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STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION of Quercus Eduardii Trel

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STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION of Quercus Eduardii Trel STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF Quercus eduardii Trel. LEAF CAUSED BY Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. MODIFICACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL EN LA HOJA DE Quercus eduardii Trel. CAUSADO POR Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. Gregg Evans1, Onesimo Moreno-Rico2*, Petra Yáñez-Jiménez3, José de J. Luna-Ruíz4, Joaquín Sosa-Ramírez4, Celeste E. Moreno-Manzano5, Celia Jaimez-Hernandez2, Jose L. Carrazco-Rosales2 1Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Ciencias Básicas (CCB), Universidad Autónoma de Aguas- calientes (UAA), Av. Universidad # 940, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguasca- lientes, Ags., México. ([email protected]). 2Departamento de Microbiología, CCB, UAA, Av. Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mé- xico. ([email protected]). 3Colegio de Postgraduados, Postgrado en Botánica, Carre- tera México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco. 56230, Estado de México. 4Departa- mento de Disciplinas Agrícolas, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, UAA, Jesús María, Ags. ([email protected]), ([email protected]). 5CBTA 61, Aquiles Elorduy Gar- cia, Calvillo, Aguascalientes, México ([email protected]). ABSTRACT RESUMEN In the temperate forests of the Sierra Fria, Aguascalientes, Mexico, En los bosques templados de la Sierra Fría, Aguascalientes, Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. was observed affecting México, Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. afecta las leaves of Quercus eduardii Trel. This was the first report of the hojas de Quercus eduardii Trel. Este fue el primer reporte de este pathogen in Mexico and Central America. In addition to the patógeno en México y América Central. Además de los síntomas typical symptom, the plant-pathogen interaction also results in característicos, la interacción planta-patógeno también genera the appearance of chlorotic lesions on the upper surface of some la aparición de lesiones cloróticas en la epidermis superior de infected leaves. This was the first report of these atypical symptoms, algunas hojas infectadas. Este fue el primer reporte de estos which do not result in the formation of blisters. The main objective síntomas atípicos que no generan la formación de ampollas. of this study was to describe the histopathological changes that El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir los cambios occur in Q. eduardii leaves infected with T. caerulescens. Of the 25 histopatológicos que se presentan en las hojas de Q. eduardii species of oak present in the Sierra Fria, the disease incidence and infectadas con T. caerulescens. De las 25 especies de encinos en severity was highest in Q. eduardii. For histopathological studies, la Sierra Fría, la incidencia y la gravedad de la enfermedad fue sections of healthy and infected leaf tissue were fixed, dehydrated, mayor en Q. eduardii. Para los estudios histopatológicos seccio- embedded in paraffin, cut with a microtome and stained with fast nes sanas e infectadas de tejido foliar se fijaron, deshidrataron, green and safranin. The differences in the healthy and infected leaf embebieron en parafina, cortaron con un microtomo y tiñeron sections were observed with a Leica DME microscope and a Carl con verde rápido y safranina. Las diferencias en las secciones Zeiss microscope. Leaf samples were also processed for scanning foliares sanas e infectadas se observaron con un microscopio electron microscopy. The following changes were observed in Leica DME y un microscopio Carl Zeiss. También procesamos the affected blister tissue: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells las muestras foliares para el análisis de microscopía electrónica of the upper and lower epidermis and of the palisade layer de barrido. Los siguientes cambios se observaron en el tejido con cells; destruction of the cells of the spongy mesophyll layer, and ampolla: hiperplasia e hipertrofia de las células de la epidermis destruction of the nucleus and other organelles of the palisade superior e inferior y de las células en empalizada; destrucción de cells. The differences in the cell sizes between the infected and las células de la capa mesófila esponjosa y destrucción del núcleo healthy leaf tissue were supported by morphometric and statistical y otros organelos de las células en empalizada. Las diferencias en analysis. No noticeable changes in the leaves which displayed el tamaño celular del tejido foliar infectado y sano se corrobora- atypical symptoms were observed. ron con un análisis morfométrico y estadístico. En las hojas con síntomas atípicos no observamos cambios importantes. *Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. Recibido: agosto, 2018. Aprobado: junio, 2019. Publicado como ARTÍCULO en Agrociencia 53: 1285-1296. Palabras clave: Aguascalientes, histología, tejido infectado, 2019. ampollas de hoja. 1285 AGROCIENCIA, 16 de noviembre - 31 de diciembre, 2019 Key words: Aguascalientes, histology, infected tissue, leaf INTRODUCCIÓN blisters. n Sierra Fría, estado de Aguascalientes, Mé- INTRODUCTION xico, los encinos (Quercus spp.) se pueden encontrar en manchones puros o mezclados n Sierra Fria, state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, oak Econ pinos (Pinus spp.), tazcate (Juniperus deppeana trees Quercus spp. can be found in pure stands or Steud.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth) mixed with pine trees Pinus spp., tazcate Juniperus y arbutus (Arbutus spp.). Todos estos árboles son de deppeanaI Steud., manzanita Arctostaphylos pungens gran importancia ya que proporcionan numerosos Kunth and arbutus Arbutus spp. All these trees are very servicios ambientales (CONABIO et al., 2008). important as they provide a wide range environmental Moreno-Rico et al. (2015) observaron ampollas y zo- services (CONABIO et al., 2008). Moreno-Rico et al. nas necróticas en las hojas de Quercus eduardii (Trel.) (2015) observed blisters and necrotic areas on leaves en Sierra Fría. Un estudio de los síntomas foliares of Quercus eduardii (Trel.) in Sierra Fria. A study junto con estudios morfométricos del organismo of symptoms in leaves along with morphometric responsable identificó al hongo Taphrina caerulescens studies of the organism affecting them, identified the (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. (Fonseca y Rodrigues, 2010). fungus Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. Las enfermedades por Taphrina son más conocidas en (Fonseca and Rodrigues, 2010). Taphrina diseases are Europa y América del Norte (Ellis, 2000). La enfer- better known in Europe and North America (Ellis, medad de ampollas de hoja de Quercus spp. causada 2000). Leaf blister disease of Quercus spp. caused by por T. caerulescens se consideraba endémica de Amé- T. caerulescens was thought to be endemic to North rica del Norte. Hansen et al. (2007) reportaron todas America. Hansen et al. (2007) reported all the known las especies de Taphrina spp. en América Central y Taphrina spp. found in Central and South America; América del Sur; sin embargo, T. caerulescens no se however, T. caerulescens was not mentioned in that list. mencionó en esa lista. The most studied species is Taphrina deformans La especie más estudiada es Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. Ogawa et al. (1995) stated that T. (Berk.) Tul. Ogawa et al. (1995) reportaron que T. deformans causes peach leaf curl. In peaches, the most deformans es el agente etiológico de la verrucosis en noticeable symptoms are that leaves become severely las hojas del durazno. En los duraznos, los síntomas distorted and reddish and eventually lead to premature más evidentes se observan en las hojas, gravemente aging and leaf abscission (Kern and Naef-Roth, 1975; distorsionadas y rojizas, lo cual lleva al envejecimiento Yamada et al., 1990; Giosù et al., 2000; Gauthier and y caída de hojas prematuros (Kern y Naef-Roth, 1975; Morgeson, 2015). Yamada et al., 1990; Giosù et al., 2000; Gauthier y In T. caerulescens symptoms appear as raised areas Morgeson, 2015). or blisters on the upper leaf surface, and these blisters Con T. caerulescens, los síntomas se presentan como vary in size from a few millimetres to more than 1 zonas elevadas o ampollas en la epidermis superior de la cm; on the surface of these blisters the pathogen hoja, el tamaño de estas ampollas varía de unos pocos produces hundreds of naked asci which are filled milímetros a más de 1 cm; en la superficie de estas am- with blastospores, a characteristic only observed in T. pollas, el patógeno produce cientos de ascas desnudas caerulescens. All other known Taphrina spp. produce llenas de blastosporas, una característica observada solo eight ascospores within their asci. These symptoms en T. caerulescens. Todas las especies de Taphrina spp. are initially light green and eventually begin to turn conocidas producen ocho ascosporas dentro de sus brown resulting in premature death and or abscission ascas. Estos síntomas empiezan como lesiones verde of infected leaves; many of these changes are similar claro y eventualmente comienzan a tener un color to modifications observed in peach and almond marrón que genera la muerte prematura o la abscisión leaves infected with T. deformans. When the infection de hojas infectadas o ambas; muchos de estos cambios is severe the blisters unite and occupy and deform son similares a los observados en las hojas de durazno large areas of the leaf’s surface (Mix, 1949; Taylor y almendro infectadas con T. deformans. Cuando la and Birdwell, 2000; Fonseca and Rodrigues, 2010; infección es grave, las ampollas se fusionan y ocupan Kurtzman et al., 2011). y deforman grandes áreas de la superficie foliar (Mix, 1286 VOLUMEN 53, NÚMERO 8 STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION
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