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Mikko Louhivuori Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action

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Mikko Louhivuori Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action Mikko Louhivuori Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action The writer, Rev. Dr. Mikko Louhivuori, has a Licentiate of Theology degree from Helsinki University, Doctor of Philosophy from Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and has worked in the Israel Antiquities Authority as a specialist on applying computers to archaeological research. Cover: Tove Ahlbäck Åbo Akademi University Press Biskopsgatan 13, FIN-20500 ÅBO, Finland Tel. int. +358-20-786-1468 Fax int. +358-20-786-1459 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.abo.fi/stiftelsen/forlag/ Distribution: Oy Tibo-Trading Ab P.O.Box 33, FIN-21601 PARGAS, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-454 9200 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tibo.net UNDERSTANDING NEOLITHIC SOUTHERN LEVANT Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant Case Studies of Archaeological Semiosis in Action Mikko Louhivuori ÅBO 2010 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Louhivuori, Mikko. Understanding Neolithic Southern Levant : case studies of archaeological semiosis in action / Mikko Louhivuori. – Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2010. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765- 546-0 ISBN 978-951-765-546-0 ISBN 978-951-765-547-7 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2010 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables.............................................................................................. 8 Preface............................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1. Archaeological Semiosis and the Archaeological Sign in Semiotics ......... 12 Processual and Post-Processual Archaeology .......................................................... 16 Language as Metaphor ............................................................................................. 22 The two branches of Semiotics and Archaeology.................................................... 23 Ferdinand de Saussure ......................................................................................... 23 Structuralism and Archaeological Interpretation ................................................. 24 Charles Sanders Peirce ......................................................................................... 26 Purpose and Outline of the Study ............................................................................ 28 Chapter 2. Peirce: the Sign........................................................................................... 30 Typology of the Three Signs.................................................................................... 31 Icon ...................................................................................................................... 32 Index .................................................................................................................... 32 Symbol ................................................................................................................. 33 Example of an archaeological sign .......................................................................... 34 Focus on Essentials .................................................................................................. 36 The Signifying Element ........................................................................................... 36 Interpretant - human mind and subjectivity ............................................................. 38 The Truth Value of the Interpretation ...................................................................... 40 About Semiotic Categories ...................................................................................... 40 Example of Archaeological Semiosis in Action ...................................................... 42 Semiotic Ground ...................................................................................................... 45 Cyclops ................................................................................................................ 47 Lot‘s Wife ............................................................................................................ 49 The Sign of the thunder-stone .............................................................................. 52 Chapter 3. John Garstang at Jericho ............................................................................ 56 The interpreter: some subjective considerations ...................................................... 56 Semiosis and Excavation Techniques ...................................................................... 59 Destroying Indexical Signs by Poor Archaeology ................................................... 60 Garstang‘s Stone Age Jericho .................................................................................. 62 The Case of the Missing Object - Pottery ................................................................ 64 The Case of Human Figurines: John Garstang and Ruth Amiran ........................... 66 The Case of the Megaron ......................................................................................... 68 The God Worshipped in the Megaron Temple .................................................... 73 Understanding the Two Human Burials in the Temple ........................................... 74 Archaeological Semiosis by Garstang at Jericho ..................................................... 76 Chapter 4. Kathleen M. Kenyon, giving meaning through Stratigraphy ..................... 79 Garstang vs. Kenyon ................................................................................................ 80 Wheeler – Kenyon Method ...................................................................................... 81 The sign of the Detached Skull ................................................................................ 84 Against her Own Rules of Digging .......................................................................... 85 Anthropology to the Assistance ............................................................................... 87 A Sign of Mass Burial.............................................................................................. 89 5 Archaeological Semiosis in Action: the Mass Burial .............................................. 90 Mass Burial .......................................................................................................... 91 Search for Skulls .................................................................................................. 91 Two Stages in Burials .......................................................................................... 91 The Ghost ............................................................................................................. 91 Accidental Death .................................................................................................. 93 Warfare ................................................................................................................ 93 Lack of Wounds ................................................................................................... 94 Funeral Cult ......................................................................................................... 94 Indexical and Symbolic signs in Kenyon's Archaeological Semiosis ..................... 95 Chapter 5. Denise Schmandt-Besserat: the plastered skull from ‗Ain Ghazal ............ 97 Semiotic Ground – Prehistoric Tokens .................................................................... 97 Neolithic ‗Ain Ghazal ............................................................................................ 100 The Sign: Skull 88-1 .............................................................................................. 103 Classification as Semiotic Key .............................................................................. 105 Other parallels to ‗Ain Ghazal Modelled Skull ..................................................... 109 Jericho ................................................................................................................ 110 Kfar HaHoresh ................................................................................................... 112 Tell Ramad ......................................................................................................... 113 Beisamoun.......................................................................................................... 115 Kösk Hüyük ....................................................................................................... 116 Nahal Hemar ...................................................................................................... 116 Conclusions of the Comparative Study.................................................................. 117 Deciphering symbolic Signs .................................................................................. 118 Ethnographic Parallels ....................................................................................... 119 Ethnography ....................................................................................................... 120 Ancient Near Eastern Documents ...................................................................... 121 Archaeological Semiosis by Denise Schmandt-Besserat at ‗Ain Ghazal .............. 125 Chapter 6. Contextual Semiosis - Michele A. Miller at Yarmuk............................... 127 Context of the Figurines........................................................................................
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