1957 CONGRESSIONAL' RECORD..:...:. SENA!E. 8945' the bomb explooed at Hiroshima, when That is what· would be involved· if we·· They will support it, as the Senate will 90,000 lives were snuffed out. Now the tried to do it. In the first place, the support it, because it is in the interest H-bomb is many times more powerful .. aid programs help other non-Commu­ of the United States of America, . our· Now we are neighbor to every other na­ nist nations to maintain 200 divisions Nation, and we in the Senate have the tion in the world.- · · under arms. Do critics know what it responsibility to make certain that we As a consequence, it is imperatively would cost to enlatge our own· Armed. take the steps which are necessary to necessary that we appraise the facts and Forces y that number? The cost preserve our country in th1s atomic age.· do what is necessary to secure our own would run many times the price of the It was not long ago, while the Com­ safety. It is in the interest of our se­ aid · program. It costs something like mittee on Foreign Relations was inter­ curity that the mutual security program $3,500 a year to feed, clothe, and house rogating the Secretary of State, that I be put into operation. the . average American soldier under called attention to the fact that after They asked many other questions. arms. It costs $105 a year to feed a • Pearl Harbor the United States had 2 The young mind is alert to the changed Turkish soldier. I have been told that years in which to get ready to "pick up world conditions in which we live. I for the price of maintaining 1 American the pieces." I asked the Secretary how am glad to see it. What we are spending division, it is possible to maintain 10· long we would have to get ready now. is contained in a budget which, com­ Turkish divisions. All these are facts He said, "It is only a matter of min-· pared to the national income, is the which we must consider in the shrunken utes. We have to be ready." smallest such budget in years. world in which we are neighbor to every So, Mr. President, in considering what· Then these young people asked, "Sen-· other nation. is needed for our self-defense, and to ator, are we not self-sufficient our$elves, What price do the critics put on the make us self -sufficient by building our­ and able to look after ourselves?" bases in Europe, in the Middle East, and selves so strong that no other nation I said, "Of course not. We do not have. in Asia, which are essential to our mili­ will attack us, the mutual-assistance on this continent the necessary vital ma­ tary operations in the event of war? program is a part and parcel of that de­ terials with which to build the things Do they think the friendly countries fense. which are necessary." which make these bases available to us · In the interests of freedor.t, humanity,' I told them that that is one reason will· meet us half way if we fail to meet and peace, I shall vote for the bill. why, under the Eisenhower program, we them half way? But more important than the dollars have said to the Kremlin, "Keep out of ADJOURNMENT TO 9:30 A.M. the Middle East." That is where 70 per­ and cents considerations of foreign aici cent of the known oil reserves are is the spiritual struggle in which the TOMORROW located. If the Kremlin gets control of world finds itself. We are locked in Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, if that oil and can choke off Europe, it will battle for the loyalty and devotion of there are no other remarks to be made, have a passageway to Africa, where are men to freedom and to totalitarianism. then, pursuant to the order previously found the highly vital strategic materials Mutual-aid programs foster an esprit de entered, I move that the Senate stand in we must have. · corps among free peoples everywhere; adjournment. Consequently, I had to impress them They strengthen the bonds of freedom. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ with the fact that we are not living unto They help to knit the community of free dent, I had hoped that some other Sena-' ourselves; that we could not, if we tried. nations closer together. We need friends tors would be present to address them­ The world has changed. With that in this world, just as other nations need selves to this very important measure. change there has come a change in our friends. We can expect others to be I dislike to have the Senate adjourn so responsibilities. The mutual-security friends and to be considerate of our early. program is one of those responsibilities. needs only as we are considerate of Mr. KNOWLAND. There are some Let me say to those who contend we theirs. important committee meetings to be held can live unto ourselves alone: Will we Let the critics of this program turn this afternoon. be able to stand alone in a world in inward in their petty and narrow views The PRESIDING OFFICER. The which jet planes span the Atlantic in of this program. They are out of step question is on the motion of the Senator a matter of hours, when Milwaukee and with the great majority of the American from California. Minneapolis are natural targets for people. What is more, they have blind­ The motion was agreed to; and (at 3 guided missiles coming over the polar ers on their eyes and do not see what o'clock and 54 minutes p. mJ the Senate route from Russia, and when those cities the program ha-s accomplished and will adjourned, the adjournment being, un­ are only 5 or 6 hours from the bombers accomplish. They twist and distort the der the order entered on June 10, 1957.. in Siberia? greatness of heart, the nobility of spirit, until tomorrow, Thursday, June 13, 1957, Therefore we must do the things that and the openness of the humanity of the· at 9:30 o'clock a. m. are necessary. we are spending from people of the United States. thirty-five to forty billion dollars on our Once the American people know the military program. A part of the mu­ whole facts, however; once they know CONFIRMATION tual assistance is the military program. that these programs are not an extrava­ Executive nomination confirmed by I say to the critics of the program: gant giveaway, but are a national neces­ ~he Senate June 12, 1957: Do they object to the fact that it builds sity, they will support the foreign-aid SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION a degree of military resistance to com­ program. They will know it is a pro­ Andrew Downey Orrick, o! California, to munism? Would they rather we tried gram to keep America free. When the be a member of the Securities and Exchange to provide the resistance all by our­ people understand that, they will sup­ Commission for the term expiring June 5, selves? We could not do that. port the mutual-assistance program. 1962.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS The People-to-People Foundation ment I have prepared regarding the out~ ~ had been pleased to discuss this subject, standing work of the People-to-People 't will be recalled, on April 29, as reflected on page A3131 of the daily CONGRESSIONAL Foundation, together with several ex­ RECORD,. EXTENSION OF REMARKS hibits I d~sire to have printed along with OF · Later I had made reference to it on May 31, my statement. as indicated on pages A421Q-A4212 of the There being no objection, the state­ daily RECORD. HON. ALEXANDER WILEY ment and exhibits were ordered to be OF WISCONSIN FORTY-TWO OUTSTANDING LEADERS printed in the RECORD, as follows: · Slnce then I have been ln touch with many IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES STATEMENT BY SENATOR WILEY of the 42 committee chairmen-leading fig.;. Wednesday, June 12, 1957 ~HE OUTSTANDING WORK Oi' THE PEOPLE-TO• ures in all walks of life-who are spearhead­ PEOPLE FOUNDATION . ing two-way international communication in Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask I am pleased to report new evidence o! the every known area of human activity. unanimous consent that there be printed splendid accomplishments of the people-to­ I should like to mention now a few of their 1n the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a state- people program. responses. CIII--563 8946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 12 WHAT THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY IS DOING 1s the brochure which has just been printed "We have enlisted the technique of our Mr. Frederic W. Ecker, the distinguished by the foundation. I append to it the press famous cartoonists as a unique means of president of the Metropolitan Life Insurance release from Mr. Charles E. Wilson, as issued conveying ideas, and we are inviting the car­ Co., reported that a letter and enclosures on through the office of Mr. Ed Kirby at founda~ toonists in other countries to bring us their the people-to-people program had been sent tion headquarters, in room 603 of the Car• messages, as well. to 5,000 insurance companies throughout our negie Hall Building, 881 Seventh Avenue, "Some 35 million foreign-born and first­ country, and to certain organizations over­ New York City. generation Americans are writing over 200 million letters a year to their relatives and seas. The second is an illustration of what one Mr. Ecker wrote, in a letter of June 6 to me: of the committees can do, and is doing. It friends in their old countries. "The response to my letter of March 4 has consists of the leaflet conveyed to me by "Additional hundreds of thousands of let~ been most gratifying. We have heard, in the Mr. Ecker, chairman of the insurance com~ ters are being written by 'pen-pals' all over most enthusiastic terms, from a great many mittee, to which I made reference at the the world, arranged through schools, clubs, insurance companies all over the country. outset. and churches. I feel sure that most of them have taken MANY SENATORS INTERESTED "This year we have 37,000 foreign students some positive action along the lines we have It is my intention at a later date to com­ in our midst, future prime ministers and suggested in the leaflet, What We Can Do. ment to the Senate on additional progress of national leaders. Hundreds of communities Also, stories have appeared in the insurance the foundation, and I am asking one of the throughout the United States are enlarging press throughout this country and, in some professional members of the Foreign Rela­ their hospitality programs accordingly. Many cities have engaged in affiliations with cases, overseas telling about the people-to~ tions Committee staff as well, to extend fur­ people program and about the activities of ther cooperation with this grand program. I other cities in Europe, Japan, and the Pacific the insurance committee." know that my brother Senators on this com­ region, exchanging teachers, pupils, officials, music, and art. VARIED PUBLIC RELATIONS COMMITTEE WORK Inittee and on other committees are proud, as I am proud, of this grassroots good-will "Our Armed Forces are cooperating with Mr. Edward L. Lipscomb, of the National effort. steps to improve community relations in the Cotton Council of America, described the foreign lands where they are still on duty broad-gaged activity of the public relations patrolling the peace of the world. committee, of which he is chairman. For STATEMENT FRoM THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE "The 2 million Americans who are travel­ example, a four-page leaflet created by his FOUNDATION, INC., ROOM 603, CARNEGIE ing abroad this year have been reminded committee is being distributed through the HALL, 881 7TH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y., that they have a face-to-face opportunity to cooperation of the transportation industries MoNDAY, JuNE 10, 1957 make a friend or an enemy for the 160 mil­ committee in no fewer than 1 million copies. "People make the world go around, and lion of us who stayed at home. "Within the next few days," he writes, it's high time people all over the world get to "We sincerely believe that people all over ''50,000 companion posters" are being printed. know each other-the sooner the better," the world are ready as they never have been A helpful four-page bulletin entitled "Pea~ said Charles E. Wilson, president of the to respond to a people-to-people understand­ pie-to-People News," produced by the pub~ People-to-People Foundation, Inc., in re­ ing. They are weary of war and rumors of lie relations committee, is being sent to the leasing an information brochure today, tell­ war. And they want each other, as well as key individuals engaged in this effort ing how it operates. their governments, to know it. They know throughout our land. The "people-to-people" idea was conceived that never again can man resort to war as LrrTER WRITING OVERSEAS last fall when President Eisenhower appealed a means of settling disputes. Neither can to a group of national leaders representing they afford much longer the staggering debt From the chairman of the letter writing all phases of American social, civic, eco­ of new armaments to build up a Franken­ committee, Mrs. Anna Lord Straus, came word stein machine of defense which dare not be that her group will be more than happy•to nomic, and religious life to find not one method, but thousands of methods, by which unleased, lest civilization be cremated. I receive requests for overseas correspond~ people can gradually learn a little bit more am sure they feel as President Eisenhower ents-requests which may come in to various felt when he told us, 'Every bomb we can Congressional offices-for overseas corre­ about each other and thus create a friend~ lier world environment in which govern .. manufacture, every plane, every ship, every spondents. gun in the long run has no purpose other These requests from our constituents will ments may find solutions for peace. The foundation was subsequently char~ than negative: To give us time to prevent be acted upon by arranging for the Amer~ tered as a privately operated and financed the other fellow from starting a. war, since lean letter writers to be put in touch with they know we won't.' people of other countries. corporation, nonpartisan. and nonsectarian, designed to assist those agencies with pro­ "I am certain," said Mr. Wilson, "we will GOOD WORD FROM EDUCATION COMMITTEE grams and people already at work in the find people have more things which draw From Miss Carma Mowrey, cochairman of international exchange field, and to stimu­ them together than those which drive them the people-to-people education committee, late additional two-way communication be~ apart. Fear of the atom bomb is one thing came word: "We are grateful for your com­ tween the American people and their world which links all men; so is the love of their ments to the Senate." neighbors. children. The only sure way to a peaceful And then the encouraging word that "This "Our American people want to know more as well as to a more pleasant world in which program has unlimited possibilities." about the people and the world we live in. to live is through people-to-people under­ BOOK COMMITTEE REPORTS To bring this about, 42 committees have standing," Mr. Wilson concluded. From Mr. George Brett, chairman of the been established to arouse two-way commu· book committee of the People-to-People nication in every known area of human ac~ WHAT You SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PEO­ Foundation, came the good word, "When I tivity; 1,000 volunteer workers are now en~ PLE-TO-PEOPLE PROGRAM-HOW IT OPERATES, say worthy cause, I feel that the PPP is just gaged in developing programs which will WHAT You CAN Do invite reciprocal action and counterpart that. It does seem to me that the people of Officers: Dwight D. Eisenhower, honorary the United States could, through this mag­ organizations in every country of the world," Mr. Wilson declared. chairman; William J. Donovan, chairman; nificent idea of the President, effect a great Albert C. Jacobs, vice chairman; Charles E. deal of good will throughout the world." "The work of these 42 committees embraces Wilson, president; George V. Denny, Jr., Various publishers, librarians, and other in­ practically every know field of human in~ terest and human relations. We will start Richard R. Salzmann, vice presidents; Wil­ dividuals in related fields are working with liam J. Vanden Heuvel, secretary; John L.' Mr. Brett. wherever people's interests begin, whether it be in biology or bird watching, farming, Weinberg, treasurer. MANY HOBBYISTS AT WORK 4-H Clubs, fine arts, education, religion, Directors: Dr. Louis H. Bauer, Al Capp, From Mr. Harry L. Lindquist, chairman of youth activities, music, or in 1 or more of William J. Donovan, Albert C. Jacobs, Judge the hobbies committee, came a leaflet de­ the 62 hobbies being actively pursued Juvenal Marchisio, Mrs. William Barclay Parsons, Frank Stanton, Charles E. Wilson. scribing how American stamp collectors, coin "Our job is to help establish personal con~ collectors, people interested in antiques, nections between these people through their WHAT IS THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE PROGRAM? models, prints and etchings, outdoor sports, known interests. From such common de­ It is a program launched by President photography, gardening, painting and sculp­ nominators of interests will come people-to~ Eisenhower at a White House conference in ture, toolwork, printing, needlework, nature people understanding about each other's September 1956. It is designed to promote studies, ham radio, and many other fields, ways of life, jobs, church, children, and hopes contacts and activities among individuals are beginning to take hold of the immense for the future," he said. around the world which will further inter­ opportunities available to them to contact "The mass-communications industries are national understanding and friendship. their opposite numbers abroad, through the also with us," Mr. Wilson added. "We are Private in character, the program is distinct PPP. receiving excellent support from the adver~ from official Government activity. At the These, then, are but a few samples of how tisers, the press, motion pictures, radio, and White House conference about 50 leaders in these outstanding American leaders are forg­ television. Each has its own way of trans­ various aspects of our economic, social, and ing ahead in welding constructive links with mitting ideas, and all are needed in this cultural life who had been appointed chair~ p~ople overseas. massive communications effort to make men were asked to organize committees to LATEST FOUNDATION BROCHURE friends for America and to give other peoples develop not one, but thousands of methods I attach hereto two items which I believe the opportunity to be seen and heard and of people-to-people contacts through every will further illustrate this program. The first make friends with us," he said. avenue of communication. The President 1957 . CONGRESSIONAL RECoRD·-.sENATE 8947. and the Secretary of State, after underscor­ ternational Farm Youth Exchange (IFYE). East, and Latin America--to learn from per­ ing the natural limitations of the efforts under which outstanding 4-H young people sonal association with the people theinselves of governments to maintain peace and to from our country are sent to live for some something of the truth about the situations deal with the hazards of the present arma­ months with farm families in other lands, in these areas. We want to sit down and ments race, called· upon the committee which in turn send some of their young talk with our world neighbors, to listen to chairmen to help create a climate in which people to live in farm homes in this country. whatever they have to tell us, to attend their governments can work more effectively to­ In 1956 62 young Americans spent 5 months sports events, their dances, their schools and ward securing peace with justice and liberty in European and Near East home.s under this churches, and to meet with them on their for all. plan, and 77 from South America, Asia, and farms and in their factories. • • • Latin America lived with us about the same "And when we have set our programs in WHAT ARE THE COMMITTEES ACTUALLY GOING length of time. The Experiment in Inter­ motion, may we not expect counterpart or­ TO DO? national Living, the American Friends. Serv­ ganizations to be established in other coun­ Each committee is autOnomous and ice Committee, Rotary International, and the tries where people share our vision of a peace voluntary and is expected to initiate its own American Association of University Women made secure through people-to-people asso­ program in its particular field. For example: are but four of many private American or­ ciations?" the letter writing committee is working with ganizations which have pioneered success­ WHAT ABOUT CONTACTS WITH PEOPLE BEHIND those organizations experienced in or de­ fully for many years in people-to-people ac­ sirous of stimulating person-to-person cor­ THE IRON CURTAIN? tivities. The Institute of International Edu­ The object of the program is to establish respondence between individual Americans cation census, included in their publication and individuals abroad. A nationalities understanding and friendship with people Open Doors, shows for 1956-57 that there wherever they may be. But we all recognize committee, working with some 35 million are about 38,000 foreign students now in our foreign-born and first-generation Ameri­ that difficult problems exist with respect to colleges and universities. With the tech­ reaching those peoples now living in police cans, is encouraging both letter writing and nicians, specialists, and leaders brought un­ two-way travel to promote international states. President Eisenhower 'recognized der the International Cooperation Adminis­ this in his talk last September ·when he friendship and understanding. The music, tration and other Government programs, and­ fine arts, cartoonists, books, and writers com­ said: the foreign students here in secondary "In short, what we must do is to widen mittees will promote the same objectives schools, the total 1lgure for foreigners in all through both media and person-to-person every possible chink in the Iron Curtain and these categories coming to the United States bring the family of Russia, or of any other exchanges. The advertising organizations, annually is approximately 60,000. · business organizations, business council for country behind that Iron Curtain, that is international understanding, the sports and THE PRESIDENT'S CALL TO THE PEOPLE laboring to better the lot of its children­ youth committees, the transportation agen­ When President Eisenhower announced his as humans do the world over--closer into cies and travelers committees will encour­ people-to-people program at a White House our circle, to show how we do it, and then age emphasis on these objectives in world­ conference last September, he was putting to stt down between us to say, 'Now, how wide conferences and meetings. The wom­ an emphatic stamp of approval on these do we improve the lot of both of us?' " en's groups committee is undertaking a and similar activities. Moreover, for the WHA'I' CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH A study of community reactions and re­ first time in history, the head of a great PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE PROGRAM? sources concerning the thousands of for­ S~ate called on the people, as private citi­ President Eisenhower put it this way: eign visitors, both students and leaders, zens, "to get together • • • to work out not "Every bomb we can manufacture, every who come to this country each year. The one method but thousand of methods by pla:ne. every ship, every gun, in the long run committee on medicine and health plans which people can gradually learn a little bit has no purpose other than negative: to give interchange at medical meetings and ex­ more of each other." This is essentially the us time to prevent the other fellow from change of medical information. These are purpose of the people-to-people program. starting a war, since we know we won't. simply indicative of the variety and scope WHY THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE FOUNDATION? "The billions we pour into that ought to of the activities now in operation or planned It became apparent at once that such a be supported by a great American effort, a by the 41 committees whose membership vast program as that called for by the Presi­ positive, constructive effort that leads di­ now includes nearly 1,000 distinguished dent would require equally substantial fi­ rectly toward what we all want: a true and leaders. nancing. The Government, through its var­ lasting peace." IS THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE PROGRAM SOMETIDNG 'ious agencies, was spending an estimated NEW? $40 m1llion on people-to-people activities, STATEMENT FROM INSURANCE COMMITTEE, No, it is not. People-to-people activities not including the Voice of America. Private PRESIDENT EISENHOWER'S PROGRAM FOR PEO• h.ave been conducted by private organizations organizations, whose activities were almost PLE-TO-PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP, 1 MADISON and also by Government for many years. The wholly unrelated, were spending an esti­ AVENUE, NEw YoRK, N. Y., MARCH 7, 1957 International Educational Exchange Service mated $20 million. The need was clear for Several thousand insurance chief execu- of our State Department will handle the a central agency to raise funds from private tives were urged yesterday to integrate their exchange of some 6,000 persons this year sources and to provide machinery for ready company efforts with President Eisenhower's (1957) and anticipates that this total wm exchange of ideas, techniques and inspira­ people-to-people program for better in­ reach 8,500 next year. The Institute of In­ tion. On February 4, 1957, the People-to­ ternational relations. ternational Education, a. private, nonprofit People Foundation, Inc., was formally or­ In an appeal to the insurance executives, agency which administers exchange-of-per­ ganized with the committee chairmen serv­ Frederick W. Ecker, president of the Metro­ sons programs involving approximately 5,000 ing as trustees, eight of whom were elected politan Life Insurance Co. and chairman of students, teachers, and others annually, has to the board of directors. the Insurance Committee of the People-to­ been in operation since 1919. It serves bqth WILL THE FOUNDATION RAISE ALL THE MONEY People Partnership Program, proposed a wide Government and private organizations. The FOR THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE PROGRAM? range of special activities which the insur­ National Education Association, through its No. Each committee ts independent and ance companies and their personnel could 74 units, conducts international educational autonomous and may work through and undertake toward development of better conferences, administers an Overseas Teacher with many organizations and institutions. overseas relations. The proposed under­ Relief Fund, conducts teacher travel tours Most of these have long established loyalties taking went to the officers of 4,225 accident in more than 50 countries, participates in and sources of revenue. The foundation will and health, casualty, fire and life insurance student exchange programs, publishes pam­ seek financial support for new and effective companies, stock and mutual, throughout phlets, guides, manuals, teaching devices methods of expanding and strengthening the country. which go to all parts of the world, and enter­ people-to-people contacts around the world, "The purpose of the program is to enlist tains more than 600 foreign visitors each and for the increase and expansion of activi­ the friendship-making and opinion-molding year. The American National Theater and ties based on the sound principles developed capacities of 1ndividual Americans in order Academy (ANTA), through the President's over the years by the pioneers in the field. that they and individuals in other countries fund and 1n cooperation with the State De­ The foundation wlll assiduously avoid com­ may become mutually better · acquainted,'" partment and USIA, sends representative ar­ petition with any establlshed people-to­ Mr. Ecker said. "The end in view is to help tistic groups and individuals abroad to reflect people enterprises, government or private. to build the road to an enduring peace. the cultural side of American life to peoples This is a job in international relations which of other nations, and arranges the appear­ ARE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE FOUNDATIONS lN OTHER can be done by all of us." ances of similar gr0ups from abroad before COUNTRIES ANTICIPATED? John A. Diemand,· president of the Insur­ American audiences. Of course, churches Definitely. The people-to-people program ance Company of North America, is vice­ and other religious organizations all have, as is a two-way program. The United States chairman of the committee; Devereux c. an integral part of their own life, people-to­ h.as a great deal to learn from other cultures Josephs, chairman, New York Life Insurance people contacts around the world. · and peoples. Mr. Charles E .. Wilson, presi­ Co., 1s treasurer; a.nd Chester L. Fisher. Jr .• dent of the foundation, in a recent speech Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., is secretary. HOW THE PROGRAM DEVELOPED stated: The insurance company executives were During the past 10 years the National Agri­ "I can envision, tn the not too distant urged continuously to reemphasize the state­ cultural Extension Service h.as developed the future, groups of individuals representing ment by President Eisenhower, in launching National 4-H Club Foundation which has our 41 committees going to the 4 major areas this program, to the effect that ''there Is no sponsored, organized and carried on the In· of the world: Europe. the Near East, the Far problem before the American people--indeed. 8948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 12 before the world-that so colors everything ation, and which have guided it for more buggy are in today's industrial society. We we do, as does the problem of preserving the than a century. must strive to live at peace with all nations, peace and providing for our own security." The Republican Party can have but one but to seek refuge in the belief that we can The President was also quoted as saying objective if it is to serve its purpose. That find security as an "island fortress" in this that "if our American ideology is eventually objective must be to provide good govern­ age of H-bombs and guided missiles is folly to win out in the great struggle being waged ment in the best interest of all Americans of the worst sort. We must go out to meet between the two opposing ways of life, it including primarily the maintenance of the this dangerous expansion before it engulfs must have the active support of thousands liberty of its citizens and the security of our own shores. That is the aim of the of independent private groups and institu­ the Nation. Eisenhower foreign policy. I believe that it tions and millions of individual Americans Any political party that is to survive offers the greatest security for America and, acting through person-to-person communi­ for long must be motivated by two things. at the same time, provides the best approach cation in foreign lands." One, it must subscribe to a set of basic to world peace. 0 A long. list of possible activities for the principles that are vital to the welfare of We must support a strong national de­ insurance offices was proposed, including: the country. fense, so vital to the security and well-being Survey of company personnel for language Two, it must be capable of meeting new of every American. It is true that almost talents and foreign acquaintances. problems as they arise. two-thirds of the Federal budget now goes Use of company house organs for mes­ Our country is faced with new and serious for defense purposes-but I say to you, in all sages. problems, and we know that they must be earnestness, that so long as our freedom and Promotion of personal correspondence, solved. This is no time to argue over security are threatened from without by person to person, by 0 company personnel, to party labels. This is no time to expend our those who would enslave all peoples, we toreign contacts. energies and dissipate our strength in cannot--we must not--weaken our defenses. Greetings abroad on significant occasions. intraparty dissension over trivial issues. Equally as important as a strong defense Mailing inserts in overseas correspondence. We all subscribe to the sound basic prin­ is the fostering of a sound economy here Contact booklets for personnel, policy- ciples that have defined the Republican at home. holders, and stockholders. Party from its inception, and as far as I am In many parts of the world, even in non­ Personnel exchanges. concerned, these principles are as adequate Communist countries, the theory that gov­ Encouragement of travel, including possl­ for meeting the problems of this day as ernment should be the source of all plan­ bllity of extra vacation time for purpose of they were for solving the problems that con­ ning and all control has gained great head­ making foreign insurance contacts. fronted the Nation 100 years ago. way. Yet, when we contrast the remarkable Hospitality programs, to welcome foreign Our first concern as a political party must success of a free economic system in the visitors in this country. be to govern well, to meet new problems as United States with the comparative poverty Establishment of American bookshelves in they emerge in this rapidly changing age. and dissatisfaction in foreign nations, it is foreign insurance offices, libraries, schools, Our second concern should be to maintain easy to see the superiority of our system of and hospitals. a strong, united party dedicated to the government. Liberty has succeeded in de­ Book and magazine distribution overseas. country's welfare. veloping original thinking, original meth­ Social contacts, including son or daugh­ Our third concern should be to interest ods, and new ideas. It has succeeded in ter exchange-visits. more Americans, particularly young people, giving wide distribution of property and in­ Insurance press and insurance meeting in­ in those basic principles on which our come to our people. It has brought about a terchanges. Routing of some foreign-trade party was founded. steady rise in the standard of living enjoyed publications through the company offices. Let me say at this point that no political by all the people. We must conclude, there­ party can justify its existence unless it fore, that only the free can solve the prob­ proves capable of solving new problems as lems of production. they arise. Eighteenth century thinking is During the past 4 years of the Eisenhower insufficient to cope with 20th century needs. administration the country has enjoyed its Address by Hon. Chapman Revercomb, of As each case is new, we must think anew greatest industrial expansion in history. and act anew. The output of goods and services has set West Virginia, Before the Southern The Republican Party was established on one record after another. Employment has Conference of Young Republicans Fed­ principles that provide the framework for reached an all-time high. Our people earn achieving the greatest good for the greatest higher wages than ever before-they are eration number of people, the old as well as the better fed, better clothed. and better housed young, the man who meets "a payroll as well than ever before. The Nation's industrial EXTENSION OF REMARKS as the man who works for a wage. Our con­ capacity continues to expand at a healthy cern must be as much for the welfare of rate, creating new jobs for a rapidly growing OF those who are physically and mentally un­ population. According to the latest report able to care for themselves as for those who from the Department of Labor, nearly HON. CHAPMAN REVERCOMB captain our industries. And I contend that 800,000 more people were employed in March OF WEST VIRGINIA there is room within the framework of the of this year than in March a year ago. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Republican Party for men and women of I consider it imperative, therefore, that we every age, of every walk of life, who believe maintain a climate that is favorable to eco­ Wednesday, June 12, 1957 in the basic principles which have guided our nomic growth and expansion. For, let us I party all through the years. remember that it is only by maintaining a Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, And it is my conviction that within the strong, healthy productive industrial sys­ ask unanimous consent to have printed framework of these basic principles we can tem that we can hope to improve the living in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an address find a solution to the problems of this standard of all the people. This country I delivered before the Southern Confer­ century. However, we must recognize these has advanced to a favored position among ence of Young Republicans Federation, problems and proceed to meet them head­ the nations of the world because the indi­ in Charleston, W. Va., on April 13, 1957. on with effective measures 1f we are to vidual has enjoyed the right to keep the There being no objection, the address preserve the kind of America that we would proceeds of his own efforts. To destroy that like to leave to our posterity. incentive is to invite economic decadence. was ordered to be printed in the REcORD, The big task facing the Republican Party At the same time, we must recognize the as follows: today,, as I see it, is twofold. importance of sound fiscal policies. We It gives me real pleasure, indeed, to address First, it is to work toward a condition of must seek to curtail Government spending this regional conference of Young Repub­ peace so that our people may not have to wherever it can be achieved without weak­ licans. The enthusiastic interest your or­ live under a cloud of atomic war. With ening our defenses or impairing essential ganization has taken in the political life of peace in a practical world goes the neces­ public services vital to the well-being of the the Nation is inspiring indeed, and I com­ sity of strong defenses lest our desire for people. mend you for the splendid work you are peace fails, and we are put to the use of Foreign spending for economic aid to doing. You are making a great contribution arms for our security. others can be curtailed. Not only are those to the Republican Party and to the Nation's Second, it is to foster the kind of eco­ countries now on their financial feet but progress. nomic system that provides the greatest they have risen to new heights of economic Youth has a very important place in the good for th!" greatest number. soundness. political life of our country. No institution, In the field of foreign relations, we must We must think not only in terms of op­ however noble its aims and objectives, can recognize the fact that America cannot afford erating under a. balanced budget, we also long survive or remain strong unless it at­ to go it alone. We must recognize the fact must look to retirement of the national tracts new vitality. The surest way to kill that alliances are as vital .to our own security debt-and w~ must look to the earliest pos­ any institution is to close its doors to young as they are to the freedom and security of sible relief for the tax burden our people people. You who are assembled here today other nations which subscribe to our way are bearing. represent the leadership of the Republican of living. In our desire to effect economies, how­ Party of the future. You are wanted-you In the face of the ever-present threat of ever, we must exercise caution. The meat­ are needed-for the Republican Par.ty has a. Communist enslavement, in the face of a. ax approach to budget cutting ts neither place for every American, young or old, from constant ·danger of attack by nuclear weap­ wise nor practical. I am for reducing the every walk of life, who believes in the basic ons, isolationism is as impractical in the budget, to be sure, but I do not favor post­ principles that brought about our party's ere- field of foreign relations as the horse and poning or eliminating those public-works 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8949 projects which add to the Nation's wealth, aid of every American who believes in the Immediately after the news of Bunker which provided jobs for our people, and basic principles of human liberty and a free Hill on June 15, 1775, he assumed leadership which are vital to the economic expansion economy. in organizing two companies of riflemen. of the country. Improved highways, for All Marylanders, however, were by no mean& example, are a necessity. They cost a great eager to risk their fortunes by plunging into deal of money, but those who call for great John Hanson, of Maryland war against Britain. The State was enjoy­ reductions in Federal spending would be the ing prosperity, had grown to fourth in popu­ last to say that we should junk the new lation, and suffered no pressing grievances Federal-highway program. On the con­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS at the moment. But to John Hanson the trary, this program should be accelerated as OF road ahead was clearly defined. He dem­ much as possible if our highway transporta­ onstrated his firmness of purpose at a spe­ tion system is to keep pace with the Nation's HON. JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER cial meeting of the Maryland Provincial Con­ industrial growth. Likewise, conservation OF MARYLAND vention held on the eve of the Revolution. of our soil and water, for which a great deal IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES A resolution was under consideration of money is being spent, is too important to which, if adopted, would put Maryland in the Nation to neglect. Wednesday, June 12, 1957 the war forthwith. Opinions pro and con I cite these as examples of Federal pro­ Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I ask were heatedly aired. The moment was criti­ grams that should not be eliminated or cal. There was even talk of a compromise. curtailed. unanimous consent to have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an article Suddenly a tall, vigorous, middle-aged Living as we are, in a society that is highly man rose to address the chair. His air of industrialized, in which an overwhelming entitled "President for a Year," written quiet authority drew the attention of every majority of our people must look to indus­ by Kyle Smith, as it appears in the July man in the chamber. It was John Hanson, trial employment for a livelihood, it be­ issue of American Mercury magazine. "These resolutions ought to be passed, comes a responsibility of the people, through Also, it is requested that this article their government to care for those who are and it is high time," was his terse comment. unable to care for themselves. It is a moral be followed by a speech_on the subject He sat down, and, in a characteristic ges­ obligation of government to provide the of John Hanson, of Maryland, which I ture, folded his arms. After a moment of minimum needs of the aged and the handi­ delivered on March 22, 1957, before the dead silence someone made a motion that capped. Maryland Society of New York. the resolutions be adopted without delay. I believe the American peopl~ are con­ There being no objection, the article This was done enthusiastically, unanimous­ vinced that with the tremendous produc­ ly. Maryland had entered the Revolution­ and address were ordered to be printed ary War. tivity of our free country, we can prevent in the RECORD, as follows: extreme hardship and poverty in the United Even at the beginning of the war, when States. I favor liberalizing the Social Se­ PRESIDENT FOR A YEAR the odds against the untried Continental curity Act to permit all permanently dis­ (By Kyle Smith) Army seemed overwhelming, he had no doubt abled workers over 50 to receive benefits. His likeness stands in Statuary Hall in our as to the outcome. How much better, it seems to me, to have Nation's Capitol, yet few of the thousands of "We will win the war with George Wash­ these people qualify for disability pensions annual visitors give it more than a passing ington in the field if we do our share at under social security than to compel them glance. He had a rendezvous with destiny home," he wrote to a friend. "In the end to depend on public relief, as so many are in shaping America's future, yet most history we will establish an Inseparable Union, arid now required to do under the present rigid books omit mention of his name. ultimately it will become the greatest Nation provisions of the social security law affect­ Despite this neglect, those rare students of in the world." ing disability benefits. history who delve into the annals of the Concurrently with the progress of the war Another problem peculiar to our highly Continental Confederation period generally his own greatest battle, the western lands industrialized civilization is the decrease in agree that, were it not for the stubborn ideal­ fight, was shaping up. job opportunities for those workers between ism of this man, Wisconsin might now be a Love of the grand gesture by European the age of 40 and retirement. Many in­ part of Massachusetts, New York could lay monarchs, and cartography that was more dustries have shown a greater preference in claim to Kentucky and part of Ohio, and fanciful than accurate, were factors that recent years for younger workers, making it Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana might be ter­ threatened to disrupt the new Nation while increasingly difficult for the older age worker ritorial possessions of Connecticut. In fact it was a-borning. to obtain new employment after he reaches our entire westward expansion, step by giant In 1609 James of England granted to Vir­ the age of 40 or 45. This, perhaps, is not a step in the form of free and independent ginia a section of land "from Point Com­ problem that can or should be solved by States, would have been jeopardized. fort 200 miles southward along the seacoast, legislation. However, it is imperative, I The name of the man the history books and all the land throughout, from sea to sea, feel, that the older age group receive greater forgot is John Hanson. west and northwest." consideration in job opportunities if we are Among his partisans are those who claim In 1662 Charles II gave the State of Con­ to prevent a needless waste in human re­ he should be officially recognized as our first necticut grants for a large part of what is sources. and provide for this great body of President. It can be argued that if we were now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. citizens a feeling of reasonable security. We to reckon historical periods as does France, Two years later he gave his brother James must recognize this as one of the human for instance, he would be ranked as the first land holdings in Ohio and Kentucky. When problems of the 20th century and seek its President of our first Republic. James became king he gave this territory solution. The Government can and should John Hanson was born at the family estate to the State of New York. take the lead in encouraging more job op­ In 1691 William and Mary gave to Massa­ portunities for the older age group on Gov­ of Mulberry Grove, Charles County, Md., on April 3, 1721. His family history bears a chusetts what is now southern Michigan and ernment works and services, while private most of Wisconsin. industry must be prevailed upon to recog­ touch of high romance due to the marriage nize the growing seriousness of this prob­ of his great-great-grandfather, a humble Other States had lesser claims, and con­ lem and work toward its solution. London merchant, to the granddaughter of fusion was worse confounded by the super~ Still another problem we must recognize is the Vasa line of Scandinavian kings. Their imposed claims of private land companies that which faces small business in this age. son, the first John Hanson of the line, was with loosely drawn charters. Despite the high level of prosperity the killed in the Battle of Lutzen during the In 1775 the colonies were largely governed country as a whole is enjoying, this segment Thirty Years' War while vainly attempting by customs that had grown into laws. The of the business community is experiencing to shield his cousin, King Gustavus Adol­ organization that existed between them hardships. phus. In recognition of his heroism his sons could hardly be called a Congress. In recog­ The smaller business enterprises, employ­ were later given grants of land in the colony nition of the need for unity and power in ing only a few workers, are as vital to the of New Sweden in the New World. a more centralized government the Articles Nation's economic well-being as the giant He grew to manhood during the turbulent of Confederation were drafted in 1778 and corporations employing thousands. They years of Maryland's history when she was submitted to the States. It took very nearly must be given encouragement to grow and being passed back and forth among British 4 years to bring about their ratification. prosper. There is no better way to assist royal claimants like a shuttlecock in an im­ No provision had been made in the articles small business, in my judgment, than to perial badminton game. He also had a first­ for the disposition of the western lands. It provide it with much-needed tax relief this hand chance to observe the conduct of the was taken for granted they would become year. It is my hope that general tax reduc­ French and Indian Wars in which incom­ the property of the States having the best tions for the individual can follow no later petent British military leaders were unable claim to them. This was the familiar pat~ than next year. That ls a goal on which we to stem defeat without the assistance of tern of the times. This was the premise on must set our sights. young George Washington and his colonial which the delegates laid their plans. I have tried to outline what I believe recruits. John Hanson was one of the coun-· All but John Hanson. In the free and in­ should be the role of the Republican Party try's leaders who read the signs of the times dependent union he envisioned for his coun­ now and in the future. Our big responsi­ aright. try, such a procedure would be an anachro .. bility is to meet and solve human problems, He served the State of Maryland contin­ nism. to work toward a stable peace, and to main- · uously in public otnce from 1756--when he Hastily summoning the Maryland delega­ tain a strong economy here at home. And was elected to the Maryland Assembly-until tion, he set forth his views and, as usual, got to achieve those aims, we must enlist the his death in 1783. their support. They advanced a resolution 8950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 12 which exploded .in the convention with Shortly after his retirement from office he around Port Tobacco where Protestant set­ bombshell force. It read: was again stricken, this time fatally. He tlers were clearing land and building homes. . "That the United States in Congress as­ died November 22, 1783, at his home in Within a few years he was well established sembled shall have the sole and exclusive Frederick County. He was burled at Oxon and was spoken of as Col. John Hanson. power to ascertain and fix the western Hills, Md. He had 7 children, the youngest of whom boundary of such States as claimed, to the A fitting epitaph might be the words of was Samuel-who had 6 daughters and 4 Mississippi or South Sea. (Gulf of Mexico) , Justice 0. W. Holmes, who in referring to sons--of whom th~ famous John Hanson of and lay out the land beyond the boundary so him in his speech on heroes and idealists, the Continental Congress was the fourth, ascertained into separate and independent said: born in 1715 at Mulberry Grove, the family States from time to time, as the circum­ "Men who never heard of him will be mov­ estate overlooking Port Tobacco Creek in stances of the people may require." Ing to the measure of his thought." Charles County. This resolution was promptly buried. It John Hanson of Mulberry Grove spent his received only one vote. In its place a proviso JOHN HANSON, OF MARYLAND eaxly manhood in an atmosphere of revolu­ was added that no State be deprived of prop­ (Address by Senator JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, tion. The American revolution has many erty for the benefit of the United States. Founders' Day dinner, the Maryland So­ breeding grounds. Massachusetts was the This was the signal fo.r furious activity. ciety of New York, March 22, 1957) first. Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and States, anticipating great profits, set up land Maryland were others. When patriot met Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies patriot brave. and wise words were spoken. offices and prepared to sell . off their pos­ and gentlemen, before proceeding with my sessions. At no place were there more meetings of this In the midst of the turmoil sat John Han­ prepared remarks, may I take this opportu­ character than in Maryland; at no place in son with folded arms, adamant against any nity to thank you, Mr. Chairman, in particu­ Maryland than in the little group of homes compromise. The backlands must become lar, and the membership of the Maxyland centering on Port Tobacco Creek in the the property of the Nation as a whole. Any Society of New York, generally, for the lovely southern part of Charles County. Such men other course, he maintained, would be at­ treatment accorded my wife and me during as the Stones, the Jenifers, Hansons, Craiks, tended by "great mischiefs." our brief stay with you. Browns, Smallwoods, Howards, Briscoes, As he predicted, the "mischiefs" came Your chairman was most gracious, leaving Thomases, Mitchells, and Contees lived there. about. The scramble for profits caused to me the choice of a subject upon which to The place was indeed the crossroads of the strained relations between the States. Prob­ speak, so long as it was not political. American colonies, for there were the ferry lems of administration began to pyramid. Knowing of no people who take greater crossings of the Potomac used by men of Tempers flared; claims and counterclaims pleasure and pride in the life and deeds of affairs from both the North and the South. flew. our founders than we of the Free State of George Washington was a friend and neigh­ Finally . Virginia revealed an attitude of Maryland, I nave selected as my subject bor of them all. Indeed so close and en­ compromise. New York followed, and the John Hanson, of Mulberry Grove, one of two dearing was the relationship that it was to stalemate was broken. Victory for the Mary­ great men whose statues honor Maryland in Dr. Craik and Dr. Brown that Martha land resolution was in sight. On March 1, Statuary Hall in the Capitol at Washington; Washington, the wife of the first President, 1781, ratification was complete. The Con­ the other being Charles Carroll, of Carroll­ turned in his last illneLs. tinental Congress was a thing of the past, and ton, a signer of the Declaration of Inde­ Living in this atmosphere, it was but nat­ the Continental Confederation came into pendence. ural that young Hanson took to politics. being. I have chosen to speak of John Hanson, He was elected term after term to the Mary­ Of this event Gilbert Grosvenor, president who, as I will point out later, was referred land House of Delegates. He was there when of the Geographic Society, wrote in the Na­ to as "the President of the United States in the share of the tax England sought to levy tional Geographic magazine of February Congress assembled" for two reasons. First, on the Colonies for the French and Indian 1927: he was one of the alltime great men of Amer­ War was debated. The stamp tax, the Bos­ "To the illustrious Marylanders, John ica, and, second, his fame, in my opinion, ton Tea Party, and other issues in quick Hanson particularly, belong the credit of has never equaled his magnificent contribu­ succession were to result in war. Revolu­ suggesting and urging a policy that changed tion to the solid foundation of our State and tion was brewing. In the midst of all of this the whole map of the United States and Nation. John Hanson, of Mulberry Grove, John Hanson of Mulberry Grove took a re­ the whole course of our national life. was a descendant of John Hanson who was a markable step. He moved with his family "Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minne­ second cousin to ·the King Augustavus to Frederick, Md. sota are States in the Union today because Adolphus of Sweden, both of whom fell at This was in 1773 on the very eve of the of the practical sagacity of these men." Liitzen in 1632. The Hanson, who fell at Revolution, and he was then 58 years of age. The first action of the Confederation was Lutzen beside his king, had four sons who, Why the move was made remains a mystery. to elect John Hanson president, on Novem­ after the death of their father, became the But the West was then beckoning and per­ ber 5, 1781. wards of Christiana, daughter of Augustavus haps Hanson saw a better opportunity to The first communication issuing from this Adolphus, who succeeded to the throne of serve his State at this western outpost. country to bear the constitutionally au­ Sweden. It is quite appaxent that those four Charles County-he may well have rea­ thorized designation, "President of the wards of the queen were not overly endowed soned-still had the Stones, the Jenifers, Vnited States in Congress Assembled" was a with worldly possessions, as we find them 10 and others. letter sent by Hanson to Louis XVI of France years later-when the oldest was but 25 and He ·remained a member of the house of shortly after he took office. the youngest, 12-shipping off with John delegates from Charles County until 1773 The term "Do-nothing Congress" could Printz, the newly appointed Governor of New when, upon his removal to Frederick, he was hardly have been applied to this first legis­ Sweden, for adventure in the New World. elected a member to that body from his new lative body. In addition to routine matters Four years earlier, the first Scandinavian county. He became immediately a man of they accomplished the following: colony in the New World had been estab­ great influence. He had much political ex­ Established the · American consular serv­ lished when, in the middle of March 1638, perience; he was a man of mature years; he ice by exchange of consuls with France. two small ships under the command of a had many friends throughout the State. In Inaugurated a penal system for the Dutch captain named Peter Minuit and bear­ addition, he was a man of considerable States. ing immigrants from Sweden and Finland­ wealth. Overnight Frederick County had Authorized the first United States cen­ the latter having been long a part of found a man who had no peer in the prov­ sus. Sweden-made safe haxbor in Delaware Bay, :tnce, who was loved and respected by all, Granted a charter to the Bank of North proceeded up the Delaware River to the whom the State could give to the coming America, the first bank in our history under Brandywine and there made port at what is Union of States. national auspices. now Wilmington. Events were moving fast. A meeting over Organized an Inspector's Department of This colony existed under Swedish rule for which John Hanson presided at Frederick the Army . with Baron von Steuben in 18 years when by force of arms it came under courthouse in June 1774, adopted a resolu­ charge. Swedish rule and later under British rule tion declaring that the cause of the Massa­ Adopted the great seal with its motto, until the day of independence. During this chusetts colony was the cause of all, pledg­ 11ln God We Trust." whole period New Sweden retained its ing the cooperation of Frederick County and Floated its first international loan. Scandinavian characteristics and racial basis, urging the State of Maryland to join the Endorsed ratification of a treaty between and from it went stalwart men and women other Colonies to advance this common en­ the United States and Holland. into the nearby settlements of Pennsylvania, deavor. Thereafter delegates, headed by Initiated the franking privilege for Con­ New Jersey and Maryland,the four Hanson Hanson, were sent to Annapolis to attend a gressmen, and authorized free postage for brothers being among those who moved over general congress. This general congress, men .in military service. the Elk River trail into Maryland. which later became known as the conven­ This strenuous term of office, following The youngest of the four, John Hanson, tion, sent delegates to a general congress of as it did upon his ~rduous war activities, was the grandfather of John Hanson, of Mul­ the Colonies to be held at Philadelphia. proved to be too great a tax on· John Han­ berry Grove. . He w.ent first to Kent Island The British moved out of Boston; Paul son~s . health, an~ he became 111. He urged and then to St. Marys, the capital of the ~evere made his famous ride; American pa­ the Confederation to appoint a successor, Calverts. H.e did not long stay in St. triots fell _at Lexington and Concord. It was but this they refused to do. After ari ab­ Maxys, for as early as 1656 we find him in necessary, indeed imperative, that Frederick sence of a few weeks he returned and served Charles County, the newly developing sec­ County have some form of government if it the remainder of his 1-year term. tion of the State of Maryland, . centering were to render effective and timely help to 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8951 a new nation in the making. A committee ern boundaries of the land with some par­ As the dispute wore on, the chance of com­ of observation was formed, of which John ticularity, but the western boundary of the promise with England grew more remote; Hanson was a member and the guiding spirit. land conveyed was described as extending and the idea of perpetual union grew Hanson had been tolerant of debate, patient westward for an "undefined or indefinite stronger in the minds of all Americans. of delay, but now was the time of action. distance." This same language had been Hanson's idea of a Nation which would grow He hurried back from Annapolis to Frederick used in many of the grants from the King in area and numbers, adding new States to County, raised two companies of troops to and in others; and it, therefore, seemed that the 13 along the seaboard as the population go to Boston. They were the first armed the States of Virginia, Pennsylvania, New and situation warranted, was beginning to force ever to cross Mason and Dixon's Line York, and Connecticut had valid claims. be understood by his fellows in the Conti­ to join up with the Green Mountain and the This immediately put John Hanson in a nental Congress. The State of New York White Mountain boys in the cause of free­ very difficult and embarrassing position. He was first to give in and cede its western dom under the banner of his young friend was a close friend of Gen. George Washing­ lands. Hanson's far-seeing plan for a great and neighbor of Charles County days, George ton, and was devoted to the cause of liberty, America had won approval. The Articles of Washington. yet he was obliged, for the sake of principle, Confederation were ratified, and a Nation Hanson was a man of fertile mind. He did to lead the political opposition which seemed, had been born. Hanson had made a monu­ not overlook even the slightest detail. As at that time, to make union impossible. He mental contribution to his new country. the guiding spirit of the committee for ob­ was to hear it said many times that he was John Hanson was elected to the Conti­ servation, he established patrols of minute­ hindering the prosecution of the war for nental Congress in December 1779. For him, men throughout western Maryland which independence. the transition from the local to the na­ resulted in the exposure of the Dunmore Twelve of the 13 Colonies had voted to tional scene was not too sharp because, as conspiracy which, had it succeeded, would ratify the Articles of Confederation. It was I have pointed out, debate had been had have brought the Indian tribes into the war Maryland alone who stood out and refused to in the Maryland Legislature of which Hanson against the Colonies. During these trying ratify. It was John Hanson who introduced tne Maryland resolution as an amendment was a leading member on most, if not all, days John Hanson, between trips from An­ of the issues then before the Congress. But napolis to Frederick, was building a gun­ to the Articles of Confederation in this lan­ guage: it is not to be assumed that his duties were lock factory and barracks at Frederick. to be made easy. The western lands ques­ He never became so immersed in these "That the United States in Congress as­ sembled shall have the sole and exclusive tion had made Maryland's position difficult subsidiary activities as to be out of touch and trying. Hanson must do double duty. with the debate then going on in the con­ right and power to ascertain and fix the western boundary of such States as claimed His State must do more than was asked of vention at Annapolis touching upon the it in the prosecution of the war if its posi­ question of how far Maryland would support to the Mississippi, or south sea, and lay out the land beyond the boundary so ascer­ tion on the lands issue was not to be mis­ the resolutions ·of the Continental Congress, understood. it having earlier instructed her Delegates not tained into separate and independent States to sponsor a final break with England until from time to time as the number and cir­ Hanson was more than 66 years of age­ so specifically advised. Not until June 1776 cumstances of the people may require." one of the oldest Members of the Congress. were these instructions altered. John Han­ This resolution was buried and the other But 3 short years before, his son, Peter Han­ son, upon that occasion, closed the debate 12 colonies pressed their fight for the ratifi­ son, a lieutenant of the Maryland line, had with these words: "These resolution ought cction of the Articles of Confederation which fallen mortally wounded at Fort Washing­ to be passed, and it is high time." . contained a clause that no State should be ton. Notwithstanding, the many handicaps And pass they did, making it possible for deprived of any territory for the benefit of under which he labored, his services were Maryland's men in the General Congress of the new Union. of such high order that he was reelected to the Colonies to vote for independence. As time passed, the pressure on Hanson the Congress for a second term in February 1781-taking his seat on February 22-a The Congress, which on July 4, 1776, voted grew, but he stood firm. He reasoned that for independence, could not really be consid­ in the end his plan to let the Nation grow by birthday then not celebrated and perhaps ered to be a Congress. Its Delegates had no federalizing the western lands must prevail. not even noticed. authority but to debate and advise-each Otherwise, he said those who objected to On November 5, 1781, John Hanson was Colony retaining unto itself to act as it colonialism, while fighting it from abroad, unanimously elected president of the Con­ pleased, notwithstanding the action of the would be imbedding it in the American sys­ tinental Congress. He was the first to ever Congress. It was but a coalition of brave tem. The opponents of the Maryland reso­ be elected to that position for a definite men with a common purpose. The need for lution accused Hanson and the men of and stated term and hence has many times a more perfect government was apparent to· Maryland of blocking union and hindering been referred to as the first President of the all; but such was not to be. At least, not the war effort. They likewise said that we United States--his title being "President for another 5 years, because John Hanson were using our geographical location to of the United States in Congress Assem­ at that time took a stand on principle which block traffic between the North and the bled." he had to win if the peoples of the new Na­ South which, of necessity, must flow through While we of Maryland most willingly ac­ tion then in the making were to live in peace our State if the war were to be prosecuted cept this most glorious appellation for our and harmony together. with effect. Hanson countered by saying: very distinguished and revered forebear, Hanson's stand was in opposition to the "Suppose Virginia sold her western lands substantial basis for the claim that he was land claims of Virginia, New York, Pennsyl­ and thereby raised enough money so it would the first President is not to be found in vania, and Connecticut. Their claims arose no";; be necessary for her people to pay taxes, the history of our State or Nation. But, out of the undefined and, therefore, indefi­ would not Marylanders then desert Maryland John Hanson was, nonetheless, one of the nite distance to which they believed their and move to Virginia in order to avoid paying land extended westward. the taxes laid upon them by the colony of great men of his time, one of the great To fully understand the war of politics Maryland?" He also reasoned that if the men of our history, one of the founders ot which underlay the war of independence, one frontier was to be owned by only a few of our State and Nation. He was almost solely must make a brief review of the land claims the several States of the new Union, would responsible for the fight which made the which had grown up in Colonial America. all of the States join together to fight to United States a country which, from the For instance, when Peter Minuit landed at defend it? He further asked whether the very beginning could live in peace and har­ Wilmington, in 1638, he immediately nego­ land-rich colonies were ready to be taxed mony with itself and his foresight and cour­ tiated with the iindians for the purchase of acre for acre with the others for the prosecu­ age have never been surpassed by any Mary­ land. The deed of conveyance for the land tion of the war. Otherwise, he urged, they lander from his day forward. described the northern, eastern, and south- should surrender their claim to such lands. Thank you.

SENATE are standing in the need of courage and DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRES!· fortitude and stability. With the light DENT PRO TEMPORE that never fails upon the way our feet THURSDAY, JUNE 13, 1957 must take, send us forth forgiven, The legislative clerk read the follow· The Senate met at 9:30 o'clock a. m. cleansed, and strengthened with might. ing letter: The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown As we turn to waiting tasks, may the UNITED STATES SENATE, Harris, D. D., offered the following love of friends, the confidence of those PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, prayer: who trust us, the spur of conscience, the Washington, D. 0., June 13, 1957. vision of our best which lures us, be the To the Senate: OUr Father, God, with the gates of the high white stars to lead us on o'er moor Being temporarily absent from the Senate, morning, open to us, we pray, the portals and fen and crag and torrent, till the I appoint Ron. ALBERT GoRE, a Senator from of a wayside shrine of Thy sustaining night is done and the gates of the morn­ the State of Tennessee, to perform the duties grace, for these are times that try our ing open into the light of eternal day, of the Chair during my absence. souls, and the margin of our inner We ask it in the Redeemer's name. CARL HAYDEN, strength seems often perilously low. We Amen. President pro tempore.