Great Basin Naturalist

Volume 39 Number 3 Article 12

9-30-1979

Flora of the Lee Creek valley, Alberta

Keith R. Shaw Cardston, Alberta,

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Recommended Citation Shaw, Keith R. (1979) "Flora of the Lee Creek valley, Alberta," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 39 : No. 3 , Article 12. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol39/iss3/12

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. FLORA OF THE LEE CREEK VALLEY, ALBERTA

R. Keith Shaw'

,\bstract.— The floristic composition of the Lee Creek valley in southwestern Alberta, Canada, is presented. The valley flora consists of 299 species of vascular representing 173 genera and 46 families. The flora is dominated by forbs (73 percent), followed by grasses (24 percent), shrubs (12 percent), and trees (11 percent). The valley of Lee Creek is divided into upper and lower sections on the basis of elevational, climatic, and biotic differences. Floristic richness of the Lee Creek valley is quite evenly divided between the upper and lower valleys: 105 species limited to the upper valley, 95 to the lower valley, and 99 species .shared by both upper and lower valleys.

In this paper the results of my field and Cardston, to the creek's confluence with St. herbarium work over the years 1957-1978 Mary River at Section 23 Town.ship 3 Range are presented for that part of the Lee Creek 25 West of 4. Lee Creek drains about 290 valley lying inside the southwestern corner of square kilometers of northwest and the Province of Alberta. The ecological as- southwest Alberta. pects of the river bottom forest biome along Streamside and valley floor vegetation pat- the prairie section of Lee Creek have been terns are modified by Lee Creek streamflow reported (Shaw 1976), with a combined (Shaw 1976). Monthly water flow varies species list for the river bottom forest on St. widely throughout the year (Table 1). From River, Belly River. This Mary Lee Creek, and late July through autumn and winter the flow paper borrows the river bottom forest species is fairly constant and moderate, but during list for it the lower Lee Creek and adds to March warmer weather causes snow melt in greater species lists for the other Lee Creek the foothills and on the lower mountain valley biomes. slopes to increase stream flow. The most rap- id melting of deep mountain snow occurs in Geology and Geography late May and early June. This coincides with the season of highest precipitation (Table 2), Lee Creek originates on the north and east swelling stream flow to its maximum, which slopes of Old Chief Mountain in Glacier Na- is four to five times the winter flow rate. Se- tional Park, Montana. It flows from alpine vere flooding, with considerable streamside meadows at 2,000-3,000 m in three branches vegetation and habitat alteration, occurred in that join where the creek crosses the Inter- 1902, 1908, 1950, 1964, and 1975. national Boundary at Alberta's Range 27. The The mountain section of the Lee Creek creek then flows through the lower montane valley, in Montana, is carved through geolog- forest and aspen parkland biomes of the up- ical formations of the Lewis Range's Belt per valley to Section 11 Township 2 Range Series and transported eastward as the Lewis

27 West of 4, where it crosses the treeless Overthrust and overlying the younger Cre- stretches of the fescue prairie biome at eleva- taceous shales and sandstones of the plains tions of 1,400 m down to 900 m. Along the (Wyatt 1939). The prairie section of Lee lower stream course the poplar-dominated Creek flows through and over a variety of river bottom forest biome becomes a unique consolidated and unconsolidated deposits, ecological entity on Lee Creek. This biome's from the transported Belt series rocks of Pro- presence identifies the lower valley and is terozoic time to the more recent Cretaceous continuous downstream, through the town of and Tertiary series. Bedrock cut through and

'Box 364, Cardston, Alberta TOK OKO.

277 278 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 39, No. 3 exposed along the Alberta section of Lee Ecology and

Creek is mainly an exposure of the highly valley in is a post- calcareous light gray sandstones and sandy The Lee Creek Alberta glacial, meandering, stream-carved valley. shales of the St. Mary River nonmarine sand- stream itself forth from stone, the uppermost of the Cretaceous for- The works back and mations of southwest Alberta. Irregular bed- ding and cross-bedding are common, and Table 1. Mean monthly stream flow in cubic meters per second of Lee Creek in southwest Alberta, Canada. freshwater oyster shells and coal beds are fre- exposed. of this bedrock is ve- quently Much Lee Creek neered with glacial deposits left when the Ice Month Cardston glaciers melted. There is also widespread Age January 0.4 distribution of reworked glacial deposits as February 0.4 well as alluvial and lacustrine deposits trans- March 1.1 ported by the creek. April 2.4 May 4.6 The soils along the creek valley bottom are June 4.5 alluvial deposition and some, still liable to of July 1.5 frequent flooding, are quite variable in ferti- August 0.5 lity, texture, and utilization. September 0.5 In southwest Alberta the break from October 0.6 November 0.5 mountains to plains is fairly rapid, there December 0.3 being no wide range of foothills.

Table 2. Mean monthly precipitation in inches and Climate centimeters for Cardston, Alberta, elevation 1,151 m.

Summer along Lee Creek is normally Month warm, but winter is usually long and cold

(Table 3). Mean temperatures are below degrees C from November through March at Cardston on lower Lee Creek. A wide varia- tion in winter temperatures occurs, depen- ding on the southerly flow of cold Arctic air and the easterly flow of temperature-moder- ating Chinook winds. Temperatures rise rap- idly from winter to summer and decline with equal rapidity from summer to winter. Monthly mean temperatures at Cardston are above 10 degrees C for the five months from May to September. The average frost-free period on Lee Creek to which the native plants have adapted ranges from 70 days in montane forest on upper Lee Creek to 100 days at Cardston near the creek's confluence. Precipitation along the valley shows wide variation from year to year. Winter snowfall in the lower valley is comparatively light, with amounts ranging from 76 to 127 cm. This increases in the upper valley to 180 cm. Total precipitation at Cardston in the lower valley averages 45.8 cm and gradually in- creases through the upper valley (Canada Transport 1967). A combination of snowfall and wind causes drift buildup in the stream valley throughout winter. Sept. 1979 Shaw: Alberta Flora 279

year to year resorting its gravel base, eroding family arbitrarily was one with 10 or more

on the outside bends and depositing on the species in the valley (Table 4). Floristic rich-

inside ones as it cuts a deeper channel. Major ness is enhanced by the high yearly frequen- alteration occms during the season of high cy of new gravel bar pioneer sites and the water in late May and early June. availability of plant reproductive material The life span of a gravel bar, the first ter- from five major biomes: alpine tundra, mon-

race of the valley floor, is entirely fortuitous, tane forest, aspen parkland, fescue prairie, depending on the vagaries of Alberta weath- and river bottom forest. er and its effect on streamflow. If the first Within the Lee Creek valley flora there terrace escapes erosional destruction for 20 are 11 plant species listed by Argus and years or more, natural succession will change White (1978) as being rare in Alberta. These the herb-dominated first terrace plant com- 11 are Angelica dawsonii, Balsamorhiza sa- mimity to the poplar-dominated lower val- gittata, apiciilatus, Disporum ley, and poplar and spruce-dominated upper oreganum, Hydrophyllum capitatwn, Larix valley, communities on the terrace. As ero- occidentalis, Lesquerella alpina, Phlox alyssi- sion and channel shifting are directed away folia, Plantago canescens, Populus angusti- from the terrace and the stream cuts deeper folia, and Senecio hydrophiloides. into the valley floor, what was once a first Lee Creek, like many other stream sys-

terrace becomes a second terrace, and it is tems, provides excellent seed dispersal habi- here the river bottom forest thrives. Years or tat. Flowing water can bring mountain or centuries later the second terrace may be left submontane species to greater range exten- even higher as a third terrace, and when this sions down the valley. Windborne seeds are happens the river bottom forest fails to be readily dropped in the lee of sheltering banks self-sustaining. As the mature trees die out and thickets as wind velocity decreases. Bird without seed or vegetative replacement, the activities provide other transport mecha- grassland biome (fescue prairie) in the lower nisms. Downstream species are able to extend valley, or in the upper valley the deciduous their ranges upstream nearly as readily

forest biome (aspen parkland), take over with (Table 5). virtual similarity to the vegetation on valley All parts of the Lee Creek valley in Al- slopes and surrounding terrain. berta are grazed by domestic livestock, prin- With the constant erosion, deposition, and cipally cattle. The upper valley represents channel shifting, fresh bars of material sorted mainly summer-use pasture and the lower into various textures and of varying depths valley receives year-round grazing use. Deer, annually become available for colonization both white-tail and mule, are common by plants. In spite of this constancy of throughout the length of the valley. change, the creek bottom floodplain is a very Intensive plant collecting was done at uniform habitat where climate and substrate many valley sites throughout the growing determine the establishment of plant species. The combined upper and lower Lee Creek vascular flora consists of 49 species of woody Table 4. Dominant plant families of the Lee Creek ones, plants and 250 species of herbaceous valley. for a total of 299 species. In ecological distribution 105 species were confined to the upper Lee Creek valley, 95 species to the lower Lee Creek valley, and 99 species were found in both the upper and lower valleys. Naturalized exotics made up 7.7 percent (23 species) and native species 92.3 percent (276 species) of the total species number. Taxonomically the 299 species were con- -tributed by 46 families and 173 genera. Nine families dominated the flora. A dominant 280 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 39, No. 3

seasons of several years. The valley flowering Species List season usually began in early May and ended Berberidaceae late September. Specimens were pre- by Berberis repens Lindl. U served according to standard herbarium prac- Betulaceae tice. Almost all identifications were checked Betula glandulosa Michx. U against known herbarium reference material. Betula occidentalis Hook. UL Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Kegel U Taxonomy of the poplars follows Brayshaw BORAGINACEAE after Higgins (1965), the Cryptantha Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I.M. Johnston UL (1971), and the remainder after Moss (1959), Lappula echinata Gilib. L Boivin (1969), Booth (1950), and Booth and Lithospermtim incisuin Lehni. L Lithospennum rudende Lehm. UL Wright (1966). The willows were identified Campanulaceae George Argus of the National Museum of by Campanula rotundifolia L. UL Natural Sciences. Capparidaceae Only those flowering plants native to Lee Cleome serrtdata Pursh L Creek valley, or naturalized and viable exot- Caprifoliaceae Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. U ics, are included in the species list. Cultivated Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters agricultural and ornamental species were de- UL leted. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks U

The valley is considered to be all the area Lonicera tartarica L. L Sytnphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. UL below the rim elevation of the adjoining land Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. U surface. Caryophyllaceae All specimens collected are in the author's Arenaria lateriflora L. UL personal herbarium at Cardston, Alberta. A Arenaria rubella (Wahlenb.) J.E. Sin. U

nearly complete duplicate set is on deposit in Cerastium arvense L. UL Silene menziesii Hook. U the Brigham Young University Herbarium Stellaria longipes Goldie U (BRY) at Provo, Utah. COMPOSITAE For convenience, plant families, genera, Achillea millefolium L. UL and species are listed in alphabetical order. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. UL Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Hook. U Because of the ecological differences along & Antennaria neglecta Greene U Lee Creek between the upper and lower val- Antennaria pulchcrrima (Hook.) Greene U leys, plant species listed will be designated as Antennaria racemosa Hook. U found in the upper valley only (U), lower val- Antennaria rosea Greene UL ley only (L), or in both upper and lower val- Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa (Nutt.) Mag. U Arnica cordifolia Hook. U leys (UL).

Table 5. Dispersal of species up and down the Lee Creek valley beyond their usual geographic ranges.

Downstream Upstream range extensions range extensions

Actaea rubra Astragalus flexuosus Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Elaeagnus commutata Astragalus bourgovii Oxytropis campestris gracilis Corallorhiza striata Oxytropis sericea spicata Epilobium angustifolium Oxytropis viscida Epilobiwn latifolium Populus angustifolia Heracleum lanatum Salix interior Larix occidentalis Picea glauca Pinus flexilis Populus balsamifera trichocarpa Populus tremuloides Pseudotsuga menziesii Pyrola asarifolia purpurea Smilacina racemosa amplexicaulis Veratrum eschscholtzii L

Sept. 1979 Shaw: Alberta Flora 281

Arnica lonchophylla Greene U Rorippa nasturtium-uquuticum (L.) Schinz & Thell. L Arnica sororia Greene UL Cyperaceae Artemisia biennis Willd. L Carex filifolia Nutt. UL Artemisia campestris L. L Carex hystricina Muhl. U Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. L Carex rostrata Stokes L Aster foliaceiis Lindl. U Scirpus microcarpus Presl L Aster kievis L. var. geycri A. Gray UL Scirpus validus Vahl U Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G. UL Elaeagnaceae Aster pansus (Blake) Cronq. UL Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. UL Aster sibiricus L. U Shepherdia argentea Nutt. L Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. UL Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. U Chrysanthemum leucanthemwn L. UL Equisetaceae Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. hispida (Hook.) Equisetum arvense L. UL Gray L Equisetum fluviatile L. U Cichorium intybiis L. L Ericaceae Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. UL Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. UL Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. L Euphorbiaceae Crepis elegans Hook. U Euphorbia esula L. L Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. L Gentianaceae Erigeron glabellus Nutt. var. pitbescens (Hook.) Gentiana detonsa Rottb. L Cronq. U Gentianella amarella (L.) Borner ssp. acuta (Michx.) Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene ssp. calianthemus Gillett J. M. U (Greene) Cronq. L Geraniaceae Erigeron philadelphicus L. U Geranium nervosum Rydb. U Erigeron speciosiis (Lindl.) DC. L Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. U Erigeron strigosus Muhl. L Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & Mey. U Erigeron stibtrinervis Rydb. var. conspicuus (Rydb.) Gramineae Cronq. U Agropyron smithii Rydb. L Gaillardia aristata Pursh UL Agropyron subsecundum (Link.) Hitchc. L Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. var. subrhomboideus Agrostis alba L. L (Rydb.) Fern. L Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. L Hieracium scouleri A A. U Bouteloua gracilis (HBK). Lag. L Hieracium umbellatiim L. L Brotnus commutatus Schrad. L Hyvienoxys acaulis (Pursh) Parker L Bromus inermis Leyss. L Liatris punctata Hook. L Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. U Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standi. L Danthonia parryi Scribn. U Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. U Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. U Senecio canus Hook. UL Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. U Senecio hydrophiloides Rydb. U Festuca idahoensis Elmer L Senecio integerrimus Nutt. var. exaltatus (Nutt.) Festuca ovina L. L Cronq. L Festuca scabrella Torr. UL Senecio lugens Richards. UL Glyceria grandis S. Wats. UL Senecio pauperculus Michx. U Helictotrichon hookeri (Scribn.) Henr. U Senecio triangularis Hook. U Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. L Solidago decumbens Greene var. oreophila (Rydb.) Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker L Fern. L Phleum pratense L. UL Solidago missouriensis Nutt. UL Poa arctica R. Br. U Solidago miiltiradiata Ait. U Poa compressa L. U Taraxacum officinale Weber UL Poa pratensis L. UL Tragopogon dubius Scop. L Stipa Columbiana Macoun U CORNACEAE Stipa richardsonii Link U Cornus canadensis L. U Hydrophyllaceae Cornus stolonifera Michx. UL Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl. U Crassulaceae Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray U Sedum stenopetalum Pursh U Iridaceae Cruciferae Sisyrinchium montanum Greene U Arabis divaricata A. Nels. U JUNCACEAE Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. glabrata T. & G. UL Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartm. L Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. retrofracta (Graham) longistylis Torr. L Rydb. Juncus Labiatae Erysimum cheiranthoides L. U Mentha arvensis L. var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. U UL Lesquerella alpina (Nutt.) S. Wats. var. spathulata Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia (Graham) - (Rydb.) Payson L Fern. UL Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray U 282 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 39, No. 3

Prunella vulgaris L. UL Oenothera biennis L. L Leguminosae Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. L Astragalus aboriginum Richards. UL Astragalus alpinus L. U Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes U Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray L Corallorhiza maculata Raf. U Astragalus bourgovii A. Gray UL Corallorhiza striata Lindl. UL Astragalus canadensis L. L Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain U Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. L Cypripedium passerinum Richards. U Astragalus drummondii Dougl. L Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. U Astragalus flexuosus Dougl. UL Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. U Astragalus missouriensis Nutt. L Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. U Astragalus robinsii (Oakes) Gray UL Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) A. Astragalus striatus Nutt. L Gray UL Astragalus triphyllus Pursh L Orchis rotundifolia Banks U Astragalus vexilliflexus Sheld. U Pinaceae Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh L Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh UL Hedysarum alpinum L. UL Juniperus horizontalis Moench UL Hedysarum sulphurescens Rydb. U Larix occidentalis Nutt. U Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. UL Picea glauca (Moench) Voss UL Lupinus argenteus Pursh L Pinus contorta Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. U Lupinus sericeus Pursh U Pinus flexilis James UL Medicago lupulina L. L Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco UL Medicago sativa L. L Plantaginaceae Melilotus alba Desr. L Plantago major L. UL Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. L Plantago septata Morris L = P. canescens Adams Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. gracilis (A. Nels.) Polemoniaceae Barneby UL Collomia linearis Nutt. U Oxytropis sericea Nutt. var. spicata (Hook.) Barneby Phlox alyssifolia Greene UL UL Phlox hoodii Richards. UL Oxytropis splendens Dougl. UL Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. L Oxytropis viscida Nutt. UL POLYGONACEAE Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. L Eriogonum flavum Nutt. L Ttiemiopsis rhonibifolia (Nutt.) Richards. UL Polygonum bistortoides Pursh U Trifolium hybridum L. L Rumex crispus L. L Trifolium pratense L. L Primulaceae Vicia americana Muhl. UL Dodecatheon conjugens Greene UL Dodecatheon radicatum Greene U Allium cernuum Roth UL Lysimachia ciliata L. UL Allium schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. U Pyrolaceae textile Nels. Macbr. Allium & L Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray U Baker Calochortus apiculatus U Pyrola asarifolia Michx. var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene U UL (Schult.) Kunth Clintonia uniflora U Pyrola virens Schweigg. U (S. Wats.) B. H. L Disporum oreganum & Ranunculaceae Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh U Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. UL Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. UL Anemone multifida Poir. UL Lilium philadelphicum L. var. anditiurn (Nutt.) Ker U Anemone parviflora Michx. U Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. amplexicaulis Anemone patens L. var. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch (Nutt.) S. Wats. UL UL Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. UL Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. UL Stenanthium occidentale A. Gray U Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. L Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. U Clematis verticellaris DC. var. columbiana (Nutt.) A. Veratrum eschscholtzii A. Gray U Gray UL Zygadenus elegans Pursh UL Delphinium bicolor Nutt. UL Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. L Ranunculus acris L. UL LiNACEAE Linum lewisii Pursh UL Ranunculus flammula L. var. filiformis (Michx.) Malvaceae Hook. UL Sphaeralcea coccinea (Pursh) Rydb. L Ranunculus pedatifidus J.E. Smith var. affinis (R. Br.) Onacraceae L. Benson U

Epilobium angustifolium L. U Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nutt. L Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. L Tlialictrum venulosum Trel. U Epilobium latifolium L. UL Rhamnaceae Gaura coccinea Pursh var. glabra (Lehm.) Torr. & Rhamnus cathartica L. L Gray L Sept. 1979 Shaw: Alberta Flora 283

ROSACEAE Penstemon nitidus Dougl. UL Amelandiier alnifolia Nutt. UL Rhinanthus crista-galli L. U Crataegus chnjfiocarf)a Ashe L Verbascum thapsus L. L Dryas dmminondii Richards. I'L Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. U Fragaria virgiiiimui Duchesne var. glaiica S. Wats. UL Veronica americana (Raf.) Schw. UL Geum allcpicuin Jaccj. UL Umbelliferae Getim rivale L. U Angelica dawsonii S. Wats. U Geum triflorum Pursh UL Ciciita douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose UL Potentilla concinna Richards. L HeracU'um lanatum Michx. UL Potentilla fruticosa L. UL Lomatium simplex (Nutt.) Macbr. var. leptophyllum glandulosa Lindl. ssp. Potentilla pseudorupestris (Hook.) Mathias L (Rydb.) Keck U Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose U Potentilla graeilis Dougl. var. (Lehni.) flahelliformis Osmorhiza depauperata Phillippi U Nutt. U Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Am.) Mathias UL Potentilla gracilis Dougl. var. pulcherriina (Lehm.) Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern. UL Fern. U Valerianaceae Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. U UL Violaceae Rosa acicularis Lindl. UL Viola adunca J.E. Smith UL Rosa woodsii Lindl. UL Viola nephrophylki Greene U Ruhus parviflorus Nutt. U Viola orbiculuta Geyer L Ruhus strigosus Michx. UL Viola rugulosa Greene UL RUBIACEAE Viola selkirkii Pursh U Galium boreale L. UL Galium triflorum Michx. L Salicaceae Literature Cited Popidus acuminata Rydb. L 1978. rare vascular Populus angustifolia James L Argus, G. and D. J. White. The Popidus angustifolia James X halsamifera L. L plants of Alberta. Syllogeus No. 17, National Mu- Populus balsamifera L. subsp. halsamifera L seum of Canada, Ottawa.

Populus balsamifera L. subsp. trichocarpa (T.&G. ex BoiviN, B. 1969. Flora of the prairie provinces I, II, III, Hook.) Bray.shaw UL IV. Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Populus fremuloides Michx. UL Booth, W. E. 1950. Flora of Montana: I. Conifers and Salix barclaiji Anderss. U Monocots. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 1966. Flora of Mon- Salix bebbiana Sarg. L Booth, W. E., and J. C. Wright. Salix discolor Muhl. L tana: II. Dicots. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Salix glauca Anderss. U Brayshaw, T. C. 1965. Native poplars of southern Al- Salix interior Rowlee L berta and their hybrids. Dept. Forestry Pub. No. Salix lasiandra Benth. L 1109, The Queen's Printer, Ottawa. Salix lutea Nutt. L Canada Department of Transport. 1967. Temper- Salix melanopsis Nutt. L ature and precipitation tables for prairie provin- Salix pseudomonticola Ball L ces III. Ottawa. Santalaceae HiGGiNS, L. 1971. A revision of Cryptantha; subgenus Comandra pallida A. DC. UL Oreocarya. Brigham Young University Sci. Bull.,

Saxifragaceae Biol. Ser. 13 (4). Parnassia palustris L. var. neogaea Fern. L Moss, E. H. 1959. Flora of Alberta. University of To- Ribes lacustre (Pars.) Poir. U ronto, Ontario. Scrophulariaceae Shaw, R. K. 1976. A taxonomic and ecologic study of the Besseija wijomingensis (A. Nels.) Rydb. L riverbottom forest on St. Mary River, Lee Creek Castilleja miniata Dougl. UL and Belly River in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl. U Great Basin Nat.: Vol. 36, No. 3. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. L Wyatt, F. a. 1939. Soil survey of Lethbridge and Pinch- Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. U er Creek Sheets. University of Alberta, Edmon- Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. U ton. Penstemon confertus Dougl. UL