Máquina, Corpo E Erotismo Nos Filmes De Andy Warhol

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Máquina, Corpo E Erotismo Nos Filmes De Andy Warhol UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES CALAC NOGUEIRA SALGADO NEVES Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol SÃO PAULO 2017 CALAC NOGUEIRA SALGADO NEVES Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol Versão corrigida (Versão original encontra-se disponível na Biblioteca da ECA-USP e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP — BDTD) Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais Área de Concentração: Meios e Processos Audiovisuais Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cristian Borges São Paulo 2017 I Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo Dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) Nogueira, Calac Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol / Calac Nogueira. -- São Paulo: C. Nogueira, 2017. 129 p.: il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais - Escola de Comunicações e Artes / Universidade de São Paulo. Orientador: Cristian Borges Bibliografia 1. Andy Warhol (1928-1987) 2. Cinema Experimental I. Borges, Cristian II. Título. CDD 21.ed. - 791.43 II FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Calac Nogueira Salgado Neves Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais. Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.: __________________________________________ Instituição: ________________________________________ Assinatura: ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________________________ Instituição: ________________________________________ Assinatura: ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________________________ Instituição: ________________________________________ Assinatura: ________________________________________ III Agradecimentos Ao Cristian, pelo acolhimento, a abertura, o diálogo e a orientação tranquila. Ao Prof. Dr. Carlos Adriano e à Prof.a Dra. Monica Tavares, pela leitura atenta do relatório de qualificação e pelas ideias estimulantes. Aos colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais, pela amizade e troca intelectual, em especial Edson Costa, Lucas Baptista, Maria Chiaretti, João Vitor Leal, Pedro Faissol, Raul Arthuso e Tainah Negreiros. À Livia Lima, pela revisão e por tornar os últimos meses de escrita menos solitários. Aos meus pais, pelo apoio imenso, sempre. À Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior), pela bolsa concedida. IV NOGUEIRA, C. Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol. 2017. 132 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo. RESUMO O trabalho discute os filmes realizados por Andy Warhol entre 1963 e 1969. No primeiro capítulo, “A máquina”, discutimos algumas questões mais gerais e teóricas sobre a passagem de Warhol pelo cinema, em especial a constituição de um estilo impessoal e maquínico, que o artista parece trazer diretamente de sua prática anterior na pintura. No segundo capítulo, “Corpo, superfície e erotismo”, observaremos como essa máquina atua na prática, submetendo os corpos filmados a um rígido dispositivo, trazendo à tona reflexões sobre temas como a performance e o erotismo nesses filmes. Palavras-chave: Warhol, Andy (1928-1987); cinema experimental; erotismo ABSTRACT NOGUEIRA, C. Máquina, corpo e erotismo nos filmes de Andy Warhol. 2017. 132 p. Dissertation (Masters) – Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo. The present work is focused on the films directed by Andy Warhol between 1963 and 1969. On the Chapter 1, “The Machine”, we’ll deal with more wide and theoretical questions concerning Warhol’s itinerary through cinema, in particular the setting up of an impersonal and machinic style brought to cinema by the artist from his previous practice on painting. On the Chapter 2, “Body, Surface and Eroticism”, we’ll see how this machine works in practical terms by subduing the bodies to its rigid apparatus, bringing out issues such as the performance and the eroticism in those films. Keywords: Warhol, Andy (1928-1987); experimental cinema; eroticism V SUMÁRIO Introdução ................................................................................................................ 1 Capítulo 1: A máquina ...........................................................................................23 1.1. Falsa simplicidade ...................................................................................... 24 1.2. Fases e gêneros .......................................................................................... 27 1) Filmes silenciosos .............................................................................. 27 2) Cubo e palco ...................................................................................... 29 3) Arquétipos e sexplotation .................................................................. 31 Filmes-retratos ...................................................................................... 35 1.3. A máquina ................................................................................................. 39 Película .................................................................................................. 44 Influências ............................................................................................. 47 Amadorismo .......................................................................................... 54 1.4. Dispositivo e prazer de olhar ................................................................... 56 Capítulo 2: Corpo, superfície e erotismo ............................................................ 63 2.1. Um cinema do corpo ..................................................................................64 Opacidade e esvaziamento ..................................................................... 67 Tempo e tautologia ................................................................................ 69 Cinema materialista ................................................................................73 Performance e presença ......................................................................... 75 Corpo e palavra ..................................................................................... 81 Histórias do corpo: Vinyl e I, a Man ..................................................... 84 2.2. Pele e superfície ........................................................................................ 88 Sentido de superfície .............................................................................. 91 2.3. Erotismo ................................................................................................... 98 Objetificacão e voyeurismo ............................................................... 102 Universo queer .................................................................................... 106 Blue Movie ........................................................................................... 113 Considerações finais .......................................................................................... 117 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................ 120 Filmografia ........................................................................................................ 125 VI Introdução Embora por muito tempo tenham sido vistos como uma produção marginal dentro da obra de Andy Warhol, os filmes ocuparam um espaço significativo no trabalho do artista nos anos 1960. Foram dezenas e dezenas filmes das mais diversas durações, entre obras acabadas e inacabadas, ultrapassando em muito a marca das centenas se contarmos os famosos Screen Tests, pequenos filmes com duração de um rolo 16mm de cerca de três minutos, rodados com praticamente qualquer um que aparecesse na Factory.1 Do ponto de vista do volume de produção, Warhol tem lugar assegurado entre os realizadores que mais filmaram, o que é surpreendente se considerarmos o pouco tempo que dedicou ao cinema: o grosso da produção foi realizada de 1963 a 1968, quando Warhol sofre a tentativa de assassinato por Valerie Solanas em seu estúdio. Após esse episódio, o artista filmaria ainda algumas produções tardias, entre as quais Blue Movie (1969) e L’Amour (1972), dando aqui por encerrada sua passagem pelo cinema. Os filmes aparecem em meio a um período decisivo de sua carreira como artista plástico. Embora já pintasse e viesse expondo desde meados dos anos 1950, é apenas no início dos anos 1960, com a ascensão do pop no mundo da arte, que o nome do artista passa a ganhar projeção. O ano de 1962 parece particularmente decisivo em sua trajetória. É nesse ano que Warhol consegue realizar suas primeiras exposições individuais. Na primeira delas, em Los Angeles, na galeria Ferus, expôs pela primeira vez as latas de sopa Campbell que, mesmo se bastante criticadas à época, acabariam por criar o ruído necessário para alavancar a publicidade em torno de seu nome no mundo da arte. Na segunda, em novembro, na galeria Stable, em Nova York, apresentou os primeiros trabalhos em serigrafia, técnica que criaria uma mudança profunda em seu estilo como pintor, tornando-se sua grande
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