Biology Biological Communities

Name ______Period ______

Date Assignment Received Possible Chapter 17 Vocabulary Chapter 17 notes Chapter 17 Questions Active Reading/Quiz 17.1 Directed Reading/Quiz 17.2 Directed Reading/Quiz 17.3 Vocabulary Review Science Skills Worksheet - Biomes

Chapter 17: Biological Communities Section 1: How Organisms Interact in Communities

1. coevolution

2. predation

3. parasitism

4. secondary compound (363)

5. symbiosis

6. mutualism

7. commensalism

Section 2: How Competition Shapes Communities 8. competition

9. niche

10. fundamental niche

11. realized niche

12. competitive exclusion

13. biodiversity

Section 3: Major Biological Communities 14. climate

15. biome

16. littoral zone

17. limnetic zone

18. profundal zone

19. plankton

Biological Communities Section 1 How Organisms Interact in Communities Objectives Describe coevolution. Predict how coevolution can affect interactions between species. Identify the distinguishing features of symbiotic relationships. Evolution in Communities Interactions Among Species Some ______among species are the result of a long ______history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time. For example, natural selection has often led to a close match between the characteristics of the flowers of a plant ______and its ______. ______evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem are called ______. Predators and Prey Coevolve ______is the act of one organism killing another for food. In ______one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another, typically larger, organism. Parasites do not usually ______their prey (known as the ―______‖). Rather, they depend on the host for ______and a place to ______. Plant Defenses Against Herbivores Plants protect themselves from herbivores is with ______, ______, and ______. Virtually all plants contain defensive ______that discourage herbivores called ______. Each group of plants makes its own special kind of ______chemical. How Herbivores Overcome Plant Defenses Certain ______are able to feed on plants that are protected by particular defensive chemicals. For example, the ______of cabbage butterflies feed almost exclusively on plants of the ______and caper families, which are ______to many groups of insects. Symbiotic Species In ______two or more species live together in a close, long-term association. Symbiotic relationships can be ______to both organisms or benefit one organism and leave the other ______or ______. ______is one type of symbiotic relationship that is detrimental to the host organism. ______is a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. A well-known instance of mutualism involves ______and ______. Ants provide ______for the aphids. In return, the aphids produce ______, which the ants use as a food source. A third form of symbiosis is ______, a symbiotic relationship in which one species ______and the other is ______harmed nor helped. An example of commensalism is the relationships between certain small ______and ______. These fishes live among and are ______by the tentacles of the sea anemones, even though these tentacles would quickly ______other fishes. Section 2 How Competition Shapes Communities Objectives Describe the role of competition in shaping the nature of communities. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches. Describe how competition affects an ecosystem. Summarize the importance of biodiversity. Common Use of Scarce Resources and Competition When two species use the same ______, they participate in a biological interaction called ______. Resources for which species compete include ______, ______, living space, ______, mineral nutrients, and ______. Competition occurs for resources in ______supply. The functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem is called its ______. A niche may be described in terms of ______, ______, temperature range, requirements for moisture or ______, and other factors. A niche is often described in terms of how the organism affects ______within the ecosystem in which it lives. Size of a Species’ Niche The niche of a species is influenced by several ______. These variables include the ______it prefers, the time of year it ______, what it likes to ______, and where it finds its food. The entire range of resource ______an organism is potentially able to occupy within an ecosystem is its ______.

Dividing Resources Among Species Many species occupy only a ______of their fundamental niche. For example, scientists have studied five species of ______, which had very similar fundamental niches but did not use the same resources. Instead, they divided the range of resources among them, each taking a different ______. The part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies is called its ______. Competition and Limitations of Resource Use A very clear case of competition was shown by experiments carried out in the early 1960s by Joseph Connell, who worked with two species of ______that grow on the same rocks along the coast of ______. Connell’s experiments show that one ______occupies only a small portion of its fundamental niche. The rest is unavailable because of ______with a second species of barnacle. Competition can ______how species use resources.

G. F. Gause did experiments that showed that the outcome of competition depends on the degree of ______between the fundamental niches of the ______. Gause hypothesized that if two species are ______, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other in a process known as ______. When Can Competitors Coexist? When it is possible for two species to avoid competing, they may ______. In a revealing experiment, Gause challenged Paramecium caudatum—the defeated species in his earlier experiments—with a third species, P. bursaria. Both species ______in the culture tubes because, like MacArthur’s warblers, the two species of Paramecium ______the food resources. Predation and Competition Many studies of natural ______have demonstrated that ______reduces the effects of ______. Because predation can reduce ______, it can also promote ______, the variety of living organisms present in a community. Biodiversity is a measure of both the ______of different species in a community (species richness) and the relative numbers of each of the ______(species diversity). Biodiversity and Productivity A key investigation carried out in the early 1990s by David Tilman of the University of Minnesota illustrates the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. Tilman found that the greater the number of species a plot of land had, the greater the amount of plant material produced in that plot. Tilman’s experiments clearly demonstrated that increased ______leads to greater ______. Section 3: Major Biological Communities Objectives: Recognize the role of climate in determining the nature of a biological community. Describe how elevation and latitude affect the distribution of biomes. Summarize the key features of the Earth’s major biomes. Compare features of plants and animals found in different biomes. Compare and contrast the major freshwater and marine habitats. Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live Climate – Factors that determine a region’s climate: Temperature and Moisture Most organisms are adapted to live within a particular range of temperatures and will not thrive if temperatures are colder or warmer. All organisms require water. On land, water is sometimes scarce, so patterns of rainfall often determine an area’s life-forms.

Major Biological Communities Biome –

Match the biome to its description.

_____ 1. Polar ice A. Moderate precipitation and mild temperatures

_____ 2. Tundra B. Good amount of precipitation & mild temperatures

_____ 3. Taiga C. Characterized by an ice pack for the majority of the year

_____ 4. Mountain zones D. Large amounts of rain and warm temperatures

_____ 5. Temperate forest E. Warm temperature but low precipitation

_____ 6. Tropical forest F. Very little precipitation & extremely cold temperatures

_____ 7. Temperate grassland G. Almost no precipitation and very warm temperatures

_____ 8. Savanna H. Low precipitation and long winters

_____ 9. Desert or semi-desert I. High altitude and cooler climate

Aquatic Communities: Freshwater Communities

Ponds and lakes have three zones in which organisms live. 1. Littoral zone –

2. Limnetic zone –

3. Profundal zone –

Wetlands typically are covered with a variety of hydrophytes – Marine Biomes

Intertidal zone – Neritic zone – Oceanic zone – Benthic zone –

Plankton – Chapter 17 Section 1 (Answers on pages 362-364) 1. What are the most important members of an ecosystem?

2. Explain how coevolution occurs using flowering plants & pollinators. (3 pts)

3. Give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships. a. Parasitism ______b. Mutualism ______c. Commensalism ______4. In your own words, describe each of the following symbiotic relationships. a. Parasitism ______b. Mutualism ______c. Commensalism ______5. How have plants evolved to protect themselves from herbivores? a. ______b. ______c. ______6. What toxin does poison ivy produce that protects the plant from herbivores?

Chapter 17 Section 2 (pages 365-370) 1. List 2 resources for which organisms compete. a. ______b. ______c. ______2. In what 2 niches do you fit? a. ______b. ______3. Tilapias are mainly freshwater fish, including shallow streams, ponds, rivers and lakes. Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain and makes tilapia the preferred ―aquatic chickens‖ of the trade. a. What is the tilapia’s niche? ______b. What is the tilapia’s habitat? ______4. Look at the graphs on page 369. a. What species was driven to extinction when competition occurs?

b. What 2 species can live together when they use different resources?

Name Class Date Skills Worksheet Active Reading

Section: How Organisms Interact in Communities Read the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow. In symbiosis, two or more species live together in a close, long- term association. Symbiotic relationships can be beneficial to both organisms or may benefit one organism and leave the other harmed or unaffected. Parasitism is one type of symbiotic relationship that is detrimental to, or harms, the host organism. In this relationship, one organism feeds on and usually lives in another, typically larger, organism. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. A well-known instance of mutualism involves ants and aphids. The ants feed on fluid the aphids secrete, and in exchange, the ants protect the aphids from insect predators. A third form of symbiosis is commensalism, a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Among the best-known examples of commensalism are the feeding and protection relationships between certain small tropical fishes and sea anemones, marine animals that have stinging tentacles.

SKILL: READING EFFECTIVELY Write P if the phrase describes parasitism, M if it describes mutualism, or C if it describes commensalism. For each question, some choices may be used more than once.

______1. exists between certain tropical fish and sea anemones

______2. type of symbiotic relationship

______3. the host organism is harmed

______4. one species is neither harmed nor helped

______5. at least one species benefits

In the space provided, write the letter of the phrase that best completes the statement.

______6. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which a. both species are harmed. b. neither species benefits. c. one species is harmed. d. both species benefit.

Section: How Organisms Interact in Communities In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.

______. 1 An adaptation in flowers and plants that promotes the efficient dispersal of pollen by insects and other animals may have arisen through a. predation. c. coevolution. b. commensalism. d. parasitism.

______2. In parasitism, the host a. is killed by the parasite. c. is benefited by the parasite. b. usually kills the parasite. d. often transmits the parasite’s offspring to new hosts.

______3. Plants often produce secondary compounds that protect them from a. predation. c. mustard oils. b. parasitism. d. symbiotic relationships.

______4. How are the larvae of cabbage butterflies able to feed on plants that have defensive chemicals? a. They feed on other plants that counter the effects of the defensive chemicals. b. They have adaptations that break down the secondary compounds of the plant. c. The larvae can only feed on the plants at certain times of the year. d. None of the above

______5. Which pair of organisms exists in a commensal relationship? a. bear and fish c. clown fish and sea anemone b. ant and aphid d. dog and flea

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

.______6 coevolution a. a symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped ______7. predation b. one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in ______8. parasitism another larger organism c. evolutionary adjustments between interacting ______9. mutualism members of an ecosystem ______10. commensalism d. the act of one organism killing and eating another for food e. a symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit

Directed Reading Chapter 17 Section 2 pages 365-370

Section: How Competition Shapes Communities In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

______. 1 competition a. the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem ______2. niche b. the entire range of conditions an organism is ______3. fundamental niche potentially able to occupy c. biological interaction in which two species use ______realized 4. the same resources niche d. the part of a fundamental niche that a species ______5. competitive actually occupies exclusion e. the variety of living organisms living in a community ______6. biodiversity f. the relative numbers of each of the species ______7. species richness living in a community

______8. species diversity g. the amount of plant material produced in a plot of land ______9. productivity h. elimination of a competitive species i. the number of different species in a community

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 10. What are the different niches of Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides?

11. What happened in Connell’s experiment with Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides?

Quiz Chapter 17 Section 2 pages 365-370

Section: How Competition Shapes Communities In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.

______. 1 An organism’s niche includes a. what it eats. c. how it reproduces. b. where it eats. d. All of the above

______2. When two species compete for limited resources, competitive exclusion a. is sure to take place. b. is not possible. c. will take place unless the species divide or find different resources. d. will cause both species to become extinct.

______3. Chthamalus stellatus can live in both shallow water and deep water on a rocky coast. This is the barnacle’s a. fundamental niche. c. community. b. realized niche. d. habitat.

______4. What is the principle that enables five species of warbler to feed in the same tree without competing? a. commensalism c. mutualism b. resource partitioning d. competitive exclusion

______5. Higher productivity, a more stable ecosystem, and reduced competition are all benefits of a. a high biodiversity. c. a high rate of predation. b. a low rate of predation. d. a low biodiversity

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

.______6 competition a. the entire range of resources in an ecosystem that an organism can potentially occupy ______7. realized niche b. the biological interaction that occurs when ______8. fundamental niche two species use the same resource c. the variety of living organisms present in a ______9. competitive exclusion community ______10. biodiversity d. the part of its niche that a species actually occupies e. the elimination of a species due to competition

Section: Major Biological Communities In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

.______1 tropical rain forests a. water is unavailable for most of the year because it is frozen ______2. deserts b. northern forests of coniferous trees ______3. savannas c. warm summers, cold winters, and sufficient precipitation ______4. temperate deciduous forests d. another name for prairie; contains deep and fertile soil ______5. temperate grasslands e. has the greatest number of species; has a very infertile soil ______6. taiga f. landscape has widely spaced trees; ______7. tundra seasonal drought g. vegetation is very sparse

Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.

8. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area is called

9. The growing season of plants is primarily influenced by .

10. The moisture-holding ability of air when it is

warmed and when it is cooled.

11. A major biological community that occurs over a large area of land is called

a(n) .

12. In general, temperature and moisture as distance

from the equator .

13. The shallow area of ponds and lakes, near the shore, is called the

14. The of lakes and ponds

is away from the shore but close to the surface.

Section: Major Biological Communities In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.

______. 1 Deserts and tundra have similar a. climates. c. annual rainfalls. b. animal inhabitants. d. latitudes.

______2. The dry grasslands in tropical areas make up the biome called a. taiga. c. desert. b. tundra. d. savanna.

______3. Forty percent of all photosynthesis on Earth is accomplished by a. photosynthetic plants. c. fish larvae. b. fungi. d. photosynthetic plankton.

______4. One of the most important elements of climate is which of the following? a. temperature c. latitude b. elevation d. biome

______5. Foxes, lemmings, owls, and caribou are among the vertebrate inhabitants of the a. taiga. b. tundra. c. intertidal zone. d. desert.

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

.______6 climate a. area of fresh water that is far from shore but close to the surface ______7. biome b. food for some marine organisms that is composed ______8. profundal zone of bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and many small invertebrates ______limnetic zone 9. c. a major biological community that occurs over ______10. plankton a large area of land d. freshwater zone in deep water below the limits of light penetration e. determines what kind of organisms live in a given environment

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

______1. coevolution a. defensive chemical used by plants b. a relationship in which both participating ______2. predation species benefit ______3. parasitism c. the entire range of conditions an organism is potentially able to occupy ______4. secondary compound d. when two species use the same resource ______5. symbiosis e. back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ____ 6. mutualism ecosystem ______7. commensalism f. two or more species living together in a close, long-term relationship ____ 8. competition g. the fundamental role of a species in an ecosystem ____ 9. niche h. one organism feeds on and usually lives ____10. fundamental niche on or in another larger organism i. the elimination of a competing species ____11. realized niche j. the part of its fundamental niche that a ______12. competitive exclusion species occupies k. a relationship in which one species ______13. biodiversity benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped l. the variety of living organisms in a community m. the act of one organism feeding on another

Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.

14. The prevailing weather conditions in any given area are called

the .

15. A(n) is a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land.

16. The is a shallow zone near the shore.

17. The is away from the shore but close to the surface.

18. The is a deep-water zone below the limits of effective light penetration.

19. Small organisms that drift in the upper waters of the ocean are called

INTERPRETING TABLES Use the table below to answer questions 1 and 3.

Average Yearly Average Temperature Yearly Biome Range Precipitation Soil Vegetation

Tundra Ϫ26°C to 12°C <25 cm moist, thin topsoil mosses, lichens, over permafrost; low grasses, and dwarf in nutrients; slightly woody plants acidic Taiga Ϫ10°C to 14°C 35–75 cm low in nutrients; coniferous evergreen highly acidic trees Temperate 6°C to 28°C 75–125 cm moist, moderately thick broad-leaved Forest topsoils, moderate deciduous trees and nutrient levels shrubs or evergreen coniferous trees Tropical 20°C to 34°C 200–400 cm moist, thin topsoil; broad-leaved Forest low in nutrients evergreen trees and shrubs Temperate 0°C to 25°C 25–75 cm deep layer of topsoil; dense, tall grasses Grassland very rich in nutrients in moist areas; short grasses in drier areas Savanna 16°C to 34°C 75–150 cm dry, thin topsoil; tall grasses and porous; low in nutrients scattered trees Chaparral 10°C to 18°C <25 cm rocky, thin topsoil; evergreen shrubs and low in nutrients small trees Desert 7°C to 38°C <25 cm dry; often sandy; succulent plants and low in nutrients scattered grasses

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 1. Which two biomes have the least amount of annual precipitation?

2. What is the relationship between the annual precipitation of these biomes and the vegetation they can support?

3. How are the temperature and available moisture of a biome related to the biome’s distance from the equator?