Docteur De L'universite De Bordeaux

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Docteur De L'universite De Bordeaux THÈSE PRESENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET ENVIRONNEMENTS ECOLOGIE ÉVOLUTIVE, FONCTIONNELLE, ET DES COMMUNAUTÉS Par Tania Fort Fonctions, transmission et émission du microbiote de la canopée Sous la direction de Corinne Vacher Soutenue le 10 décembre 2019 Membres du jury : Mme. Anne-Marie DELORT Directrice de recherche Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand Rapporteuse M. Stéphane Uroz Directeur de recherche INRA Nancy Rapporteur Mme. Patricia Luis Maître de conférence Université de Lyon 1 Rapporteuse Mme. Annabel Porté Directrice de recherche INRA Bordeaux Présidente Mme. Corinne Vacher Directrice de recherche INRA Bordeaux Directrice Fonctions, transmission et émission du microbiote de la canopée. Les arbres interagissent avec des communautés microbiennes diversifiées qui influencent leur fitness et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. Contrairement aux micro-organismes associés aux racines et au sol, les micro-organismes qui colonisent la canopée forestière sont encore mal connus. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les fonctions des micro-organismes associés aux parties aériennes des arbres (feuilles, tiges, graines) ainsi que leur dynamique de transmission verticale (de l’arbre à ses descendants) et horizontale (émission de l’arbre vers l’atmosphère), en combinant des analyses d’écologie moléculaire et d’écophysiologie végétale. Le chapitre II montre que les communautés fongiques de la phyllosphère du hêtre (Fagus Sylvatica) sont fortement structurées par l’arbre hôte, contrairement aux bactéries qui sont plus fortement influencées par les gradients environnementaux verticaux à l’intérieur de la canopée. Dans les deux cas, les variations de composition microbienne sont mieux expliquées par la chimie foliaire que par la morphologie ou physiologie. Ce chapitre révèle aussi la prédominance des champignons pathogènes dans la phyllosphère du hêtre, ainsi qu’une forte abondance de saprotrophes en bas de la canopée. La phyllosphère du hêtre contenait très peu de bactéries diazotrophes, contrairement à d’autres espèces d’arbres. Le chapitre III met en évidence la présence de champignons dans les tissus internes des glands du chêne sessile (Quercus petraea), y compris l’embryon, suggérant que le microbiote peut être transmis verticalement de l’arbre mère à ses descendants et influencer la régénération forestière. Les glands contiennent en particulier plusieurs espèces de champignons pathogènes, en association avec leurs mycoparasites. Ces communautés fongiques varient significativement en fonction de l’arbre mère et de la population de chêne. Enfin, le chapitre IV teste un prototype de mesure des flux d’émissions bactériennes au-dessus des couverts végétaux. Il montre que la moitié des espèces capturées dans l’atmosphère est présente sur la surface des feuilles et suggère que la composition des bioaérosols est fortement influencée par la plante cultivée dominante en Nouvelle-Aquitaine, la vigne (Vitis vinifera). Cette thèse apporte donc des éléments pour modéliser la dynamique et l’évolution du système arbre-microbiote-atmosphère, qu’il conviendra de renforcer et d’intégrer aux connaissances sur le sol afin de répondre aux défis posés par le changement climatique. Functions, transmission and emission of the canopy microbiota. Trees interact with diverse microbial communities that influence their fitness and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Unlike microorganisms associated with roots and soil, microorganisms that colonize the forest canopy are still poorly understood. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the functions of microorganisms associated with the aerial parts of trees (leaves, stems, seeds) as well as their vertical (from the tree to its descendants) and horizontal (emission from the tree to the atmosphere) transmission dynamics, by combining molecular ecology and plant ecophysiology analyses. The chapter II shows that fungal communities in the beech phyllosphere (Fagus Sylvatica) are strongly structured by the host tree, unlike bacteria, which are more strongly influenced by the vertical environmental gradients within the canopy. In both cases, variations in microbial composition are better explained by foliar chemistry than by morphology or physiology. This chapter also reveals the predominance of pathogenic fungi in the beech phyllosphere, as well as a high abundance of saprotrophic fungi at the bottom of the canopy. The beech phyllosphere contained very few diazotrophic bacteria, unlike other tree species. The chapter III highlights the presence of fungi in the internal tissues of acorns of sessile oak (Quercus petraea), including the embryo, suggesting that the mycobiota can be transmitted vertically from the mother tree to its descendants and influence forest regeneration. Acorns contain several species of pathogenic fungi, in association with their mycoparasites. These fungal communities differ significantly among mother trees and oak populations. Finally, the chapter IV tests a prototype for measuring bacterial emission fluxes over plant canopies. It shows that half of the species captured in the atmosphere are present on leaf surfaces and suggests that the composition of bioaerosols is strongly influenced by the dominant cultivated plant in New Aquitaine, the vine (Vitis vinifera). This thesis therefore provides elements for modelling the dynamics and evolution of the tree- microbiota-atmosphere system, which will need to be strengthened and integrated into knowledge about soil in order to meet the challenges posed by climate change. Unité de recherche UMR 1202 Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés (BIOGECO), INRA, 33610, Pessac, France 1 Remerciements Afin de présenter convenablement ce manuscrit, il convient, tout d’abord, de “rendre à César ce qui appartient à César”. Je ne saurais donc exposer le travail de ces trois dernières années sans souligner la pléiade de personnes qui ont contribué à sa réalisation. Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier l’Université de Bordeaux et le LabEx COTE qui ont tous les deux financé ma thèse, les projets réalisés lors de celle-ci et mes déplacements à l’étranger. Je tiens à remercier ma directrice de thèse, Corinne Vacher, pour m’avoir conseillée sur les analyses statistiques, la manière de présenter mon travail à l’oral comme à l’écrit. Les longues heures passées à valoriser mes idées, ton soutien et tes encouragements lors de “cas de force majeure” m’ont permis de garder le cap lorsque la fatigue et le stress l’emportait. Je salue également ton entrain et ta confiance pour m’avoir proposée de nombreux projets, malheureusement la magie de la biologie moléculaire en aura décidé autrement. Je remercie également Lisa Wingate, Amy Zanne, Heidy Schimann, Arndt Hampe, et Nicolas Fanin pour m’avoir conseillé toute au long de ma thèse, vos nombreuses idées, toujours plus créatives les unes que les autres, m’ont permis de voir au-delà de mes thématiques de thèse et de tisser des liens avec un communauté de scientifique plus étendue. Amy, I’ld also like to thank you and your team, Amy Milo, Marissa Lee, for your welcome in Washington DC. I had a wondeful time in your lab and this is definitely one the best experience I had during my thesis! Merci à Heidy Schimann, Elianne Louisanna et Marc Buée pour m’avoir fait vivre l’authentique expérience guyanaise. Ces quelques semaines passées au cours de la forêt tropicale demeurent une des expériences les plus enrichissantes que j’ai vécues. Un grand merci à Yves Brunet, pour voir passer ces dernières nuits à travailler sur le dernier chapitre de ma thèse. Je remercie chaleureusement et très sincèrement toutes les petites mains qui m’ont aidé à venir à bouts des milliers d’échantillons triés et traités lors de ma thèse. Je pense notamment aux personnes sur place lors des campagnes d’échantillonnage: Charlie Pauvert, Thomas Caignard, Jean-Marc Louvet, Corinne Vacher, Lisa Wingate, Adria Barbeta, Régis Burlett, Raphaël Segura, Yannick Mellerin, Nicolas Cheval, Bernard Dokhelar, Jean luc Denou, Luc Puzos, Xavier Capdevielle, Yves Brunet, Frédéric Delmas, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Didier Garrigou. Un merci tout particulier aux personnes qui ont passé des semaines voir des mois avec (ou sans) moi dans les labos. Je pense notamment à Emilie Chancerel, Patricia Balias, Eliane Louisanna, Julie Faivre d’Arcier, Céline 2 Lalanne, Martine Martin, Marie Massot, Patrick Leger, Yves Gibbon, Dinia Carty, Amandyne Linares- Maurizi. Ma plus grande reconnaissance va à tous les thésards qui m’ont supporté et aidé lors de ces trois dernières années et qui sont maintenant devenus des amis. Comment faire des remerciements sans mentionner le nom Charlie Pauvert ! Je suis tellement reconnaissante pour ta patience sans faille pendant ces nombreuses heures passées sur mon écran à me montrer comment “entrer dans la matrice” ou lors du broyage de centaine de glands (à la main) et les pesées de milliers de feuilles jusqu’à 2h du matin. Je n’oublierai pas non plus, les soirées post-it sur les lunettes, rencontre brutale avec le frigo, recherche de vélos et pastis couteau. Bien sûr je n’oublie pas Thomas Caignard, coloc de bureau, qui m’a fait vivre ma première campagne d’échantillonnage dans les Pyrénées et qui a dû attendre sous la pluie glaciale pendant des heures que je finisse mon échantillonnage. Je te remercie également pour cette scène dans le bureau qui me fait pleurer de rire quand j’écris ces lignes (j’ai encore la mélodie en tête). Merci à la meilleure des coloc’ de bureau Juliette Archambeau pour les fous rires, les vidéos de chien, le soutien exemplaire de ces derniers mois pour les deux boules de nerf sur patte qui finissaient la rédaction de leur manuscrit. Un grand merci au reste de ce groupe de folie: Agathe H., Athur D., Thierry, Marine C., Jack, Thomas D, Homero G, avec qui j’ai partagé le désespoir du travail interminable mais aussi les soirées raclette et autres fêtes de la morue. Un merci tout particulier à Déborah Corso, la première personne avec qui j’ai discuté en arrivant à Bordeaux, amie et meilleur partenaire de soirées bordelaises.
Recommended publications
  • Characterization of the Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas Sp
    microorganisms Article Characterization of the Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas sp. AAP5 Karel Kopejtka 1 , Yonghui Zeng 1,2, David Kaftan 1,3 , Vadim Selyanin 1, Zdenko Gardian 3,4 , Jürgen Tomasch 5,† , Ruben Sommaruga 6 and Michal Koblížek 1,* 1 Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Tˇreboˇn,Czech Republic; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (V.S.) 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark 3 Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic; [email protected] 4 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic 5 Research Group Microbial Communication, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Aquatic Photobiology and Plankton Ecology, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Present Address: Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Abstract: An aerobic, yellow-pigmented, bacteriochlorophyll a-producing strain, designated AAP5 Citation: Kopejtka, K.; Zeng, Y.; (=DSM 111157=CCUG 74776), was isolated from the alpine lake Gossenköllesee located in the Ty- Kaftan, D.; Selyanin, V.; Gardian, Z.; rolean Alps, Austria. Here, we report its description and polyphasic characterization. Phylogenetic Tomasch, J.; Sommaruga, R.; Koblížek, analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AAP5 belongs to the bacterial genus Sphingomonas M. Characterization of the Aerobic and has the highest pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Sphingomonas glacialis (98.3%), Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas psychrolutea (96.8%), and Sphingomonas melonis (96.5%).
    [Show full text]
  • ISOLATION and IDENTIFICATION of Taphrina Caerulescens in Quercus Eduardii in AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO
    ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Taphrina caerulescens IN Quercus eduardii IN AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE Taphrina caerulescens EN Quercus eduardii EN AGUASCALIENTES, MÉXICO Gregg Evans1, Onesimo Moreno-Rico2*, José J. Luna-Ruíz3, Joaquín Sosa-Ramírez3, Celeste E. Moreno-Manzano4 1Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Ciencias Básicas (CCB), Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA), Avenida Universidad # 940, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México ([email protected]). 2Departamento de Microbiología, CCB, UAA, Avenida Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México ([email protected]). 3Departamento de Disciplinas Agrícolas, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, UAA, Jesús María, Aguascalientes. ([email protected]), ([email protected]). 4CBTA 61, Aquiles Elorduy Garcia, Calvillo, Aguascalientes, México ([email protected]). ABSTRACT RESUMEN Taphrina caerulescens exclusively affects plants of the Quercus Taphrina caerulescens afecta exclusivamente a las plantas del gé- genus. The identification and isolation of this fungus is difficult nero Quercus. La identificación y el aislamiento de este hongo due to its dimorphic nature and extremely slow growth habit es difícil debido a su naturaleza dimórfica y su hábito de cre- in artificial growth media. The objective of this research was to cimiento extremadamente lento en los medios de crecimiento isolate and identify the fungal pathogen T. caerulescens. Three artificial. El objetivo de esta investigación fue aislar e identificar methods were used to isolate the fungus, however, only the spore el patógeno fúngico T. caerulescens. Tres métodos se usaron para fall method was successful. In order to identify the fungus, a aislar el hongo; sin embargo, solo el método de caída de esporas visual inspection of the host plants infected leaves was carried fue exitoso.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Infection of Water Oak (Quercus Nigra) by Taphrina Caerulescens
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SFA ScholarWorks Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Biology 2000 A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Infection of Water Oak (Quercus nigra) by Taphrina Caerulescens Josephine Taylor Stephen F Austin State University, Department of Biology, [email protected] Dale O. Birdwell Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/biology Part of the Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Taylor, Josephine and Birdwell, Dale O., "A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Infection of Water Oak (Quercus nigra) by Taphrina Caerulescens" (2000). Faculty Publications. Paper 88. http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/biology/88 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mycological Society of America A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Infection of Water Oak (Quercus nigra) by Taphrina caerulescens Author(s): Josephine Taylor and Dale O. Birdwell Source: Mycologia, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 2000), pp. 309-311 Published by: Mycological Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3761566 Accessed: 07-10-2015 16:18 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Health Care Report Scouting Report of the Morton Arboretum
    Plant Health Care Report Scouting Report of The Morton Arboretum May 31, 2019 Issue 2019.5 ______________________________________________________________________________ Comments or concerns regarding PHCR should be sent to [email protected]. Our report includes up-to-date disease and insect pest reports for northeastern Illinois. You'll also find a table of accumulated growing degree days (GDD) throughout Illinois, precipitation, and plant phenology indicators to help predict pest emergence. Arboretum staff and volunteers will be scouting for insects and diseases throughout the season. We will also be including information about other pest and disease problems based on samples brought into The Arboretum's Plant Clinic. We are continuing to use last year’s format: full issues alternating with growing degree day (GDD) issues; focus on more serious pests; minor pests covered in shorter articles; alerts issued for new major pests. Readers who receive our email blasts that announce the newsletter is posted online will continue to receive them this year. To be added, please contact me at [email protected] Quick View What indicator plant is in bloom at the Arboretum? Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is in flower (Figure 1) Accumulated Growing Degree Days (Base 50): 302 (as of May 30) Accumulated Growing Degree Days (Base 30): 1639 (as of May 30) Insects/other pests • Elm leafminer • Viburnum leaf beetle update • Hydrangea leaftier • Assassin bug (good guy!) • Galls, part one (it’s really in this issue) Diseases • Oak leaf blister • Peach leaf curl • Phomopsis tip blight Weeds • Poison hemlock Figure 1 Black locust 1 Degree Days and Weather Information We are once again offering Lisle readings right above the Arboretum readings.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedobacter Ghigonii Sp. Nov., Isolated from the Microbiota of the Planarian Schmidtea Mediterranea
    Article Pedobacter ghigonii sp. nov., Isolated from the Microbiota of the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea Luis Johnson Kangale 1,2 , Didier Raoult 2,3,4 and Fournier Pierre-Edouard 1,2,* 1 UMR VITROME, SSA, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée-Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 2 IHU-Méditerranée-Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 3 Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille, France 4 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-0413732401; Fax: +33-0413732402 Abstract: The planarian S. mediterranea is a platyhelminth with worldwide distribution that can regenerate any part of its body after amputation and has the capacity to eliminate a large spectrum of human bacterial pathogens. Surprisingly, the microbiota of S. mediterranea remains poorly investi- gated. Using the culturomics strategy to study the bacterial component of planarians, we isolated a new bacterial strain, Marseille-Q2390, which we characterized with the taxono-genomic approach that associates phenotypic assays and genome sequencing and analysis. Strain Marseille-Q2390 exhibited a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 99.36% with Pedobacter kyungheensis strain THG-T17T, the closest phylogenetic neighbor. It is a white-pigmented, Gram-negative, and rod-shaped bacterium. It grows in aerobic conditions and belongs to the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The genome of strain Marseille-Q2390 is 5,919,359 bp-long, with a G + C content of 40.3%. By comparing its genome with Citation: Kangale, L.J.; Raoult, D.; other closely related strains, the highest Orthologous Average Nucleotide Identity (Ortho-ANI) and Pierre-Edouard, F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Bacterial Community in Cloud Water at Mt. Tai: Similarity and Disparity Under Polluted and Non-Polluted Cloud Episodes
    Characteristics of bacterial community in cloud water at Mt. Tai: similarity and disparity under polluted and non-polluted cloud episodes Min Wei 1, Caihong Xu1, Jianmin Chen1,2,*, Chao Zhu1, Jiarong Li1, Ganglin Lv 1 5 1 Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250100, China 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 10 Correspondence to: JM.Chen ([email protected]) Abstract: Bacteria are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosols and are indispensable components of clouds, playing an important role in the atmospheric hydrological cycle. However, limited information is 15 available about the bacterial community structure and function, especially for the increasing air pollution in the North China Plain. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of bacterial community composition, function, variation and environmental influence for cloud water collected at Mt. Tai from 24 Jul to 23 Aug 2014. Using Miseq 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the highly diverse bacterial community in cloud water and the predominant phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, 20 Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes were investigated. Bacteria that survive at low temperature, radiation, and poor nutrient conditions were found in cloud water, suggesting adaptation to an extreme environment. The bacterial gene functions predicted from the 16S rRNA gene using
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from by IP: 199.133.24.106 On: Mon, 18 Sep 2017 10:43:32 Spatafora Et Al
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4485m01m Journal Microbiology spectrum, 5(5) ISSN 2165-0497 Authors Spatafora, Joseph W Aime, M Catherine Grigoriev, Igor V et al. Publication Date 2017-09-01 DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0053-2016 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies JOSEPH W. SPATAFORA,1 M. CATHERINE AIME,2 IGOR V. GRIGORIEV,3 FRANCIS MARTIN,4 JASON E. STAJICH,5 and MEREDITH BLACKWELL6 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; 3U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; 4Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l’Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France; 5Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; 6Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 ABSTRACT The kingdom Fungi is one of the more diverse INTRODUCTION clades of eukaryotes in terrestrial ecosystems, where they In 1996 the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was provide numerous ecological services ranging from published and marked the beginning of a new era in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling to beneficial and antagonistic associations with plants and fungal biology (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide for the Identification of Damage on Woody Sentinel Plants (Eds A
    7 Damage to reproductive structures of broadleaf woody plants A. Roques, V. Talgø, J.-T. Fan and M.-A. Auger-Rozenberg 7.1. Flower (blossom, catkin, flower-head) galling Description: Flower (catkin) distorted, swollen, or with tissue outgrowth(s) of any shape. Possible damaging agents: Insects: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae midges: Figs. 7.1.5, 7.1.6), Hymenoptera (Cynipidae: Figs. 7.1.3., 7.1.4.), Mites (Acari, Eriophyiidae: Figs. 7.1.1., 7.1.2., 7.1.6.), Fungi (Ascomycetes, Taphrinales: Figs. 7.1.7., 7.1.8.), Bacteria, Phytoplasma. Fig. 7.1.1. Newly-developed inflorescence Fig. 7.1.2. Cauliflower-like gall finally of ash (Fraxinus excelsior), galled by a mite resulting from mite damage shown in Fig. (Acari, Eriophyiidae: Aceria fraxinivora). 7.1.1. Hungary, GC. Marcillac, France, AR. ©CAB International 2017. Field Guide for the Identification of Damage on Woody Sentinel Plants (eds A. Roques, M. Cleary, I. Matsiakh and R. Eschen) Damage to reproductive structures of broadleaf woody plants 71 Fig. 7.1.3. Berry-like gall on a male catkin Fig. 7.1.4. Male catkin of Quercus of oak (Quercus sp.) caused by a gall wasp myrtifoliae, deformed by a gall wasp (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Neuroterus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Callirhytis quercusbaccarum). Hungary, GC. myrtifoliae). Florida, USA, GC. Fig. 7.1.5. Inflorescence of birch (Betula sp.) Fig. 7.1.6. Symmetrically swollen catkin of deformed by a gall midge (Diptera, hazelnut (Corylus sp.) caused by a gall Cecidomyiidae: Semudobia betulae). midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia Hungary, GC. coryli) or a gall mite (Acari Eriophyiidae: Phyllocoptes coryli).
    [Show full text]
  • Bismis-2016 Abstract Book
    BISMiS-2016 Abstract Book Third Meeting of Bergey's International Society for Microbial Systematics on Microbial Systematics and Metagenomics September 12-15, 2016 | Pune, INDIA PUNE UNIT Abstracts - Opening Address - Keynotes Abstract Book | BISMiS-2016 | Pune, India Opening Address TAXONOMY OF PROKARYOTES - NEW CHALLENGES IN A GLOBAL WORLD Peter Kämpfer* Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, HESSEN, Germany Email: [email protected] Systematics can be considered as a comprehensive science, because in science it is an essential aspect in comparing any two or more elements, whether they are genes or genomes, proteins or proteomes, biochemical pathways or metabolomes (just to list a few examples), or whole organisms. The development of high throughput sequencing techniques has led to an enormous amount of data (genomic and other “omic” data) and has also revealed an extensive diversity behind these data. These data are more and more used also in systematics and there is a strong trend to classify and name the taxonomic units in prokaryotic systematics preferably on the basis of sequence data. Unfortunately, the knowledge of the meaning behind the sequence data does not keep up with the tremendous increase of generated sequences. The extent of the accessory genome in any given cell, and perhaps the infinite extent of the pan-genome (as an aggregate of all the accessory genomes) is fascinating but it is an open question if and how these data should be used in systematics. Traditionally the polyphasic approach in bacterial systematics considers methods including both phenotype and genotype. And it is the phenotype that is (also) playing an essential role in driving the evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverzeichnis
    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
    [Show full text]