Landscape Research in Belgium

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Landscape research in Belgium

Marc Antrop Ghent University Dimitry Belayew Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur Emilie Droeven, Claude Feltz, Magali Kummert Gembloux agricultural University Veerle Van Eetvelde Ghent University

ABSTRACT In the federal state Belgium, landscape research evolved from regional geographical monographs to more applied research that focuses upon the specific problems in each of the regions. In the highly urbanized Flanders region in the north, aspects of suburbanization and fragmentation are the most important. Landscape research involves geographers, historians, archaeologists, agronomists, foresters, ecologists and nature conservationists all dealing with specific goals and tasks. The integration is mainly achieved in spatial planning. In the Walloon region large areas are still rural and have a large forest cover, while urbanized zones are rather concentrated. Landscape research focuses here mainly upon the rural involving geographers, agronomists and planners. The natural and scenic aspects of the landscape dominate and the study of the historical development of the landscape is less pronounced. In Brussels Capital region little attention is given to landscape aspects, as social and typical urban problems dominate. Consequently, different landscape typologies are used in Belgium.

KEY WORDS: Belgium, Flanders, Wallonia, landscape

RÉSUMÉ LA RECHERCHE SUR LES PAYSAGES EN BELGIQUE De monographies géographiques régionales, les recherches réalisées en Belgique en matiè- re de paysage ont évolué vers des recherches plus appliquées mais aussi plus spécifiques à chacune des régions de l’état fédéral. Au nord, en Région flamande fortement urbanisée, ce sont les aspects de la suburbanisation et de la fragmentation des paysages qui sont surtout considérés. Ces recherches sont menées par des géographes, des historiens, des archéologues, des agronomes, des fores- tiers, des écologues selon leurs objectifs et préoccupations spécifiques, l’intégration de ces différentes approches étant principalement accomplie à travers la planification spatiale. En Région wallonne, d’importantes étendues sont encore rurales et forestières, les zones urba- nisées étant relativement concentrées. Ici, la recherche en matière de paysage implique principalement les géographes régionaux, les agronomes, les écologues et les aménageurs du territoire. Les aspects naturels et esthétiques du paysage dominent les recherches tandis que l’étude de sa construction historique est moins prononcée. Dans la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, les aspects paysagers rencontrent peu d’attention, celle-ci étant principalement portée sur les questions spécifiques du milieu urbain. De ces multiples approches découle l’élaboration de différentes typologies du paysage selon les régions.

MOTS-CLÉS: Belgique, Région flamande, Région wallonne, paysage

BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 209 FIELDS OF LANDSCAPE RESEARCH

FROM BASIC SCIENCE TOWARDS Hermy & De Blust, 1997; Tack et al., 1993; APPLICATIONS Gysels et al., 1993; Froment et al., 1992; Oncklincx et al., 1987; Neuray, 1982; Van n Belgium, the study of the landscape Hecke et al., 1981). This interest was Istarted with regional monographs by closely related to the early concerns for geographers and historians who followed nature conservation (Massart, 1912). the French tradition of Vidal de la Blache. Last, the interest for the new urbanized In fact, the French geographer Blanchard, landscapes is recent (Antrop, 1994, published in 1906 dealing with Flanders, 2004). made the first leading monograph. This Recent projects and studies dealing with resulted in many regional studies where landscape are more focussed upon landscape was an important topic applied research and policy supporting. (Tulippe, 1942; Christians, 1960, 1961; This shift from basic scientific research to Snacken, 1961; Brulard, 1962; Daels and applications is strongly stimulated by Verhoeve, 1979; Knaepen, 1995), as well funding possibilities. as local case studies in historical geography (Verhulst, 1965; Verhoeve and GEOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE SCI- Larnoe, 1988). Characteristic was the inti- ENCE IN A FEDERAL STATE mate integration between history, landscape genesis and physical geography, Gradually, Belgium became a federal including soil science and geology state with three regions (Flanders, (Snacken et al., 1975). Some more specif- Wallonia and Brussels-Capital) and three ic research followed also the general communities (Flemish, French and West-European tradition of the study of German-speaking). Policy in different rural landscapes (Christians, 1982) and aspects was decentralised accordingly. focussing upon specific themes in the Spatial and urban planning, environmen- landscape such as field patterns and tal planning, agriculture, nature conserva- hedgerows (Petit, 1942; Dussart, 1961), tion, protection of monuments, sites and settlement patterns (Van der Haegen et landscapes became the responsibilities al., 1982; Lefèvre, 1964; Dussart, 1957) or of the regions and communities. land use (Van der Haegen, 1982). Air The consequences for a comprehensive photo-interpretation became also an study of the Belgian landscapes are important tool, not only for mapping important. First, the natural landscape (Wilmet, 1970), but also for landscape gradients (soils, geology, and relief) in analysis (Larnoe et al., 1988; Daels, Belgium are almost all west-east oriented Verhoeve and Antrop, 1989) and archae- zones varying from the north to the south. ological prospecting (Daels et al., 1982; The hydrological system is completely ori- Ampe et al., 1996). The historical ented from south to north. The political approach to landscape evolution is given borders divide the whole of this natural by Verhulst (1965, 1990, 1995). pattern. The results are differences in pol- With the new orientation in geography in icy, legislation, data collection and moni- the 1970s and 1980s landscape research toring. Second, most research is nowa- became marginal. Whereas few geogra- days funded on an international phers joined the revived landscape ecol- (European) or regional basis, not on a fed- ogy (Zonneveld, 2000), landscape eral or interregional one. became an interesting subject for many disciplines. A lot of interesting research The gradual process of federalization of emerged in ecology, agronomy, forestry the Belgian State stimulated this split and and planning (Gulinck and Wagendorp, led to different approaches in the Flemish 2002; Gulinck, 2001; Froment, 1999; and Walloon region (Daels and Verhoeve,

210 Landscape research in Belgium 1979; Antrop et al., 1985; Schreurs, 1986; Only at the University of Ghent a core of Christians, 1987). Publications dealing landscape researchers remained. Their with the landscapes of Belgium as a work is characterised by a regional syn- whole are becoming rare. The synthesis thetic approach on an interdisciplinary about Belgian geography made by basis (Snacken, 1981). Much of the work Christians and Daels (1988) describes is interdisciplinary, joining (regional) geo- landscapes as one characteristic of the graphers, archaeologists, historians, soil geographical regions, although a sepa- scientists and (landscape) ecologists in rate chapter in the bibliography is devot- common projects. ed to landscapes. In the major work about the geography of Belgium (Denis, 1992) In the Walloon Region, landscape no chapter is devoted to landscape; ref- research focused upon the rural land- erence to landscapes are only found indi- scape through agrarian structure and set- rectly in the chapter of the rural areas or tlement forms (Christians, 1964, 1987) as regions (Christians et al., 1992). The bibli- well as through architecture (Genicot, ographic inventories made for I.G.U. con- 1984-1992; Demeuldre, nd). In the 1990s, gresses (Denis, 1996) do not have a the interest for environmental issues con- chapter or index entry to landscape cerning the landscape component research at all. References about land- increased, also through the publication of scape studies should be looked for in the a compendium of the actions and knowl- chapter of agriculture and rural develop- edge about landscape in the Walloon ment. This clearly shows the reduction of Region in the «Etat de l’environnement the broad meaning of landscape in the wallon» (Ministère de la Région Wallonne, thinking of many Belgian geographers at 1997). This synthesis tackled the question the end of the 20th century. of urban landscape.

BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 211 DISCIPLINES INVOLVED and organisations in Belgium dealing with several fields of landscape Table 1 gives an overview of institutions research.

Institution/organisation Fields of landscape research

Landscape science and environmental planning, Landscape science: landscape genesis, land- Geography Department, University of Ghent, scape ecology, landscape planning, landscape Flanders architecture and land evaluation http://geoweb.rug.ac.be Regional, historical geography and social geography, regional and environmental planning, impact assessment

Laboratory for forest, nature and landscape Research and applications for : research, department of land management, facul- - forest management ty of agricultural and applied biological science, - nature conservation University of Leuven - nature development http://www.sadl.kuleuven.ac.be/lbh - landscape analysis

Department of Geography, University of Leuven: Geomorphology and regional geography Section for Physical and Regional Geography; Spatial techniques and landscape evolution, GIS Section for Social and Economical Geography for environmental modelling http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/geografie Agricultural statistics and rural development

Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Environmental impact assessment Brussel Human ecology http://www.vub.ac.be/DGGF

Interfaculty Centre for Agrarian History History of Agriculture and Food http://www.cagnet.be

Department Monument and Landscape, Flemish Inventorying and protection of monuments, sites government and landscapes (Monument and Site Division) http://www.monument.vlaanderen.be

Vlaamse Landmaatschappij (VLM) Land development http://www.vlm.be Land consolidation

Institute for Nature Conservation Nature report, nature development and –policy, http://www.instnat.be ecology, ecotope classification and biological valuation mapping, ecohydrology, landscape ecology

Institute for Forestry and Game Management Forestry and fishery research and policy, forest http://www.ibw.vlaanderen.be ecology, management and protection Game management, fish habitat restoration

Flemish Institute for the Archaeological Heritage Archaeological inventory and surveying http://www.monument.vlaanderen.be

Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij (VMM, Flemish Environmental policy, planning and reporting Environmental Agency), MINA-council http://www.vmm.be/ http://www.milieubeleidsplan.be

Brussels Institute for Environmental Management Green areas (parks and gardens, Zoniënwoud http://www.ibgebim.be/ and forests, nature reserves, fauna and flora, green network, blue network)

212 Landscape research in Belgium Laboratoire d’aménagement des territoires, Land management (local and regional), Gembloux Agricultural University landscape evolution, regional landscape, landscape http://www.fsagx.ac.be/fac/fr/unites/st.asp heritage, system of territorial information management, local development Centre de Formation Continuée en Géographie Geographical analysis of landscape, rural and (CEFOGEO) - Department of Geography - Faculté urban landscape, pedagogy universitaire Notre Dame de Namur http://www.fundp.ac.be/recherche/projets/fr/88276 004.html Université de Liège - Hyperpaysages Environment and landscape pedagogy, immer- http://www.ulg.ac.be/geoeco/lmg/competences/a sion in landscape, landscape global approach ctivites/hyperpaysages.html Groupe Interuniversitaire de Recherches en Analysis of biologic and landscape components Ecologie Appliquée (Girea) - Université de Liège of the environment, nature conservation, natural http://www.ulg.ac.be/girea/ resources management, regional development, environmental impacts, landscape integration, classified sites pilot management plans Institut de Gestion de l’Environnement et Environmental management, regional and local d’Aménagement du territoire (IGEAT) - Université development, heritage, monuments and sites, Libre de Bruxelles ecotoxicology, applied geography, sustainable http://www.ulb.ac.be/facs/igeat/index.html development, tourism analysis and management Département d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’art - Environmental and interdisciplinary archeology, Faculté de philosophie et lettres - Université landscape dynamics catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve http://www.fltr.ucl.ac.be/FLTR/ARKE/arke.html Geography Unit - Faculty of Sciences - Spatial modelling, changes in land occupation, Department of geology and geography - landscape evolutions, changes of agricultural, Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve structures, deforestation or reforestation, urbani- http://www.geo.ucl.ac.be/UNITES/GEOG/index.html sation Conférence permanente du développement terri- Research and applications on land management, torial (CPDT) de la Région wallonne territorial management of the environment, land- http://cpdt.wallonie.be scape heritage Direction générale de l’aménagement du territoi- Heritage protection re, du logement et du patrimoine - Division du patrimoine - MRW http://www.skene.be/rwdp Direction générale des ressources naturelles et Environmental policy and planning, nature de l’environnement - Walloon government conservation, nature development http://environnement.wallonie.be/cgi/dgrne/plate- forme_dgrne/visiteur/frames.cfm Commission royale des monuments, sites et Heritage protection, consultative organ fouilles de la Région Wallonne (CRMSF) http://www.crmsf.be / Fondation rurale de Wallonie (FRW) Rural development operations, architectural and http://www.frw.be urbanistic aid Association de défense de l’environnement de la Landscape analysis on the whole Walloon terri- Senne et de ses affluents (ADESA) tory Le Centre International pour la Ville, l’Architecture Library and archives center, documentation et le Paysage http://www.civa.be/

Belgian association of gardens and landscape architects Professional association http://www.bvtl-abajp.org/

Table 1. Institutions in landscape research and study fields.

BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 213 LANDSCAPE TYPES AND REGIONS

A SMALL COUNTRY BUT A HIGH DIVER- already started in 1835 (Van der Haegen, SITY OF LANDSCAPES SUPPORTING A 1992), meant the opening of the country- WIDE VARIETY OF CHANGES side and initiated the first important trans- formations of the rural landscapes, in par- The regional and landscape diversity is ticular near the disclosed places. The very large in the small geographic territo- Belgian situation illustrates very well the ry of Belgium (Christians & Daels, 1988; difficulty to distinguish urban and rural Antrop, 1994, 1996). This is explained by landscapes. The Global Report on its physical structure, which is very varied Human Settlements (United Nations and which is amplified by very diverse Centre for Human Settlement (HABITAT), cultural influences during a long history 1996) gives for Belgium the misleading (table 2). Belgium, which is sometimes number of 97% of urban population in described as the battlefield of Europe, 1995. In the most urbanised part, i.e. the was created as a buffer state in 1830. The region of Flanders, the average popula- physical structure gives the basis for the tion density was about 431 inhabitants classification of geographical regions and per square kilometre in 1993, while the of the traditional landscapes (Antrop, uplands of the Ardennes in southern 1997; Christians and Daels, 1988). Belgium face average densities of 40 In a densely populated and highly indus- inhabitants per square kilometre (Van trialised country, the pressures upon the Hecke & Dickens, 1994; Ministère de la geographical space are high and the Région Wallonne, 1998). The urban changes are rapid. Actually, the land- fringes occupy vast areas. The urbanisa- scapes in Belgium show a wide variety of tion of the countryside occurs in many dif- changes due to urbanisation and frag- ferent forms and is the most important mentation by transport infrastructures. In factor in the transformation of the land- fact, the development of railway, that scapes of Belgium (Antrop, 1994, 1998).

214 Landscape research in Belgium STAGES OF LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

Historical period Major impacts on landscape

Neolithicum Introduction of agriculture and first semi-sedentary settlements on the fertile loamy soils (Limburg, Haspengouw, Hainoult) with shifting cultivation. Important mining (silex) along Sambre –Meuse rivers.

Bronze Age Agriculture expands to the sandy soils; many burial fields in sandy Flanders.

Iron Age Celtic population: introduction of new technology and agricultural practices (crop rotation, manure plaggen). Occupation continuity since the Bronze age; hill fort settlements.

Roman period In the coastal zone: Transgressions and floods, new marshland, new settlements. Important salt and peat exploitation and trade. Border zone of Roman Empire. Elsewhere: After Gallic wars; long period of peace and prosperity: colonial agriculture in loamy regions (villae), important cities and new road network From the 3rd century: land surrender, decline of cities and villages, disappear- ance of dispersed colonial farms, increase of forest and waste land.

Middle Ages The river Scheldt was an important political border for many centuries between the French kingdom and the German empire and at the same time an important transport route. Storms and floods in the 11th and 12th centuries affect coastal zones and estu- aries. Strong population growth, important new land reclamations and clearing; the basic structure of the actual cultural landscape is formed.

Demographic Main expansion of the population especially in the cities. expansion (16th century)

Demographic First ‘national’ and centralized stone roads built; network of new canals between crisis (17th-18th Ghent, Bruges and Ostend constructed. centuries) Landscape architecture: development of lanes between castles and churches.

Industrial Textile manufacturing in the Flemish cities that grow fast; based on coal mining revolution (18th and steal industry in the Walloon corridor of Mons to Liege. Massive migration century until from rural areas to cities. World War II) Development of railway network; improvement of waterways and roads. 1831: Foundation of Belgium as an independent constitutional monarchy. Battle field of two World Wars: fortifications, social break with the past traditions in the rural countryside.

Post World War A series of institutional reforms started in 1960s: Belgium became gradually a federal state composed of communities and regions. Physical and environmental planning, nature protection, landscape management and agriculture become regional policy matters. Economical prosperous period: urban sprawl based on massive car mobility, new motorway network and canals, vast industrial areas along the sea ports and reconversion of old industrial (mining) zones. Land consolidation and upscaling of agriculture; environmental deterioration and loss of cultural landscape heritage.

Table 2. Stages of landscape development in Belgium.

BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 215 TAKING CARE OF THE LANDSCAPE Relics are not classified according to their age or nature, but to their spatial proper- In the 19th century the new state of ties. Thus, relic zones, anchor places, Belgium followed the international trend of lines, points and views are distinguished protecting areas for their natural and and mapped in a GIS linked to a relation- esthetical quality (Van Hoorick, 1999). al database. The finalisation of this atlas This resulted in laws concerning the pro- was achieved in 2000. For the first time it tection and listing of monuments and gives a complete coverage of remaining landscapes. Landscapes could be pro- landscape values in the highly urbanised tected for their «scientific, cultural-histori- and fragmented Flemish landscape (see cal and esthetical value of national impor- Hofkens & Roosens, 2001). The atlases tance». After the federalisation of the will be used intensively for further land- Belgian State, protection of the landscape scape protection, spatial and environ- became the responsibility of the Regions. mental planning and environmental Today, the three regions of Belgium have impact assessment. their own legislation. Gradually, objec- In the Wallonia, Neuray’s work (1982) was tives, interests and legislation about fundamental for an integrated and multi- nature conservation and landscape pro- disciplinary approach in landscape evalu- tection diverged, not only between the ation. His work introduced the evaluation federal regions but also within each one. of sites prior to land reallocation. It also In Flanders for example, visions about the formed the basis for the guidelines for the landscape are found in the legislation for architecture of new agricultural buildings landscape protection, but also in the ones (Ministère de la Région Wallonne, 2001). concerning nature conservation and spa- To promote active protection of sites and tial planning. Although the different poli- heritage values in the countryside several cies focus upon different aspects of the associations were created, such as landscape, they are not always concerted «Qualité Village Wallonie» and and make an integrated holistic approach «Fondation rurale de Wallonie». of the landscape management difficult. In 2000, the government of the Walloon In Wallonia, no specific legislation exists Region installed the «Conférence but several landscape management tools Permanente du Développement are available, such as the «Plan de Territorial», which was given the task to secteur» and the «Schéma de structure make the inventory of Walloon land- communal» for the regional and local land scapes according to the European management. Since 1985, building in Landscape Convention (Council of rural areas is regulated by the Europe, 2000). This resulted in the map of «Règlement général sur les Bâtisses en the «Territoires Paysagers», mainly based Site rural». on physical structures and land cover and aims to characterise the different land- However, in Belgium, there is a growing scapes at a scale of 1/50.000. This work interest in grouping and organising the was finalised in 2003 and gives a basis for many local thematic initiatives for the pro- further work on identification of heritage tection of the cultural heritage in the land- landscapes (Feltz et al., 2004). scape. In 1996, a survey started to map the relics LANDSCAPES OF FLANDERS AND of the traditional landscapes in Flanders, WALLONIA based upon the orthophotomaps of 1990 (Antrop & Van Nuffel, 1997; Antrop, 2001). In Flanders and Wallonia a different typol- For each province, an atlas was created ogy and classification of the landscapes with maps at a scale of 1/50.000. These is used. In Flanders the traditional land- indicated the cultural and esthetical relics scapes form the main framework (Figure that were complementary to the natural 1). They represent the landscapes based ones already mapped in the Biological upon natural conditions and cultural-his- Valuation map (De Blust et al., 1985). torical aspects before the great changes

216 Landscape research in Belgium that started in the 18th century. In landscape in different aspects. The Wallonia, landscape territories (territoires «quality of space», which implies environ- paysagers) are used, which are based mental quality as well as spatial organisa- upon ensembles defined by physical- tion and physical planning, is considered geographical properties and the actual insufficient and should be improved. It is land use forming scenic units (Figure 2). believed that a structural change will improve many functional aspects. ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPA- Considering the landscape, spatial plan- TIAL PLANNING AND MONITORING ning focuses on the conservation of the remnants of undisturbed traditional land- Care for the landscape is explicitly men- scapes and on the intensification of tioned in the spatial and environmental recognisable and legible structural relief planning policies of the different regions forms and transitions between different of Belgium. Because of the different geo- landscape types and regions. Also, the graphical conditions and because of dif- perceptive meaning of visual landmarks ferences in policy and legislation, the in structuring space is considered impor- approach to landscape management is tant as well as the making of buffer corri- different too (Van den Bergh, 1999). dors of open space between urban In Flanders, policy rules related to the zones. The main problems are defined by landscape are found in both spatial the important suburbanisation and the («Ruimtelijk Structuurplan Vlaanderen» high-density transportation infrastructure, RSV) and environmental (Mina-plan2) both causing severe fragmentation of the planning. Both plans explicitly refer to countryside with important losses or

Figure 1. Traditional landscapes of the Flanders Region. 0. Main urban agglomerations, 1. Coast and dunes, 2. Coastal Polderland, 3. Polderland of the Scheldt river, 4. Interior Flanders, flat and sandy soils in the Flemish Valley, 5. Interior Flanders, flat and sandy soils, 6. Interior Flanders, hilly and loamy soils,7. Northern Kempenland, 8. Central Kempenland, 9. Southern Kempenland, 10. Plateau of Kempenland, 11. Maasland, 12. Hageland, 13. Dry Haspengouw, 14. Wet Haspengouw, 15. Brabantse Ardennen, 16. Voerstreek, 17. The tidal Scheldt valley, 18. The Scheldt valley, 19. The Dijle-Gete-Demer valleys, 20. The Nete valley, 21. The Ijzer valley, 22. The Meuse valley. Brussels Capital region is not mapped.

BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 217 Figure 2. Territoires paysagers of Wallonia - 01 Hainaut silty plain and low plateau, 02 Brabant valleys, 03 Brabant and Hesbaye low silty plateau, 04 Entre-Vesdre-et-Meuse, 05 Haine and Sambre, 06 Meuse, 07 Fagne, 08 Condroz middle plateau, 09 Fagne-Famenne depression and edge, 10 Thiérache, Sarts & Rièzes, 11 Nord-east Ardennes high plateau, 12 Central Ardennes high plateau, 13 Cuestas of Lorraine.

degradation of both natural and cultural l’Espace Régional» (SDER). Development values of the landscape. The rapid means the improvement of the quality of homogenisation of the landscapes is living. The Walloon territory is seen as «a recognised, as well as the loss of identity collective heritage for its inhabitants». and diversity of natural, ecological and Urban and rural landscapes are both con- cultural values. Therefore, surveys and sidered and valued for having a great inventories of landscapes and environ- diversity, which is important for the envi- mental qualities are considered of high ronmental quality and for cultural and ter- importance. Also, the setting up of inte- ritorial identity. Degraded landscapes are grated monitoring systems is considered. considered as negative for the image of In the Walloon region, the spatial planning the Walloon region. Urbanisation process- policy is based upon the «Code Wallon es also affect towns and village fringes de l’Aménagement du Territoire, de and the continuing development of trans- l’Urbanisme et du Patrimoine» (CWATUP) portation infrastructures causes fragmen- and realised by a spatial master plan tation of the countryside. called «Schéma de Développement de

218 Landscape research in Belgium FUTURE LANDSCAPES AND LANDSCAPE RESEARCH

The change of the Belgian landscapes in sive agricultural areas. Non-ground bound the future is likely to be conditioned mostly agriculture is likely to develop further. by changing mobility patterns and accessi- Landscape research will be more policy- bility of places. It is likely that edge cities oriented. The sources of funding indicate will continue to develop in the highly urban- that less fundamental than applied ized areas and at the best time-accessible research will develop in close relationship places. In the countryside functional to spatial and urban planning. Also, a syn- changes will be more likely than important thesis of Belgium is needed in the interna- morphological changes in housing and tional context. A landscape character land use. Uncertain is the effect of the typology for the whole of the country will changing EU CAP, in particular in the inten- be published in the new National atlas.

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BELGEO • 2004 • 2-3 221 Marc Antrop and Veerle Van Eetvelde Geography Department, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S8 9000 Ghent, Belgium, [email protected] [email protected]

Dimitry Belayew Département de Géographie Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur, Belgium, [email protected]

Emelie Droeven and Magali Kummert Laboratoire d’Etude en Planification Urbaine et Rurale (LEPUR) Gembloux agricultural University Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, [email protected] [email protected]

Claude Feltz Unité Sol-Ecologie-Territoires, Laboratoire d’aménagement des territoires Gembloux agricultural University Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux, Belgium [email protected]

manuscript submitted in September 2003; revised in March 2004

222 Landscape research in Belgium