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Mathematiker in Der NS-Zeit Mathematiker in der NS-Zeit • Thomas Huckle • Technische Universität München • Fakultät für Informatik • Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Augsburg, 21.10.2019 Überblick (1) Mathematik in Deutschland vor 1933 (2) Verfolgung 1933-1945 (3) Schicksale jüdische Mathematiker 1933-1945 (3) Mathematiker im Krieg (1) Mathematik in Deutschland vor 1933 Göttingen als Zentrum von Mathematik und Physik mit Felix Klein, David Hilbert, und den Physikern um Max Born und Ludwig Prandtl. Entwicklung der Grundlagen der - Mathematik (Hilbert Probleme) - allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (H. Minkowski, D. Hilbert) - Quantenmechanik (Max Born) - Aerodynamik (Ludwig Prandtl) Wikipedia „Hilbert’s Göttingen is still remembered as a Camelot for mathematics and physics. All roads led to Göttingen from 1900 to 1933, just as the mathematical community there had designated a point on the town square ´the origin of the coordinates`.” Yandell, The Honors Class Ernst Hellinger Alfred Haar Hans Minkowski David Hilbert http://news.lib.uchicago.edu/blog/2012/09/21/transcending-tradition-exhibit-opens-oct-4/ Mathematik in Deutschland vor 1933 Andere Schwerpunkte neben Göttingen: - Berlin (Schur, Bieberbach, v.Neumann, ..) - Bonn (Toeplitz, Hausdorff,..) - München (Pringsheim, Perron, Caratheodory) Jüdische Mathematiker waren in herausragenden Stellungen und spielten eine wichtige Rolle in der Gesellschaft: Pringsheim, Hausdorff, … Es fand aber auch schon vor 1933 eine Auswanderung nach USA statt: J. von Neumann, T. v. Kármán, bzw. Emil J. Gumbel. (2) Verfolgung jüdischer Mathematiker - Antijüdische Gesetzgebung - Emigration und Verfolgung - Nationalsozialistische Mathematik 1933 Erste Schritte der Nazis: - Neues Nazi-Gesetz „Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentum“, 7.April: Entlassung aller jüdischen Beamten mit Ausnahme von Wikipedia - WWI Soldaten, - Personen, die seit 1914 angestellt waren, - Personen, die Vater oder Sohn in WWI verloren hatten. - KZ Dachau seit 23. März (aus Anlass des „Reichstagsbrand“) Erste Emigrationswelle: Richard Courant, Albert Einstein, Emmy Noether, Richard von Mises, Hermann Weyl, Hans Rademacher, Wilhelm Prager, Hilde Geiringer Als David Hilbert bei einem Bankett 1934 von dem neuen preußischen Unterrichtsminister Bernhard Rust gefragt wurde, ob es denn stimme, dass sein Institut „unter dem Weggang der Juden und Judenfreunde“ gelitten habe, erwiderte er: „Das Institut – das gibt es doch gar nicht mehr.“ D. Nachmansohn, R. Schmidt: Die große Ära der Wissenschaft in Deutschland 1900–1933, 1988, S. 55 1935 Verschärfung der Nazi-Gesetze: Entlassung aller „nichtarischen“ Beamten (Otto Toeplitz, Felix Hausdorff, Issai Schur) Nazi-Studenten Boykott gegen jüdische Professoren an viele Universitäten (z.B. Oswald Teichmüller gegen Edmund Landau) Nazi-Mathematiker übernahmen die Führung an Mathematikfakultäten deutscher Universitäten (Ludwig Bieberbach, Oswald Teichmüller, Theodor Vahlen, Erhard Tornier) 1935 So gut wie alle nicht-jüdischen Mathematiker verhielten sich ruhig und passten sich den neuen Regeln an. Die einzige Äußerung, die als eine Art von „Widerstand“ gewertet werden kann, war die Ansprache von Bartel Leendert van der Waerden aus Anlass des Todes von Emmy Noether 1935. Max Planck spricht bei Hitler vor und wird abgekanzelt. Wikipedia „Deutsche Mathematik“ 1936 Zeitschrift “Deutsche Mathematik“, um jüdischen Einfluss in der Mathematik zu eliminieren (vgl. “Deutsche Physik”). Intuitionismus und Konstruktivismus (Brouwer, Weyl) vs. Formalismus und Axiomatik (Hilbert) “From constructive proofs one can, at least in principle, extract algorithms that compute the elements and simulate the constructions whose existence is established in the proof. Most forms of constructivism are compatible with classical mathematics, as they are in general based on a stricter interpretation of the quantifiers and the connectives and the constructions that are allowed, while no additional assumptions are made. The logic accepted by almost all constructive communities is the same, namely intuitionistic logic” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1938 Neues Gesetz gegen Juden: „Judenvermögensabgabe“ Entfernen der verbliebenen Juden aus den Akademien der Wissenschaft (Pringsheim, Schur) 1939-1945 Letzte Emigrationen (Toeplitz, Schur,…) KZ (Hellinger, Remak, Blumenthal, …) Selbstmorde (Hausdorff, Hartogs, Epstein,…) (3) Schicksale (jüdischer) Mathematiker - R. Courant - R. von Mises - E. Noether - O. Toeplitz - I. Schur - A. Pringsheim - K. Freudenthal - F. Hartogs - E. Hellinger - F. Hausdorff - R. Remak - O. Blumenthal - S. Banach Richard Courant 8.1.1888 Lublinitz (nahe Breslau (Wroclaw)) - 27.1.1972 New Rochelle, NY Studium in Breslau, Zürich, Göttingen. Topics: Analysis, Funktionentheorie, Mathematische Physik Bücher: Courant/Hilbert: Methoden der mathematischen Physik MacTutor Emigration 1933 nach England, 1934 New York Gründer des Courant Institute, NYU Richard von Mises 19.4.1883 Lemberg (Lviv, Lvov) - 14.7.1953 Boston, MA Studium an TU Wien, Brünn, Straßburg, Dresden, Berlin. Topics: Angewandte Mathematik: Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, Statistik, Numerische Lösung von Differentialgleichungen, Elastizität und Aerodynamik MacTutor Emigration November 1933 in die Türkei, 1939 Harvard Emmy Noether 23.3.1882 Erlangen - 14.4.1935 Bryn Mawr, PA Studium in Erlangen, Göttingen. Als Frau hatte sie große Schwierigkeiten Vorlesungen zu besuchen und eine Uni-Stelle zu erhalten. Topics: Algebra Bücher: Modern Algebra von B.L. van der Waerden, basierend auf Noethers Werk Emigration 1933 to Bryn Mawr MacTutor “You did not believe in evil, indeed it never occurred to you that it could play a role in the affairs of man….. In the midst of the terrible struggle, destruction and upheaval that was going on around us in all factions, in a sea of hate and violence, of fear and desperation and dejection - you went your own way, pondering the challenges of mathematics with the same industriousness as before. When you were not allowed to use the institute's lecture halls you gathered your students in your own home. Even those in their brown shirts were welcome; never for a second did you doubt their integrity. Without regard for your own fate, openhearted and without fear, always conciliatory, you went your own way.” H. Weyl Emmy Noether 23.3.1882 Erlangen - 14.4.1935 Bryn Mawr, PA Studium in Erlangen, Göttingen. Als Frau hatte sie große Schwierigkeiten Vorlesungen zu besuchen und eine Uni-Stelle zu erhalten. Topics: Algebra Bücher: Modern Algebra von B.L. van der Waerden, basierend auf Noethers Werk Emigration 1933 to Bryn Mawr MacTutor Völlig unegoistisch und frei von Eitelkeit, beanspruchte sie niemals etwas für sich selbst, sondern förderte in erster Linie die Arbeiten ihrer Schüler. Sie schrieb für uns alle immer die Einleitungen, in denen die Leitgedanken unserer Arbeiten erklärt wurden, die wir selbst anfangs niemals in solcher Klarheit bewusst machen und aussprechen konnten. Sie war uns eine treue Freundin und gleichzeitig eine strenge, unbestechliche Richterin. B.L.van der Waerden Otto Toeplitz 1.8.1881 Breslau (Wroclaw) – 15.2.1940 Jerusalem Studium in Breslau, Göttingen, Kiel, Bonn. Topics: Unendlich dimensionale Räume, Toeplitz Operatoren/Matrizen, Didaktik der Mathematik Emigration 1939 nach Palästina Begraben im Friedhof am Ölberg, Jerusalem MacTutor „Denn dies ist meine Auffassung: wir müssen die Stellen, auf denen man uns lässt, bis zum letzten Augenblick halten, nicht als ob eine Besserung in Sicht wäre – ausgeschlossen – sondern weil wir sonst in irgend einer Form der allgemeinen Judenheit zur Last fallen, mindestens einem anderen die Stellen wegnehmen. Ich betrachte es als ein Opfer, das ich der Judenheit bringe, auf diesem Posten auszuhalten.“ Wikipedia ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 푡0 푡1 푡2 ⋯ ⋯ 푡푛 푡−1 푡0 푡1 푡2 . ⋮ 푡−2 푡−1 푡0 푡1 ⋱ . ⋮ ⋮ 푡−2 푡−1 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ . ⋮ Toeplitzmatrix: T = ⋮ . ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ . ⋮ ⋮ . ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 푡1 푡2 ⋮ ⋮ . ⋱ 푡−1 푡0 푡1 푡2 ⋮ . 푡−2 푡−1 푡0 푡1 푡−푛 ⋯ … ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 푡−2 푡−1 푡0 Symbol oder erzeugende Funktion ∞ f(x)=σ푗=−∞ 푡푗exp(푖푗푥) Issai Schur 10.1.1875 Mogilev, Russia - 10.1.1941 Tel Aviv Studium in Berlin, Bonn, Berlin Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin Topics: Darstellung von Gruppen, Gruppen von Matrizen Schurkomplement, Schurzerlegung, Schur Normal Form MacTutor Emigration 1939 nach Palästina, Begraben im Trumpeldor Cemetery, Tel Aviv Wikimedia Bieberbach: Ich wundere mich, dass Juden noch den akademischen Kommissionen angehören. Vahlen: Ich beantrage Änderung. Planck: Ich werde die Angelegenheit erledigen. Alfred Pringsheim 2.9.1850 Ohlau - 25.6.1941 Zürich Studium in Berlin, Heidelberg, München. Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (bis 1938) MacTutor Villa in Arcisstr. 12 in München, heute „Münchner Haus der Kulturinstitute“ Topics: Infinitary Calculus Emigration 1938 nach Zürich Schwiegervater von Thomas Mann Kinderkarneval v. Kaulbach Wikipedia Alfred Pringsheim Villa in der Arcisstr. 12 in München, Von den Nazis enteignet und abgerissen für den sogenannten „Verwaltungsbau“, heute „Münchner Haus der Kulturinstitute“ Wikipedia Kurt Freudenthal = Curtis Fulton Ph.D. 1935 an der TU München Emigration 1936 nach Bogotá mit Unterstützung von C. Carathéodory Max Demmel, Dozentenschaftsführer in München, versuchte 1936 erfolglos, ihm die Promotion zu verweigern. 1946 nahm Freudenthal eine Stelle an der UC Davis an und änderte seinen Namen zu Curtis Fulton Friedrich Hartogs 20.5.1874 Brüssel - 18.8.1943 München Studium in Hannover, Berlin, München. Topics: Complex Analysis Verheiratet mit „arischer“ Frau. Scheidung, um seine Frau zu schützen. MacTutor
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