structures – Basilar membrane vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of Corti – Inner and outer hair cells are the receptors for hearing – Tectorial membrane extends over the hair cells • Transduction at the hair cells takes place due to the interaction of these structures
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THE OSSIFICATION of the MIDDLE and INTERNAL EAR of the GOLDEN HAMSTER (Cricetus Auratus)
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Mechanisms of High Sensitivity and Active Amplification in Sensory Hair Cells a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The
Mechanisms of High Sensitivity and Active Amplification in Sensory Hair Cells A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Art and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Mahvand Khamesian August 2018 © 2018 Mahvand Khamesian. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Mechanisms of High Sensitivity and Active Amplification in Sensory Hair Cells by MAHVAND KHAMESIAN has been approved for the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the College of Art and Sciences by Alexander B. Neiman Professor of Physics and Astronomy Joseph Shields Dean of College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract KHAMESIAN, MAHVAND, Ph.D., August 2018, Physics Mechanisms of High Sensitivity and Active Amplification in Sensory Hair Cells (118 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Alexander B. Neiman Hair cells mediating the senses of hearing and balance rely on active mechanisms for amplification of mechanical signals. In amphibians, hair cells exhibit spontaneous self-sustained mechanical oscillations of their hair bundles. In addition to mechanical oscillations, it is known that the electrical resonance is responsible for frequency selectivity in some inner ear organs. Furthermore, hair cells may show spontaneous electrical oscillations of their membrane potentials. In this dissertation, we study these mechanisms using a computational modeling of the bullfrog sacculus, a well-studied preparation in sensory neuroscience. In vivo, hair bundles of the bullfrog sacculus are coupled by an overlying otolithic membrane across a significant fraction of epithelium. We develop a model for coupled hair bundles in which non-identical hair cells are distributed on a regular grid and coupled mechanically via elastic springs connected to the hair bundles.
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Pathway of a Sound Wave
Pathway of a Sound Wave 1. The sound waves arrive at the pinna (auricle), the only visible part of the ear. 2. Once the sound waves have passed the pinna, they move into the auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) before hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum). 3. Once the sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, it begins to vibrate and they enter into the middle ear. 4. The vibrations are transmitted further into the ear via three bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). These three bones form a bridge from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. 5. Once sound passes through the oval window, it enters into the cochlea in the inner ear. 6. Hair cells in the organ of Corti (within the cochlea) are stimulated which in turn stimulates the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. 7. The cochlear nerve then transmits electrical impulses to the auditory region of the brain in the temporal lobe. Pathway of a Sound Wave 1. The sound waves arrive at the pinna (auricle), the only visible part of the ear. 2. Once the sound waves have passed the pinna, they move into the auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) before hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum). 3. Once the sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, it begins to vibrate and they enter into the middle ear. 4. The vibrations are transmitted further into the ear via three bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). These three bones form a bridge from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
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Characterization of the Inherent Electrophysiology of Zebrafish Hair Cells and the Effect of Mutations in Met Channel Candidate Genes
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INHERENT ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF ZEBRAFISH HAIR CELLS AND THE EFFECT OF MUTATIONS IN MET CHANNEL CANDIDATE GENES By KAYLA JEANNE KINDIG Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Thesis Advisor: Dr. Brian McDermott Jr. Department of Biology CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2019 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Kayla Kindig candidate for the degree of Master of Science*. Committee Chair Nicole Crown Committee Member Brian McDermott Committee Member Ruben Stepanyan Committee Member Hillel Chiel Committee Member Susan Burden-Gulley Date of Defense March 22nd, 2019 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. 1 Table of Contents List of Tables.......................................................................................................................3 List of Figures.....................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................5 Abstract...............................................................................................................................6 Introduction........................................................................................................................7 The Human Ear...............................................................................................................7
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Isolated Traumatic Fracture of the Malleus Handle Causing Hearing
Otology & Neurotology 40:e244–e247 ß 2019, Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Imaging Case of the Month Isolated Traumatic Fracture of the Malleus Handle Causing Hearing Fluctuation ÃMarina Neves Cavada and ÃyzNirmal Patel ÃFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; yDepartment of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney; and zKolling Deafness Research Centre, Macquarie University and 02/13/2019 on IJFFeEaHn1eeltApCfg9c7yVI2fguJ9PASBuFPPrq0O0PZN57Rz0eAv4YUUourz8+RIudBMJChCQDGllp3smZUOaQ90rAwYbGjJxfkIrI4yH884AvBPhiC2FCIBFobYq by http://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology from Downloaded Downloaded University of Sydney, NSW, Australia from http://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology Introduction: Handle of malleus fracture is a rare condition decision for surgical treatment was made based on continuing with <100 cases having been reported. The clinical presenta- symptomatology as well as audiology and CT findings. A tragal tion is conductive hearing loss following a history of trauma, composite cartilage graft was harvested and placed over the typically, during manipulation of the external auditory canal. remaining superior part of the malleus and under the inferior The diagnosis of the condition is clinical and radiological. The fragment of the malleus attached to the tympanic membrane. options for treatment are either a hearing aid or ossiculoplasty. The patient had immediate improvement of fluctuating hearing We describe an isolated case of malleus handle fracture after loss and tinnitus in the postoperative period. by trauma associated with manipulation of the external auditory Conclusion: A fracture of the malleus handle should be IJFFeEaHn1eeltApCfg9c7yVI2fguJ9PASBuFPPrq0O0PZN57Rz0eAv4YUUourz8+RIudBMJChCQDGllp3smZUOaQ90rAwYbGjJxfkIrI4yH884AvBPhiC2FCIBFobYq canal. included in the etiologies of conductive hearing loss after Case report: A 56-year-old female, reported a right ear trauma. A careful history, thorough otology examination, and trauma.
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The Malleus Maleficarum
broedel.cov 12/8/03 9:23 am Page 1 ‘Broedel has provided an excellent study, not only of the Malleus and its authors, and the construction of witchcraft The Malleus Maleficarum but just as importantly, of the intellectual context in which the Malleus must be set and the theological and folk traditions to which it is, in many ways, an heir.’ and the construction of witchcraft PETER MAXWELL-STUART, ST ANDREWS UNIVERSITY Theology and popular belief HAT WAS WITCHCRAFT? Were witches real? How should witches The HANS PETER BROEDEL be identified? How should they be judged? Towards the end of the middle ages these were serious and important questions – and completely W Malleus Maleficarum new ones. Between 1430 and 1500, a number of learned ‘witch-theorists’ attempted to answer such questions, and of these perhaps the most famous are the Dominican inquisitors Heinrich Institoris and Jacob Sprenger, the authors of the Malleus Maleficarum, or The Hammer of Witches. The Malleus is an important text and is frequently quoted by authors across a wide range of scholarly disciplines.Yet it also presents serious difficulties: it is difficult to understand out of context, and is not generally representative of late medieval learned thinking. This, the first book-length study of the original text in English, provides students and scholars with an introduction to this controversial work and to the conceptual world of its authors. Like all witch-theorists, Institoris and Sprenger constructed their witch out of a constellation of pre-existing popular beliefs and learned traditions. BROEDEL Therefore, to understand the Malleus, one must also understand the contemporary and subsequent debates over the reality and nature of witches.
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CT of the Normal Suspensory Ligaments of the Ossicles in the Middle Ear
CT of the Normal Suspensory Ligaments of the Ossicles in the Middle Ear Marc M. Lemmerling, Hilda E. Stambuk, Anthony A. Mancuso, Patrick J. Antonelli, and Paul S. Kubilis PURPOSE: To establish the range of normal variation in the CT appearance of the middle ear ligaments and the stapedius tendon as an aid in detecting abnormal changes in these structures. METHODS: CT scans of the temporal bone in 75 normal middle ears, obtained with 1-mm-thick sections, were reviewed by two observers, who rated the visibility of the structures of interest on a scale of 1 to 5. RESULTS: The anterior, superior, and lateral malleal ligaments and the medial and lateral parts of the posterior incudal ligament were seen in 68%, 46%, 95%, 26%, and 34% of the ears, respectively. The stapedius tendon was seen in 27% of the cases. When visible, the ligaments were judged to be complete in 90% to 100% of the ears and the stapedius tendon was complete in 65% of cases. Their width varied considerably. Interobserver variability was high for most obser- vations. CONCLUSION: CT scans are more likely to show the malleal than the incudal ligaments. Although the interobserver agreement was statistically significant for most study parameters, the percentage of agreement above that expected by chance was low. When seen, the ligaments usually appeared complete. Understanding the normal range of appearance may help identify abnormalities of the ligaments and tendons of the middle ear. Index terms: Ear, anatomy; Ear, computed tomography AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18:471–477, March 1997 High-resolution computed tomography (CT) study, 50 normal middle ears were examined to of the temporal bone has been the method of establish the range of variation in the stapedius choice for evaluating middle ear disease since tendon as compared with a group of abnormal the late 1970s and early 1980s.
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