LIST OF COLLABORATORS:

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A.M., L.H.D.

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS,

CLEVELAND ABBE, A.M., LL.D. JOHN MASON CLARKE, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Meteorology, United States New York State Geologist and Paleon- WILLIAM HALLOCK, Ph.D. Weather Bureau. tologist; Director of the State Museum Professor of Physics in Columbia and of the Scicncc Division of the De- University. M ctcorology. partment of Education of the State of New York. Color Photography. LIBERTY HYDE BAILEY, M.S., LL.D. Paleontology; Stratigraphy. Director of the New York State College GEORGE BRUCE HALSTED, Ph.D. . of Agriculture, Cornell University. Professor of Mathematics in the Horticulture. FREDERICK VERNON COVILLE, A.B. Colorado State Normal School. Curator of the United States National Mathematics. ITcrbariu m. ADOLPH FRANCIS BANDELIER, Systematic and Economic Botany. Lecturer on American Archaeology in FRANK E. HOBBS, Columbia University. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT, South American Ethnology and STEWART CULIN. UNITED STATES ARMY. Archeology. Commanding Officer of the Rock Island Numismatics. Arsenal. Ordnajice; Military Arms; Explo- EDWIN ATLEE BARBER, A.M., Ph.D. sives. Director of the Museum of the Pennsylvania EDWARD SALISBURY DANA, Museum and School of Industrial Art. A.M., Ph.D. Ceramics; Glass-making. Professor of Physics and Curator of LELAND OSSIAN HOWARD, Mineralogy in Yale University. M.S., Ph.D. Mineralogy. Chief Entomologist of the United States CHARLES BARNARD. Department of Agriculture; Honorary Curator of the United States National Museum; Consulting Entomologist of Tools and Appliances. the United States Public Health and WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS, Marine Hospital Service. M.E., Sc.D., Ph.D. SAMUEL A. BINION, M.D. Professor of Geology in Harvard Entomology, University. Hebrew Terms. Physiography; Glaciology. HENRY MARION HOWE, A.M., LL.D. Professor of Metallurgy in Columbia FRANZ BOAS, Ph.D. University. Professor of Anthropology in THEODORE LOW DEVINNE, A.M. Metallurgy. Columbia University. Printing; Printing Machinery. Anthropology; Ethnology; North American Archceology. CHARLES W. HÜLST, A.M. CHARLES W'RIGHT DODGE, M.S. Legal Terms, A—L. BERTRAM BORDEN BOLTWOOD, Professor of Biology in the University of Rochester. Ph.D. FREDERICK REM SEN HUTTON, Assistant Professor of Physics in Invertebrate Zoology. E.M., Ph.D., Sc.D. Yale University. Emeritus Professor of Mechanical En- Radioactive Substances. gineering in Columbia University, and CHARLES AVERY DOREMUS, lately President of the American So- A.M., M.D., Ph.D. ciety of Mechanical Engineers. IRA H. BRAINERD. Lately Acting Professor of Chemistry in Mechanical Engineering; Machines; General Technology. Legal Terms, L—Z. the College of the City of New York. Photography; Chemical Apparatus. JOSEPH PAXON IDDINGS, Sc.D. WILLIAM KEITH BROOKS, Geologist in the United States Geological Ph.D., LL.D * GUSTAV JOSEPH FIEBEGER, Survey. Professor of Zoology in Johns Hopkins COLONEL, UNITED STATES ARMV. Petrology. Professor of Engineering and the Art University. of War in the United States Military General Biology. Academy. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D. Military Engineering and the Art of President of Leland Stanford Junior WALTER CAMP, M.A. War. University, Member of the Yale University Council. Ichthyology. Athletics; Foot-ball, and other Out- of-door Games (except Golf and ROBERT FREDERICK FOSTER. JAMES FURMAN KEMP, E.M., Sc.D. Cricket). Card Games. Professor of Geology in Columbia University. Geology. THOMAS JOSEPH CAMPBELL, SJ. RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D* Lately President of St. John's College. Keeper of Printed Books of the HENRY GRATTAN KITTREDGE* Roman Catholic Terms. British Museum. Textiles; Textile Materials,Processes, Astrology. and Machinery. JOHN BATES CLARK, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Political Economy in Columbia University. FRANKLIN HENRY GIDDINGS, GEORGE WILLIAM KNOX, D.D..LL.D. Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Philosophy and the His- Political Economy, Professor of Sociology in Columbia tory of Religion in Union Theolog- University. ical Seminary. * Deceased. Sociology. Theology; Ecclesiastical History. vi LIST OF COLLABORATORS

GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, EDWARD LEAMINGTON NICHOLS, CHARLES EDMUND SIMON, M.D. Ph.D., Sc.D. Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Clinical Pathology in Special Agent in Charge of Precious Professor of Physics, Cornell Baltimore Medical College. Stones, United States Geological Sur- University. Physiological Chemistry; Immunity; vey and Twelfth United States Physics (with Electricity, in part); Serumtherapy. Census. Physical Units; Physical Appa- Gems; Jewelry. ratus. EDWARD R. SMITH, A.M. Librarian of the Avery Architectural OLIN HENRY LANDRETH, WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES, Library, Columbia University. A.M., C.E., Sc.D. A.M., Ph.D. Painting; Sculpture; Engraving; Professor of Engineering in Decoration. Union University. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Illinois; Editor of the Journal of the Civil Engineering, American Chemical Society. EDWIN CHAPIN ST ARKS. Assistant Professor of Zoology in Leland JOHN A. LESTER, Ph.D. Organic Chemistry. Stanford Junior University. Cricket. Assistant in Ichthyology. LOUIS ATWELL OLNEY, A.C., M.S. FREDERICK L. LEWTON, A.B. Professor of Chemistry and head of the THOMAS LATHROP STEDMAN, Department of Textile Chemistry and A.M., M.D. Assistant Botanist, United States Dyeing in the Lowell Textile School. Department of Agriculture. Dyes and Dyeing. Editor of the "Medical Record." Medicine; Surgery; Human Anatomy. Economic Botany. HOWARD PATTERSON. Formerly of the United States Navy, EDWARD STRIEBY STEELE. JOSEPH H. LINNARD. President of the New York Xautical Naval Constructor, United States Navy. College. United States National Herbarium. Agricultural Botany; Agriculture. Naval Construction. Nautical Terms. CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ, FREDERIC AUGUSTUS LUCAS, D.Sc. CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE, A.M., Ph.D. A.M., Sc.B. Curator-in-Chief of the Museums of the Electrician of the General Electric Com- Brooklyn Institute. pany and Professor of Electrical En- Vertebrate Zoology; Comparative Logic; Metaphysic. gineering in Union University. Anatomy; Osteology. Electricity (in part). R. E. B. McKENNEY, Ph.D. GIFFORD PINCHOT, A.M. Plant Physiology. Chief of the Forest Service in the United CHARLES WARDELL STILES, Forestry;State s DepartmenLumbeiing.t of Agriculture. Ph.D., D.Sc. Zoologist of the United States Public JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, Health and Marine Hospital Service, Ph.D., LL.D. WALDO SELDEN PRATT, A.M., and Lecturer on Medical Zoology in Professor of Chemistry in the University Mus.D. Johns Hopkins University. of Virginia. Professor of Music and Ilymnology in Medical Zoology. Inorganic Chemistry; Industrial llartford Theological Seminary. Chemistry. Music; Musical Instruments. RUSSELL STURGIS, A.M., Ph.D.* Architecture. WILLIAM RALPH MAXON, A.B. CHARLES BINGHAM REYNOLDS, Assistant Curator of Botany, United States National Museum. A.M. EDWARD BRADFORD TICIIENF.R, Lately Editor of "Forest and Scream." Ph.D., D.Sc.. LL.D. Cryptogenic Botany. Field Sports. Professor of Psychology in Cornell University, Psychology. JOHN ROBBINS MOHLER, V.M.D. GEORGE WILLIS RITCHEY, A.M. Chief of tiie Pathological Division of the Astronomer and Superintendent of In: United States Bureau of Animal In- strument Construction of the Solar WALTER J. TRAVIS, dustry. Observatory of the Carnegie Insti- Golf. tution. Animal Pathology. Astronomical Instruments. LESTER FRANK WARD, A.M., LL.D. Geologist, United States Geological Survey; GEORGE THOMAS MOORE, Ph.D. ABBOTT LAWRENCE ROTCH, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants, Physiologist and Algologist, United States S.B., A.M. United States National Museum. Bureau of Plant Industry. Algology. Professor of Meteorology in Harvard General Editor of the Botanical EDWARD WILLIAMS MORLEY, University. Terms. Ph.D., LL.D. Aeronautics. WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in Ph.D. Western Reserve University. Physical Chemistry; Weights and WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD, Professor of Economic Entomology in Assistant Botanist, United States Bureau Harvard University. Measures. of Plant Industry. Tropical Botany. Cytology; Embryology. HENRY SMITH MUNROE, Ph.D., Sc.D. Professor of Mining in Columbia CHARLES PAYSON GURLEY SCOTT, WILLIAM FRANKLIN WIGHT, A.M. University. Ph.D., Litt.D. Assistant Botanist, United States Depart- Mining. Etymologist of the Century Dictionary. ment of Agriculture. Systematic Botany. Etymologies. FREDERICK HAYNES NEWELL. B.S. CHARLES AUGUSTUS YOUNG, Director of the United States CORNELIUS LOTT SHEAR, Ph.D. Ph.D., LL.D * Reclamation Service. Pathologist of the United States Professor of Astronomy in Princeton Irrigation. Bureau of Plant Industry. University. * Deceased. Vegetable Pathology; Mycology. Astronomy.