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Uy24-16689.Pdf ESTUDIO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTRUCTURA DE LOS BOSQUES RIBEREÑOS DEL RÍO URUGUAY AL NORTE Y AL SUR DE LA REPRESA DE SALTO GRANDE, EN LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE ARTIGAS, SALTO Y PAYSANDÚ (URUGUAY) Silvia Elena González Calcagno Tesis de Maestría en Biología, opción Botánica PEDECIBA Tutor: Lic. Eduardo Marchesi Co-tutor: Ing. Agr. PhD Mauricio Bonifacino Tribunal: Dra. Angeles Beri, Dra. Lina Bettucci e Ing.Agr. Primavera Izaguirre. 1 ÍNDICE 1 INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………..………pág.7 Hipótesis de trabajo…………………………………………………............pág.9 Resumen de las hipótesis de trabajo…………………………………..….pág.10 Objetivo general……………………………………………………………...pág.11 Objetivos específicos ………………………………………………………..pág.11 2 ANTECEDENTES……………………………………………………………….pág.12 2.1 Aspectos geográficos del río Uruguay y su cuenca……………….pág.12 2.2 Edad del río Uruguay, características e historia geológicas de su cuenca………………………………….………….…….............pág.15 2.3 Geomorfología y unidades fisiográficas de la región noroeste de Uruguay……………..……………………………..….....................pág.17 2.4 Características vegetacionales, florísticas y biogeográficas de los bosques de Uruguay y del río Uruguay…………………..….……....pág.19 2.4.1 Vías de ingreso de flora tropical y subtropical al territorio de Uruguay…………………………………………………...pág.21 2.4.2 Bosques del río Uruguay……………..……..……………....pág.22 2.5 Biogeografía de la cuenca del río Uruguay………………..………..pág.24 2.5.1 Dendrofloras en la región de la cuenca del río Uruguay: origen e integración…………………………………………..pág.25 2.5.2 Biomas actuales de bosques sudamericanos con influencia en los bosques del río Uruguay y su Flora…….………….pág.28 -Los Bosques Tropicales Estacionales Semideciduos Secos…pág.29 -La Selva Paranaense……………………………………………...pág.30 -La Selva del Planalto Meridional o Floresta del Pinhal……….pág.31 -La Mata Atlántica………………………………………………..…pág.31 -El Chaco…………………………………………………………….pág.31 -El Chaco Húmedo Espinal………………………………………...pág.31 -Flora Neotropical…………………………………………………...pág.32 2.6 Evolución histórica de los bosques de Uruguay y del río Uruguay………………………………………………………………….pág.32 2 2.6.1 La superficie boscosa de Uruguay…………………………pág.32 2.6.2 Etapas en la evolución de los bosques…………………….pág.34 2.6.3 Explotación de los bosques................……………………..pág.34 2.6.4 Gestión y mejoramiento del bosque. Inicio de la forestación con especies exóticas………..…………………………………...pág.36 2.6.5 Leyes forestales y sus antecedentes……………………...pág.38 2.6.6 El problema reciente de invasión por especies exóticas...pág.39 2.7 Intervenciones en los bosques de los alrededores de Salto………pág.40 2.8 La construcción de la represa hidroeléctrica de Salto Grande……pág.46 2.9 Estudios de la flora y vegetación del valle del río Uruguay………..pág.48 2.9.1 Antiguos relatos sobre los bosques del río Uruguay……..pág.48 2.9.2 Antecedentes sobre estudios de la flora en Uruguay.……pág.49 2.9.3 Trabajos de relevamientos florísticos realizados en bosques del río Uruguay (y desembocadura de afluentes)…….pág.50 2.10 Métodos de estudio de las comunidades vegetales………………pág.51 2.10.1 Estudios cuantitativos (fitosociológicos)de comunidades.pág.51 2.10.2 Las variables fitosociológicas……………........................pág.53 2.10.3 Definiciones y cálculos de variables………….…………..pág.54 2.10.4 Indices de diversidad: Índice de Shannon y Equitatividad..pág.57 3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS:…………………………………………………. pág.58 3.1 Área de estudio…………………………………………………………pág.58 3.2 Clima de la región………………………………………….…………..pág.60 3.3 Locales de estudio……………………………………………………..pág.60 3.4 Inventario florístico……………………………………………………..pág.62 3.5 Caracterización de ambientes.…….………….................................pág.63 3.6 Registro de datos sobre manejo actual e historia del bosque y del establecimiento ……………..……....................................................pág.63 3.7 Características del muestreo………………………………………….pág.63 3.8 Estudios cuantitativos o fitosociológicos de las comunidades: procesamiento de datos………………………………………………...pág.64 3.9 Análisis estadísticos:… ………………………………………………..pág.65 3 4 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………........pág.66 4.1 Flora leñosa del área de estudio: …………………………………....pág.66 4.1.1. Elaboración de clasificaciones…………………………..…pág.73 4.2 Inventario Florístico…………………………………………………….pág.78 Resumen de Resultados Florísticos………………………………….…………..pág.104 4.3 Comparación de comunidades al norte y al sur de la represa en base a resultados de los Análisis Estadísticos…………………..……...pág.106 4.4 Clasificación y descripción de las comunidades leñosas del área de estudio……………………………………………………………..pág.118 4.4.1 Unidad de vegetación 1 : Bosques incipientes del área del embalse de Salto Grande……………………..….pág.119 1) Bosques de baja diversidad ubicados en potreros pastoreados……………….pag.126 2) Bosques de diversidad relativamente alta ubicados en potreros con pastoreo reducido……….……………………………...pág.133 2a) Bosques compuestos mayoritariamente por especies xerófilas……………………..pág.133 2b) Bosques compuestos mayoritariamente por especies hidrófilas……………………..pág.140 3) Bosques del “Parque del Lago”………...pág.148 4) Bosques del embalse de situaciones especiales:……………..….…….…………..pág.160 N1: RIUSA………………...…pág.160 N9: Cerro Bosque.…..……..pág.169 4.4.2 Unidad de vegetación 2 : Bosques maduros del área del curso inferior del río Uruguay, al sur de la represa de Salto Grande…………..pág.177 1) Bosques de barrancos costeros próximos a la ciudad de Salto…........................................pág.182 2) Bosques ribereños de llanuras aluviales sujetos a inundaciones frecuentes…..pág…195 3) Bosques de “tierras altas” situados en lugares 4 elevados donde no llegan las crecidas….pág.211 4) Situación Especial: S11: Gruta del Indio muerto……………………………………….pág.220 5 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES………………………………..……….……pág.228 6 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………pág.234 7 AGRADECIMIENTOS..……………………………………………………..….pág.235 8 LITERATURA CITADA…………………………………………………………pág.237 9 ANEXOS………………………………………………………………………...pág. 257 5 6 1 INTRODUCCIÓN El Uruguay se ubica biogeográficamente en el Dominio Chaqueño dentro de la Provincia Pampeana (Cabrera & Willink, 1973). Los bosques son formaciones marginales en una matriz de pastizales, clasificados en base a criterios fisonómicos y del ambiente en que se desarrollan como bosques ribereños, serranos, de quebradas, de parque, psamófilos, palmares, bosques pantanosos, bosques de cerros chatos, etc. (Brussa & Grela, 2007). El río Uruguay constituye un accidente geográfico de singulares características geográficas y biológicas. Los bosques que se desarrollan en las márgenes del río Uruguay dada su condición de corredor ecológico, albergan una flora mixta con especies leñosas procedentes de territorios extrapampeanos, coexistiendo en ellos especies de amplia distribución neotropical, especies paranaenses, especies típicamente chaqueñas y del Arco Pleistocénico (bioma de los Bosques Tropicales Estacionales Semideciduos Secos- BTESS). En 1800 km de recorrido, el río Uruguay, desde sus nacientes en la Serra do Mar, Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil) hasta su desembocadura en el Río de la Plata, atraviesa diversos territorios biogeográficos como la Mata Atlántica, la Mata de Araucarias, la Selva Misionera, el Espinal y los pastizales pampeanos de Uruguay y de la mesopotamia argentina (Cabrera & Willink, 1973). En su trayecto y debido a su régimen de crecidas, actúa como una vía dinámica de dispersión de propágulos de especies subtropicales y tropicales hacia latitudes templadas y provee un ambiente marginal para su desarrollo formando bosques ribereños (Oakley et al ., 2005). Los bosques de márgenes e islas del Uruguay inferior y medio, reconocidos por los colonizadores como formaciones diferentes del resto de bosques de la “Banda Oriental” (Abadie, 1998; Gautreau, 2005), fueron explotados durante los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX para abastecer de combustible doméstico a las ciudades, a industrias (panaderías, caleras, saladeros), al ferrocarril y han soportado la presión de diversos herbívoros por lo cual muchos de ellos no se encuentran en una situación “climáxica” en términos clementsianos. Adicionalmente, pese a la prohibición de la tala con fines comerciales establecida en el artículo 24 de la Ley Forestal 15939 de 1987, aun persisten las talas clandestinas. Sin desmedro de lo anterior, los bosques del río Uruguay, son bosques multiespecíficos, con buena regeneración, en general de régimen tallar, que conservan elevada diversidad y dan refugio a comunidades animales. 7 Existe en la sociedad uruguaya una percepción difusa, quizás influenciada por concepciones conservacionistas foráneas, de que los bosques nativos han sido sobreexplotados y degradados a lo largo de tres siglos de uso por el hombre blanco (Gautreau, 2004). Este autor considera que la producción científica sobre la cuestión es insuficiente y no constituye un cuerpo de documentos sólido para sustentar un status de degradación de los bosques uruguayos. A fines de la década de 1970, los bosques riparios e isleños de la última porción del Uruguay medio desaparecieron como consecuencia de la construcción de la Represa Hidroeléctrica de Salto Grande, cuyo dique elevó las aguas del río Uruguay en más de 30 m, formándose un embalse hacia el norte que cubrió 783 km 2. Esta perturbación extrema en un área grande, sin precedentes en Uruguay, conllevó la desaparición de diversos ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres con la consecuente pérdida de biodiversidad en la zona al norte de la presa. Para preservar la calidad de las aguas del embalse, ambas márgenes del río Uruguay y las
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