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Radio Propagation Basics

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Radio Propagation Basics Radio link Property of R. Struzak Radio transmission: 2 viewpoints RF LINES & AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT RF LINES & AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT EM wave Transmitter propagation path Receiver Energy radiated Energy received Input Signal Signal Output signal radiate received signal d Information EM wave Information source Transmitter propagation channel Receiver destination (Transmitting station) Signal transformations (Receiving station) Transmitter signal processing due to natural phenomena; Receiver signal processing attenuation, external noise/signals, fading, reflection, refraction, etc. Property of R. Struzak 34 Radio Link model Original message/ data Man-made Transmitter Processing T-antenna Natural onment Propagation medium EM wave Propagation Envir Process Other radio systems R-antenna Noise Receiver Man-made Processing Reconstructed message/ data Property of R. Struzak 35 Why consider propagation? 1. Could my system operate correctly (wanted signal)? • Required signal intensity/ quality of service over required distance/ area/ volume, given the geographic/ climatic region and time period 2. Could my system coexist with other systems (unwanted signals)? • Degradation of service quality and/ or service range/ area due to potential radio interference? – Will my system suffer unacceptable interference? – Will it produce such interference to other systems? Property of R. Struzak 36 Principal propagation effects 1. Basic energy spreading 2. Effects of obstructions (indoor, outdoor) 3. Effects of the ground 4. Tropospheric effects (outdoor) – clear air – non-clear air 5. Ionospheric effects (outdoor) Generally, dependence on - Wavelength (frequency) & polarization - Environment/ climate/ weather - Time Property of R. Struzak 37 What is propagation model? • Relation between the signal radiated and signal received as a function of distance and other variables • Different models – Various dominating propagation mechanisms • different environments (indoor-outdoor; land-sea-space; … ) • different applications (point-to-point, point-to-area, …) • different frequency ranges • … • Some models include random variability Property of R. Struzak 38 Indoor propagation Wall Reflected Scattered Diffracted Direct-attenuated Wall Property of R. Struzak 39 Outdoor propagation: long-term modes Reflection Property ofITU R. Struzak 40 Layers above the Earth 대류권, 성층권, 중간권, 열권 1 Outdoor propagation: short-term modes Property of ITUR. Struzak 41 Waver Refraction and Ducting in Atmosphere 4 Ionospheric “reflections” • The ionosphere is transparent for microwaves but reflects HF waves • There are various ionospheric layers (D, E, F1, F2, etc.) at various heights (50 – 300 km) • Over-horizon commu- nication range: several Ionospheric reflectivity depends on time, thousand km frequency of incident wave, electron • Suffers from fading density, solar activity, etc. Difficult to predict with precision. Property of R. Struzak 42 Waver Refraction in Ionosphere 2 Ionosphere Multi-Hop Propagation 3 Basic mechanisms Property of R. Struzak Radio Wave Components Component Comments Direct wave Free-space/ LOS propagation Attenuated wave Through walls etc. in buildings, atmospheric attenuation (>~10 GHz) Reflected wave Reflection from a wall, passive antenna, ground, ionosphere (<~100MHz), etc. Refracted wave Standard, Sub-, and Super-refraction, ducting, ionized layer refraction (<~100MHz) Diffracted wave Ground-, mountain-, spherical earth- diffraction (<~5GHz) Surface wave (<~30 MHz) Scatter wave Troposcatter wave, precipitation-scatter wave, ionized-layer scatter wave Property of R. Struzak 44 Reflection • = the abrupt change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two dissimilar media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which it originated. • Reflecting object is large compared to wavelength. Property of R. Struzak 45 Scattering • - a phenomenon in which the direction (or polarization) of the wave is changed when the wave encounters propagation medium discontinuities smaller than the wavelength (e.g. foliage, …) • Results in a disordered or random change in the energy distribution Property of R. Struzak 46 Diffraction • = the mechanism the waves spread as they pass barriers in obstructed radio path (through openings or around barriers) • Diffraction - important when evaluating potential interference between terrestrial/ stations sharing the same frequency. Property of R. Struzak 47 Absorption • = the conversion of the transmitted EM energy into another form, usually thermal. – The conversion takes place as a result of interaction between the incident energy and the material medium, at the molecular or atomic level. – One cause of signal attenuation due to walls, precipitations (rain, snow, sand) and atmospheric gases Property of R. Struzak 48 Refraction • = redirection of a wavefront passing through a medium having a refractive index that is a continuous function of position (e.g., a graded-index optical fibre, or earth atmosphere) or through a boundary between two dissimilar media – For two media of different refractive indices, the angle of refraction is approximated by Snell's Law known from optics Property of R. Struzak 49 Super-refraction and ducting Important when evaluating potential interference between terrestrial/ earth stations sharing the same frequency – coupling losses into duct/layer • geometry – nature of path (sea/ land) – propagation loss associated with duct/ layer • frequency • refractivity gradient • nature of path (sea, Standard atmosphere: -40 N units/km (median), temperate climates land, coastal) Super-refractive atmosphere: < -40 N units/km, warm maritime regions • terrain roughness Ducting: < -157 N units/km (fata morgana, mirage) Property ofITU R. Struzak 50 Simplest models Property of R. Struzak The simplest model: Free-space PT = transmitted power [W] d = distance between antennas Tx and Rx [m] PR = received power [W] GT = transmitting antenna power gain GR = receiving antenna power gain PR/PT = free-space propagation Notes:(transmission) loss (gain) Time delay 1. Propagation of a plane EM wave in a homogeneous ideal absorption-less medium (vacuum) unlimited in all directions. 2. Doubling the distance results in four-times less power received; the frequency-dependence is involved (antenna gains vary with frequency) 3. Matched polarizations 4. Specific directions Avaya Property of R. Struzak 52 LOS model • Power flow from T to R concentrates in the 1st Fresnel zone • LOS model approximates the free- space model if: – 1st Fresnel zone unobstructed – no reflections, Avaya absorption & other propagation effects Property of R. Struzak 53 Fresnel Zone • Fresnel zones are loci of T R points of constant path- length difference of λ/2 (1800 phase difference ) d1 d2 – The n-th zone is the region enclosed between the 2 ellipsoids giving path-length differences n (λ/2) and (n-1)(λ/2) • The 1st Fresnel zone Example: max. radius of the 1st Fresnel zone corresponds to n = 1 at 3 GHz (λ= 0.1m) with T – R distance of 4 km: = (1/2)sqrt(0.1*4000) = 10m Property of R. Struzak 54 Okumura-Hata model Microwave transmission gain up to the radio horizon: -n Gavrg = Kd Long-term average K, n – constants Typically: 3≤ n≤ 5 n = 2: free space Free space n = 4: two-ray model The best results – when the constants are determined experimentally for a given Open area (LOS) environment Signal strength (log) Urban Suburban Distance (log) Property of R. Struzak 55 • MAPL = Max. Allowable Path Loss MAPLdB = PTmax(dB) – PRmin(dB) • Max range: Property of R. Struzak 56 MAPL & max range n PTdBm PRdBm MAPL 2.4 5 GHz dB GHz range range m m 2 0 -80 80 100 45 2 +20 -80 100 1000 450 4 0 -80 80 6 4 4 +20 -80 100 32 21 Property of R. Struzak 57 Power budget example Parameters To access Peer to peer at different data rate point . 11 Mbps 5.5 Mbps 2 Mbps 1 Mbps Frequency (GHz) 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 Transmit power (W) 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 Transmit power (dBW) 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 Transmit antenna gain (dBi) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Polarization loss (dB) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 EIRP (dBW) 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 Range (m) 25.1 37.3 60.6 90.1 Path loss exponent (dB) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Free-space path loss (dB) 84.7 90.7 98.1 104.1 Rec. antenna gain (dBi) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Cable loss (dB) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Rake equalizer gain (dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Diversity gain (dB) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 Receiver noise figure (dB) 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 Data rate (Kbps) 11000 5500 2000 1000 Required Eb/No (dB) 8.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 Rayleigh fading (dB) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 Receiver sensitivity (dBm) 80.1 86.1 93.5 99.5 Signal-to-noise ratio (dB) 8.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 Link margin (dB) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . Source: D. Liu et al.: Developing integrated antenna subsystems for laptop computers; IBM J. RES. & DEV. VOL. 47 NO. 2/3 MARCH/MAY 2003 p. 355-367 Property of R. Struzak 58 Non-LOS propagation • – when the 1st Fresnel zone is obstructed and/ or the signal reached the receiver due to reflection, refraction, diffraction, scattering, etc. – An obstruction may lie to the side, above, or below the path. » Examples: buildings, trees, bridges, cliffs, etc. » Obstructions that do not enter in the 1st Fresnel zone can be ignored. Often one ignores obstructions up to ½ of the zone Property of R. Struzak 59 Quiz • A LOS link shown T in the figure was R designed with positive link budget. After deployment, no signal was received • Why? Property of R. Struzak 60 Reflection Property of R. Struzak Reflection: what it does? • Changes the direction, magnitude, phase and polarization of the incident wave – Depending on the reflection coefficient, wave polarization, and shape of the interface • Reflection may be specular (i.e., mirror- like) or diffuse (i.e., not retaining the image, only the energy) according to the nature of the interface. • Demonstration (laser pointer) Property of R.
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