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New Jersey Rocks J'o- ~c, $' '"' <'~ 0'<; ~0 -4-'1> 1'"1 ;,"-? 1';- <Y Y> ~~"' RUTGERS ~-'t> -fc~- ~ -Pv Q'Y P..y, ~~ ~"o «'.p UNIVERSITY .,-'t>'>; ~~ ~~ .s -( A.,.4.. <"/J' .,, v. ~~ LIBRARY <~',> '<,~ ~t., ~ ~1' -'t>~ -1~ ~ .s/,~: ,., /) ~~ )- J'o- ~c, ({9 $' '"'" ~0 0'<; -P..., -4-'1> ;;-., 1';- <Y ~~"' Y> ~ -fc~- ~-'t> .Pv IJ~ 9:-~ ~>-.y, Q..., ~"o -'t>'>; (<'1' Presented by ~~ ~~ ., .s A.,.4.. -( v. c,' <"/J' ~~ '<,~ d-_,> ~ ~t- The State of New Jersey -'t>~ ~.p ~ -1~ ~ 1.1/,~: ~~ /) )- <'{9 ~c, J'o- $' '"'" 1'"1 0'<; ~0;;-., -4-'1> 1';- ''cl- 't'"' ~~"' (J- Y> ~-'t> :-,; -fc~- ~ .Pv ~-'t> -fc~- ~>-.y, 9:-~ ~"o Qy ~>-.y, (<'1' -'t>'>; ~~ ~ .s c, ~~ -( A.,.4.. "" v -( A.."' <"/J' c,' ~~ <"/J' .,, <~',> '<,~ ~t., ~ d-,> '<,~ ~1' -'t>~ ~ -1~ ~ \$'/,~: ,., -1~ /) ~~ )- '"'y /) '>~ J'IY. ~c, J'o- ~c, <'{9 $' 0'<; ~0;;-., 0'<; -P..., -4-'1> ~0;;-., (J- 1';- (J- ~~"' Y> ~~"' ~ -fc~- ~-'t> -Pv ~ -fc~- 9:-~ ~>-.y, Qy ~"o 9:-~ ~>-.y, ~~ ~~ -'t>'>; «'.p ~~ ~~ c, .s -( A.,.4.. -( v. 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(A pamphlet to accompany a set of nine rocks and six sediments collected in New Jersey.) by Kemble Widmer, State Geologist James S. Yolton, Chairman, Geology Department, Upsala College Prepared and collected by the Staff of the New Jersey Geological Survey with the coopera­ ation of the Geology Department of Upsala College. Bureau 6f,Geology and Topography Kemble Widmer, State Geologist 520 East State Street Trenton 25, New Jersey - 1963 - 1 ABOUT THE COVER The c:over shows the four natural regions or physiographic provinces of New Jersey. The cross-hatched area across northern New Jersey is the Highl:>nds, an area underlain by Precam­ brian rocks with valleys of infolded Paleozoic sediments. The white area north of the Highlands in northern Sussex and Warren Counties is the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province of Paleozoic limestones, shales, sandstones and conglomerates. The area south of the Highlands in Central New Jersey is the area of the Piedmont Physio­ graphic Province underlain by Ariassic shales, argillites and sandstones with associated igneous rocks. The Triassic igneous rocks, the diabase intrusives of the Palisades and the basalt lava flows of the \Vatchung mountains are shown in black. The shading along the Delaware River and south of the line from Trenton to Bayonne shows the northwestern boundary of the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province underlain by Cretaceous and Tertiary sands, clays, and greensand marls. Pleistocene or Ice Age deposits are not shown on the map. Much of the surface of the state is covered by a veneer of this material with morainal deposits of till and outwash in the north and "yellow gravels," sand and loess in the areas south of the Wisconsin terminal moraine. The numbers in the circles show where each specimen in the rock set was collected. 2 NEW JERSEY ROCKS About This Rock Set This set of rocks and sediments (rocks in the making) does not even begin to cover the wide variety of geologic materials which may be found in New Jersey. Our state has over sixty geologic formations, many of which contain several varieties of rocks or sediments. In the New Jersey Highlands there are at least twenty-four different kinds of metamorphic rocks that were once grouped into the four formations which are shown on the geologic map. The Franklin and zeolite minerals would greatly enlarge any collection which sought to have one specimen of each New Jersey rock and mineral. The specimens in this set are not numbered. Educators have found that students will learn the numbers on the specimens rather than the characteristics which determine the iden­ tity and classification of the rock. Anyone who wishes may, of course, number his specimens by following the instructions given at the end of this booklet in the section "Rocks at Home." In this booklet the identifying characteristics are given in the first few lines of each de­ scription. At the back of the booklet one page recapitulates the first line of each rock descrip­ tion and provides a quick reference if we doubt our identification. With a few minutes work most of us should be able to correctly identify each of the specimens on sight. The number, name, geologic age, county and location for each rock and "rock in the mak­ ing" has been printed on the bottom of the box in each compartment. A similar printed sheet, inserted above the rocks to protect the booklet during shipment, may be cut up to provide labels if you wish to display the specimens outside the box. 3 NE\V JERSEY ROCK SET (A pamphlet to accompany a set of nine rocks and six sediments collected in New Jersey) DEFINITIONS- MINERALS AND ROCKS A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance with fixed chemical composition or a fixed range of chemical compositions, definite physical properties and usually a definte crystal structure. This definition of a mineral excludes artificial gems, synthetic crystals, and chemical com­ pounds with some of the qualities of natural minerals. It also excludes coal, petroleum, and natural gas which are classified as mineraloids. Most minerals are what the chemist would call "dirty compounds" because in many instances one or more chemical elements may be substituted for each other in the formula. Although there are over two thousand recognized mineral species and varieties, minerals in only about twelve groups form some ninety-eight percent of the earth's crust. Calcite, feldspar, c1uartz and day minerals constitute the major portion of sedimentary rocks, the class of rock most often encountered at the surface of the earth. Between sixty and two hundred minerals are use­ ful to man, in varying degrees, due to their chemical compositions or specific physical properties. A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. Thus, some limestones may be composed almost t·ntirely of calcite, while others may be mixtures of carbonate minerals. Two rocks with the same mineral (and chemical) composition, however, may have different names because of the form or arrangement of the mineral grains. Quartz fragments are the chief constituent of most sands. \Vhen cemented together by silica, which mav crystallize as quartz, the quartz sand is called sandstone. As the silica content is increased, welding the quartz fragments firmly, an extremely hard rock (quartzite) is formed. Other common rocks such as granite, basalt and shale have a variety of mineral constituents. Similarly, granite and rhyolite are very different in appearance and origin, but have the same gross chemical composition and would have the same minerals if the rhyolite lavas had cooled slowly enough to form crystals. Basalt, diabase and gabbro are composed of the same minerals and are of a similar composition but differ greatly in appearance. In defining a rock it is, therefore, most important to use the word "aggregate" since some rock types are termed conglomerates and represent an assemblage of mineral and rock fragments. Precise use of u;ords in definitions is particularly necessary in geology to assure uniformity for descriptive and identification purposes. All rocks are divided into three great classes-igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Sedi­ ments (the unconsolidated aggregates) and sedimentary rocks cover most of the earth's surface. We observe igneous and metamorphic rocks only where deeply buried parts of the earth's cmst have been brought to the surface or where igneous activity, in the form of volcanoes and lava flows, has taken place. Igneous rocks are the primary type in the development of the earth's crust as they crystallize from hot silicate melts. Under the conditions of temperature and pressure prevailing deep within the earth's crust, it is possible for any type of rock to be converted into a melt (magma) and eventually reform as an igneous rock. 4 Sedimentary rocks blanket about seventy-five percent of the land surface but make up only five percent of the outer crust. These rocks are commonly laid down in beds or layers. They are derived from fragments of pre-existing rocks or by the precipitation of minerals dissolved from other rocks or minerals. Sedimentary rocks contain most of the fossils that are found. They, therefore, can be grouped into formations and are used to determine the geologic age as indi­ cated in Table l, on page 5.
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