GENDER and NATION in SOUTH ASIAN FICTION a Dissertation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

GENDER and NATION in SOUTH ASIAN FICTION a Dissertation SACRED SUBJECTS: GENDER AND NATION IN SOUTH ASIAN FICTION A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Krupa Kirit Shandilya August 2009 © 2009 Krupa Kirit Shandilya SACRED SUBJECTS: GENDER AND NATION IN SOUTH ASIAN FICTION Krupa Kirit Shandilya, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 My dissertation, Sacred Subjects: Gender and Nation in South Asian Literature, intervenes in the ongoing debates in postcolonial and feminist studies about the mapping of woman onto nation. There has been a tendency to read the land as female in both colonial and postcolonial discourse. As feminist scholars like Anne McClintock have shown, such a mapping places the burden of representing the nation onto the gendered subject. My dissertation argues that fiction in Bengali, Urdu and English undoes this mapping by creating non-normative gendered figures implicated in the sacred, who counteract the paternalistic figurations of gender present in imperialist and nationalist discourse. My introductory chapter argues that the non-normative gendered figures of this fiction have been repressed by the nation-state in order to create a homogenous entity called the “nation.” My second chapter argues that late-nineteenth century Bengali domestic fiction, namely Bankimchandra Chatterjee’s Krishnakanta’s Will and The Poison Tree, Rabindranath Tagore’s Chokher Bali and Saratchandra Chatterjee’s Charitraheen and Srikanta, challenges the notion of the exploited Hindu widow who needs to be rescued from her plight, by creating the widow as an empowered character who usurps wifely devotion or satita, implicated in Hindu devotional practices, to create a space for herself within her society. My third chapter analyzes the Urdu novel, namely Mohammed Hadi Ruswa’s Umrao Jan Ada and Premchand’s Sevasadan and argues that the courtesans of these novels usurp modesty and service, borne from Islamic and Hindu codes of conduct for veiled women, to re-instate themselves within respectable society. My fourth chapter continues these analyses to consider a contemporary novel, Vikram Chandra’s Sacred Games, which destabilizes the gendering of the nation by rewriting the passive, religious, feminine, Indian nation of Rudyard Kipling’s Kim as a heterogeneous, complicated space that defies narrativization. My final chapter reflects on the discourse of liberal secularism and argues that it subsumes the agency of subjects implicated in the sacred. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Krupa Shandilya has a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai and the University of Rochester. Her interests are feminist theory, postcolonial theory and South Asian literature. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee whose support and guidance made this dissertation possible; Liz Deloughrey, who patiently read draft after draft of my dissertation and has been both a mentor and a friend to me; Durba Ghosh, whose encouragement and faith in me enabled me to push on when the going was tough; Biodun Jeyifo, for his detailed comments and feedback on my work. I would also like to thank my family for their support, especially ben whose unconditional love has always held me afloat. In addition, I would also like to thank my dear friends who have stood by me through this long and arduous process. Jay, for sharing my passion in books from the age of ten, Karan, for setting me on this path, Mikey, for his gentle kindness and unconditional affection, Namu, for making me laugh away the blues, Mukti, for holding my hand (metaphorically and literally) through the cold Ithaca winters, Sowm, for dragging me out of the library for necessary tea breaks and gossip sessions, Shital, for her intellectual companionship and emotional support, Bilal, for making Ithaca home for me, Hamza, for his intellectual and emotional nourishment and his love and faith in me and Taimoor, who has been my pillar of strength. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical Sketch iii Acknowledgments iv Chapter 1: Gender, Nation, Translation and the Sacred: Towards a 1 Methodology for Comparative Literature Chapter 2: Between Home and the World: Devotion and the Widow in Late 28 Nineteenth-Early Twentieth Century Bengali fiction Chapter 3: Inside Purdah/ Outside Purdah: The Veil and the Courtesan in 69 Mirza Ruswa’s Umrao Jan Ada and Premchand’s Sevasadan Chapter 4: The Sacred and the Secular: Spirituality, Aesthetics and Politics 118 in Rudyard Kipling’s Kim and Vikram Chandra’s Sacred Games Chapter 5: Sacred Subjects: Writing the Sacred in the Secular State 154 Gender, Nation, Translation and the Sacred: Towards a Methodology for Comparative Literature On one of my forays in Cornell’s Kroch Library, I chanced upon Rabindranath Tagore’s Nashtanir [The Broken Nest] (1901), a short novella about a young woman, Charulata, confined in a stifling marriage to an older man. As I was gripped in this heartbreaking tale of passion and unfulfilled desire, it suddenly dawned on me that here was a woman whose desires did not seem to fit into any nationalist or imperialist theorization of the nation. In my class on Indian historiography, I had recently read Partha Chatterjee’s theory that the late-nineteenth century Bengali woman was configured as “spiritual” by the Bengali nationalist movement, and that women who did not fit into this framework were cast as Anglicized. Charulata’s frustrated sexual passion was far from spiritual, and her burning desire to break free of her marriage could not be framed as a proto-feminist attempt at “modernity” either. How, then, did Charulata’s story fit into the narrative of the nation? In the years that followed, this question continued to haunt me. This project is an attempt to answer this question through a broader framework: how does the nation account for the gendered subject whose narrative does not fit within nationalist or imperialist accounts of the nation? In the process of trying to answer this question, I came across literary texts in both Bengali and Urdu, which told stories of women whose lives were deeply implicated in the sacred and were therefore never heard in imperialist or nationalist discourse. I came to realize then, that contemporary theoretical understandings of the South Asian nation had been formulated largely through “secular”1 readings of texts in English2 or through “canonical”3 texts in other 1 See Dipesh Chakrabarty’s Habitations of Modernity. In Habitations of Modernity, Dipesh Chakrabarty suggests that there “are parts of society that remain opaque to the theoretical gaze of the modern analyst” (Chakrabarty 45) because the modern analyst is confined to thinking through “secular” systems of knowledge, which occlude alternative modes of being that are implicated in the “sacred.” 1 South Asian languages. In Death of a Discipline, Gayatri Spivak calls for a “new comparative literature” (18) that will embrace languages outside of the Euro-American tradition and pay close attention to the textures and histories of words that get obliterated in translations. As Spivak argues in her introduction, work on literatures in South Asian languages other than English has emerged primarily from Area Studies departments, while English departments have focused primarily on Anglophone literature of the colonial/postcolonial period. Taking my cue from Spivak, I explore articulations of gender in Bengali and Urdu literature of the late-nineteenth early twentieth century and argue that a study of these texts destabilizes contemporaneous theoretical mappings of gender with nation. I juxtapose my analyses of these texts with a study of two texts from the English literary tradition to suggest that the English literary tradition destabilizes the gendering of the nation as feminine thereby offering a wholly different frame through which we can understand the mapping of gender onto nation. This dissertation is thus committed to the task of destabilizing notions of the nation by recovering marginalized articulations of gender in literary texts in Bengali, Urdu and English as they are implicated in notions of the sacred. As anthropologist Talal Asad argues in Formations of the Secular the secular has come to be associated with the exertion of liberal, humanist agency and the sacred 2 While there have been a slew of books on Indian writing, I will gesture to two books that are exemplary of the trend to focus primarily on Indian writing in English, namely, Sara Suleri’s The Rhetoric of English India (1992) and Meenakshi Mukherjee’s The Perishable Empire (2000). In her book, Suleri examines the way in which colonial and postcolonial writers writing in English, such as E.M. Forster, Rudyard Kipling, V.S. Naipaul and Salman Rushdie, have explored their experiences of India. On the other hand, Mukherjee’s book does examine vernacular traditions, but only insofar as they relate to English language texts of the same period. Neither writer thinks about vernacular traditions as worth examining in and of itself, and therefore the understanding of the nation that these scholarly texts produce is necessarily limited to a very specific cultural formulation. 3 While Bankimchandra’s Bengali masterpiece, Anandamath (1882), a fictional depiction of the Sanyasi rebellion was read and theorized as the nascent voice of Indian nationalism, Bankimchandra’s domestic fiction fell by the way side. Similarly, Partition narratives in Urdu were read in the context of the nation-state’s rupture, and Urdu novels that focused on the problems of North Indian society were relatively neglected. 2 with coercion. This understanding has become so hegemonic that it has become impossible to understand the notion of agency outside the framework of the secular. Asad urges us to look beyond this frame and suggests that we should not assume “that a proper understanding of agency requires us to place it within the framework of a secular history of freedom from all coercive control” (Asad 72-73) since there are expressions of agency that stem from the sacred, which do not map onto this framework.
Recommended publications
  • Nationalmerit-2020.Pdf
    Rehabilitation Council of India ‐ National Board of Examination in Rehabilitation (NBER) National Merit list of candidates in Alphabatic Order for admission to Diploma Level Course for the Academic Session 2020‐21 06‐Nov‐20 S.No Name Father Name Application No. Course Institute Institute Name Category % in Class Remark Code Code 12th 1 A REENA PATRA A BHIMASEN PATRA 200928134554 0549 AP034 Priyadarsini Service Organization, OBC 56.16 2 AABHA MAYANK PANDEY RAMESH KUMAR PANDEY 200922534999 0547 UP067 Yuva Viklang Evam Dristibadhitarth Kalyan Sewa General 75.4 Sansthan, 3 AABID KHAN HAKAM DEEN 200930321648 0547 HR015 MR DAV College of Education, OBC 74.6 4 AADIL KHAN INTZAR KHAN 200929292350 0527 UP038 CBSM, Rae Bareli Speech & Hearing Institute, General 57.8 5 AADITYA TRIPATHI SOM PRAKASH TRIPATHI 200921120721 0549 UP130 Suveera Institute for Rehabilitation and General 71 Disabilities 6 AAINA BANO SUMIN MOHAMMAD 200926010618 0550 RJ002 L.K. C. Shri Jagdamba Andh Vidyalaya Samiti OBC 93 ** 7 AAKANKSHA DEVI LAKHAN LAL 200927081668 0550 UP044 Rehabilitation Society of the Visually Impaired, OBC 75 8 AAKANKSHA MEENA RANBEER SINGH 200928250444 0547 UP119 Swaraj College of Education ST 74.6 9 AAKANKSHA SINGH NARENDRA BAHADUR SING 201020313742 0547 UP159 Prema Institute for Special Education, General 73.2 10 AAKANSHA GAUTAM TARACHAND GAUTAM 200925253674 0549 RJ058 Ganga Vision Teacher Training Institute General 93.2 ** 11 AAKANSHA SHARMA MAHENDRA KUMAR SHARM 200919333672 0549 CH002 Government Rehabilitation Institute for General 63.60% Intellectual
    [Show full text]
  • The Epic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School May 2017 Modern Mythologies: The picE Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature Sucheta Kanjilal University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kanjilal, Sucheta, "Modern Mythologies: The pE ic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6875 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Mythologies: The Epic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature by Sucheta Kanjilal A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a concentration in Literature Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Gurleen Grewal, Ph.D. Gil Ben-Herut, Ph.D. Hunt Hawkins, Ph.D. Quynh Nhu Le, Ph.D. Date of Approval: May 4, 2017 Keywords: South Asian Literature, Epic, Gender, Hinduism Copyright © 2017, Sucheta Kanjilal DEDICATION To my mother: for pencils, erasers, and courage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I was growing up in New Delhi, India in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, my father was writing an English language rock-opera based on the Mahabharata called Jaya, which would be staged in 1997. An upper-middle-class Bengali Brahmin with an English-language based education, my father was as influenced by the mythological tales narrated to him by his grandmother as he was by the musicals of Broadway impressario Andrew Lloyd Webber.
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Or Complex? Learning to Predict Readability of Bengali Texts
    Simple or Complex? Learning to Predict Readability of Bengali Texts Susmoy Chakraborty1*, Mir Tafseer Nayeem1*, Wasi Uddin Ahmad2 1Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, 2University of California, Los Angeles [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Scores Readers Grade Levels 90 - 100 5th Grade Determining the readability of a text is the first step to its sim- plification. In this paper, we present a readability analysis tool 80 - 90 6th Grade capable of analyzing text written in the Bengali language to provide in-depth information on its readability and complexity. Despite being the 7th most spoken language in the world with 70 - 80 7th Grade 230 million native speakers, Bengali suffers from a lack of Readability th th fundamental resources for natural language processing. Read- Formulas 60 - 70 8 to 9 Grade ability related research of the Bengali language so far can be considered to be narrow and sometimes faulty due to the lack Input Document 50 - 60 10th to 12th Grade of resources. Therefore, we correctly adopt document-level readability formulas traditionally used for U.S. based educa- 30 - 50 College tion system to the Bengali language with a proper age-to-age comparison. Due to the unavailability of large-scale human- annotated corpora, we further divide the document-level task 0 - 30 College Graduate into sentence-level and experiment with neural architectures, which will serve as a baseline for the future works of Ben- gali readability prediction. During the process, we present Figure 1: Readability prediction task. several human-annotated corpora and dictionaries such as a document-level dataset comprising 618 documents with 12 different grade levels, a large-scale sentence-level dataset com- tools such as Grammarly2 and Readable.3 This measurement prising more than 96K sentences with simple and complex plays a significant role in many places, such as education, labels, a consonant conjunct count algorithm and a corpus of health care, and government (Grigonyte et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Rural Divide? How to Manage Obesity?
    1 : 4 IS INDIA REALLY GETTING FATTER- URBAN RuRAL DIVIDE? HOW TO MANAGE OBESITY? WEIGHT CONTROL IS A JOURNEY, NOT A DESTINATION Vitull K Gupta, Sonia Gupta, Bhatinda The second half of the twentieth century witnessed major imparts health risk. (20% more than Ideal Body Weight). health transitions in the world, propelled by socio-economic and Lean but very muscular individuals may be overweight by arbitrary technological changes which profoundly altered life expectancy standards without having increased adiposity. Obesity is effectively and ways of living while creating an unprecedented human defined by assessing its linkage to morbidity or mortality. capacity to use science to both prolong and enhance life. Dietary deficits and excesses and the lifestyle changes that accompany METHODS TO CALCULATE OBESITY industrialization and urbanization with economic development make a significant contribution to the most globally pervasive Body Mass Index (BMI): weight in Kg / height in meter 2 (kg/ change of the rising burden of obesity and non-communicable m2), skin-fold thickness, Densitometry (underwater weighing), diseases (NCDs). Computed tomography (CT) or MRI, Waist to Hip Ratio (Central Obesity), Ideal Body Weight (Kg) = {(Height in cm-100) X 0.9}. Obesity was identified as a disease thirty years ago when, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed obesity as a disease Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI is recommended as a practical condition in its International Classification of Diseases in 1979. approach for assessing body fat in the clinical setting. It provides Analysis of mortality trends suggests that large increases in NCDs a more accurate measure of total body fat compared with have occurred in developing countries, particularly those in rapid the assessment of body weight alone.3 The typical body transition (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • What Isveiling?
    Muslim Women—we just can’t seem to catch a break. We’re oppressed, submissive, and forced into arranged marriages by big- bearded men. Oh, and let’s not forget—we’re also all hiding explosives under our clothes. The truth is—like most women—we’re independent and opinionated. And the only things hiding under our clothes are hearts yearning for love. Everyone seems to have an opinion about Muslim women, even those—especially those—who have never met one. —Ayesha Mattu and Nura Maznavi, introduction to Love Inshallah: The Secret Love Lives of American Muslim Women introduCtion What Is Veiling? Islam did not invent veiling, nor is veiling a practice specific to Muslims. Rather, veiling is a tradition that has existed for thousands of years, both in and far beyond the Middle East, and well before Islam came into being in the early seventh century. Throughout history and around the world, veiling has been a custom associated with “women, men, and sacred places, and objects.”1 Few Muslims and non- Muslims realize that Islam took on veiling practices already in place at the dawn of the seventh century around the Mediterranean Basin. Islam inherited them from the major empires and societies of the time along with many other customs and patriarchal traditions related to the status of women. To understand the meaning of veiling in Islam today, one must recognize the important yet neglected history of veiling practices in the pre-Isla mic period and appreciate the continuities and similarities among cultures and religious traditions. Given that veiling
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Apar Gupta New Style Complete.P65
    INDIAN LAWYERS IN POPULAR HINDI CINEMA 1 TAREEK PAR TAREEK: INDIAN LAWYERS IN POPULAR HINDI CINEMA APAR GUPTA* Few would quarrel with the influence and significance of popular culture on society. However culture is vaporous, hard to capture, harder to gauge. Besides pure democracy, the arts remain one of the most effective and accepted forms of societal indicia. A song, dance or a painting may provide tremendous information on the cultural mores and practices of a society. Hence, in an agrarian community, a song may be a mundane hymn recital, the celebration of a harvest or the mourning of lost lives in a drought. Similarly placed as songs and dance, popular movies serve functions beyond mere satisfaction. A movie can reaffirm old truths and crystallize new beliefs. Hence we do not find it awkward when a movie depicts a crooked politician accepting a bribe or a television anchor disdainfully chasing TRP’s. This happens because we already hold politicians in disrepute, and have recently witnessed sensationalistic news stories which belong in a Terry Prachet book rather than on prime time news. With its power and influence Hindi cinema has often dramatized courtrooms, judges and lawyers. This article argues that these dramatic representations define to some extent an Indian lawyer’s perception in society. To identify the characteristics and the cornerstones of the archetype this article examines popular Bollywood movies which have lawyers as its lead protagonists. The article also seeks solutions to the lowering public confidence in the legal profession keeping in mind the problem of free speech and censorship.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhoga-Bhaagya-Yogyata Lakshmi
    BHOGA-BHAAGYA-YOGYATA LAKSHMI ( FULFILLMENT AS ONE DESERVES) Edited, compiled, and translated by VDN Rao, Retd. General Manager, India Trade Promotion Organization, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, currently at Chennai 1 Other Scripts by the same Author: Essence of Puranas:-Maha Bhagavata, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana; Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, Markandeya Purana, Devi Bhagavata;Brahma Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Nilamata Purana; Shri Kamakshi Vilasa Dwadasha Divya Sahasranaama: a) Devi Chaturvidha Sahasra naama: Lakshmi, Lalitha, Saraswati, Gayatri; b) Chaturvidha Shiva Sahasra naama-Linga-Shiva-Brahma Puranas and Maha Bhagavata; c) Trividha Vishnu and Yugala Radha-Krishna Sahasra naama-Padma-Skanda-Maha Bharata and Narada Purana. Stotra Kavacha- A Shield of Prayers Purana Saaraamsha; Select Stories from Puranas Essence of Dharma Sindhu Essence of Shiva Sahasra Lingarchana Essence of Paraashara Smtiti Essence of Pradhana Tirtha Mahima Dharma Bindu Essence of Upanishads : Brihadaranyaka , Katha, Tittiriya, Isha, Svetashwara of Yajur Veda- Chhandogya and Kena of Saama Veda-Atreya and Kausheetaki of Rig Veda-Mundaka, Mandukya and Prashna of Atharva Veda ; Also ‘Upanishad Saaraamsa’ (Quintessence of Upanishads) Essence of Virat Parva of Maha Bharata Essence of Bharat Yatra Smriti Essence of Brahma Sutras Essence of Sankhya Parijnaana- Also Essence of Knowledge of Numbers Essence of Narada Charitra; Essence Neeti Chandrika-Essence of Hindu Festivals and Austerities- Essence of Manu Smriti*- Quintessence of Manu Smriti* - *Essence of Pratyaksha Bhaskara- Essence of Maha Narayanopanishad*-Essence of Vidya-Vigjnaana-Vaak Devi* Note: All the above Scriptures already released on www.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernist Mediums of Transcendence in Sylvia Plath's Poetry and Prose
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 2003 Love, Violence, and Creation: Modernist Mediums of Transcendence in Sylvia Plath's Poetry and Prose Autumn Williams Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in English at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Williams, Autumn, "Love, Violence, and Creation: Modernist Mediums of Transcendence in Sylvia Plath's Poetry and Prose" (2003). Masters Theses. 1395. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1395 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THESIS REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates (who have written formal theses) SUBJECT: Permission to Reproduce Theses The University Library is receiving a number of request from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow these to be copied. PLEASE SIGN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University NOT allow my thesis to be reproduced because: Author's Signature Date This form must be submitted in duplicate.
    [Show full text]
  • Childhood Obesity in India
    UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA MODELLING STUDIES FOR A ‘WHOLE OF SOCIETY (WOS)’ FRAMEWORK TO MONITOR CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK AMONG CHILDREN (6 TO 18 YEARS) FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) BY MR. RAKESH NEELAKANTA PILLAI, DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN TRANSLATIONAL BIO-MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TRANSLATIONAL BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF VERONA, ITALY PERIOD: 2013 TO 2018 SUPERVISED BY PROF. NARENDRA KUMAR ARORA PROF. CRISTIANO CHIAMULERA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UNIVERSITÀ DI VERONA, THE INCLEN TRUST INTERNATIONAL VERONA, ITALY NEW DELHI, INDIA 0 UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DEPARTMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TRANSLATIONAL BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN TRANSLATIONAL BIO-MEDICINE WITH THE FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF European Program in Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology (Eu2P) and The INCLEN (International Clinical Epidemiology Network), New Delhi Cycle / year (1° year of attendance): October 2013 TO January 2018 TITLE OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS MODELLING STUDIES FOR A ‘WHOLE OF SOCIETY (WOS)’ FRAMEWORK TO MONITOR CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK AMONG CHILDREN (6 TO 18 YEARS) S.S.D. _Area/06/Med/01/Medical Statistics (Please complete this space with the S.S.D. of your thesis – mandatory information)* Coordinator: Prof./ssa: Cristiano Chiamulera Tutor: Prof./ssa: Narendra Kumar Arora Doctoral Student: Dott./ssa: Rakesh Neelakanta Pillai 1 Declaration of Ownership This thesis is my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Overweight/Obesity: an Emerging Case Series Section
    Review Article Clinician’s corner Images in Medicine Experimental Research Case Report Miscellaneous Letter to Editor DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/37014.12201 Original Article Postgraduate Education Overweight/Obesity: An Emerging Case Series Section Public Health Epidemic in India Short Communication MOHD SHANNAWAZ1, P AROKIASAMY2 ABSTRACT people belonging to socioeconomically less developed states. Introduction: The nutrition, demographic, and epidemiological Analysis reveals that overweight and obesity prevalence in transition process are at a pace in most of the states of India India increased swiftly in last two decades. An alarming trend since the 1990s. In India, the recent National Family Health is that overweight/obese women as well as men population Survey 4 (NFHS 2015-16) data shows commendable rise in the has been more than doubled in 2015-16 since last one and a prevalence of overweight/obesity. half decade. There was a significant rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity from 1998-99 to 2015-16 in both urban Aim: To determine the levels, trends, differentials and and rural areas in all the states of India. An emerging concern determinants of overweight/obesity in the states of India. is that there was rise in overweight/obesity prevalence up to Materials and Methods: Data from rounds of the National critical level among the states, where it was not severe earlier. Family Health Survey (NFHS) that is NFHS-4 (2015-16), NFHS-3 It was also found that food habits did not conclude any definite (2005-06) and NFHS-2 (1998-99) were used in the analysis of effect on the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Bengali, Part I
    R E F O R T R E S U M E S ED 012 811 48 AA 000 171 INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI, PART I. BY- DIMOCK, EDWARD, JR. AND OTHERS CHICAGO UNIV., ILL., SOUTH ASIALANG. AND AREA CTR REPORT NUMBER NDEA.--VI--153 PUB DATE 64 EDRS PRICE MF -$1.50 HC$16.04 401P. DESCRIPTORS-- *BENGALI, GRAMMAR, PHONOLOGY, *LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, FHONOTAPE RECORDINGS, *PATTERN DRILLS (LANGUAGE), *LANGUAGE AIDS, *SPEECHINSTRUCTION, THE MATERIALS FOR A BASIC COURSE IN SPOKENBENGALI PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK WERE PREPARED BYREVISION OF AN EARLIER WORK DATED 1959. THE REVISIONWAS BASED ON EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM 2 YEARS OF CLASSROOMWORK WITH THE INITIAL COURSE MATERIALS AND ON ADVICE AND COMMENTS RECEIVEDFROM THOSE TO WHOM THE FIRST DRAFT WAS SENT FOR CRITICISM.THE AUTHORS OF THIS COURSE ACKNOWLEDGE THE BENEFITS THIS REVISIONHAS GAINED FROM ANOTHER COURSE, "SPOKEN BENGALI,"ALSO WRITTEN IN 1959, BY FERGUSON AND SATTERWAITE, BUT THEY POINTOUT THAT THE EMPHASIS OF THE OTHER COURSE IS DIFFERENTFROM THAT OF THE "INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI." FOR THIS COURSE, CONVERSATIONAND DRILLS ARE ORIENTED MORE TOWARDCULTURAL CONCEPTS THAN TOWARD PRACTICAL SITUATIONS. THIS APPROACHAIMS AT A COMPROMISE BETWEEN PURELY STRUCTURAL AND PURELYCULTURAL ORIENTATION. TAPE RECORDINGS HAVE BEEN PREPAREDOF THE MATERIALS IN THIS BOOK WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THEEXPLANATORY SECTIONS AND TRANSLATION DRILLS. THIS BOOK HAS BEEN PLANNEDTO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THOSE RECORDINGS.EARLY LESSONS PLACE MUCH STRESS ON INTONATION WHIM: MUST BEHEARD TO BE UNDERSTOOD. PATTERN DRILLS OF ENGLISH TO BENGALIARE GIVEN IN THE TEXT, BUT BENGALI TO ENGLISH DRILLS WERE LEFTTO THE CLASSROOM INSTRUCTOR TO PREPARE. SUCH DRILLS WERE INCLUDED,HOWEVER, ON THE TAPES.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 1: Islamisation in Society
    Section 1: Islamisation in Society The Islamic forces at play in Bangladeshi politics have a strength that goes beyond mere electoral achievement. They are deeply rooted in parts of society and slowly increasing their influence. To gauge this spread, this section examines four main issues: education, attitudes to women, attacks on non-Muslims and the charity sector. The process of Islamisation is pronounced in the education sector, especially in the recent mushrooming of vari- ous types of madrasa. No reliable statistics exist on how many children attend madrasa in total, but we have collected a range of numbers and estimates from official sources and present what we think is the best collation to date. This suggests up to 4 million children are being educated in 19,000 madrasa in Bangladesh at present, most of them at a primary level. The surprising aspect is that there are almost as many girls as boys in Bangladesh's madrasa. This section notes Bangladesh's substantial progress in women's development and mentions the obstacles to greater female political participation, before examining attitudes towards women's empowerment as articulated by Islamists. It is significant that new Election Commission rules require all political parties to have 30% female repre- sentation in their National Executive Committees by 2020. This poses a potential problem for the Islamic parties. Unfortunately attacks on religious minorities - Hindus, Ahmadiyya and Buddhists - are a litmus test of the spread of a particular brand of religious intolerance and lawlessness. In 2013 we have charted a dramatic increase in attacks on Hindus, after the verdicts in the war crimes trial, collating press reports from the Bengali and English press.
    [Show full text]