DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphological Homogeneity, Phylogenetic Heterogeneity and Systematic Complexity in Species-Rich Groups: a Case Study of Floral Evolution in Myrteae (Myrtaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphological Homogeneity, Phylogenetic Heterogeneity and Systematic Complexity in Species-Rich Groups: a Case Study of Floral Evolution in Myrteae (Myrtaceae) Morphological homogeneity, phylogenetic heterogeneity and systematic complexity in species-rich groups: a case study of floral evolution in Myrteae (Myrtaceae) Thais Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos University College London (‘UCL’) A thesis submitted as part of the requirements for a PhD degree in Systematics and Evolutionary Biology Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment - University College London Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department – Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1 ‘ I, Thais Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.' __________________________ ABSTRACT Myrteae is the most diverse tribe in the species-rich angiosperm family Myrtaceae. Myrteae species play a critical ecological role in tropical forests and savannas, biomes with some of the highest biodiversity on earth. Hence there is a growing interest in its use as a model for evolutionary, ecological and conservation studies. However, morphologically homogeneous reproductive structures cause taxonomic instability and jeopardize modelling and conservation initiatives. This study demonstrates how evolutionary patterns are underpinned by floral traits in Myrteae. Aims are approached using combined phylogenetic and morphological analyses in two work packages (WP): WP1 increases understanding of systematics and floral evolution in Myrteae based on multiloci molecular matrices for a near complete generic sample. The framework is used to interpret biogeography, diversification and over-arching patterns of floral morphology and development; data are reciprocally combined to illuminate those processes. WP2 presents four case studies using floral development and multidimensional trait analysis to address questions related to systematic complexity, phylogenetic heterogeneity and theoretical cladistics concepts, such as evolution of homoplastic traits. Results harness Myrteae as a model group to address relevant questions in plant evolution and systematics; the applicability of this approach to similar questions in other diverse tropical angiosperm groups is discussed. Key words: diversification; macro-evolution; Myrtaceae; phenotypic evolution; phylogenetics; systematics. 2 This thesis is dedicated to the kindness of countless people . Thanks! 3 “The biologists who enter this field must resign themselves to the fact that they can never achieve certainty. Their end point must always be a judgement as to which several hypothesis appears to be most plausible on the basis of presently available factors.” G.L. Stebbins (“Flowering Plants: evolution above the species level”; 1974, p.viii) 4 Table of Contents Notes .......................................................................................................................................15 Introduction: An overview of Myrteae ........ .................................................. ......................16 I.1 What is Myrtaceae? ............................ ..... ................... .............................. ......................16 I.2 What is Myrteae? ...................................... .........................................................................17 I.3 Brief history of Myrteae systematics ......... .........................................................................17 I.4 Morphological vs. phylogenetic heterogeneity ....................................................................19 I.5 Thesis objectives ....................................... .........................................................................20 Work Package I – Systematics and flower evolution of Myrteae ............................................22 CHAPTER 1: Myrteae phylogeny, calibration, biogeography and diversification patterns: increased understanding in the most species rich tribe of Myrtaceae ............................23 INTRODUCTION ............................................ .........................................................................24 1.1 Myrteae systematics and diversity ........... .........................................................................24 1.2 Myrteae global geographic distribution .... .........................................................................26 1.3 Study aims ............................................... .........................................................................26 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................... .........................................................................27 1.4 Taxonomic sampling ................................ .........................................................................27 1.5 Extraction and sequencing ....................... .........................................................................27 1.6 Phylogenetic analysis............................... .........................................................................28 1.7 Fossil calibration and dating .................... .........................................................................28 1.8 Historical biogeography inference ............ .........................................................................29 1.9 Diversification rates analysis .................... .........................................................................31 RESULTS ....................................................... .........................................................................32 1.10 Phylogenetic tree analysis - Grouping and Main lineages ...............................................32 1.11 The Australasian group .......................... .........................................................................32 1.12 The Myrtus group ................................... .........................................................................34 1.13 Main Neotropical lineage ....................... .........................................................................35 1.14 Ungrouped genera: Myrtastrum and Amomyrtus .............................................................35 1.15 Dating inference ..................................... .........................................................................36 1.16 Biogeographical patterns ....................... .........................................................................37 1.17 Diversification rate shifts ........................ .........................................................................40 DISCUSSION ................................................. .........................................................................41 1.18 Systematic implications .......................... .........................................................................41 1.19 Comparative dating analysis .................. .........................................................................43 1.20 Biogeographical inference ..................... .........................................................................44 1.21 Changes in diversification rates, key innovations and mega-diverse genera ..................51 CONCLUSION ............................................... .........................................................................52 APPENDIX ..................................................... .........................................................................53 CHAPTER 2: Systematic and evolutionary implications of stamen posture in Myrteae (Myrtaceae) ................................................... .........................................................................76 5 INTRODUCTION ........................................... ......................................................................... 77 2.1 Myrteae taxonomic complexity and absence of diagnostic characters ............................. 77 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................... ......................................................................... 79 2.2 Sampling .................................................. ......................................................................... 79 2.3 Herbarium material .................................. ......................................................................... 79 2.4 SEM analyses .......................................... ......................................................................... 79 2.5 Anthesis type observation ....................... ......................................................................... 80 RESULTS ...................................................... ......................................................................... 80 2.6 Stamen posture ....................................... ......................................................................... 80 2.7 Anthesis type ........................................... ......................................................................... 84 DISCUSSION ................................................ ......................................................................... 85 2.8 Systematic implications of stamen posture and anthesis type in myrteae ........................ 85 2.9 Relationship between stamen posture and hypanthium extension ................................... 88 2.10 Evolutionary implications of hypanthial extension, stamen posture in the bud and floral ecology ....................................................................... ........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supplementary Materialsupplementary Material
    10.1071/BT13149_AC © CSIRO 2013 Australian Journal of Botany 2013, 61(6), 436–445 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Comparative dating of Acacia: combining fossils and multiple phylogenies to infer ages of clades with poor fossil records Joseph T. MillerA,E, Daniel J. MurphyB, Simon Y. W. HoC, David J. CantrillB and David SeiglerD ACentre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BRoyal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141, Australia. CSchool of Biological Sciences, Edgeworth David Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. DDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ECorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1 Materials used in the study Taxon Dataset Genbank Acacia abbreviata Maslin 2 3 JF420287 JF420065 JF420395 KC421289 KC796176 JF420499 Acacia adoxa Pedley 2 3 JF420044 AF523076 AF195716 AF195684; AF195703 Acacia ampliceps Maslin 1 KC421930 EU439994 EU811845 Acacia anceps DC. 2 3 JF420244 JF420350 JF419919 JF420130 JF420456 Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth 2 3 JF420259 JF420036 JF420366 JF419935 JF420146 KF048140 Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. 1 2 3 JF420293 JF420402 KC421323 JQ248740 JF420505 Acacia baeuerlenii Maiden & R.T.Baker 2 3 JF420229 JQ248866 JF420336 JF419909 JF420115 JF420448 Acacia beckleri Tindale 2 3 JF420260 JF420037 JF420367 JF419936 JF420147 JF420473 Acacia cochlearis (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. 2 3 KC283897 KC200719 JQ943314 AF523156 KC284140 KC957934 Acacia cognata Domin 2 3 JF420246 JF420022 JF420352 JF419921 JF420132 JF420458 Acacia cultriformis A.Cunn. ex G.Don 2 3 JF420278 JF420056 JF420387 KC421263 KC796172 JF420494 Acacia cupularis Domin 2 3 JF420247 JF420023 JF420353 JF419922 JF420133 JF420459 Acacia dealbata Link 2 3 JF420269 JF420378 KC421251 KC955787 JF420485 Acacia dealbata Link 2 3 KC283375 KC200761 JQ942686 KC421315 KC284195 Acacia deanei (R.T.Baker) M.B.Welch, Coombs 2 3 JF420294 JF420403 KC421329 KC955795 & McGlynn JF420506 Acacia dempsteri F.Muell.
    [Show full text]
  • U·M·I University Microfilms International a 8Ell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road
    Patterns of homoplasy in North American Astragalus L. (Fabaceae). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sanderson, Michael John. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 18:39:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184764 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UIVn a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Psidium" Redirects Here
    Guava 1 Guava This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Guava (disambiguation). "Psidium" redirects here. For the thoroughbred racehorse, see Psidium (horse). Guava Apple Guava (Psidium guajava) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Myrtales Family: Myrtaceae Subfamily: Myrtoideae Tribe: Myrteae Genus: Psidium L. Species About 100, see text Synonyms • Calyptropsidium O.Berg • Corynemyrtus (Kiaersk.) Mattos • Cuiavus Trew • Episyzygium Suess. & A.Ludw. • Guajava Mill. • Guayaba Noronha • Mitropsidium Burret Guavas (singular guava, /ˈɡwɑː.və/) are plants in the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) genus Psidium, which contains about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees. They are native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Guavas are now cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, subtropical regions of North America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia and Spain. Guava 2 Types The most frequently eaten species, and the one often simply referred to as "the guava", is the Apple Guava (Psidium guajava).Wikipedia:Citation needed. Guavas are typical Myrtoideae, with tough dark leaves that are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate and 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) long. The flowers are white, with five petals and numerous stamens. The genera Accara and Feijoa (= Acca, Pineapple Guava) were formerly included in Psidium.Wikipedia:Citation needed Apple Guava (Psidium guajava) flower Common names The term "guava" appears to derive from Arawak guayabo "guava tree", via the Spanish guayaba. It has been adapted in many European and Asian languages, having a similar form. Another term for guavas is pera, derived from pear.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Bush Foods and Fibres
    Australian Plants Society NORTH SHORE GROUP Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden Bush foods and fibres • Plant-based bush foods, medicines and poisons can come from nectar, flowers, fruit, leaves, bark, stems, sap and roots. • Plants provide fibres and materials for making many items including clothes, cords, musical instruments, shelters, tools, toys and weapons. • A fruit is the seed-bearing structure of a plant. • Do not eat fruits that you do not know to be safe to eat. Allergic reactions or other adverse reactions could occur. • We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of this land and pay our respects to the Elders both past, present and future for they hold the memories, traditions, culture and hope of their people. Plants as food: many native plants must be processed before they are safe to eat. Flowers, nectar, pollen, Sugars, vitamins, honey, lerps (psyllid tents) minerals, starches, manna (e.g. Ribbon Gum proteins & other nutrients Eucalyptus viminalis exudate), gum (e.g. Acacia lerp manna decurrens) Fruit & seeds Staple foods Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, fibre), proteins, fats, vitamins Leaves, stalks, roots, apical Staple foods Carbohydrates, protein, buds minerals Plants such as daisies, lilies, orchids and vines Tubers, rhyzomes were a source of starchy tubers known as Carbohydrate, fibre, yams. The yam daisy Microseris lanceolata protein, vitamins, (Asteraceae) was widespread in inland NSW minerals and other states. The native yam Dioscorea transversa grows north from Stanwell Tops into Qld and Northern Territory and can be eaten raw or roasted as can those of Trachymene incisa. 1 Plant Description of food Other notes Acacia Wattle seed is a rich source of iron, Saponins and tannins and other essential elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property
    Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 185 Map 2: Andean-North Patagonian Biosphere Reserve: Context for the Nominated Proprty. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 186 Map 3: Vegetation of the Valdivian Ecoregion 187 Map 4: Vegetation Communities in Los Alerces National Park 188 Map 5: Strict Nature and Wildlife Reserve 189 Map 6: Usage Zoning, Los Alerces National Park 190 Map 7: Human Settlements and Infrastructure 191 Appendix 2: Species Lists Ap9n192 Appendix 2.1 List of Plant Species Recorded at PNLA 193 Appendix 2.2: List of Animal Species: Mammals 212 Appendix 2.3: List of Animal Species: Birds 214 Appendix 2.4: List of Animal Species: Reptiles 219 Appendix 2.5: List of Animal Species: Amphibians 220 Appendix 2.6: List of Animal Species: Fish 221 Appendix 2.7: List of Animal Species and Threat Status 222 Appendix 3: Law No. 19,292 Append228 Appendix 4: PNLA Management Plan Approval and Contents Appendi242 Appendix 5: Participative Process for Writing the Nomination Form Appendi252 Synthesis 252 Management Plan UpdateWorkshop 253 Annex A: Interview Guide 256 Annex B: Meetings and Interviews Held 257 Annex C: Self-Administered Survey 261 Annex D: ExternalWorkshop Participants 262 Annex E: Promotional Leaflet 264 Annex F: Interview Results Summary 267 Annex G: Survey Results Summary 272 Annex H: Esquel Declaration of Interest 274 Annex I: Trevelin Declaration of Interest 276 Annex J: Chubut Tourism Secretariat Declaration of Interest 278
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: a Journey to the End of the World in Search of Temperate Rainforest Giants
    Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Chile: A Journey to the end of the world in search of Temperate Rainforest Giants Valdivian Rainforest at Alerce Andino Author May 2017 1 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Contents 1. Title Page 2. Contents 3. Table of Figures/Introduction 4. Introduction Continued 5. Introduction Continued 6. Aims 7. Aims Continued / Itinerary 8. Itinerary Continued / Objective / the Santiago Metropolitan Park 9. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 10. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 11. Jardín Botánico Chagual / Jardin Botanico Nacional, Viña del Mar 12. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 13. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 14. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued / La Campana National Park 15. La Campana National Park Continued / Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 16. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 17. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 18. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued / Volcano Osorno 19. Volcano Osorno Continued / Vicente Perez Rosales National Park 20. Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Continued / Alerce Andino National Park 21. Alerce Andino National Park Continued 22. Francisco Coloane Marine Park 23. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued 24. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued / Outcomes 25. Expenditure / Thank you 2 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Figures Figure 1.) Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Alerce Andino [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 2. Map of National parks of Chile Figure 3. Map of Chile Figure 4. Santiago Metropolitan Park [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Família Myrtaceae Na Reserva Particular Do Patrimônio Natural Da Serra Do Caraça, Catas Altas, Minas Gerais, Brasil*
    Lundiana 7(1):3-32, 2006 © 2005 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG ISSN 1676-6180 A Família Myrtaceae na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas, Minas Gerais, Brasil* Patrícia Oliveira Morais1 & Julio Antonio Lombardi2 1 Mestre em Biologia Vegetal. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP - campus de Rio Claro, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil. Abstract The family Myrtaceae in the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Serra do Caraça, Catas Al- tas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a floristic survey of Myrtaceae in the Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais. Fifty two species were found belonging to 12 genera - Myrcia with 17 species, Eugenia with nine, Campomanesia and Myrciaria with five species each, Psidium with four, Siphoneugena with three, Blepharocalyx, Calyptranthes, Marlierea and Myrceugenia with two species each, and Accara and Plinia with one species each. Descriptions of the genera and species, identification keys, geographical distributions, illustrations and comments are provided. Keywords: Taxonomy, Myrtaceae, Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais. Introdução citada em trabalhos de florística e fitossociologia em formações florestais, estando entre as mais importantes em riqueza de O Maciço do Caraça está inserido em três regiões do estado espécies e gêneros (Lima & Guedes-Bruni, 1997). de Minas Gerais, importantes do ponto de vista biológico e As Myrtaceae compreendem ca. 1000 espécies no Brasil econômico: a Área de Proteção Ambiental ao Sul da Região (Landrum & Kawasaki, 1997) e constituem uma tribo – Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (APA Sul - RMBH) cuja área Myrteae – dividida em três subtribos, distintas pela coincide grandemente com a região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Below) with Family Name Provided
    1 Australian Plants Society Plant Table Profiles – Sutherland Group (updated August 2021) Below is a progressive list of all cultivated plants from members’ gardens and Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve that have made an appearance on the Plant Table at Sutherland Group meetings. Links to websites are provided for the plants so that further research can be done. Plants are grouped in the categories of: Trees and large shrubs (woody plants generally taller than 4 m) Medium to small shrubs (woody plants from 0.1 to 4 m) Ground covers or ground-dwelling (Grasses, orchids, herbaceous and soft-wooded plants, ferns etc), as well as epiphytes (eg: Platycerium) Vines and scramblers Plants are in alphabetical order by botanic names within plants categories (see table of contents below) with family name provided. Common names are included where there is a known common name for the plant: Table of Contents Trees and Large shrubs........................................................................................................................... 2 Medium to small shrubs ...................................................................................................................... 23 Groundcovers and other ground‐dwelling plants as well as epiphytes. ............................................ 64 Vines and Scramblers ........................................................................................................................... 86 Sutherland Group http://sutherland.austplants.com.au 2 Trees and Large shrubs Acacia decurrens
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Eucalyptus Sens. Lat. – a Synopsis
    Euclid - Online edition Evolutionary relationships in Eucalyptus sens. lat. – a synopsis This article complements the introductory essay about eucalypts included in the "Learn about Eucalypts" section. Its aim is to provide an up-to-date account of the outcomes of research derived from different groups during the past 5 years relating to relationships within Eucalyptus s.s. As such it includes only those publications and hypotheses relating to higher level relationships of major groupings within the eucalypts. Some of the research reported below also provides insights into biogeographic relationships of the eucalypt group – in large part these are not the focus of this article and are not discussed in detail. Introduction The first comprehensive classification of the eucalypts was published by Blakely in 1934, in which he treated more than 600 taxa, building on earlier work of Maiden and Mueller. Blakely's classification remained the critical reference for Eucalyptus taxonomists for the next 37 years when a new but informal classification was published by Pryor and Johnson (1971). In this work the authors divided the genus into seven subgenera, and although of an informal nature, presented a system of great advance on Blakely's treatment. The small genus Angophora was retained. The next 20 years saw much debate about the naturalness of Eucalyptus and whether other genera should be recognized (e.g., Johnson 1987). Based on morphological data, Hill and Johnson in 1995 proposed a split in the genus and recognition of the genus Corymbia. This new genus of c. 113 species, comprised the ghost gums and the bloodwoods, and Hill and Johnson concluded that Corymbia is the sister group to Angophora, with the synapomorphy of the distinctive cap cells on bristle glands (Ladiges 1984) being unambiguous.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Travel Chile 2018
    Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 WILDLIFE TRAVEL v Chile 2018 Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 # DATE LOCATIONS AND NOTES 1 18 November Departure from the UK. 2 19 November Arrival in Santiago and visit to El Yeso Valley. 3 20 November Departure for Robinson Crusoe (Más a Tierra). Explore San Juan Bautista. 4 21 November Juan Fernández National Park - Plazoleta del Yunque. 5 22 November Boat trip to Morro Juanango. Santuario de la Naturaleza Farolela Blanca. 6 23 November San Juan Bautista. Boat to Bahía del Padre. Return to Santiago. 7 24 November Departure for Chiloé. Dalcahue. Parque Tepuhueico. 8 25 November Parque Tepuhueico. 9 26 November Parque Tepuhueico. 10 27 November Dalcahue. Quinchao Island - Achao, Quinchao. 11 28 November Puñihuil - boat trip to Isla Metalqui. Caulin Bay. Ancud. 12 29 November Ferry across Canal de Chacao. Return to Santiago. Farellones. 13 30 November Departure for Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Ahu Tahai. Puna Pau. Ahu Akivi. 14 1 December Anakena. Te Pito Kura. Anu Tongariki. Rano Raraku. Boat trip to Motu Nui. 15 2 December Hanga Roa. Ranu Kau and Orongo. Boat trip to Motu Nui. 16 3 December Hanga Roa. Return to Santiago. 17 4 December Cerro San Cristóbal and Cerro Santa Lucía. Return to UK. Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 LIST OF TRAVELLERS Leader Laurie Jackson West Sussex Guides Claudio Vidal Far South Expeditions Josie Nahoe Haumaka Tours Front - view of the Andes from Quinchao. Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 Days One and Two: 18 - 19 November.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Supplementary material Initial responses in growth, production, and regeneration following selection cuttings with varying residual densities in hardwood-dominated temperate rainforests in Chile Height and diameter functions, adjusted following the Stage’s model ([35]; equation S1). µ h=1,3+ α ∗(∗ ) [S1] Where: α, β, μ: parameters to be estimated; dbh: diameter at breast height (cm); h = total height (m). Table S1 Parameters and measures of goodness of fit and prediction of height-diameter functions in Llancahue (LL). n: number of samples. Parameter DA RMSE R2 Species n α β µ (%) (%) (%) Aextoxicon punctatum 69.33 5.35 0.41 0.08 14.42 87 30 Drimys winteri 32.04 4.46 0.59 -0.70 9.42 92 30 Eucryphia cordifolia 58.08 4.13 0.41 0.99 12.00 85 57 Laureliopsis philippiana 56.20 5.30 0.47 0.48 13.57 78 78 Long-lived intolerant 49.62 3.46 0.38 -0.08 14.58 72 16 Myrtaceae 147.06 4.81 0.25 1.48 16.87 75 30 Other species 44.48 4.61 0.43 0.53 17.92 70 31 Podocarpaceae 61.13 5.01 0.40 0.18 13.57 89 26 Proteaceae 31.32 2.82 0.43 -1.25 16.61 50 22 Notes: Long-lived intolerant: Nothofagus dombeyi, Weinmannia trichosperma; Myrtaceae: Amomyrtus luma, Amomyrtus meli, Luma apiculate;Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus salignus, Podocarpus nubigenus, Saxegothaea conspicua; Proteaceae: Gevuina avellana, Lomatia ferruginea, Lomatia dentata. DA and RMSE are measures of goodness of prediction: DA (Aggregated difference), RMSE (Root mean square error).
    [Show full text]