DOCSLIB.ORG

Marte Steiro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marte Steiro Marte Steiro When the Dust Has Settled: A Post-Disaster Recovery Study of Water and Sanitation Reconstruction after the 2015 Flood in Phalombe and Nsanje Districts, Malawi. MPhil in Development Studies, Specializing in Geography Trondheim, May 2016 Supervisor: Haakon Lein Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management Department of Geography ABSTRACT This thesis is the result of the research project carried out as part of the Master Programme MPhil in Development Studies, Specialising in Geography, at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The aim of the study has been to describe and discuss the water and sanitation recovery process in Phalombe and Nsanje Districts, Malawi, following the 2015 Southern African Flood. The study includes an investigation of the opportunities and challenges related to the recovery process and the nature of the involvement of different actors, with special focus on the contribution of local communities, local government and the importance of outside assistance. The data was collected during by using a case study approach, choosing two districts and four villages within the districts. The study uses a qualitative methodology, and the research methods consists primarily of interviews and focus group discussions with villagers in the four villages, local authority figures and District Government representatives, as well as a representative from UNICEF, which were the co-leading body of the WASH cluster. The study shows that the water and sanitation infrastructure not only suffers from direct, structural damage, but also indirect damage caused by the population displacement that follows the flood event as the existing facilities in some areas are being overused. In addition, recovery, resilience and adaptation are being used central concepts in this study. A quick recovery, high resilience, and appropriate disaster adaptation can lead to an increased preparedness and mitigation towards future disasters, which could lead to fewer losses and less damages in the future. i ii AKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Haakon Lein and Hilde Refstie at the Department of Geography at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and Dr. Evance Mwathunga, Deputy Head of Geography and Earth Sciences Department at Chancellors College/University of Malawi. Your personal and academic guidance and support have been highly appreciated. My research assistant, Rebecca Phwitiko, for her assistance with creating access to the field, interviewing, transcribing and translation. Mr. Melton Luhanga and Mr. Michael Mwale from CARD Malawi (Churches Action in Relief and Development) for the opportunity to go to Nsanje, and the CARD employees in their offices in Bangula and Nsanje for local knowledge, providing access to the villages and assistance with the conduction of interviews in the villages in Nsanje. Mr. Stein Villumstad at the Norwegian Church Aid (Lilongwe) and Tim van der Linden (Zomba) for accommodation, support and for taking care of me while I was sick with Malaria. Mr. Augustin Charles Chikuni at the Royal Norwegian Embassy for assistance with my Research License application. Additional appreciations goes to all my informants for their willingness to participate and to my fellow colleges on Development Studies at NTNU for making these last two years memorable. Trondheim, May 2016 Marte Steiro iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i AKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. ix ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the study .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3. General Objective ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1. Specific Objectives ............................................................................................... 3 1.3.2. Research Questions .............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Justification of the Study ............................................................................................. 4 1.5. Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: DISASTER OCCURRENCE AND MANAGEMENT IN THE MALAWIAN CONTEXT........................................................................................................ 9 2.1. Hazard Risk and Vulnerability in Malawi ................................................................... 9 2.2. Disaster Management System in Malawi .................................................................. 10 2.2.1. Disaster Management Plans and Policies ......................................................... 10 2.3. The 2015 Flood .......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1. The 2015 Flood Damage to Water and Sanitation ............................................ 13 2.4. Malawi: Country Profile ............................................................................................ 14 2.4.1. Phalombe District .............................................................................................. 17 2.4.2. Nsanje District .................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................. 23 3.1. Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................................ 23 3.2. Floods as a Disaster ................................................................................................... 25 3.3. The Importance of Water and Sanitation in a Flood Situation .................................. 28 3.4. Recovery .................................................................................................................... 29 v 3.4.1. Post-Disaster Recovery Models ......................................................................... 30 3.5. Resilience in Disaster Recovery ................................................................................ 31 3.5.1. Community Resilience ........................................................................................ 33 3.5.2. The Resilience Framework (Norris et al. 2008) ................................................. 33 3.6. Reducing the Impact of Disasters: Mitigation and Adaptation ................................. 37 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND THE RESEARCH PROCESS .......................... 41 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 41 4.2. Choice of Research Participants ................................................................................ 42 4.3. Data Collection Techniques ....................................................................................... 43 4.3.1. Individual- and Group Interviews ...................................................................... 44 4.3.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ........................................................................ 44 4.3.3. Observation ........................................................................................................ 45 4.3.4. The Use of Secondary Data ................................................................................ 45 4.4. Data Handling and Analysis ...................................................................................... 46 4.4.1. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 46 4.4.2. Handling the Gathered Data .............................................................................. 46 4.5. Ethical considerations ................................................................................................ 47 4.6. Practical challenges ................................................................................................... 49 4.6.1. Research in a Different Culture ......................................................................... 49 4.6.2. Doing Research in Different Languages ............................................................ 50 4.6.3. Using a Research Assistant ................................................................................ 50 4.7. Positionality and Reflexivity ..................................................................................... 51 4.8. Validity and Trustworthiness ....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloads/Publications/PDFS/PB15091.Pdf [Accessed 2 Feb 2016]
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT Centre for Environmental Sciences The Charcoal Sector in Southern Malawi: A Livelihoods Perspective by Harriet Elizabeth Smith Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2016 The Charcoal Sector in Southern Malawi: A Livelihoods Perspective Harriet Elizabeth Smith UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT Centre for Environmental Sciences Doctor of Philosophy The Charcoal Sector in Southern Malawi: A Livelihoods Perspective Harriet Elizabeth Smith Charcoal has rapidly become the most widely used domestic source of urban energy for cooking and heating in sub-Saharan Africa, yet much of the sector is informally, or not at all regulated, with consequential detrimental impacts on livelihoods and the environment. Across Africa, 75% of urban growth is occurring in urban areas with populations of less than 1 million. Yet, these charcoal markets, their value chains, and the actors’ livelihood outcomes are severely under researched. This thesis focuses on Zomba, a city of 164,000 people in southern Malawi. The research applies questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and a suite of rapid rural appraisal techniques to investigate actors’ motivations, roles and livelihood outcomes along the charcoal value chain, examining processes at market, community and individual scales. By viewing the charcoal sector through a livelihoods lens, this thesis attempts to provide evidence and examine its implications for debate surrounding emerging charcoal policies across sub-Saharan Africa. The core findings of this thesis demonstrate that engaging in the production and transportation of charcoal strengthened actors’ financial assets and delivered other benefits, such as improved access to goods and services and opportunities for livelihood diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Gun Data Codes As of March 31, 2021 Gun Data Codes Table of Contents
    Gun Data Codes As of March 31, 2021 Gun Data Codes Table of Contents 1 Gun Data Codes Introduction 2 Gun Make (MAK) Field Codes 3 Gun Caliber (CAL) Field Codes 4 Gun Type Field Codes 4.1 Gun Type Characteristic 1 Weapon Type (Required) Field Codes 4.2 Gun Type Characteristic 2 Weapon Description (Optional) Field Codes 4.3 Gun Type Combination Field Codes 5 Gun Color and Finish Field Codes 1 - Gun Data Codes Introduction Section 2 contains MAK Field codes listed alphabetically by gun manufacturer. If a make is not listed, the code ZZZ should be entered as characters 1 through 3 of the MAK Field with the actual manufacturer's name appearing in positions 4 through 23. This manufacturer's name will appear as entered in any record response. If the MAK Field code is ZZZ and positions 4 through 23 are blank, the MAK Field will be translated as MAK/UNKNOWN in the record response. For unlisted makes, the CJIS Division staff should be contacted at 304-625-3000 for code assignments. Additional coding instructions can be found in the Gun File chapter of the NCIC Operating Manual. For firearms (including surplus weapons) that are U.S. military-issue weapons, the MAK Field code USA should be used. Common U.S. military-issue weapons include the following U.S. Military-Issue Weapons: U.S. Military-Issue Weapons .45 caliber and/or 9 mm U.S. Submachine Guns: M1, M1A1, M1928, M1928A1(Thompson), M50, M55 (Reising), M42 (United Defense), M3, M3A1 ("Grease Gun") .45 caliber U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cluster Munition Monitor 2011
    Cluster Munition Monitor 2011 Editorial Board Mines Action Canada • Action on Armed Violence • Handicap International Human Rights Watch • Norwegian People’s Aid © October 2011 by Mines Action Canada All rights reserved Printed and bound in Canada ISBN: 978-0-9738955-9-9 Cover photograph © André Liohn/Human Rights Watch, April 2011 Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor provides research and monitoring for the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)and is a formal program of the ICBL-CMC. For more information visit www.the-monitor.org or email [email protected]. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor makes every effort to limit the environmental footprint of reports. This report is printed on paper containing post-consumer recycled waste fiber. Biogas Energy, an energy source produced from decomposing waste collected from landfill sites, was used in paper production to reduce greenhouse emissions and depletion of the ozone layer. Using 2,720.4kg of this paper instead of paper made from virgin fibers saves 51.6 mature trees, 1,470kg of solid waste, 139,056l of water, and 3,228kg of air emissions. Our printer, St. Joseph Communications, is certified by the EcoLogo Environmental Choice Program. St. Joseph Communications uses vegetable-based inks that are less toxic than chemical inks, and runs the Partners in Growth Program. For every ton of paper used on our behalf, they contribute three seedlings to Scouts Canada for planting in parks, recreation and conservation areas, and other public spaces across Canada. Since its inception, the program has planted more than two million trees.
    [Show full text]
  • MALAWI Floods: Update I Briefing Note – 19 March 2019
    MALAWI Floods: Update I Briefing note – 19 March 2019 Since the publication of the ACAPS Malawi Floods Briefing Note on 12 March, severe flooding has continued in southern and central regions of Malawi. In total, an estimated 922,900 people have been affected across 14 districts, with 56 deaths and 577 injuries reported and more than 125,000 displaced. The number of people reported as being affected by flooding has increased by more than 450,000 since the last ACAPS report. This trend can likely be attributed in part to the impact of Cyclone Idai, which has exacerbated rainfall across Malawi, and potentially to new information becoming available. Response gaps include shelter, food, health, and WASH. There is an elevated risk that rain linked to Tropical Cyclone Idai will persist in southern and central regions of Malawi, which will likely continue to drive humanitarian needs in flood-affected areas. Source: OCHA 18/03/2019 (larger version of map at end of document) Forecast Key priorities Humanitarian constraints Rainfall is expected to continue in parts of southern and +125,000 Physical access to affected areas continues central Malawi until at least 20 March, which means that to be severely constrained. Many roads and people displaced there is a significant possibility that flooding will persist bridges have been destroyed, which limits in the near future. It is likely that districts in southern the ability of humanitarian actors to reach Malawi such as Chikwawa, Mangochi, and Machinga Significant shelter needs people in need. Boats and helicopters are will continue to be among the most severely affected.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION to the 21 May 2019 TRIPARTITE ELECTIONS in the REPUBLIC of MALAWI
    AFRICAN UNION AFRICAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION TO THE 21 May 2019 TRIPARTITE ELECTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI FINAL REPORT Views expressed in this report are those of the African Union Election Observation Mission which is an independent constituted mission and do not in any way represent the official positions of the African Union Commission. African Union Election Observation Mission Report: Malawi 2019 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS/ACCRONYMS ................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. vi I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 II. RECENT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS TO THE TRIPARTITE ELECTIONS.. 4 III. PRE-ELECTION OBSERVATION ...................................................................... 6 a. The Legal Framework ....................................................................................... 6 b. Election Management ....................................................................................... 9 c. Voter Registration ........................................................................................... 12 d. Political Party Registration and Candidate Nomination ................................... 13 e. Civic and Voter Education ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/2013/ CSE-01 Report.Pdf
    Cluster Munition Monitor 2013 Monitoring and Research Committee, ICBL-CMC Governance Board Action on Armed Violence • Handicap International • Human Rights Watch Mines Action Canada • Norwegian People’s Aid Research team leaders • ICBL-CMC staff experts © September 2013 by International Campaign to Ban Landmines – Cluster Munition Coalition (ICBL-CMC) All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-2-8399-1157-3 Front cover photograph © Colin King/Norwegian People’s Aid, April 2013 Back cover photographs © Nicole Tung, December 2012 Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor provides research and monitoring for the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and is a formal program of the ICBL-CMC. For more information visit www.the-monitor.org or email [email protected]. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor makes an effort to limit the environmental footprint of reports by publishing all of our research reports online. This report is available online at www.the-monitor.org/cmm/2013/ Cluster Munition Coalition The Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) is an international civil society campaign working to eradicate cluster munitions and prevent further casualties from these weapons. The CMC works through its members to change the policy and practice of governments and organizations and to raise awareness of the devastation that cluster munitions cause. The CMC calls for: • A total ban on the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster munitions; • Accelerated clearance and destruction of all cluster munition remnants and other explosive remnants of war; • Fulfillment of the rights and needs of all cluster munition victims; and • Universal adherence to the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions and its full implementation by all.
    [Show full text]
  • Assembly/AU/7(XXXI) Original: English-French
    AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA P. O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Tel.: Tel: +251-115- 517 700 Fax: +251-115- 517844 / 5182523 Website: www.au.int ASSEMBLY OF THE UNION Thirty-First Ordinary Session 1 – 2 July 2018 Nouakchott, MAURITANIA Assembly/AU/7(XXXI) Original: English-French REPORT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL ON ITS ACTIVITIES AND THE STATE OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA Assembly/AU/7(XXX) Page 1 REPORT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL ON ITS ACTIVITIES AND THE STATE OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA I. INTRODUCTION 1. The present Report of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union (AU) on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa is submitted to the Assembly of the AU pursuant to Article 7(q) of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the AU. The Report covers the period from the 30st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU, held in Addis Ababa, from 28 – 29 January 2018, to the 31st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union taking place in Nouakchott, Mauritania, from 1 to 2 July 2018. 2. The report covers the activities carried out by the PSC during the period under review and provides an overview of the state of peace and security in the continent with respect to conflict and crisis situations, presented in the respective geographic regional settings as well as the status of the implementation of various key issues of continental scope within the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA).
    [Show full text]
  • The Odd Man Out: a History of the Malawi Army Since July 1964
    Evolutions10.qxd 2005/09/28 12:10 PM Page 111 CHAPTER FIVE The odd man out: A history of the Malawi army since July 1964 Martin Rupiya* INTRODUCTION Malawi is one of Southern Africa’s land locked countries, sandwiched between and sharing border areas with Tanzania, Zambia and Mozambique. Malawi gained independence at the peak of the decolonisation process, on 6 July 1964.1 The current population of the country stands at 12,158,924 people. Geographically, the country has 20% of its landmass (or 24,400 km²) covered by water, constituting Africa’s third largest water mass, Lake Malawi. The remaining 80% (or 94,080 km²) is land, running like a thin wedge, west and along the lake and a little beyond to the Mozambique border in the south. Administratively, the territory has been divided into 24 districts, a process that has security implications for policing and the location of units. While settlement in the country is largely rural, there are some major urban areas, among which the towns of Blantyre, Zomba and Lilongwe are the most prominent. The military history of Malawi—a subject that has so far escaped serious academic inquiry—is much more complex and unique compared to other post-colonial Southern African countries. For a start, Malawi’s foreign policy from 1964 went counter to that of her newly independent neighbouring states of Tanganyika (now Tanzania) and Zambia, both of which offered their countries as the Front Line States, in line with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Liberation Committee’s call for the total political emancipation of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Malawi Country Report
    SALW Guide Global distribution and visual identification Malawi Country report https://salw-guide.bicc.de Weapons Distribution SALW Guide Weapons Distribution The following list shows the weapons which can be found in Malawi and whether there is data on who holds these weapons: AK-47 / AKM N HK G3 G Daewoo K1 / K2 G Lee-Enfield SMLE G FN FAL G Makarov PM U FN High Power U Sterling MP L2A3 G Explanation of symbols Country of origin Licensed production Production without a licence G Government: Sources indicate that this type of weapon is held by Governmental agencies. N Non-Government: Sources indicate that this type of weapon is held by non-Governmental armed groups. U Unspecified: Sources indicate that this type of weapon is found in the country, but do not specify whether it is held by Governmental agencies or non-Governmental armed groups. It is entirely possible to have a combination of tags beside each country. For example, if country X is tagged with a G and a U, it means that at least one source of data identifies Governmental agencies as holders of weapon type Y, and at least one other source confirms the presence of the weapon in country X without specifying who holds it. Note: This application is a living, non-comprehensive database, relying to a great extent on active contributions (provision and/or validation of data and information) by either SALW experts from the military and international renowned think tanks or by national and regional focal points of small arms control entities. 2 salw-guide.bicc.de SALW Guide AK-47 / AKM The AK 47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations: the trigger, double locking lugs and unlocking raceway of the M1 Garand/M1 carbine, the safety mechanism of the John Browning designed Remington Model 8 rifle, and the gas system and layout of the Sturmgewehr 44.
    [Show full text]
  • CCU PROSPECTUS VER2.Cdr
    CENTRAL CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY MALAWI, (EAST AFRICA) Directorate of Online & Distance Educaon Internaonally Accredited PROSPECTUS (All Programs) Quality & Affordable Education Programmes Starting From US $ 400 in Online Mode For Outside Malawi EDUCATION PROGRAM www.ccuonline.mw ESTD. 2015 CENTRAL CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY, MALAWI I N D E X The University .......................................................................................... 01 Execuve President’s Message ............................................................ 02 Director Message .................................................................................... 03 Academic Council ................................................................................... 04 Aim & Objecve | Why Choose CCU ................................................. 05 Accreditaon And Membership ........................................................... 06 Global Recognion ................................................................................. 07 CCU Governing Bodies .......................................................................... 08 Overview of Republic of Malawi ......................................................... 09 Online Distance Program Outside Malawi ........................................ 12 Campus Program, Regular Mode in Malawi ...................................... 27 Our Values ................................................................................................ 28 Admission, Examinaon & Verificaon Process ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Note by the President of the General Assembly
    United Nations A/75/592/Add.4 General Assembly Distr.: General Seventy-fifth session 13 January 2021 Original: English Seventy-fifth session Agenda item 8 General debate Note by the President of the General Assembly I have the honour to circulate, pursuant to decision 74/562 of 22 July 2020, the present compilation document of the statements delivered by Heads of State or other dignitaries by means of pre-recorded statements during the general debate and submitted to the President no later than the day on which the pre-recorded statement is played in the Assembly Hall. The statements contained in the present document were delivered on the morning of Thursday, 24 September 2020, at the 8th meeting of the General Assembly (see A/75/PV.8). Document A/75/592 and its addenda 1 through 11 contain the statements delivered in the 4th through the 15th meetings of the General Assembly (A/75/PV.4-A/75/PV.15). In accordance with decision 74/562, and without setting a precedent for mandated high-level meetings planned for future high-level weeks, the official records of the General Assembly will be supplemented by annexes containing pre-recorded statements submitted by Heads of State or other dignitaries, submitted to the President no later than the day on which such statements are delivered in the Assembly Hall. Submissions in this regard should be made to [email protected]. 21-00390 (E) *2100390* A/75/592/Add.4 13/01/2021 .Niger (see A/75/PV.8, annex I) Address by Mr. Mahamadou Issoufou, President of the Republic of the Niger Delivered on Thursday, 24 September 2020, at the 8th meeting of the General Assembly [Original: French] Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • ASSEMBLY of the UNION Thirty-First Ordinary Session 1 – 2 July 2018 Nouakchott, MAURITANIA
    AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA P. O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Tel.: Tel: +251-115- 517 700 Fax: +251-115- 517844 / 5182523 Website: www.au.int ASSEMBLY OF THE UNION Thirty-First Ordinary Session 1 – 2 July 2018 Nouakchott, MAURITANIA Assembly/AU/7(XXXI) Original: English-French REPORT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL ON ITS ACTIVITIES AND THE STATE OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA Assembly/AU/7(XXX) Page 1 REPORT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL ON ITS ACTIVITIES AND THE STATE OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA I. INTRODUCTION 1. The present Report of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union (AU) on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa is submitted to the Assembly of the AU pursuant to Article 7(q) of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the AU. The Report covers the period from the 30st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU, held in Addis Ababa, from 28 – 29 January 2018, to the 31st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union taking place in Nouakchott, Mauritania, from 1 to 2 July 2018. 2. The report covers the activities carried out by the PSC during the period under review and provides an overview of the state of peace and security in the continent with respect to conflict and crisis situations, presented in the respective geographic regional settings as well as the status of the implementation of various key issues of continental scope within the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA).
    [Show full text]