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1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Remaja

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1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Remaja 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Remaja adalah masa peralihan antara tahap anak dan dewasa yang jangka waktunya berbeda-beda tergantung faktor sosial dan budaya. Pada kondisi ini remaja sangat labil karena mereka masih mencari jati dirinya. Dimana mereka beringinan dirinya dianggap gaul dan dewasa dengan menirukan orang lain. Apabila mereka tidak didukung pendidikan orang tua dan agama yang kuat akan terjerumus ke hal – hal yang merugikan banyak pihak, terutama dirinya sendiri (Soetjiningsih, 2004, p. 15). Dengan terus berkembangnya teknologi, maka informasi yang salah tentang seksual mudah sekali didapatkan oleh para remaja, sehingga media massa dan segala hal yang bersifat pornografis akan menguasai pikiran remaja yang kurang kuat dalam menahan pikiran emosinya, karena mereka belum boleh melakukan hubungan seks yang sebenarnya yang disebabkan adanya norma-norma, adat, hukum dan juga agama (Soetjiningsih, 2004, pp. 139-140). Apabila anak remaja sering dihadapkan pada hal-hal yang pornografi baik berupa gambar, tulisan, atau melihat aurat, kemungkinan besar dorongan untuk berhubungan secara bebas sangat tinggi, bisa lari ketempat pelacuran atau melakukan dengan teman sendiri. Hal-hal yang merugikan dari perilaku terhadap seks bebas tidak akan terjadi, apabila 1 2 individu memiliki kesadaran bertanggung jawab yang kuat (Soetjiningsih, 2004, pp. 139-140). Ada beberapa faktor yang dianggap menimbulkan perilaku seksual pada remaja, diantaranya perubahan hormon pada masa pubertas yang dapat meningkatkan hasrat seksual remaja, penyebaran informasi yang salah misalnya dari buku-buku dan film porno, penundaan usia kawin karena norma-norma yang berlaku bahwa tidak boleh melakukan hubungan seksual sebelum menikah, serta kurangnya pengetahuan yang didapat dari orang tua dikarenakan orang tua menganggap hal tersebut tabu untuk dibicarakan (Sarwono, 2011, pp. 187-188). Secara umum hubungan seksual telah dilakukan para remaja. Di Amerika Serikat, terdapat 87% pelajar SMU melaporkan telah melakukan hubungan seksual. Di Thailand, terdapat 37% remaja umur 15-19 tahun telah berhubungan seks. Di Korea, sebanyak 36% pelajar SMU telah melakukannya juga. Di indonesia, menurut survey yang dilakukan oleh Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia (PKBI) pada tahun 2001 di lima kota yaitu, Kupang, Palembang, Singkawang, Cirebon, dan Tasikmalaya, menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 16,46% dari remaja berumur 15 sampai 24 tahun mengaku telah berhubungan seks (PKBI Pusat. 2001). Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh berbagai institusi di Indonesia selama kurun waktu tahun 1993-2002, menemukan bahwa 5-10% wanita dan 18-38% pria muda berumur 16-24 tahun mengaku melakukan hubungan seksual pranikah dengan pasangan yang seusia mereka 3-5 kali (Suryoputro,et 3 al. 2002). Dari survei yang juga dilakukan oleh Pilar Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia (PKBI) Semarang tahun 2004 tentang cara berpacaran remaja didapatkan bahwa, saling ngobrol 100 %, berpegangan tangan 93,3 %, mencium pipi/ kening 84,6 %, berciuman bibir 60,9 %, mencium leher 36,1 %, saling meraba (payudara dan kelamin) 25 %, dan melakukan hubungan seks 7,6 %. Khusus untuk yang melakukan hubungan seks, pasangannya adalah pacar 78,4%, teman 10,3 % dan pekerja seks 9,3 %. Alasan mereka melakukan hubungan seks adalah coba-coba 15,5 %, sebagai ungkapan rasa cinta 43,3 %, kebutuhan biologis 29,9 %. Sedangkan tempat untuk melakukan hubungan seks adalah rumah sendiri/ pacar 30 %, tempat kos /kontrak 32 %, hotel 28 %, dan lainnya 9 % (PKBI Semarang. 2004). Dengan pengetahuan yang remaja yang kurang, maka sangatlah mungkin jika membuat mereka salah dalam bersikap dan kemudian mempunyai perilaku terhadap seksualitas. Perilaku seksual remaja kota Semarang tahun 2010 aktivitas pacaran yang sampai dengan intercourse 14,1% dibanding dengan cara yang lain, usia pertama kali melakukan intercourse, prosentasi paling besar adalah pada usia 18 – 20 tahun. Pasangan yang melakukan hubungan seksual intercourse lebih dari 4 kali pada 3 bulan terakhir 45%, tempat melakukannya 41% di rumah sendiri atau pacar, alasan melakukan intercourse karena wujud ungkapan sayang dengan pacar 51% (PKBI Semarang. 2010). 4 Melihat beberapa hasil survei yang dilakukan para peneliti tentang perilaku seks pra nikah pada remaja yang semakin meningkat tiap tahunnya, maka perlu diteliti faktor yang melatarbelakangi seks pranikah pada remaja. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi seks pra nikah pada remaja. B. Perumusan Masalah Masalah pada proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini adalah bagaimanakah faktor perilaku yang melatarbelakangi seks pranikah pada remaja? C. Tujuan Penelitian 1. Tujuan Umum Mendeskripsikan faktor yang melatar belakangi perilaku seks pranikah pada remaja. 2. Tujuan Khusus a. Mendeskripsikan faktor predisposisi terjadinya seks pranikah b. Mendeskripsikan faktor pemungkin terjadinya seks pranikah c. Mendeskripsikan faktor penguat terjadinya seks pranikah. D. Manfaat Penelitian 1. Manfaat Praktis a. Bagi Remaja Menambah pengetahuan dan dampak risiko seks pranikah. 5 b. Bagi Tenaga Kesehatan Sebagai gambaran tenaga kesehatan mengenai hal-hal yang melatarbelakangi seks pranikah 2. Manfaat Teoretis Bagi pihak institusi pendidikan, sebagai referensi mengenai gambaran faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi seks pranikah pada remaja. E. Keaslian Penelitian Tabel 1.1 Keaslian Penelitian Judul Nama Tahun dan Rancangan Variabel Penelitian Peneliti Tempat Penelitian Penelitian Penelitian Hubungan Ari 2009 Kuantitatif Dua variabel Tingkat Lestari Karya Husada, dengan (Bivariat) Pengetahuan UNIMUS metode Pengetahuan Tentang survei tentang IMS Infeksi melalui dan Perilaku Menular pendekatan Seks Pra nikah Seksual (IMS) cross dan Perilaku sectional. Seks Pra nikah Mahasiswa Gambaran Kurnia 2010 Diskriptif Dari 100 Tingkat Dewi Sma Sultan Agung dengan responden, Pengetahuan Hapsari 1 Semarang rancangan 42,6% Remaja descriptife memiliki Tentang corelational pengetahuan Penyakit dengan baik, 52,1% Menular pendekatan memiliki Seksual di cross pengetahuan SMA Sultan sectional cukup dan Agung 1 5,3% Semarang memiliki pengetahuan kurang 6 Perbedaan penelitian ini dengan penelitian lain (Ari Lestari dan Kurnia Dewi Hapsari) : 1. Judul penelitian yaitu pada penelitian Ari Lestari berjudul “Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS) dan Perilaku Seks Pra nikah Mahasiswa”, pada Kurnia Dewi Hapsari berjudul “Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Penyakit Menular Seksual di SMA Sultan Agung 1 Semarang”, sedangkan pada penelitian kali ini berjudul “Studi Kualitatif Faktor-Faktor Yang Melatarbelakangi Perilaku Seks Pranikah Pada Remaja Di Semarang”. 2. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu: Pada penelitian Ari Lestari jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Kuantitatif dengan metode survei melalui pendekatan cross sectional, pada Kurnia Dewi Hapsari jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Diskriptif dengan rancangan descriptife corelational dengan pendekatan cross sectional sedangkan pada penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian Kualitatif. 3. Tahun penelitian: Penelitian Ari Lestari dilakukan pada tahun 2009, dan penelitian Kurnia Dewi Hapsari dilakukan pada tahun 2010 sedangkan penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 2011. .
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