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Home , Aplectrum, Apostasioideae, Calopogon, Calypso bulbosa, Corallorhiza, Corallorhiza striata

Lilioids - petaloid monocots

4 main groups:

Diversity and Evolution ¥ Acorales - sister to all monocots ¥ Alismatids of Monocots Ð inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit ! ¥ Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) Ð grade, non-monophyletic Ð petaloid . . . orchids and palms . . . ! ¥ Commelinoids Ð Arecales Ð palms Ð Commelinales Ð spiderwort Ð Zingiberales Ðbanana Ð Poales Ð Ð grasses & sedges

Lilioids - petaloid monocots : * - orchids ¥ finish the Asparagales by 1. Terrestrial/: looking at the largest - typically not aquatic the orchids 2. Geophytes: herbaceous above ground with below ground modified perennial stems: , , ,

3. : showy perianth in 2 series of 3 each; usually all petaloid, or outer series not green and -like & with no bracts

1 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids The family is diverse with about 880 genera and over 22,000 All orchids have a protocorm - a feature restricted to the , mainly of the tropics family. Orchids are ¥ structure formed after and before the mycotrophic (= fungi development of the seedling dependent) lilioids; ¥ has no radicle but instead mycotrophic tissue some are obligate mycotrophs

Cypripedium acaule striata Stemless lady-slipper Striped coral majalis protocorm

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids Cosmopolitan, but the majority of species are found in the Survive in these epiphytic and other harsh environments via tropics and subtropics, ranging from sea level to almost 5000 m CAM , velamen, and tubers, in addition to in nearly all environments except open water and true desert. mycorrhizal association

Ionopsis twig trunk epiphyte

Dendrobium branch Habit varies from to vine, but more Orchid root velamen (water storage) leaf tubers (water storage) epiphyte than half of the species are epiphytic

2 *Orchidaceae - orchids nocturnum Specialized reproductive biology: Only totally night blooming orchid ¥ unusual systems Fungal midge pollinated? ¥ for landing platform ¥ masses, reduced number

Ophrys ¥ numerous, dust-like

Perfume industry Eulaema (euglossine)

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids A 2007 paper in — suggests that the orchid CA 3 COZ 2+1 A 3,2,1 G (3) family is not recent, but ¥ 6 tepals with of late origin labellum (flower resupinate or upside down) ¥ 3 or fewer ¥ inferior fused at top with stamens to form ¥

3 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids Five

3 stamens 2 stamens 1 stamen

Cypripedioideae Two origins of reduction to one stamen

Apostasioideae Givnish et al. (2015) plastome

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids (2 genera) Orchidoideae Vanilloideae ¥ 3 stamens (usually) The vanilloid orchids ¥ most primitive of orchids with are a small tropical nearly actinomorphic flowers Epidendroideae group of lianas, that ¥ Austral-asian distribution includes

Cypripedioideae

Neuwiedia veratrifolia Vanilloideae

Vanilla

Apostasioideae

4 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids Orchidoideae Cypripedioideae (5 genera)

¥ 2 stamens The lower petal is elaborated into the labellum - the landing platform Epidendroideae ¥ “slipper” labellum ¥ distribution Cypripedioideae

Vanilloideae

Apostasioideae acaule - stemless lady’s-slipper

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Lady’s-slippers have two functional Other lady’s-slippers . . . stamens with pollen masses Deceptive pollination system for naïve

Cypripedium arietinum - stemless lady’s-slipper Ram’s-head lady’s-slipper Yellow lady’s-slipper threatened

5 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Cypripedium candidum white lady’s-slipper Threatened, fen or calcareous soils showy lady’s-slipper

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

All other orchids have only 1 functional stamen with one or two pollinia

Paphiopedilum

Non-native bucket or slipper orchids The stamen is situated on a column formed by fusion with the top of the inferior gynoecium

6 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Structure and position of pollinia and other floral parts column allow for intricate and differential pollen placement on

labellum other 2 3 (one behind)

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Orchidoideae Epidendroideae Orchidoideae Orchidoideae The epidendroid orchids, The orchidoid orchids are the largest group, are mostly terrestrials with predominantly epiphytes or tubers or fleshy rhizomes Epidendroideae lithophytes and include all Epidendroideae and include most temperate the showy tropical genera orchids

Cypripedioideae Cypripedioideae

Vanilloideae Vanilloideae

Apostasioideae Apostasioideae

7 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Aplectrum hyemale tuberosus - grass pink Putty root, Adam and eve note the labellum on top! - calypso orchid [threatened]

*Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Goodyera pubescens Rattlesnake plantain

Goodyera tesselata Rattlesnake plantain Corallorhiza trifida - - Early coral root Striped coral root

8 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids

Platanthera leucophaea Prairie fringed orchid State endangered, Federally threatened

Pogonia ophioglossoides - cernua - snake mouth nodding ladies’-tresses

Lilioids Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae - yams

4 main groups: Small mainly tropical family, with viney stems and net-veined ¥ Acorales - sister to all monocots . are 3-winged. ¥ Alismatids Ð inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit Source of edible yam; sources of ¥ Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) steroids, cortisones, first oral Ð non-monophyletic Ð petaloid contraceptives (diosgenin, ¥ Commelinids progesterone) Ð Arecales Ð palms Ð Commelinales Ð spiderwort Ð Zingiberales Ðbanana Ð Poales Dioscorea villosa - Ð pineapple wild yam Ð grasses & sedges

Dioscorea sp.

9 Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae - yams speaking of the holidays . . .! Not to be confused with sweet potato - which belongs to what family? Convolvulaceae - asterid

sweet potatoes & yams!

Dioscoreales: some mycotrophs! Pandanales: Pandanaceae - screw pine

Freycinetia

Old world tropical family of and vines - palm like Burmanniaceae Thismiaceae

Pandanus - screw pine

10 Pandanales: Cyclanthaceae - Hat Pandanales: Velloziaceae

Pantropical, often thickened stemmed, adapted to fire

Vellozia

Carludovica palmata - Panama Hat Cyclanthus

Neotropical family of 12 woody, palm-like, or liana genera Unisexual flowers in “spathe/spadix” - mimic palms but 4 merous not 3 merous as in palms

Pandanales: Velloziaceae Commelinids

4 main groups: bisexual and “lilioid” ¥ Acorales - sister to all monocots ¥ Alismatids Ð inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit ¥ Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) Ð non-monophyletic Barbacenia elegans Ð petaloid ¥ Commelinids Ð Arecales Ð palms Ð Commelinales Ð spiderwort Ð Zingiberales Ðbanana Ð Poales Ð pineapple Ð grasses & sedges

11 Commelinids Commelinids ¥ largest group of monocots ranging from palms to grasses Dasypogonaceae

¥ strongly monophyletic!

¥ bound ferulic acid in cell walls (fluoresce under UV with ammonium hydroxide added)

¥ this feature allowed placement of Dasypogonaceae

4 genera - W

Commelinids *Arecaceae - palms ¥ theme: reduction of flower, loss of ¥ the has one family - also , loss of zoophily, evolution of called Palmae bracts ¥ 190 genera and 2400 species of trees and ¥ tropics, subtropics, deserts, grass Mediterranean biomes

pickeral weed

rapatead bromeliad

12 *Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms ¥ Rattan palms - a plant group that honors the Wallace ¥ Rattan palms - a plant group that honors the Wallace Biogeographic Line Biogeographic Line ¥ Asian distribution with few species passing through Sulawesi ¥ Asian distribution with few species passing through Sulawesi or New Guinea or New Guinea

Rattan palm & generic Rattan palm & generic distributions distributions

*Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms Great morphological diversity: in stature Great morphological diversity: largest of seed plants

Island gigantism

Syagrus - lilliput palm of Paraguay Jubaea - Chilean wine palm Lodoicea maldivica - Seychelles palm or double nut

13 *Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms Great morphological diversity: largest leaf Vegetative characteristics

¥ “woody” stems via primary thickening meristem or diffuse secondary growth ¥ essentially hardened leaf bases ¥ single apical meristem: succeptible to frost ¥ oldest known functioning primary xylem and sieve tubes! Corypha Raffia - rattan Roystonia . . . and largest inflorescence

*Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Vegetative characteristics Vegetative characteristics

¥ palmate or pinnate “compound”, ¥ palmate or pinnate “compound”, ¥ cell death or abscission forms sheathing, plicate or folded sheathing, plicate or folded “compound” leaves

KNOX involved in making compound leaves not involved in palm leaves

14 *Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Floral characteristics Floral characteristics

¥ inflorescence surrounded by ¥ flowers unisexual or bisexual spathe - once allied with aroids CA 3 CO 3 A 3,6,∞ G 3 or (3)

*Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Floral characteristics Areca Betel palm Classification: 5 subfamilies ¥ Calamoideae and Nypoideae are first diverging ¥ a 1-seeded berry or drupe

Cocos coconut

Pantropical spiny genera

Calamus radicalis

15 *Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Classification: 5 subfamilies Important palms: food ¥ Calamoideae and Nypoideae are first diverging

Cocos nucifera - coconut

one species but with widespread early Tertiary fossil occurrences Nypa fruticans salt marsh

*Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Important palms: food Phoenix - Date palm Important palms: oil, wax

Elaeis - oil palm

Chyrtostachys - sealing wax palm

16 *Arecaceae - palms *Arecaceae - palms

Important palms:

Jubaea chilensis Ð Chilean wine palm

Roystonea - Royal Palm Washingtonia Ð Mexican fan palm

17