THE PARADOX THAT IS PAKISTAN: BOTH ALLY AND ENEMY OF TERRORISM By Isaac Kfir*

Th is article explores the paradox of Pakistan as a country encouraging Islamist militancy while, at the same time, being a key player in the war against terrorism. It surveys the challenges facing President Pervez Musharraf. It argues that having a “strongman” in Pakistan is not necessarily a bad thing given this difficult situation, but that Musharraf needs to move away from supporting the Islamist parties and needs to forge ties with the more secular political parties if he is both to survive and to be effective against terrorism.

This article reviews Pakistan’s military Furthermore, the government has also efforts against al-Qa’ida and the Taliban introduced legislation aimed at reining in while emphasizing the inherent paradox in the spread of Islamist radicalism by Pakistani domestic policy, which oscillates controlling the proliferation of madrasas. 4 between supporting Islamic radicalism and As the President himself noted, Pakistanis embracing modernization. Simply put, are religious-minded people who have successive Pakistani governments have on allowed themselves to Both Ally and the one hand fostered Islamic radicalism to Enemy of Terrorism be swayed by militant further their ambitions in Afghanistan and preachers because of low literacy rates. 5 Indian-ruled Kashmir , while, at the same Yet, President Musharraf via his political time, seeking to curtail radical Islamism in party has been forging alliances with Pakistan’s own politics. Decades of Pakistani-based Islamic militant groups in Islamization coupled with increased order to cement his rule, even though these sectarianism have left a tremendous imprint groups foment sectarianism.6 Of equal on the Pakistani psyche and have been a concern is the ability of banned groups like factor undermining the country’s stability. Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (now Jamaat ud Da’wa) The current challenge faced by the to continue to operate in the country against Pakistani government is to return the the regime.7 Islamist genie to the bottle. This is made an even more significant challenge because of PAKISTAN’S ROLE IN THE WAR ON Pakistan’s nuclear capability 1 and fragile TERROR domestic environment. There is little doubt that Pakistan plays a The Pakistani government is currently major role in the global campaign against engaged in a number of costly and intricate al-Qa’ida, especially as its own Inter - military campaigns in the unruly areas of Services Intelligence (ISI) helped to create the country such as Waziristan and the the Taliban and promote Islamist jihad. At Northwest Province with the clear aim of the same time , though, this sponsorship rooting out Islamist radicals. At the same gives the ISI tremendous experience and time, it has had to de al with sectarian and insider knowledge as to al-Qa’ida’s tribal violence ,2 coupled with increasing working and thinking. Almost immediately demands for devolution of power.3 after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the

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United States gave Pakistan $50 million in Taliban, and similar groups within assistance , because President George W. Pakistan.12 Bush is determined that Pakistan is central In December 2005, seminary students to U.S. security interests regarding the operating in North Waziristan calling counter-terrorist issue.8 This was a themselves the Taliban released a list of substantial shift in U.S. policy which saw 200 rival tribesmen whom they wished to sanctions impos ed on Pakistan at the kill.13 The appeal of the region as a base to beginning and towards the end of the 1990s, al-Qa’ida and jihadists is easy to following growing concerns over Pakistan’s understand. As one Western journalist put nuclear program.9 it, “Every house is a castle, a vast The American-led international compound ringed by a towering mud wall, campaign against al-Qa’ida and all of its medieval battlements and fronted by a affiliates and associates has forced Pakistan giant, thick door.”14 An example of to make an awkward turnaround, silently Waziristan’s role as an international moving away from supporting Islamist terrorism capital is the belief by militancy toward a campaign largely investigators that at a March 2004 al-Qa’ida demanding its eradication. As President summit held there , a list of bombing targets Musharraf himself said when interviewed for the movement was drawn up, including about the change of policy, albeit with the London subway operation.15 considerable understatement, “It was in our To those who have visited Waziristan, national interest because I knew what the province appears locked in a time would happen now in Afghanistan…. Our capsule. The region is administered as it diplomatic association with the Taliban was was a century ago, when the British Empire going to become meaningless, as obviously controlled the country. Power rests in the they were going to be sorted out.”10 hands of a centrally appointed political agent. The political agent has the power to The Military Challenge of Countering the jail anyone for life without trial, impose “Terrorists” collective punishments on villages, convene The Pakistani Province of Waziristan, courts, etc. 16 Literacy throughout the which borders Afghanistan and allegedly is province is low while poverty is rife. the hiding place of the al-Qa’ida leader, Virtually all the men are armed, usually Usama Bin Ladin, has increasingly become with modern automatic weapons. Such a focal issue in the war against terrorism. conditions tend to bring about general The murder in 2005 of Faridallah Khan, a discontentment and disenchantment, which Wazir tribal leader engaged in fighting al- Islamic militants take advantage of in order Qa’ida, intensified the fear of many locals to recruit new members.17 who liv e in an area partly controlled by al- Waziristan has a rich history of Qa’ida, which assassinates those who fomenting opposition to the Pakistani oppose them.11 Khan is one of fifty tribal government. During the 1980s, the province leaders who have died in Wazirista n became the center for those Muslims because of his opposition to al-Qa’ida, the partaking in the jihad against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Pakistani

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Issac Kfir intelligence agency, ISI, supported by the United States and Saudi Arabia , poured THE CHALLENGES billions of dollars into the campaign. The The Military Campaign against Islamic ISI set up and run dozens of schools that Militancy radicalized young Muslims and prepared The difficulty faced by the United States them for the battle. The southern part of the and its allies in their Afghan and anti- region--especially around Wana and Shikai- Taliban campaign is their inability to -became the largest al-Qa’ida training camp convince large sections of the Afghani and around the spring of 2004; at least 15 camps Pakistani population to support their efforts sprang up around the province , protected by to apprehend Bin Ladin and his associates. the Wazir tribe.18 The allies ’ efforts suffer because of the inhospitable terrain around the Afghan- The Role of Legislation in the Post-9/11 Pakistani border coupled with a tribal World mentality that abhors informing to or even UN Security Council Resolution 1373, cooperating with the central government, adopted as a response to 9/11, demanded considering it betrayal. Concern over cross - that countries submit annual reports to its border infiltration has led President Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) Musharraf to suggest the building of a fence whose principal function is to monitor each to hinder border movement. Moreover, state’s compliance with Resolution 1373. there is also anger towards the policies of The significance of Resolution 1373 was the Pakistani Army, which uses the Frontier that it amounted to a declaration by the Crimes Regulation to impose heavy international community to combat financia l sanctions and sets afire homes of international terrorism. suspected al-Qa’ida members and Due to its proximity to Afghanistan, sympathizers.20 The American destruction Pakistan, Bin Ladin’s main base of of various homes in the region, and operation (at least until Operation Endure especially in Makin, intensified anger Freedom forced him to flee), has sought to towards the United States, which, people embrace these demands to demonstrate its feel, acts indiscriminately.21 commitment to counter-terrorism. Pakistan Pakistan has attempted to deal with has submitted five reports to the CTC Afghanistan, with whom it shares a 2450km highlighting its domestic legislative border, by also establishing a Joint commitment to countering the threat of Interrogative Teams (JIT) and Standing international terrorism. At the heart of its Operating Procedures. The measures are counter-terrorism program is the Anti- designed to arrest and detain criminals Terrorism Act of 1997, as amended in wanted under national and international August 2001, whose aim is to prevent law. The Home Departments of the terrorist acts and sectarian violence in and Northwest Frontier (WFP ) and Baluchistan out of Pakistan. Section 11 of the Act provinces maintain records of all foreigners prohibits organizations involved in terrorist as well as Pakistanis who arrive from activities and bars membership and support Afghanistan. Moreover, Pakistan has to such organizations.19 deployed regular troops along the Pakistan- Afghanistan border and it carries out air surveillance to prevent the entry of any terrorist from Afghanistan into Pakistan.22

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The realization that the area is infested elders and Islamic clerics in the hope of with al-Qa’ida militants, some of whom encouraging them to cooperate with the plotted the assassination of President government in maintaining security. The Musharraf, forced Pakistani security forces four southern-based tribes--Ditta Khel, to take action. The government sent 70,000 Deerhati Khel, Dil Khel and Peerian Degal- troops and paramilitaries into the region, -have signed an agreement with Political supported by jet fighters, helicopters, and Agent Syed Zaheer-al-Islam in Miranshah. Special Forces, to flush out the insurgents. Hundreds of clerics attended the signing to After some intense battles, the Pakistani support the agreement. The four tribes military forces triumphed. They killed made an unconditional pledge with the around 300 al-Qa’ida operatives , more than political establishment not to harbor half foreign-born (mainly from foreigners and to provide full cooperation in Uzbekistan), under the command of Qari maintaining law and order in South Tahir Yuldashev, a leader of the Islamic Waziristan. 27 Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). The However, observers believe that the success of the ope ration in the southern part region is slipping back to Taliban/al-Qa’ida of Waziristan led the militants to move to control as the latter managed to lure tribal the northern part of the province where they militants by offering them large sums of live under the protection of Daur tribesmen money. Pakistani journalists report that “the who appear even less cooperative vis -à-vis fighters got Rs 15,000 as monthly salary the authorities than the southern Wazir while the commanders got advances tribe. 23 running into millions for arms and In the beginning of October 2005, ammunition, communication, and Land Pakistani security forces moved to Northern Cruisers.”28 Pakistani analyst Ayaz Amir, a Waziristan and began a campaign that left former army officer, diplomat, and around sixty people dead, including thirty politician, has said, “In effect, the army is foreigners. This included the killing of confined to fortified bases while the Taliban Tahir Yuldashev, also known as are filling the vacuum outside… The result Commander Chamak, who by this point has been brutal gun law.”29 was a top al-Qa’ida operative.24 The military operation led to the killing of The Historical Legacy & Pakistan’s Hamza Rabia, a senior al-Qa’ida operative Education System who according to Pakistan’s Information Under Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his Minister Sheikh Rashid Rabia was the head Muslim League, which led the movement of al-Qa’ida’s international operations. 25 which created the country in 1947, Pakistan Rashid claimed, "He [Rabia] was very toyed with some level of secularism. The important in al-Qa’ida. He was maybe problem faced by the Pakistani elite soon Number Three or Five.”26 after independence was concern over Hindu The military campaign in Waziristan has India, which led to the active pursuit of also benefited from political strategy. Syed Islamization, which in turn led to Pakistan Zaheerul Islam, a top government developing an “Islamic” identity. 30 administrator in Waziristan, met tribal Consequently, the country focused on

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Islamic education and whereas in 1947, it form of regulatory control. The Ordinance had less than 140 madrasas , within 13 years demanded that every madrasa maintain the figure rose to just over 400. By 1971, accounts and submit an annual report to the when Bangladesh emerged, the figure stood board. The Ordinance also prohibited at 893. Moreover, 1971 was also when the registered madrasas from receiving any Jamaat-i-Islami movement began having its grant, donation, or aid from a foreign own madrasas. By the end of the 1980s, source. Finally, the Ordinance stated that there were almost 3000 madrasas in the appointments of teachers or the admission country. According to official estimates, of students would only be possible for those Pakistan has 10,430 madrasas, with the vast with a valid work visa and permission from majority of students coming from poor the Ministry of the Interior.33 backgrounds.31 As part of its reform program, which As Pakistan’s ruler between 1977 and includes increasing the education budget,34 1988, General Zia -ul-Haq played a the government has proposed new substantial part in encouraging the legislation regarding the listing of madrasas madrasas explosion just as Zia used and school prayer. The decision to expel Islamization to cement his rule. In doing so, foreign students is a positive development Zia won over the country’s powerf ul and is an indication of Pakistani attempts to Muslim clergy. The process also involved change its reputation as the home of the reforming the legal system to establish Islamic radicalism; however, the attempts at Sharia-based courts. Under Zia, legislation reform have drawn substantial criticism was passed to “Islamize” the economy and from the religious Muttahida Majlis -e-Amal eradicate interest-based banks making the (MMA). Maulana Fazlur Rehman of the zak at (Islamic alms) compulsory. Zia MMA , who also serves as the opposition further promoted Islamic doctrines in the leader , described the move as an attack on press, through television, education, etc. “one of the main pillars of Islam.”35 His program coupled with the Iranian Moreover, it is clear that the battle over Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war , and the educational reform will continue. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan provided an impetus to Islamize the country. Surviving Pakistani Politics: The Lack of Consequently, under Zia, the madrasa Democratic Tradition & Sectarianism system, as a report by the International To sustain the military campaign against al- Crisis Group put it, “Churned out hordes of Qa’ida and the Taliban, President religious graduates with few skills or Musharraf has had to make certain political training for mainstream professions. This concessions. This involved turning a blind growing army of extremists in Pakistan eye to leaders of banned groups such as the fought the anti-Soviet Afghan jihad Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (Army of the Pure), alongside the Arabs and Afghans and still Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), and Jaish- serves the cause of jihads from India to e-Muhammad (JM) who preach their Russia.”32 radical Sunni ideology. These groups are The post-September 11 Pakistani protected because of their connections with authorities have attempted to deal with the powerful political organizations, the Jamiat madrasa problem. In 2002, the government Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) and the Jamaati-Islami adopted the Voluntary Registration and (JI). The founder of JI was Abul A'ala Regulation Ordinance aimed to bring Maududi. JI supported General Zia when he Pakistan’s religious schools under some overthrew Bhutto in the 1970s, and it

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The Paradox That Is Pakistan: Both Ally and Enemy heavily supported the jihad in Afghanistan. is a particular cause of concern as the six - The JUI largely provides a more militant party coalition of Islamic parties, the interpretation of Islam with roots in the Muttahida Majlis -e-Amal (MMA), which Deobandi movement which seeks the campaigned on a strong anti-U.S. platform, establishment of a Pan-Islamic State akin to made substantial gains in the October 2002 the seventh-century caliphate. 36 elections 41 and continues to do well.42 At Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LT) is the armed the same time, the Musharraf alliance has wing of the Pakistan-based religious made life difficult for the leading secular organization, Markaz-ud- Dawa-wal-Irshad parties, Nawaz Sharif ’s Pakistan Muslim (MDI). The MDI is a Sunni, anti-U.S. League (PML) and Benazir Bhutto’s missionary organization that emerged in Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). In the 1989. LT also operates under the name of October 2002 election, Sharif and Bhutto its associated organization Jamaat ud-Dawa and some of their followers were barred (JUD), which Musharraf placed on a from contending the election as they faced watchlist in November 2003. The Pakistani corruption allegations.43 government banned LT in January 2002. 37 At the heart of the political change is The SSP is an anti-Shi’a anti-West devolution to more power for local Deobandi party with jihadist tendencies. In governments. Musharraf promoted this the 2005 local elections , it operated under policy soon after taking control of Pakistan the name Millat-e-Islami. They, in some in 1999. The ar gument put forward by the instances, ran in alliance with Musharraf ’s government in favor of the process arises civilian partners. The SSP appeared on the from its belief that good governance is U.S. State Department list of terrorist linked to poverty reduction, especially as it groups as it was believed that some al- became abundantly clear that the poor were Qa’ida activists joined the SSP following vulnerable to predatory and dysfunctional the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan. 38 government servic e-delivery agencies. 44 Jaish-e-Muhammad (JEM) (Army of Devolution, on some level, has raised hopes Muhammad) , also known as Tehrik ul- that Pakistan is developing on a positive Furqaah, Khuddam-ul-Islam, was created note. A review by the World Bank, the by Masood Azhar in 2000. Its princip al aim Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the is to unite Kashmir with Pakistan. United Kingdom Department for Politically, JEM is aligned with Jamiat International Development (DfID) on the Ulema-i-Islam Fazlur Rehman (JUI-F), a December 2003 local government changes radical political party in Pakistan. JEM has suggested that the reforms have been draws support from such militant groups as successful.45 At the same time, one has to Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI) and the be wary that the devolution process would Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM). It has close lead to sectarian and tribal tensions in ties to the Arabs who fought in Afghanistan Pakistan. and to the Taliban.39 This government policy is very much in The Pakistani Economy: Enhancing line with traditional Pakistani politics in Security and Stability which the army works with the clerics.40 It The problem of poverty and the fragile

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Issac Kfir nature of the economy lie at the root of opposition against it. The disadvantage of many of Pakistan’s problems. Husain such a strategy is that it undermines Haqqani has argued that the country’s gross Pakistani development as it allows violence, domestic product (GDP) stands at $75 division, and distrust to continue, possibly billion in absolute terms, giving Pakistan a leading to further insecurity in the longer - purchasing power of around $295 billion. term. As Musharraf focuses on Pakistan’s This makes the Pakistani economy the foreign and economic policy, Islamization smallest of any of the countries that have has entered every institution in Pakistan, tested nuclear weapons. 46 Yet there have including hospitals, colleges, and the also been some improvements, as the direction and personnel of development Musharraf government introduced much projects. For example, wards at the Jinnah needed structural reforms which lead to a Hospital at Lahore have been Islamized. reduction in the size of the civil service, cut The person responsible for the renaming of subsidies on energy prices , cleaned up the the wards, Dr Imtiaz Rasool, a professor of balance sheets of nationalized banks, raised surgery at the hospital and head of Surgical tax revenues , and accelerated a privatization Unit I, had argued for more Islamic process. In 2003, due to remittances from education. He has said, “I think the new overseas workers, healthy export growth generation must be taught spiritualism and an increase in foreign investment and instead of western knowledge. It is amazing aid led to steady currency, a current- that students read Shakespeare and ignore account surplus, and foreign-exchange Muslim saints.” 51 reserves of $10 billion. This is more than On the education front, Musharraf must double their level in 2001.47 have the resources to dismantle and challenge the independent Islamic schools CONCLUSION that far too often breed tomorrow’s The only way to defeat militant terrorists. The 2002 Voluntary Registration Islamism in Pakistan is for the international and Regulation Ordinance does not appear community to continue to support to hinder the teaching of Islamist Musharraf, despite his , or rather his party’s, militancy.52 The government’s efforts to clear manipulation of the local elections in moderate the madrasas has led to such August and October 2005, in which 60 groups as Islami Jamiat Talba (IJT) to people died and around 500 were injured. 48 demand the removal of education minister As Pakistan’s strongman and George W. Javed Ashraf from the cabinet due to what Bush’s “friend,”49 Musharraf needs IJT claims are attempts to promote sufficient funds and international support to secularism through the deletions in overhaul the country’s economy50 and, textbooks of Koranic verses pertaining to more importantly , the education and social jihad. 53 It is essential that the Pakistani system. Unfortunately, Musharraf has government not heed the attacks and chosen to continue along traditional criticism of the IJT, MMA , and other military lines by maintaining and forging religious bodies. Pakistan’s ruling class ties with militant Islamist groups in must develop a better central state Pakistan who not only continue to education system that promotes a uniform propagate their ideology but also continue standard based on a moderate teaching. to propagate sectarianism. Such a policy This would play a significant role in helps ensure that the central government decreasing sectarianism in the country. can avoid ethnic, tribal, and regional Such a move, however, would require

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The Paradox That Is Pakistan: Both Ally and Enemy tremendous amount of courage and power, between the authorities and the militants, which is why the international community who have used the threat of India and needs to show the people of Pakistan that it Kashmir to keep themselves in power. The has faith in Musharraf and in the country. danger of demanding substantial democratic Most importantly, demands for democracy reform would be to allow unsavory Muslim and reform from Western liberals would parties into the mainstream. This would play into the hands of the radicals who have push Pakistan further down the slippery proven themselves apt at manipulating the slope of Islamist rule, as militant Muslims democratic system in pursuit of their goals. have the means and the finances to recruit and indoctrinate the masses. The current The development and growth of civilian- challenge faced by the Pakistani ruling elite based political parties in Pakistan needs is linking civilian-based political parties encouragement. Liberal western democracy with Musharraf’s Pakistan Muslim League must eventually emerge in Pakistan, though (Quaid-i-Azam, PML-Q). This is a risky but this must occur slowly, as the country is necessary course as otherwise , Pakistan still evolving. The role and power of would continue to engage the jihadists militant Islamism in Pakistan is strong militarily by helping them to prepare partly because of decades of collusion another generation of recruits. The words of Singapore’s former Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, seem to match Pakistan’s “Gas pipeline to Uch plant damaged in situation: “I do not believe that democracy fighting,” Dawn , January 4, 2006. necessarily leads to development. I believe Available online at: that what a country needs to develop is http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/04/top2.htm discipline more than democracy. The . exuberance of democracy leads to 3 Senators have argued that the insurgency indiscipline and disorderly conduct which in Balochhistan for example has arisen from are inimical to development.”54 the desire of the people of the province to protect their economic and political rights. *Isaac Kfir holds a Ph .D. from the London “Senators want more provincial autonomy,” School of Economics. He teaches at the Dawn , February 4, 2006. Available online Raphael Recanati School of the at: Interdisciplinary Center and is an associate http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/04/top7.htm at the Institute for Counter-Terrorism . Policy (ICT). 4 President Musharraf has stated, “Action is also being taken against those using NOTES mosques for spreading extremism and those publishing hate material.” Rana Qaisar, 1 The Guardian , January 4, 2006. “Govt to take action against 390 extremists: 2 Pakistani security forces have clashed Musharraf,” Daily Mail, December 22, with tribesmen in different parts of Dera 2005. Available online at: Bugti after the latter fired rockets at a water http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? plant of the Loti gas field. Amanullah Kasi, page=2005\12\22\story_22-12-2005_pg1_4.

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5 “Senators want more provincial Available online at: autonomy.” http://www.dawn. com/2005/12/23/top8.htm 6 The ICG has concluded that “Pakistan- ; “Seven killed in Waziristan gunfight,” based terrorists, foreign or domestic, are Daily Mail December 23, 2005. Available two faces of the same coin.” “The State of online at: Sectarianism in Pakistan” International http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? Crisis Group Asia Report No. 95 page=2005\12\23\story_23-12-2005_pg7_2. (Islamabad/Brussels: April 18, 2005), p. 6. 14 Walsh, “Most Wanted.” 7 Jamaat ud Da’wa reportedly has around 15 Antony Barnett and Martin Bright, “We 3,000 workers running 12 tent cities in Warned MI6 of Tube Attacks, Claim Azad Kashmir and the Northwest Province, Saudis,” The Observer, September 4, 2005. areas severely affected by the October 2005 16 Walsh, “Most Wanted.” earthquake. Jamaat-e-Islami , another 17 See for example Martha Brill Olcott & banned group has its own operation under Bakhiyar Babajanov, “The Terrorist the name of al-Khidmet Foundation. It has Notebook,” Foreign Policy (March/April deployed 12,000 workers. “Our ‘jihadi 2003) , pp. 30-40; “Central Asia: Terrorism, image’ in the quake -hit areas,” Daily Mail, Religious Extremism, and Regional December 22, 2005. Available online at: Stability,” Testimony of Fiona Hill, Senior http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? Fellow at The Brookings Institute, before page=2005\12\22\story_22-12-2005_pg3_1. the House Committee on Inter national 8 “Presidential Determination: Assistance Relations Subcommittee on the Middle East for Pakistan,” Memorandum to Secretary of and Central Asia, July 23, 2003. Available State , No. 31, September 28, 2001. online at: Available onlin e at: http://www.brook.edu/views/testimony/hill/ http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2 20030723.pdf. 001/09/20010928-16.html. 18 Walsh, “Most Wanted.” 9 Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the 19 “Report of the Islamic Republic of Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan (New Pakistan to the UNSC Counter -Terrorism York: Farrar, Straus and Gir oux, 2003), p. Committee on Implementation of UNSC 32. 1373,” January 10, 2002 (S/2001/1310) 10 Quote taken from Peter Taylor, “The [02-20780 (E) 250102 270202]. Crucible ,” The Guardian , August 8, 2005. 20 Taylor, “The Crucible.” Available online at: 21 Walsh, “Most Wanted”; The Daily Mail http://www.guardian.co.uk/alqaida/story/0,, On-line (Pakistan) , October 4, 2005. 1544709,00.html. 22 “Report of the Islamic Republic of 11 Declan Walsh, “Most Wanted,” The Pakistan to the UNSC Counter -Terrorism Guardian, August 1, 2005. Committee on Implementation of UNSC 12 “‘Taliban’ gain sway in tribal region,” 1373,” Daily Times, December 31, 2005. Available 23 Walsh, “Most Wanted.” online at: 24 The Daily Mail On-line (Pakistan) http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? October 4, 2005; Dawn On-line, October 4, page=2005\12\31\story_31-12- 2005. 2005_pg7_29. 25 Ismael Khan, “Senior Al Qaeda 13 “Militants clash with extortionists: seven commander killed,” Dawn (Internet killed,” Dawn , December 23, 2005. edition) , December 2, 2005. Available

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online at: Ashraf Qazi placing substantial emphasis http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/03/top4.htm on primary education. “4 percent of GDP . will be reserved for education in next 26 “Blast 'kills al-Qaeda commander',” BBC budget: Javed” Daily Times, December 31, News On-Line, 2005. Available online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/south_asia/449 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? 4428.stm. page=2005\12\31\story_31-12- 27 “Four tribes vow not to shelter 2005_pg7_14. 35 foreigners,” Daily Times, December 12, “MMA to resist change in Islamiyat,” 2005. Available online at: Daily Mail, December 23, 2005. Available http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? online at: page=2005\12\12\story_12-12-2005_pg7_2. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? 28 “South Waziristan one year on,” Daily page=2005\12\23\story_23-12-2005_pg7_3. Times, December 14, 2005. Available 36 “Authoritarianism and Political Party online at: Reform in Pakistan,” International Crisis http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? Group Asia Report No. 102 page=2005\12\14\story_14-12-2005_pg3_1. (Islamabad/Brussels: September 28, 2005) , 29 “‘Taliban’ gain sway in tribal region.” p. 13. 30 Husain Haqqani, “The Role of Islam in 37 Information obtained from “Patterns of Pakistan’s Future ,” The Washington Global Terrorism,” Office of the Quarterly , Vol. 28, No. 1 (Winter 2005), Coordinator for Counterterrorism, April pp. 88-89. 29, 2004. Available online at: 31 All the figures are taken from “The State http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2003/31 of Sectarianism in Pakistan,” p. 11. 711.htm. 32 “Pakistan: Madrasas, Extremism and the 38 “Pakistan’s Local Polls: Shoring up Military,” International Crisis Group Asia Military Rule ,” International Crisis Group Report No. 36 (Islamabad/ Brussels: July Asia Briefing No. 43 (Islamabad/Brussels: 29, 2002) , p. 9. [Report amended on July November 22, 2005) , p. 12; Kronstadt and 15, 2005]. K. Alan Kronstadt, Vaughn, “International Terrorism in South “International Terrorism in South Asia ,” Asia.” CRS Report for Congress, November 3, 39 Information obtained from “Patterns of 2003. Available online: Global Terrorism.” http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/ 40 “Patterns of Global Terrorism,” 26047.pdf . International Crisis Group Asia Report No. 33 “Additional Information Requested by 95 (Islamabad/Brussels: Apr il 18, 2005); the Chairman of the Counter-Terrorism “Authoritarianism and Political Party Committee,” July 19, 2002 (S/2002/797) Reform in Pakistan” International Crisis [02-50547 (E) 300803] . Group Asia Report No. 102 34 The government agreed to allocate 2.73 (Islamabad/Brussels: September 28, 2005); percent of Pakistan’s GDP to education in Kronstadt and Vaughn, “International 2005-2006, with Education Minister Javed Terrorism in South Asia ,” p. 17.

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41 “The EU’s Relation with Pakistan” 51 Quote taken from Nauman Tasleem (March 2004). Available online at: "Islamisation Creeps into Jinnah Hospital," http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relation Daily Mail, February 3, 2006. Available s/pakistan/intro/. online at: 42 “Pakistan’s Local Polls.” 43 Husain Haqqani, “The Role of Islam in http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? Pakistan’s Future ,” The Washington page=2006\02\03\story_3-2-2006_pg7_24. 52 Quarterly , Vol. 28, No. 1 (Winter 2005) , p. “MMA to resist change in Islamiyat.” 53 91. “IJT slams minister for ‘secularising’ 44 “Devolution in Pakistan: Annex 1 – education curriculum,” Daily Mail, Recent History” (July 2004). Available December 23, 2005. Available online at: online at: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKIST page=2005\12\23\story_23-12- ANEXTN/Resources/Publications-and- 2005_pg7_30. 54 Reports/PakDevloution-Annex1.pdf. Quoted in A.B. Shamsul., “Development 45 “Devolution in Pakistan: Overview of the and Democracy in Malaysia” in Hans ADB/DfiD/World Bank Study” (July Antlov & Tak-wing Ngo (eds.) The 2004). Available online at: Cultural Construction of Politics in Asia . http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKIST (Richmond: Curzon Press, 2000) , p. 87. ANEXTN/Resources/Publications-and- Reports/PakDevolutionSummary- English.pdf. 46 Haqqani, “The Role of Islam in Pakistan’s Future,” p. 86. 47 The Economist, March 20, 2003. For a more updated version on the Pakistani economy see “Pakistan: Selected Issues and Statistical appendix,” IMF Country Report No. 05/408, (International Monetary Fund: November 2005). Available online at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/200 5/cr05408.pdf. 48 “Pakistan’s Local Polls.” 49 See for example “Bush hails Pakistan president,” BBC News (World Edition), June 24, 2003. Available online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/30175 10.stm. 50 Pakistan’s dependency on cotton is proving to be a threat to its economy. “Dependence on cotton threat to economy: experts,” Dawn, December 22, 2005. Available online at: http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/22/nat11.ht m.

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