Symbiotic Interaction Between Black Farmers and South

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Symbiotic Interaction Between Black Farmers and South Symbiotic interaction between black farmers and south-eastern San: implications for southern African rock art studies, ethnography analogy, and hunter-gatherer cultural identity http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200025 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Symbiotic interaction between black farmers and south-eastern San: implications for southern African rock art studies, ethnography analogy, and hunter-gatherer cultural identity Author/Creator Jolly, Pieter Date 1996-04 Resource type Articles Language English Subject Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, GN1 .C97 Relation Current Anthropology, Vol. 37, No. 2 (April 1996): 277-304. Rights Jolly, Pieter. 1996. Symbiotic Interaction Between Black Farmers and South-eastern San: Implications for Southern African Rock Art Studies, Ethnography Analogy, and Hunter-gatherer Cultural Identity. Current Anthropology 37 (2): 277-305. By kind permission of the University of Chicago. © 1996 by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Format extent 30 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200025 http://www.aluka.org CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 37, Number 2, April 1996 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 37, Number 2, April 1996 © 1996 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All right reserved 0011-3204/96/3702-OOO$2.5O Symbiotic Interaction between Black Farmers and South-Eastern San Implications for Southern African Rock Art Studies, Ethnographic Analogy, and Hunter-Gatherer Cultural Identity' by Pieter Jolly Studies of San rock art have generally assumed the existence of a structurally uniform "pan-San" cognitive system from at least 2,000 years B.P. to the present all over southern Africa. It is suggested here that the assumption of continuities in San religious ideology and ritual practice has resulted in insufficient attention to the possible influence of the ideologies and ritual practices of encapsulating black farming communities on the cosmologies and ritual life of their San neighbours and the expression of this influence in the rock art. In the light of recent studies demonstrating the profound effects of contact on hunter-gatherers in southern Africa and elsewhere, the possible expression of southern Nguni and Sotho religious concepts and ritual practices in the rock art of the south-eastern mountains of southern Africa, as a result of symbiotic interaction between south- eastern San and black farmers, is investigated here. Some of the implications of such symbiotic interaction for the use of ethnographic analogy to interpret rock art and other iconography, as well as some of the implications for debates surrounding the cultural identity of hunter-gatherers in Africa and elsewhere, are discussed. I. The main ideas presented here derive from my M.A. thesis. Unpublished papers including some of the ideas developed in this article were read at the 1994 conference of the Southern African Association of Archaeologists in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, and at the 1994 Valcamonica Symposium on Prehistoric and Tribal Art in Boario Terme, Italy. I am grateful to John Parkington for drawing my attention to unpublished typescripts of Francis Thackeray lodged with the Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, and to Thackeray for giving me permission to cite one of these typescripts. Sandra Klopper of the Department of History of Art, University of Cape Town, kindly pointed me to the work of George Kubler, and Karel Schoeman of the South African Library drew my attention to the original manuscript of Orpen's (1874) article. John Lanham assisted with preparation of the manuscript. The Oppenheimer Institute, Department of African Studies, University of Cape Town, generously provided me with grants to enable me to conduct research in South Africa and Lesotho. PIETER JOLLY is Research Associate in the Archaeology Department at the University of Cape Town (Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa). He received his M.A. in archaeology from the University of Cape Town in 1994. His publications include "A First Generation Descendant of the Transkei San" (South African Archaeological Bulletin 41:6-9), "Some Photographs of Late-Nineteenth-Century San Rainmakers" (South African Archaeological Bulletin 47:89-93), and "Melikane and Upper Mangolong Revisited: The Possible Effects on San Art of Symbiotic Contact between South-Eastern San and Southern Sotho and Nguni Communities" (South African Archaeological Bulletin 5o:68-8o). The present paper was submitted 29 xi 94 and accepted 2o i 95; the final version reached the Editor's office 21 11 95. Recognition of the importance of contact between hunter-gatherer and adjacent communities for understanding these communities is reflected in the number of studies dealing with this subject in recent years. While some of these studies have detailed the effects of contact on the political and economic systems of hunter- gatherers, others have demonstrated borrowing by hunter-gatherers of the religious concepts and ritual practices of farming groups with whom they have established symbiotic relationships. This paper will introduce some general problems associated with the current paradigm of San rock art studies and review the evidence which demonstrates that the establishment of symbiotic relationships between hunter-gatherers, including the south-eastern San, and farming communities led to the borrowing of religious ideology and ritual practices by hunter-gatherers from their dominant agriculturist neighbours. In the case of the San, it is argued, these religious concepts and rites were expressed in their rock art, and three rock art panels are interpreted in terms of the religious symbolism of southern African black farming communities. The implications of the establishment of symbiotic relationships between the south- eastern San and black farmers for the assumed cultural identity of the San and of the artists within San society will also be explored. Finally, two wider issues arising out of this discussion will be examined. First, the implications of the adoption by the San of the symbols and rites of other cultures for the use of ethnographic analogy to interpret iconography will be discussed, with specific reference to George Kubler's critical analyses of theories of art and ethnicity which assume continuity in the ideology of preliterate peoples over hundreds or even thousands of years. Second, symbiotic San-farmer relationships and the expression of ideological change in San art will be placed within the context of the wider debate concerning the effects on hunter-gatherers of interaction with other societies and larger economic systems. It is suggested that the symbiotic nature of many San-black-farmer relationships supports the argument that, in a great many cases, hunter-gatherer societies in southern Africa and elsewhere have been closely enmeshed with neighbouring farming communities for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years. 278 I CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 37, Number 2, April 1996 Southern African Rock Art Studies: Problems with the Current Paradigm Current explanations of the overt content and underlying symbolism of San rock art have been formulated largely within a theoretical paradigm developed by Lewis-Williams (198o, 1982a, b, 1982, 1984, 1990). A basic premise which underlies the ideas constituting this paradigm and has been increasingly emphasised in the recent literature is that the art is essentially or even entirely shamanistic, reflecting the trance experiences of San shamans (Lewis-Williams 198o, I98Ia, b, 1982, 1987a, 1988, 199; Lewis-Williams and Dowson 1988, 1989). These experiences, it is further suggested, were mediated by a structurally uniform pan-San ideological system, reflective of kin-based relations of production, which existed from at least 2,ooo and possibly 26,000 years B.P. until the present (Lewis-Williams I984).2 The work of Lewis-Williams has yielded many valuable insights into the meaning and symbolism underlying a great deal of the art, but his theoretical paradigm is incapable of dealing systematically with change (Hall 1987:2) and, in particular, it is suggested here, the effects of contact with black farming communities on San ritual practices and religious ideology. Any theory of the art which emphasises the conservative nature of ideology, and religious ideology in particular, will tend to ignore or minimize the effects of competing ideologies of non-San populations on the
Recommended publications
  • National Senior Certificate Grade 11
    NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 RELIGION STUDIES P1 EXEMPLAR 2007 MARKS: 150 TIME: 2 hours This question paper consists of 13 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Religion Studies/P1 2 DoE/Exemplar 2007 NSC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of FIVE questions. 2. QUESTION 1 is COMPULSORY. Choose TWO questions from the remaining four questions. 3. Read ALL the questions carefully. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. The length of your answers must be in accordance with the marks allocated to each question. 6. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over Religion Studies/P1 3 DoE/Exemplar 2007 NSC QUESTION 1 (COMPULSORY) 1.1 Explain the following terms: 1.1.1 State religion (2) 1.1.2 Secular state (2) 1.1.3 Theism (2) 1.1.4 Neo-paganism (2) 1.1.5 Evangelism (2) 1.2 Various possible options are provided as answers to the following ques- tions. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question number (1.2.1 – 1.2.5) in the answer book, for example 1.2.6 E. 1.2.1 The following religion is one of the non-missionary religions: A Islam B Christianity C Buddhism D Judaism (2) 1.2.2 This concept refers to the conversion from one religion to another: A Revitalisation B Proselytisation C Dialogue D Ecumenism (2) 1.2.3 Which ONE of the following is a syncretistic religion that originated in India? A Christianity B Buddhism C Sikhism D Hinduism (2) 1.2.4 He strongly advocated the conflict theory: A Hans Mol B Siddarta Gautama C Karl Marx D Emile Durkheim (2) 1.2.5 This religion gives protection to animals such as monkeys, snakes and even rats in certain temples: A African Traditional Religion B Baha'i faith C Islam D Hinduism (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over Religion Studies/P1 4 DoE/Exemplar 2007 NSC 1.3 Why do Christians choose the cross as the symbol of their faith? (4) 1.4 Name any THREE missionary religions.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 a COVER.Cdr
    E D I T I O N 1 5 6 J U N E 2 0 2 1 Board of Governors, Staff, Salvete 2020, A Tribute to Tony Richter 4 Life Under Covid-19 A Different World, Reflections on a Historic Year, Online Assembly Addresses During Covid-19 18 Events Speech Day, Remembrance Day, Leavers' Service 30 Looking In A Plan for Every Boy, Spirituality, Psychology, Boardings, Academic, Arts and Culture, Sport 46 Administration & Support Finance and Administration, Gwens StreamEstates, Marketing and Enrolment, Conservation Centre, Farm and Estate, Museum and Archives, Library, Sanatorium, Information Technology 108 Looking Out The Vula Programme, Boys' Outreach Programmes, The President's Award, Outdoor Leadership Experience, Staff Leavers, Valete, Old Hiltonian Club, Advancement 120 01 Anderson, parent Kath Foreword 2020 will go down in history as the year of Covid-19. We, together with the rest of the world, had With this reality as the backdrop to your reading of this Hiltonian, I am sure you will prize this our usual routines and programmes upended and simply curtailed. As such, it was a year like no edition in years to come. other. Once again, many thanks for your ongoing support and continued partnering with this your This Hiltonian Magazine will attest to this in its brevity and its omissions in certain areas. great school. Despite this reality, boys still enjoyed a magnificent year at Hilton, perhaps more embracing of George Harris our estate than in recent years; perhaps more appreciative of what we have rather than of what Headmaster we don't have. 02 03 B OG, S
    [Show full text]
  • Michaelhouse Chronicle 1997 CENTEI^RY EDITION
    Michaelhouse Chronicle 1997 CENTEI^RY EDITION This little one stayed at home This little one had roast beef This little one had none This little one went to market Unit Trusts still offer one of the best wealth-creating, inflation- beating investments available. But the market can be uncertain at times. At Sanlam, our specialist Unit Trusts team use knowledge, FM Sanlam III Unit Trusts Your investment in good hands experience, skill and an ear to the ground to protect the value of our investors' money, no matter what. Give us a call. It's one little decision you'll never regret. Phone 0800 220 567 toll-free between 08h00 and 17h00. Sanlam Unit Trus ts are now available through the internet at http://www.sanlam.co.za. The selling and repurchase prices of units are based on ruling share pric es and the value of the units therefore fluctuates accordingly from time to time. Besides an initial charge not exceeding 5%, a service charge of 1/12 of 1,14%, calculated on the market value of the portfolio at the e nd of every month, is levied, as well as an obligatory cost included in th e purchase price. Returns are based on actual unit prices and include the reinvestment of distributions. Should you wish to convert all or part of your investment into cash, the management company will purchase units from you at the ruling price in accordance with the Unit Trusts Control Act and the applicable trust deeds. BERRY BUSH/BBDO SAN 0029/E Michaelhouse Chronicle MICHAELHOUSE, BALGOWAN 3275 • MARCH 1997 ADDRESS BY MR A J ARDINGTON, CHAIR- MAN OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS, AT THE UNVEILING OF THE PLAQUE AT THE ORIGINAL SITE OF MICHAELHOUSE AT NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    ROBERT K. HITCHCOCK Curriculum Vitae ADDRESSES OFFICE: Adjunct Professor Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico MSC01 1040 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 TEL: (505) 227-3049 FAX: (505) 277-0874 [email protected] Robert K. Hitchcock 509 Monte Alto Place NE Albuquerque, NM 87123-2346 TEL: 505-227-3049 [email protected] Adjunct Professor Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1117 Tel: (517) 332-0915 [email protected] Adjunct Professor Center for Global Change and Earth Observations (CGCEO) Michigan State University 218 Manly Miles Building 1405 S. Harrison Road East Lansing, MI 48823-5243 (517) 432-7774 [email protected] Adjunct Professor Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Phone: (517) 353-2950 | Fax: (517) 432-2363 [email protected] 1 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND Ph.D. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Anthropology, December, 1982. M.A. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Anthropology, June, 1977 B.A. University of California at Santa Barbara, Anthropology and History, June, 1971. ACADEMIC POSITIONS Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, January 2015- present. Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117, Tel: (517) 332-0915, 2011-present. Professor, Department of Society and Environment, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, January 2014-December 2014. Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April, 2009 – December 2014 Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography and Center for Global Change and Earth Observations (CGCEO), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, March 2013- present.
    [Show full text]
  • Mikko Louhivuori Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action
    Mikko Louhivuori Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action The writer, Rev. Dr. Mikko Louhivuori, has a Licentiate of Theology degree from Helsinki University, Doctor of Philosophy from Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and has worked in the Israel Antiquities Authority as a specialist on applying computers to archaeological research. Cover: Tove Ahlbäck Åbo Akademi University Press Biskopsgatan 13, FIN-20500 ÅBO, Finland Tel. int. +358-20-786-1468 Fax int. +358-20-786-1459 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.abo.fi/stiftelsen/forlag/ Distribution: Oy Tibo-Trading Ab P.O.Box 33, FIN-21601 PARGAS, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-454 9200 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tibo.net UNDERSTANDING NEOLITHIC SOUTHERN LEVANT Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action Mikko Louhivuori ÅBO 2010 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Louhivuori, Mikko. Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant : case studies of archaeological semiosis in action / Mikko Louhivuori. – Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2010. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765- 546-0 ISBN 978-951-765-546-0 ISBN 978-951-765-547-7 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2010 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables.............................................................................................. 8 Preface............................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1. Archaeological
    [Show full text]
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition
    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
    [Show full text]
  • Botswana-Namibia-2-Book 1.Indb
    © Lonely Planet 12 Destination Botswana & Namibia T0058 Botswana and Namibia are two of Africa’s hidden gems, and very much remain frontier realms for intrepid travellers to discover. Here you will find the oldest rust-red desert in the world, quintessential African landscapes teeming with wildlife, preternaturally blue skies stretching above vast open horizons, and silent spaces where emptiness and desolation can quickly be- come overwhelming. And, unlike more well-trafficked African destinations, FAST FACTS tourism in Botswana and Namibia is not the jaded experience of vans packed to the brim with camera-toting tourists, but rather an adrenaline-soaked, Population: hair-raising affair of off-road bush driving amid some of the wildest parks Botswana 1.64 million; on the continent. Namibia 2.1 million Together, these two countries offer extremes of environment and diversity Area: of landscape, the total sum of which is like nothing else in Africa. From the Botswana 582,000 sq km; sun-baked salt pans of the Makgadikgadi super-lake, and the rolling sea of Namibia 825,000 sq km red dunes stretching across the Namib, to the emerald-green waterways of Country code: the Okavango Delta, and the stark desolation of the rocky beaches lining the Botswana %267; Skeleton Coast, Botswana and Namibia together comprise one of the most Namibia %264 ecologically diverse corners of Africa. This defining geography fosters one of the largest animal congregations on the planet, alongside one of the low- Capital: est human population densities, a rare combination that yields unequalled Botswana Gaborone; opportunities for wildlife watching. Namibia Windhoek But this is barely half the picture, for Botswana and Namibia are also two Languages: of Africa’s model nations, no longer fledgling democracies, but modern Botswana English, mineral-rich economies at the vanguard of the continent’s future.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Black Theology in South Africa, Vol. 6, No. 2
    Journal of black theology in South Africa, Vol. 6, No. 2 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 74 Alternative title Journal of Black Theology in South Africa Author/Creator Black Theology Project (Cape Town) Contributor Mofokeng, Takatso A. Publisher Black Theology Project (Cape Town) Date 1992-11-00 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language Afrikaans, English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1992 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Rights By kind permission of UNISA. Format extent 72 page(s) (length/size) Page 2 of 74 Journal of Black Theologyin South AfricaVOL 6 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Aggrey Klaaste: the Relentless Community-Builder
    Aggrey Klaaste: The Relentless Community-Builder A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Creative Writing of Rhodes University by Phakama Mbonambi February 2014 ii ABSTRACT This thesis looks at the life and times of Aggrey Klaaste, the larger-than-life late editor of Sowetan who shot to fame by championing a novel idea of nation building. His initiative started in 1988 as flames of violence engulfed South Africa and it seemed as if an apocalypse was on the cards. Sickened by what the frustrated black community was doing to itself, for example the use of the dreadful practice of necklacing against the so-called collaborators, he called for moral regeneration. He wanted his compatriots to look into the future and take their destiny in their own hands. Through nation building he tirelessly launched into crusading journalism that sought to heal the scars of the black community after decades of apartheid. It was grassroots community building. He rewarded ordinary men and women who made a difference in their communities. He actively sought peace to end the violence of the 1980s and 1990s. He spoke his mind without wearing any ideological blinkers, even as some thought his initiative would disturb the march to freedom. He was the ultimate newspaperman. This thesis argues that by calling for reconciliation and rebuilding of battered black communities even before freedom came, Klaaste was ahead of his time and even predated Nelson Mandela. Klaaste preferred to do what was right and not be shackled to any ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life Issues in Integrated Climate Studies
    Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life Issues in Integrated Climate Studies Edited by Vladimir Jankovic and Christina Barboza Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life Issues in Integrated Climate Studies Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life Issues in Integrated Climate Studies Edited by Vladimir Jankovic and Christina Barboza MAST, Rio de Janeiro, 2009 Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life: Issues in Integrated Climate Studies. Vladimir Jankovic and Christina Barboza (Eds.) ©MAST 2009 Book and cover design by Felipe Cavalcanti Catalogação na fonte do Departamento Nacional do Livro Issues in Integrated Climate Studies Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), the National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA), the Cultural Association of the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences Fellows (SAMAST), and the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Support to Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for their support to the ICHM “Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life” Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro, 26-30 May 2008. We would also like to thank the members of the organizing committees, namely Cornelia Lüdecke (ICHM President), James Fleming (ICHM past-President) anad Samuel Randalls (UCL), Alfredo Tolmasquim (Director of MAST), Priscila Faulhaber and José Antônio Queiroz. Luís Felipe Ferrão helped us with registration fees and ready money, while Ethel Handfas, Felipe Cavalcanti and Cecília Moura were invaluable in the production of printed materials. Finally, we would like to give a special thanks to Roseana Costa, the Conference secretary, who worked full time to create the most stimulating ambience for friendship and our scholarly reflections on the weather.
    [Show full text]
  • Wednesday, April 1
    Diocesan Cycle of Prayer April – June, 2019 Monday, April 1 - F.D. Maurice ANGLICAN CYCLE: Mbeere (Kenya) The Rt Revd Moses Masamba Nthukah; Wellington (Aotearoa NZ & Polynesia) The Rt Revd Justin Duckworth, The Rt Revd Eleanor Sanderson (Assistant Bishop); Idah (Nigeria) The Rt Revd Joseph Musa DIOCESAN CYCLE: J. Victor Sheldon, Palm Cost, FL, ordination to the Priesthood Tuesday, April 2 - James Lloyd Breck ANGLICAN CYCLE: Mbhashe (Southern Africa) The Rt Revd Elliot Williams; Wernyol (South Sudan) The Rt Revd Gabriel Kuol Garang DIOCESAN CYCLE: Give us insight, Lord, to understand and feel as others feel. Wednesday, April 3 - Richard of Chichester ANGLICAN CYCLE: Meath & Kildare (Ireland) The Most Revd Patricia Louise Storey; West Ankole (Uganda) The Rt Revd Johnson Twinomujuni; West Buganda The Rt Revd Henry Katumba-Tamale DIOCESAN CYCLE: Show us your mercy, O Lord, and grant us your salvation. Thursday, April 4 - ANGLICAN CYCLE: Medak (South India) The Rt Revd A.C. Solomon Raj; West Lango (Uganda) The Rt Revd Alfred Acur Okodi DIOCESAN CYCLE: Jesus, illuminate and brighten the entire world. Friday, April 5 ANGLICAN CYCLE: Melbourne (Australia) The Most Revd Philip Leslie Freier (Primate); The Rt Revd Paul Barker, Assistant, The Rt Revd Dr Bradly Billings, Assistant, The Rt Revd Kate Prowd, Assistant, The Rt Revd Genieve Blackwell, Assistant; West Missouri (The Episcopal Church) The Rt Revd Martin Field DIOCESAN CYCLE: Birthday of The Venerable Shawn W. Denney, Springfield; Birthday of Jan, wife of The Rev. Dr. Ralph N. McMichael, St. Louis. Saturday, April 6 ANGLICAN CYCLE: Meru (Kenya) The Rt Revd Charles Mwendwa; West Malaysia (South East Asia) The Most Revd Ng Moon Hing (Primate); The Rt Revd Charles Samuel, The Rt Revd Jayson Selvaraj; Idaho (The Episcopal Church) The Rt Revd Brian Thom DIOCESAN CYCLE: Holy Spirit give us hearts to understand.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue on Literature No. 4
    AWEJ Arab World English Journal INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ISSN: 2229-9327 جمةل اللغة الانلكزيية يف العامل العريب Special Issue on Literature No. 4 AWEJ October - 2016 www.awej.org Arab World English Journal AWEJ INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ISSN: 2229-9327 مجلة اللغة اﻻنكليزية في العالم العربي Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Literature No 4. October, 2016 Team of this issue Guest Editor Dr. John Wallen Department of English Language and Literature University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank all those who contributed to this volume as reviewers of papers. Without their help and dedication, this volume would have not come to the surface. Among those who contributed were the following: Professor Dr. Taher Badinjki Department of English, Faculty of Arts, Al-Zaytoonah University, Amman, Jordan Dr. Hadeer Abo El Nagah Department of English & Translation, College of Humanities Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Dr. Gregory Stephens Department of English, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez Dr. Dallel SARNOU Department of English studies, Faculty of foreign languages University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria Prof. Dr. Misbah M.D. Alsulaimaan College of Education and Languages, Lebanese French University, Erbil , Iraq Arab World English Journal www.awej.org ISSN: 2229-9327 Arab World English Journal AWEJ INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ISSN: 2229-9327 جمةل اللغة الانلكزيية يف العامل العريب Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Literature
    [Show full text]