DOCSLIB.ORG

Reforming Pakistan's Police and Law Enforcement Infrastructure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reforming Pakistan's Police and Law Enforcement Infrastructure UnITEd States InSTITUTE oF PEAcE www.usip.org SPEcIAL REPoRT 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPO R T Hassan Abbas An effective police force is critical to countering insurgency. In Pakistan, an understaffed and underequipped police force is increasingly called on to manage rising insecurity and militant violence. This report evaluates the obstacles to upgrading the existing police system and recommends traditional and Reforming Pakistan‘s innovative reform options, including major restructuring of the total civilian law enforcement infrastructure, without which the police force cannot be effectively improved. Because Pakistan’s police capacity has direct implications for the country’s ability Police and Law to tackle terrorism, the United States and its allies would realize counterterrorism dividends by helping law enforcement efforts through modern training and technical assistance. Enforcement Professor Hassan Abbas holds the Quaid-i-Azam Chair at the South Asia Institute of Columbia University and is a Infrastructure senior adviser at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. His previous papers on the subject of police reforms in Pakistan were published by the Institute for Social Policy Is It Too Flawed to Fix? and Understanding and the Brookings Institution (both in Washington, D.C.) in 2009. He is also a Bernard Schwartz Fellow at the Asia Society, New York, where he is director of the Pakistan Study Group, which is developing “Pakistan 2020: Summary A Vision for a Better Future and a Roadmap for Getting There.” • An efficient, well-functioning police service is critical to counterinsurgency as well as counter- © 2011 by the United States Institute of Peace. terrorism efforts in Pakistan, now and in the future. At the same time, the police force All rights reserved. must also address rising crime rates and a deteriorating law-and-order situation, among many other tasks. SPECI A L REPO R T 266 FEB R U ar Y 2011 • The capacity of the Pakistan Police Service to deliver on all these fronts is severely dimin- CONTENT S ished by political manipulation, the lack of forensic services, inadequate training and equipment, corruption, and weaknesses in the judicial sphere. Disconnect and lack of Current Challenges 2 coordination between numerous kinds of policing and intelligence organizations are major An Opportunity 3 hurdles on the path leading to collective strategizing. Law Enforcement Organizations in Pakistan 4 • Upgrading the existing police system as the central law enforcement institution in the Reasons for Weakness of Law Enforcement country cannot occur in isolation, however. Instead, it must be part of an overarching Infrastructure 5 restructuring of the total law enforcement infrastructure, including a reform of the criminal Counterterrorism Capacity and Interinstitutional justice system and the stripping of politically motivated amendments from the Police Act Complexities 10 of 2002. Both traditional and innovative reforms would be expected to bear fruit in this Recommendations for Reform 12 arena. With a high degree of public consensus on the need for far-reaching law enforce- ment reforms in Pakistan, there is political space to make tough, reform-oriented choices. Pro-reform circles within police are also gaining strength. ABOUT THE IN S TITUTE Table 1. Total Terrorist Attacks in Pakistan, 2006–09 The United States Institute of Peace is an independent, Total Annual No. No. nonpartisan institution established and funded by Congress. Year attacks increase (%) killed injured Its goals are to help prevent and resolve violent conflicts, 2006 675 159 907 1,543 promote post-conflict peacebuilding, and increase conflict 2007 1,503 129 3,448 5,353 management tools, capacity, and intellectual capital world- 2008 2,577 43 7,997 9,670 wide. The Institute does this by empowering others with 2009 3,816 48 12,632 12,815 knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as by its direct involvement in conflict zones around the globe. Source: Pakistan Security Report 2009 (Islamabad: Pak Institute of Peace Studies, 2010). BO ar D O F DI R ECTO rs J. Robinson West (Chair), Chairman, PFC Energy, Washington, D.C. • George E. Moose (Vice Chairman), Adjunct Professor • The United States and its allies, especially the EU countries, would reap major dividends of Practice, The George Washington University, Washington, from an upgraded police service that has as one of its mandates the interdiction of D.C. • Anne H. cahn, Former Scholar in Residence, American militants’ efforts to disrupt U.S. interests and security. However, donor aid in the form of University, Washington, D.C. • chester A. crocker, James R. financial and technical support should be coordinated and targeted toward improved police Schlesinger Professor of Strategic Studies, School of Foreign services, rather than earmarked only for counterinsurgency efforts. Service, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. • Kerry Kennedy, President, Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights • Ikram U. Khan, President, Quality Care Consultants, LLC., Las Vegas, Nev. • Stephen d. Krasner, current challenges Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations at Stan- For many years, Pakistan has been engaged in battling a hydra-headed insurgency in the ford University • Jeremy A. Rabkin, Professor of Law, George Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Mason University, Fairfax, Va. • Judy Van Rest, Executive (KPP, formerly known as North-West Frontier Province). An expanding terrorist campaign Vice President, International Republican Institute, Washing- targeting Pakistan’s major cities is inextricably linked to this insurgency. The growing num- ton, D.C. • nancy Zirkin, Executive Vice President, Leader- 1 ship Conference on Civil Rights, Washington, D.C. ber of suicide attacks across Pakistan underscores the dangerous nature of the crisis. From 2002 to 2005, the total number of suicide attacks in Pakistan was fifteen, while over the ME M BERS EX OFFICI O next four years (i.e., the 2006–09 period), the number rose to around two hundred. The sta- Michael H. Posner, Assistant Secretary of State for tistics on the numbers killed or injured are astounding if all terrorist attacks and consequent Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor • James n. Miller, Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy • casualties are included (table 1). Ann E. Rondeau, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy; President, Pakistan has suffered more than 30,000 casualties in the war on terror so far.2 This National Defense University • Richard H. Solomon, trend continues: around 2,250 civilians and security personnel lost their lives in 2010 alone President, United States Institute of Peace (nonvoting) at the hands of terrorists.3 While those under fire are chiefly religious leaders challenging extremists, politicians associated with progressive political parties, and innocent civilians, the police are increasingly being targeted as a symbol of the state. Terrorists understand well that the military and the police are their most important enemies. The changing tactics and targets of the various terrorist groups operating in the country pose a formidable challenge to a police force with limited resources, poor training, and inadequate equipment. Pakistan’s civilian law enforcement structure has failed to develop any systematic and advanced counterterrorism strategy owing to the lack of modern inves- tigative tools, requisite skills, and incentives. For the same reasons, it is no surprise that the rate of crimes not associated with terrorism has also jumped in recent years. Law-and-order duties and VIP protection responsibilities consume a significant chunk of police resources.4 The lack of forensic support further diminishes police effectiveness and capacity to deliver. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily Corruption, nepotism, and political manipulation are rampant; they damage police integrity, reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace, credibility, and public image. An additional impediment to criminal law enforcement is the which does not advocate specific policy positions. ineptitude of Pakistan’s judicial sector. To request permission to photocopy or reprint materials, Police capacity is critical for tackling terrorism and controlling insurgency-infested areas. e-mail: [email protected] A growing body of empirical research has established that law enforcement, not military force, is the most effective tool for this task.5 As Christine Fair of Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service aptly observes, “A police-led effort would be bet- ter than one led by the army, as the history of successful insurgency movements in disparate 2 theatres across the globe shows.”6 A RAND Corporation study titled How Terrorist Groups End also provides evidence that effective police and intelligence work, rather than the use of military force, delivers better counterterrorism results.7 Douglas P. Lackey in a counterter- rorism article goes a step further when he argues, “The killing of civilians by terrorists is not war, but murder, so the social genre of terrorism is crime, and terrorists should be classified as criminals,” and from this premise he rightly deduces, “If terrorists are criminals, their natural antagonists are the police.”8 As he points out, most of the activities considered vital for any counterterrorism effort fall within the scope of standard police activity, including the forensic analysis of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pakistan Page 1 of 16
    Pakistan Page 1 of 16 2005 Human Rights Report Released | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Pakistan Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Pakistan is a federal republic with a population of approximately 163 million. The head of state is President and Chief of Army Staff Pervez Musharraf who assumed power after overthrowing the civilian government in 1999. The head of government is Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, whom the national assembly elected over opposition parties' objections in 2004. Domestic and international observers found the 2002national assembly elections, the most recent national elections, deeply flawed. The civilian authorities maintained control of the security forces; however, there were instances when local police acted independently of government authority. The government's human rights record was poor, and serious problems remained. The following human rights problems were reported: restrictions on citizens' right to change their government extrajudicial killings, torture, and rape poor prison conditions, arbitrary arrest, and lengthy pretrial detention violations of due process and privacy rights lack of judicial independence harassment, intimidation, and arrest of journalists limits on freedom of association, religion, and movement imprisonment of political leaders corruption legal and societal discrimination against women child abuse trafficking in women and children, and child prostitution discrimination against persons with disabilities indentured, bonded, and child labor restriction of worker rights The government took significant steps to combat trafficking in persons. Its Anti-Trafficking Unit (ATU) was fully functional and resulted in increased arrests and prosecutions of human traffickers. Cooperative efforts between the military, ATU, and international organizations prevented any increase in human trafficking resulting from the October 8 earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Newsletter on COVID-19 Contents……
    E-Newsletter on COVID-19 Vol. 02, No, 08 Issue: 23-25 January, 2021 …..About Newsletter Contents…… Subscribe In order to keep abreast of emerging issues at the National/International and Op-Eds local level, the SDPI brings Articles/Editorials/News comments …………………………….…...02 out a Bi-weekly E-Newsletter on “COVID-19”. National News It carries reference • Islamabad • Punjab information’s to the News • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa • Gilgit Baltistan items/Comments/Op-Eds • Sindh • AJK appearing in leading • Balochistan • National/International dailies. International News Newspapers Covered: • Countries News • Donors News • Dawn • The News SDPI Engagements • The Express Tribune • Webinars News • Researchers Articles • The Nation • Urdu Newspapers • SDPI: Other Engagement • Business Recorder coverages • Daily Times • Pakistan Observer • Pakistan Today • Urdu Point A Product of ASRC-SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute, SDPI Team: Data Managed by: 10-D West, 3rd Floor, Taimoor Chamber, Fazl-ul-Haq Road, Shahid Rasul , Abid Rasheed Blue Area, Islamabad. Pakistan, Compile & Layout Design by: Tel: +92.51. 2278134, Fax: 2278135, Ali Aamer Javed COVID _19: E-Newsletter Op-Eds/Articles/Editorials Op-Eds/Articles/Editorials Procuring vaccines Source: Editorial, The News, International , 2021-01-23 While countries in the neighbourhood, including India with its massive population, have begun dishing out the Covid- 19 vaccine to millions of people, with India setting particularly ambitious targets for itself and also providing vaccine to neighbouring countries including Bhutan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Seychelles, we get no images from Pakistan of people rolling up their sleeves t.....more >> The other have-nots Source: Zehra Waheed, Dawn, Islamabad , 2021-01-23 COVID-19 has impacted us all.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual PTC Final July 013.Cdr
    INING RA C T O E L C L I E L G O E P Training Manual Police Training College (PTC) Quetta Police Training College, (PTC) Quetta, Balochistan Contact : Tel +92 81 289 2685 & +92 81 289 2404 Fax +92 81 289 2763 email: [email protected] Web: www.balochistanpolice.gov.pk INING RA C T O E L C L I E L G O E P Introduction vii 1.1 Training Objectives 1 1.2 Location 1 1.3 Admission / Intake 1 1.4 Quarantine 1 1.5 Uniform 2 Accommodation 1.6 2 Pay & Allowances of Trainees 1.7 2 Traveling Allowances 1.8 2 Organization 3 PART2 CharterofDuties&FunctionofAdministration 2.1 Commandant 5 2.2 Duties and Powers of Commandant 5 2.3 Duties & Powers of Deputy Commandant 7 2.4 Duties of SP / Chief Law Instructor 7 2.5 Duties of DSP (Admn) 8 2.6 Duties of DSP / HQ 9 2.7 Duties of DSP / Training 10 2.8 Duties of Chief Drill Instructor 11 2.9 Duties of DSP / Security 11 2.10 Duties of DSP / General 12 2.11 Duties of Reserve Inspector 13 2.12 Duties of Line's Officer 13 2.13 Senior Duty Officer 13 2.14 Junior Duty Officer 14 Contents PART3 TrainingProgram/Schedule 3.1 Wings & the Courses There Under 15 3.2 Training Schedule 16 A A. Initial Basic Courses 17 B B. In-Service Courses 17 PART4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Special Instructions 19 4.2 Training Material 19 4.3 Library & Reading Room 19 4.4 Games 19 4.5 College Hospital 20 4.6 Misconduct 20 4.7 Leave 21 4.8 Standing Orders 21 4.9 Holidays 21 4.10 Recreation / Short Leave 21 4.11 Method of Instructions 21 4.12 Practical Training for In-Service Trainees 22 4.13 Training in Drill 22 4.14 Physical Training 22 4.15 Musketry 23 4.16 Small Arms Practice 23 4.17 Arms & Ammunition 23 4.18 Training of Drill Instructors 24 4.19 Drill Instructor's Refresher Course 24 4.20 Examination 25 4.21 Examination Board 25 4.22 Award of Grace Marks 1 26 4.23 Cheating in Examination 26 4.24 Examination Results 26 4.25 Grading System 26 4.26 Exemption from P.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Police Organisations in Pakistan
    HRCP/CHRI 2010 POLICE ORGANISATIONS IN PAKISTAN Human Rights Commission CHRI of Pakistan Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative working for the practical realisation of human rights in the countries of the Commonwealth Human Rights Commission of Pakistan The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) is an independent, non-governmental organisation registered under the law. It is non-political and non-profit-making. Its main office is in Lahore. It started functioning in 1987. The highest organ of HRCP is the general body comprising all members. The general body meets at least once every year. Executive authority of this organisation vests in the Council elected every three years. The Council elects the organisation's office-bearers - Chairperson, a Co-Chairperson, not more than five Vice-Chairpersons, and a Treasurer. No office holder in government or a political party (at national or provincial level) can be an office bearer of HRCP. The Council meets at least twice every year. Besides monitoring human rights violations and seeking redress through public campaigns, lobbying and intervention in courts, HRCP organises seminars, workshops and fact-finding missions. It also issues monthly Jehd-i-Haq in Urdu and an annual report on the state of human rights in the country, both in English and Urdu. The HRCP Secretariat is headed by its Secretary General I. A. Rehman. The main office of the Secretariat is in Lahore and branch offices are in Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta. A Special Task Force is located in Hyderabad (Sindh) and another in Multan (Punjab), HRCP also runs a Centre for Democratic Development in Islamabad and is supported by correspondents and activists across the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan's 2008 Elections
    Pakistan’s 2008 Elections: Results and Implications for U.S. Policy name redacted Specialist in South Asian Affairs April 9, 2008 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34449 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Pakistan’s 2008 Elections: Results and Implications for U.S. Policy Summary A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan actively working to counter Islamist militancy is considered vital to U.S. interests. Pakistan is a key ally in U.S.-led counterterrorism efforts. The history of democracy in Pakistan is a troubled one marked by ongoing tripartite power struggles among presidents, prime ministers, and army chiefs. Military regimes have ruled Pakistan directly for 34 of the country’s 60 years in existence, and most observers agree that Pakistan has no sustained history of effective constitutionalism or parliamentary democracy. In 1999, the democratically elected government of then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was ousted in a bloodless coup led by then-Army Chief Gen. Pervez Musharraf, who later assumed the title of president. In 2002, Supreme Court-ordered parliamentary elections—identified as flawed by opposition parties and international observers—seated a new civilian government, but it remained weak, and Musharraf retained the position as army chief until his November 2007 retirement. In October 2007, Pakistan’s Electoral College reelected Musharraf to a new five-year term in a controversial vote that many called unconstitutional. The Bush Administration urged restoration of full civilian rule in Islamabad and called for the February 2008 national polls to be free, fair, and transparent. U.S. criticism sharpened after President Musharraf’s November 2007 suspension of the Constitution and imposition of emergency rule (nominally lifted six weeks later), and the December 2007 assassination of former Prime Minister and leading opposition figure Benazir Bhutto.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia
    Revised Pages Global Digital Cultures Revised Pages Revised Pages Global Digital Cultures Perspectives from South Asia ASWIN PUNATHAMBEKAR AND SRIRAM MOHAN, EDITORS UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS • ANN ARBOR Revised Pages Copyright © 2019 by Aswin Punathambekar and Sriram Mohan All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid- free paper First published June 2019 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 13140- 2 (Hardcover : alk paper) ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 12531- 9 (ebook) Revised Pages Acknowledgments The idea for this book emerged from conversations that took place among some of the authors at a conference on “Digital South Asia” at the Univer- sity of Michigan’s Center for South Asian Studies. At the conference, there was a collective recognition of the unfolding impact of digitalization on various aspects of social, cultural, and political life in South Asia. We had a keen sense of how much things had changed in the South Asian mediascape since the introduction of cable and satellite television in the late 1980s and early 1990s. We were also aware of the growing interest in media studies within South Asian studies, and hoped that the conference would resonate with scholars from various disciplines across the humanities and social sci- ences.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Honourable High Court of Sindh at Karachi
    ORDER SHEET IN THE HIGH COURT OF SINDH AT KARACHI ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date Order with Signature of Judge(s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C.P. No.D-2141 of 2019 M. Jaffer Raza & Others………………………………………Petitioners Versus Federation of Pakistan and Others……………………….Respondents 1. For hearing of CMA No.9628/2019. 2. For hearing of main case. Date of hearing 07.11.2019 Mr. Asad Iftikhar, advocate for the petitioners. Petitioners, Syed Mustafa Hassan Zaidi and Syed Asim Kamal are also present. Mr. Jawad Dero, Additional Advocate General Sindh. Mr. Ishrat Zahid Alvi, and Mr. Hussain Bohra, Assistant Attorney General. Dr. Shakir Qayyom Khanzada, Additional Secretary, Sports & Youth Affairs, Government of Sindh. Lt. Cdr. Imran-ul-Haq, Director (Legal), Pakistan Maritime Security Agency, Karachi. ---------- Muhammad Ali Mazhar, J.: In compliance of the last order dated 29.10.2019, the Chief Secretary, Government of Sindh was directed to convene a meeting with all the stakeholders as well as the representative of the Culture, Tourism and Antiquities Department, to sort out the issue. Today the learned Additional Advocate General Sindh filed a statement alongwith copy of the minutes of meeting dated 01.11.2019. The minutes were forwarded by the Section Officer, Services, General Administration & Coordination Department, Government of Sindh, to the Secretary, Sports & Youth Affairs Department, the Secretary, Culture & Tourism Department, Mr. Asad Iftikhar, advocate, Mr. Jawad Dero, Additional Advocate General Sindh, Lt. Cdr. Imran-ul-Haq, Director (Legal), Pakistan Maritime Security Agency and Dr. Shakir Qayoom Khanzada, Additional Secretary, Sports & Youth Affairs, Government of Sindh. After due deliberation the certain decisions were taken in the meeting which have been incorporated in the minutes of the aforesaid meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Maritime Visibility; Challenges and Way Forward 2 PREAMBLE
    Enhanced Maritime Visibility; Challenges & Way Forward By Rear Admiral Abdul Aleem HI (M) Commander Coast Pakistan Navy 1 PREAMBLE • Maritime Security - continuously gaining prominence • Maritime security is a matter of vital importance for national interests of states • Maritime Visibility - a pre-condition to ensure Maritime Security • ‘Visibility’ - knowledge of all activities that might be going on in our seas of interest Enhanced Maritime Visibility; Challenges and Way Forward 2 PREAMBLE • ‘Maritime Visibility’ - co-existence of presence of maritime forces & knowledge of maritime domain • Absolute maritime visibility continues to remain a predominant challenge • Concept of attaining greater maritime visibility remains fluid and is still evolving • Term ‘Maritime Visibility’ remains open to various interpretations even at times to justify own objectives Enhanced Maritime Visibility; Challenges and Way Forward 3 SEQUENCE • Global Perspective – Maritime Security • Indian Ocean - a major arena of global power contestation posing greater challenges • Pakistan Navy’s approach to address peculiar threats to our maritime interests • Pakistan Navy’s share in global initiatives of making the seas secured & usable by all Enhanced Maritime Visibility; Challenges and Way Forward 4 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE • Need to find grounds for common objectives vis-à- vis ensuring safety & security of all at sea • Today’s Maritime Domain, apart from traditional naval rivalry, also embroiled with variety of unconventional threats • Challenges further compound in
    [Show full text]
  • EASO Country of Origin Information Report Pakistan Security Situation
    European Asylum Support Office EASO Country of Origin Information Report Pakistan Security Situation October 2018 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO Country of Origin Information Report Pakistan Security Situation October 2018 More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9476-319-8 doi: 10.2847/639900 © European Asylum Support Office 2018 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, unless otherwise stated. For third-party materials reproduced in this publication, reference is made to the copyrights statements of the respective third parties. Cover photo: FATA Faces FATA Voices, © FATA Reforms, url, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Neither EASO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained herein. EASO COI REPORT PAKISTAN: SECURITY SITUATION — 3 Acknowledgements EASO would like to acknowledge the Belgian Center for Documentation and Research (Cedoca) in the Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, as the drafter of this report. Furthermore, the following national asylum and migration departments have contributed by reviewing the report: The Netherlands, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Office for Country Information and Language Analysis Hungary, Office of Immigration and Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Office Documentation Centre Slovakia, Migration Office, Department of Documentation and Foreign Cooperation Sweden, Migration Agency, Lifos
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: the Worsening Conflict in Balochistan
    PAKISTAN: THE WORSENING CONFLICT IN BALOCHISTAN Asia Report N°119 – 14 September 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. CENTRALISED RULE AND BALOCH RESISTANCE ............................................ 2 A. A TROUBLED HISTORY .........................................................................................................3 B. RETAINING THE MILITARY OPTION .......................................................................................4 C. A DEMOCRATIC INTERLUDE..................................................................................................6 III. BACK TO THE BEGINNING ...................................................................................... 7 A. CENTRALISED POWER ...........................................................................................................7 B. OUTBREAK AND DIRECTIONS OF CONFLICT...........................................................................8 C. POLITICAL ACTORS...............................................................................................................9 D. BALOCH MILITANTS ...........................................................................................................12 IV. BALOCH GRIEVANCES AND DEMANDS ............................................................ 13 A. POLITICAL AUTONOMY .......................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • The Other Battlefield Construction And
    THE OTHER BATTLEFIELD – CONSTRUCTION AND REPRESENTATION OF THE PAKISTANI MILITARY ‘SELF’ IN THE FIELD OF MILITARY AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVE PRODUCTION Inauguraldissertation an der Philosophisch-historischen Fakultät der Universität Bern zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde vorgelegt von Manuel Uebersax Promotionsdatum: 20.10.2017 eingereicht bei Prof. Dr. Reinhard Schulze, Institut für Islamwissenschaft der Universität Bern und Prof. Dr. Jamal Malik, Institut für Islamwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Webserver der Universitätsbibliothek Bern Dieses Werk ist unter einem Creative Commons Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz Lizenzvertrag lizenziert. Um die Lizenz anzusehen, gehen Sie bitte zu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ oder schicken Sie einen Brief an Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. 1 Urheberrechtlicher Hinweis Dieses Dokument steht unter einer Lizenz der Creative Commons Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ Sie dürfen: dieses Werk vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen Zu den folgenden Bedingungen: Namensnennung. Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen (wodurch aber nicht der Eindruck entstehen darf, Sie oder die Nutzung des Werkes durch Sie würden entlohnt). Keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Dieses Werk darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. Keine Bearbeitung. Dieses Werk darf nicht bearbeitet oder in anderer Weise verändert werden. Im Falle einer Verbreitung müssen Sie anderen die Lizenzbedingungen, unter welche dieses Werk fällt, mitteilen. Jede der vorgenannten Bedingungen kann aufgehoben werden, sofern Sie die Einwilligung des Rechteinhabers dazu erhalten. Diese Lizenz lässt die Urheberpersönlichkeitsrechte nach Schweizer Recht unberührt.
    [Show full text]
  • Peacekeeping: the Role of Police in Peshawar Pakistan from 2013-2018
    Peacekeeping: The Role of Police in Peshawar Pakistan from 2013-2018 Sha Ullah University of Peshawar Altaf Hussain ( [email protected] ) The University of Agriculture Case Report Keywords: Peacekeeping, Society Building, Good Work in Peshawar from 2019-2018, POLICE Posted Date: August 17th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-820248/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/31 Abstract Peacekeeping role is an important factor for the society and the people what lives under it accordingly. It has been there for centuries this think and phenomena to persuade people for their desire and their duty to be fully utilized. This is the active maintenance of a truce between nations or communities, especially by an international military force but in this perspective the military force are considered the POLICE. Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace. Research generally nds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battleeld deaths and reduces the risk of renewed warfare. There are a range of various types of operations encompassed in peacekeeping such as Observation Missions, Interpositional Missions, Multidimensional missions and Peace enforcement Missions. Even though within the United Nations (UN) group of nation-state governments and organizations, there is a general understanding that at the international level, peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conict areas, and may assist ex-combatants in implementing peace agreement commitments that they have undertaken. In this research, the role of peacekeeping in Peshawar has been conducted as year wise from 2013–2018.
    [Show full text]