PRE-APPLICATION DOCUMENT

OCTOBER 30, 2013

Prepared by

America Renewables, LLC for:

GOODWIN POWER, LLC Goodwin Hydropower Project (FERC Project No. 13728) Goodwin Power

Pre-Application Document Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1! PROCESS(PLAN(AND(SCHEDULE(...... (1! 1.1! PROCESS!PLAN!AND!SCHEDULE!THROUGH!FILING!OF!LICENSE!APPLICATION!...... !1! 2! PROJECT(LOCATION,(FACILITIES,(AND(OPERATIONS(...... (1! 2.1! NAME!AND!BUSINESS!ADDRESS!...... !1! 2.2! DETAILED!MAPS!...... !1! 2.3! DESCRIPTION!OF!ALL!EXISTING!AND!PROPOSED!FACILITIES!...... !6! 2.3.1! Physical-Composition,-Dimensions-and-General-Configuration-...... -6! 2.3.2! Goodwin-Dam-Components-...... -6! 2.3.3! Proposed-Facilities-...... -7! 2.3.4! Water-Surface-Area-and-Elevation,-Storage-...... -14! 2.3.5! Hydraulic-Capacity-and-Rated-Capacity-...... -14! 2.3.6! Transmission-Interconnection-...... -14! 2.3.7! Capacity-and-Energy-Production-...... -14! 2.4! CURRENT!AND!PROPOSED!OPERATION!...... !15! 2.4.1! Current-Operations-...... -15! 2.4.2! Proposed-Operations-...... -15! 3! DESCRIPTION(OF(EXISTING(ENVIRONMENT(AND(RESOURCE(IMPACTS(...... (1! 3.1! GENERAL!DESCRIPTION!OF!THE!LOCALE!...... !1! 3.1.1! Climate-...... -2! 3.1.2! Topography-...... -2! 3.1.3! Wetlands-...... -4! 3.1.4! Vegetation-Cover-...... -5! 3.1.5! Land-Development-...... -5! 3.2! WATER!RESOURCES!...... !6! 3.2.1! Zone-of-Potential-Effect-...... -6! 3.2.2! Hydrology-and-Setting-...... -6! 3.2.3! History-of-Water-Development-...... -7! 3.2.4! New-Melones-Dam-and--...... -8! 3.2.5! Requirements-for-New-Melones-Operations-...... -10! 3.2.6! New-Melones-Operating-Plan-...... -12! 3.2.7! Water-Use-...... -14! 3.2.8! Overview-of-Water-Quality-...... -16! 3.2.9! Water-Quantity-and-Drainage-Area-...... -25! 3.2.10! Water-Temperature-...... -28! 3.2.11! Anticipated-Project-Impacts-on-Water-Use-and-Quality-...... -29! 3.2.12! Protection,-Mitigation,-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -30! 3.3! FISH!AND!AQUATIC!RESOURCES!...... !31! 3.3.1! Aquatic-Resources-in-the-Stanislaus-Upstream-of-Tulloch-Dam-...... -31! 3.3.2! Aquatic-Resources-in-Tulloch-Reservoir-...... -44! 3.3.3! Aquatic-Resources-in-and-downstream-of-Goodwin-Reservoir-...... -45! 3.3.4! Anticipated-Project-Impacts-on-Aquatic-Resources-and-Mitigation-...... -47! 3.4! BOTANICAL!RESOURCES!...... !50! 3.4.1! Zone-of-Potential-Effect-...... -50! 3.4.2! Botanical-Resources-in-the-Stanislaus-River-Upstream-of-Tulloch-Dam-...... -50! 3.4.3! Special-Status-Botanical-Species-that-may-Occur-in-the-Project-Area-...... -51! 3.4.4! TriZDam-2002-reZlicensing-study-results-...... -61! 3.4.5! Analysis-and-Discussion-...... -64!

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Pre-Application Document Table of Contents

3.4.6! Conclusions-...... -64! 3.5! WILDLIFE!RESOURCES!...... !65! 3.5.1! Zone-of-Potential-Effect-...... -65! 3.5.2! General-Wildlife-Species-Occurrence-in-the-Project-Area-...... -65! 3.5.3! Special-Status-Terrestrial-Species-that-may-Occur-in-the-Project-Area-...... -66! 3.5.4! Special-Status-Terrestrial-Invertebrate-...... -66! 3.5.5! Special-Status-Reptiles-...... -66! 3.5.6! Special-Status-Birds-...... -67! 3.5.7! Special-Status-Mammals-...... -81! 3.5.8! Managed-Species-(Harvest-Species)-...... -88! 3.5.9! Conclusion-...... -89! 3.6! HISTORICAL!AND!ARCHEOLOGICAL!RESOURCES!...... !92! 3.6.1! Ethnohistory-...... -92! 3.6.2! Archeological-Resources-...... -93! 3.6.3! Historic-Resources-...... -96! 3.6.4! Native-American-Indian-Tribes-...... -97! 3.6.5! Project-Impacts-...... -97! 3.6.6! Protection,-Mitigation-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -97! 3.7! RECREATIONAL!RESOURCES!...... !98! 3.7.1! Zone-of-Potential-Effect-...... -98! 3.7.2! Historical-Overview-of-Recreational-Resources-...... -98! 3.7.3! Recreation-Facilities-in-the-Project-Area-...... -99! 3.7.4! Project-Impacts-...... -102! 3.7.5! Protection,-Mitigation-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -103! 3.8! LAND!MANAGEMENT!AND!AESTHETIC!RESOURCES!...... !104! 3.8.1! Existing-Environment-...... -104! 3.8.2! Overview-of-Land-Management-and-Aesthetics-...... -104! 3.8.3! Tuolumne-County-...... -105! 3.8.4! Calaveras-County-...... -105! 3.8.5! Land-Management-and-Aesthetics-near-Goodwin-Project-...... -106! 3.8.6! Project-Impacts-...... -106! 3.8.7! Protection,-Mitigation-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -107! 3.9! GEOLOGY!AND!SOILS!...... !108! 3.9.1! Project-Impacts-...... -110! 3.9.2! Protection,-Mitigation-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -110! 3.10! TRIBAL!RESOURCES!...... !111! 3.10.1! Existing-Environment-...... -111! 3.10.2! Project-Impacts-...... -111! 3.10.3! Protection,-Mitigation-and-Enhancement-Measures-...... -111! 4! PRELIMINARY(ISSUES(AND(STUDIES(LIST(...... (1! 4.1! ISSUES!PERTAINING!TO!IDENTIFIED!RESOURCES!...... !1! 4.2! POTENTIAL!STUDIES!...... !3! 4.3! COMPREHENSIVE!WATERWAY!PLANS!...... !4! 5! SUMMARY(OF(CONTACTS(...... (1!

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Pre-Application Document

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

°C Degrees Celsius °F Degrees Fahrenheit af acre foot amsl above mean sea level AR America Renewables BLM U.S. Bureau of Land Management BO Biological Opinion BP before present CCR Code of Regulations CDFG California Department of Fish and Game CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology CESA California Endangered Species Act CFG California Fish and Game CFR Code of Federal Regulations cfs cubic feet per second CNDDB California Natural Diversity Databases CNPS California Native Plant Society CRHP California Register of Historic Places DEIR Draft Environmental Impact Report DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Department of Parks and Recreation EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission fps feet per second FR Final Rule GP Goodwin Power GWh Gigawatt hour ILP Integrated Licensing Process IRMP Interim Resource Management Plan kV kilovolt MFSR Middle Fork mg/L milligrams per liter MRF Materials Recovery Facility MW Megawatt MYBP Million Years Before Present NAHC Native American Heritage Commission NCIC North Central Information Center NEPA National Environmental Policy Act SFSR South Fork Stanislaus River NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOI Notice of Intent NRHP National Register of Historic Places OID Oakland Irrigation District PAD Pre-Application Document PCWA Placer County Water Agency

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PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company quad quadrangles ROW Right-of-Way SCORP State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SD1 Scoping Document 1 SSJID South San Joaquin Irrigation District SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer SEWD Stockton East Water District SWAMP Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board TDG Total Dissolved Gases TLP Traditional Licensing Process USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey VELB Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle Watershed Stanislaus River Watershed WSRA Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

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Pre-Application Document Section 1

1 P ROCESS P LAN AND S CHEDULE

1.1 PROCESS PLAN AND SCHEDULE THROUGH FILING OF LICENSE APPLICATION Goodwin Power (GP) is proposing to use the Traditional Licensing Process (TLP) with modifications allowed pursuant to 18 CFR § 4.38(e). Most importantly, GP is proposing to conduct an early scoping of issues as described further below. GP requests that the scoping meeting be conducted in lieu of the Joint Meeting. If the Commission approves the TLP, the Joint Meeting would otherwise take place in the latter half of January 2014 about the same time as the proposed scoping meeting (i.e., the Commission would issue its decision within 60 days of filing of the Notice of Intent (NOI) and Pre-Application Document (PAD) and GP would be required to hold the Joint meeting between 30 and 60 days after Commission approval). Should the Commission not approve the TLP, the Integrated Licensing Process (ILP) would be the default process. Scoping would still occur as scheduled below. Assuming the Commission approves the TLP, the pre-filing steps following the scoping meeting would be similar to the ILP but time frames and approach would differ as explained below

GP’s proposed licensing and construction schedule is presented in Figure 1.1-1. Preliminary design concepts were developed after review of available information. (The design concepts are described in Section 2) The schedule is predicated on the Pre-Application Document (PAD) being disseminated on October 30, 2013.

In the PAD transmittal letter, agencies, Indian tribes and the public are being asked to provide comments on the use of the TLP within 30 days. Additionally, Commission staff is expected to have their initial tribal consultation about 30 days after the Notice of Intent and PAD are filed. Within 60 days of the NOI/PAD the Commission would issue Scoping Document 1 (SD1) and render a decision on the licensing process. GP proposes that Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the SWRCB hold a joint scoping meeting on January 29, 2014 at the Best Western in Oakdale, California. (Note – the scoping meeting date has been selected to accommodate Commission review of the NOI/PAD, issuance of a scoping document and a 30 day review prior to the scoping meeting, and based on facility availability.)

Comments on the PAD and study requests would be due 30 days after the scoping meeting. At this point the licensing process would deviate from the ILP process, assuming that the Commission approves the TLP. Based on a schedule agreed to by agencies, interested parties and GP, GP would finalize study plans for 2014. Because the proposed project is a run-of-river project, and impacts are partially addressed in the PAD, GP does not anticipate having to conduct detailed or multi-year studies. GP does not expect a high level of controversy or that complex licensing issues will emerge. Because of that, a TLP should result in a more timely license and lower cost. The TLP would have fewer meetings than required by an ILP. However, GP would coordinate with the resource agencies and interested parties on a frequent basis to ensure that their concerns are adequately addressed in the license application.

GP proposes to conduct additional studies, as appropriate in 2014. A draft application is anticipated in late 2014 or early 2015 after the studies have been conducted. A full 90-day agency review of the draft application has been allotted in the schedule. However, GP would like to keep open the option of reducing the draft application review time frame if the agencies and interested parties agree.

Because GP anticipates working cooperatively with the SWRCB throughout the process, GP anticipates that the SWCRB will be able to issue the draft Environmental Impact report (DEIR) soon after the license application is filed. This would lead to a 401 Water Quality Certification issued prior to FERC’s licensing decision, which would be expected in June 2017.

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Pre-Application Document Section 1

Additional permits like the USACE Section 404 permit will also be needed prior to construction start. These would be initiated, but not obtained until after the Commission renders its licensing decision.

Once the license is issued, all permits obtained, and final design completed, GP is still required to prepare a Quality Control and Inspection Plan and a Temporary Emergency Action Plan that are reviewed and approved by Commission staff. Once the Commission completes its review and approves these final elements, GP can proceed with construction. About one year would be needed for construction, with most of the heavy civil work being conducted in the winter months. However, heavy civil work at the dam itself would be confined to the fall months after the recreation and irrigation season, when flows are low to create safer worker conditions and minimize recreation disruptions.

The Process Plan and Schedule outlines principle actions by the Commission and other participants in the licensing process through filing of the License Application. Principle milestones are shown in bold type. A Project site visit and Joint meeting(s) have been scheduled for 01/29/14. Goodwin Power will provide public notice of both the Project site visit and Joint meetings.

• PAD and NOI filed with FERC - 10/30/13.

• Commission notices PAD and issues SD1 – 01/6/14.

• Scoping meeting and site visit – 01/29/14.

• Comments on PAD, SD1 and study requests – 02/4/14 – 03/3/14.

• Applicant conducts requested studies – 5/26/14 – 11/07/14.

• Draft application prepared – 12/02/14 - 05/18/15.

• Agency review of draft application – 5/19/15 - 9/21/15.

• Joint meeting – 10/6/15.

• Final License Application filed 10/27/15; Applicant publishes notice of filing within 14 days; Commission issues tendering notice shortly thereafter.

• Interested parties comment on License Application, request additional studies within 60 days of License Application filing (approx. January, 2016).

• Commission review, additional information provided as requested by the Commission, deficiencies resolved, Commission issues application acceptance letter and Ready for Environmental Analysis (REA) – schedule to be determined (TBD) by Commission.

• Within 60 days from REA, Applicant files request for Water Quality Certification.

• Mandatory and recommended terms and conditions and prescriptions due 60 days after REA.

• Interveners identified within 60 days of REA and application acceptance.

• NEPA scoping begins. Commission prepares draft EIS or draft EA schedule TBD by Commission.

• Modified recommendations, terms and conditions, and prescriptions submitted no later than due date for draft environmental document.

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• Commission issues final EIS of EA and Licensing Decision – schedule TBD by Commission.

• Figure 1.1-1 Project Schedule l pri M A B E M March B y E M ebruar B F Qtr 1, 2018 1, Qtr E M B January e E M ecemb B e D E M B ovemb N Qtr 4, 2017 E M B October e E M B eptemb E M August B Qtr 3,2017 E M July B 6/23 E M June 5/29 B Deadline E M May B Qtr 2, 2017 2, Qtr E M April B E M March B y E M ebruar B F Qtr1, 2017 E M B January e E M ecemb B Finish-only Progress e D E 11/10 M B ovemb N Qtr 4, 2016 E M B October e E M B eptemb E M August B Qtr 3, 2016 E M July B E M June B Manual Summary Manual Start-only E M May B Qtr 2, 2016 E M April B E M March B y E M ebruar B F Qtr1, 2016 E M B January e E M ecemb B Duration-only Manual Summary Rollup e D E M B ovemb N Qtr4, 2015 E M B October e E M B eptemb E M August B Qtr 3, 2015 3, Qtr E M July B E M June B Inactive Summary Inactive Task Manual E M Page 1 May B Qtr 2, 2015 2, Qtr E M April B E M March B y E M ebruar B F Qtr 1, 2015 E Lake Clementine Hydroelectric Project Hydroelectric Clementine Lake M B January e E M 29 ecemb B Inactive Task Inactive Milestone Inactive e D E 29 M B ovemb N Qtr 4, 2014 4, Qtr E M B October e E M B eptemb E M August B Qtr 3, 2014 3, Qtr E M July B E M June B External Milestone Task Inactive E M May B Qtr 2, 2014 2, Qtr E M April B E M March B y E M ebruar B F Qtr 1, 2014 1, Qtr E M B January e E M 12/4 11/29 ecemb B Project Summary External Tasks e D E M 11/1 B ovemb N Qtr 4, 2013 4, Qtr E M B October e E M B 3 eptemb Fri2/3/17 Fri4/7/17 Fri 11/1/13 Thu8/4/16 Tue4/1/14 Fri 4/25/14 Fri 5/23/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 9/26/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 9/26/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 11/7/14 Fri 6/23/17 Thu2/2/17 Thu2/2/17 Fri 8/11/17 Thu3/2/17 Fri 5/26/17 Thu1/5/17 Thu8/4/16 Thu2/2/17 Thu1/5/17 Fri 5/23/14 Fri 6/23/17 Fri Mon5/5/14 Mon9/8/14 Mon7/7/14 Wed 4/2/14Wed 5/3/17Wed Tue 12/3/13 Tue 11/29/13 Fri 8/13/15 Thu 1/30/14 Thu 4/15/14 Tue 4/24/14 Thu 10/6/15 Tue 4/27/17 Thu 6/22/17 Thu 2/16/17 Thu 5/26/16 Thu Tue 5/20/14 Thu 5/26/16 Thu 7/27/17 Fri 10/27/17 Thu 9/27/18 Mon 6/16/14 Mon 2/23/15 Mon 12/1/14 Mon 5/18/15 Mon 9/21/15 Mon 5/29/17 Mon Wed 12/4/13 Wed 1/29/14 Wed 4/30/14 Wed Mon 2/23/15 4/16/14 Wed Mon 12/1/14 1/20/16 Wed 4/13/16 Wed 9/28/16 Wed 11/9/16 Wed 4/26/17 Wed Mon 5/29/17 Thu 10/31/13 Tue 12/24/13 Thu 11/20/14 Tue 10/27/15 Thu 11/10/16 Thu 11/26/15 Tue 10/27/15 Mon 10/28/13 Mon 11/13/17 Wed 10/28/15 Wed 11/13/17 Mon Milestone Summary Fri 1/2/15 Fri 3/3/17 Fri 3/3/17 Fri Fri 3/3/17 Thu 8/1/13 Fri11/1/13 Tue 4/1/14 Thu 5/1/14 Fri8/14/15 Tue 5/6/14 Tue 9/9/14 Fri1/31/14 Thu 4/3/14 Fri4/25/14 Fri4/28/17 Fri6/23/17 Tue 4/1/14 Thu 5/4/17 Thu Fri6/23/17 Mon 2/6/17 Wed 4/2/14Wed Tue 10/1/13 Fri 11/29/13 Tue 4/15/14 Tue 6/17/14 Thu 1/30/14 Thu 4/17/14 Tue 12/2/14 Tue 5/19/15 Tue 10/6/15 Thu 1/21/16 Thu 4/14/16 Thu 9/29/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/27/15 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Tue 4/15/14 Tue 12/2/14 Tue 5/20/14 Tue 5/27/14 Tue Thu1/30/14 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri 11/11/16 Fri Mon11/4/13 Mon11/4/13 Mon4/28/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon5/26/14 Mon4/10/17 Mon8/14/17 Mon5/29/17 Mon5/26/14 Mon6/26/17 Wed 12/4/13Wed 1/29/14Wed 4/16/14Wed 10/7/15Wed Thu 10/29/15 Thu 11/10/16 Thu 11/10/16 Thu Mon 11/10/14 Mon Wed 10/28/15 Wed 10/28/15 Wed Wed Wed 10/28/15 Wed 10/28/15 y y y y y y 1 da 1 da 1 da 1 da 1 da 1 da 1 9 days 9 days 6 1 day? 1 day? 1 day? 1 day? 1 1 day? 1 20 days 20 days 66 days? 0 days? 0 days 37 days? 0 days 15 days 30 days 60 days 43 days 20 days 90 days 90 days 16 days 90 days 15 days 60 days 60 days 30 days 40 days 70 days 22 days 61 days 45 days 90 days 66 days 80 days 44 82 days 82 days 30 days 61 22 days? 22 days? 146days 160days 255days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 120days 130days 60 days? 60 days? 61 days? 40 days? 225 days 225 days 136 days 152 days 262 days 330 60 days? 90 days? 62 days? 40 days? Duration Start Finish 613 days? 613 days? 236 days? 433 Task Split Prepare and submitIntercon. FS application Study Feasibility Interconnection Study Impact System Interconnection Facilities Study Interconnection scope engineer O&E Construct Submit O&E scope to engineering firms for quotes plan op and option one select firm eng O&E Engineer selected optionto 40% participants circulated plans to study Draft of Plans Study and PAD Comments on Study PlanParticipant meeting Study PlansRevisions Follow up study plan meeting Study PlanRefinement Study Planmeeting if needed Finalize Study Plans for 2014 Visual Study Conduct Entrainment Study Conduct Study Water Quality Conduct Cultural Study Conduct frog study legged Red/Yellow Conduct Fish study Metals in Heavy Conduct Study Sedimentary Conduct FishPopulation Study Conduct ScenicWildand Study Conduct Special Plants Status Study Conduct Study Contingency Write draft license application Agency Review Meeting Joint Finalize License Application DEIR) (1or Dec. Neg. Mitigated Draft Dec Neg of Review Final Mitigated Neg. Dec. Cert Quality Water 401 of Issuance FERCNotices Filing andRequests forIntervention Additional Study Requests FERCissues REA FERCissues Environmental Assessment FERCLicenses Decision FERCLicense issued Prepare 404 application Application404 USACEof Processing necessary if - Investigations Geotechnical Engineering Studies USACE Submittal for to Develop Plan of plan USACE approval Execution of USACEplan Feedback from USACEon CD 60% Detailed design to USACEPermit 408 Section Quotes Equipment Getting Equipment Acquisitionand 30%downpayment FERCReview TaskName Design Preliminary Report Prepare Pre-Application Document/Scoping Document File PAD/NOI (includerequest for TLP) Agency/Public Review Initial Tribal Consultation Meeting Commission Notices PAD and Issues SD1 Visit Meeting/Site Joint FERC Decision on Useof modified TLP INTERCONNECTION ENGINEERING15 - 40% STUDY PLANS CONDUCT 2014 STUDIES PREPARE FERC LICENSE APPLICATION FERC LICENCE APPLICATION FILE 401 WATER QUALITY CERT. APPL. APPLICATION RIGHTS WATER PERMITS USACE SECTION 404 PERMIT ENGINEERING40 - 65% USACE SECTION 404 and 408 PERMITS FINALIZEENGINEERING DESIGNAND EPC OR COST PLUS CONTRACT EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTIN PLAN/TEAP PROJECT CONSTRUCTION 1 2 3 7 6 8 4 5 9 ID 57 10 63 78 11 15 25 29 48 49 50 51 52 75 20 46 41 60 73 74 47 66 67 68 16 18 14 22 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 56 64 65 69 71 76 79 17 19 40 42 43 77 70 13 21 24 26 44 54 55 59 62 58 12 45 53 61 23 72 Project: GoodwinDam Rev -1 Agencie 10/29/13 Date: Tue

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Pre-Application Document Section 2

2 P ROJECT L OCATION, F ACILITIES, AND O PERATIONS

2.1 NAME AND BUSINESS ADDRESS Magnus Johannesson, CEO Goodwin Power, LLC 46-E Peninsula Center Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90274 Telephone Number: 310 699-6400

2.2 DETAILED MAPS Detailed maps of the proposed facilities are presented in Figure 2.2-1 and 2.2-2. The maps illustrate the proposed project boundary, township, range and section, county, closest town (Knights Ferry, CA), the Stanislaus River, TriDam Project lands (APN 063-120-27-00), and Lakeside Estates lands (APN 063-120-24-00), and project facilities. The project boundary will be refined in the license application. Upgrades to the access road may be required to accommodate construction vehicles, but the access road is not included in the project boundary as it is used for non-project purposes. Proposed project facilities are presented in Figures 2-2 through 2-7. These figures illustrate the intake, penstock, foundation and tailrace in more detail. GP's proposal is presented in the figures.

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Pre-Application Document Section 2

Figure 2.2-1, Project boundary and proposed facilities

! ! ! ! ! ! !Syphon,!penstock,!inline!turbines,!foundation!and!tailrace! ! ! ! ! !Electric!connection!from!turbines!to!switchyard! Project!boundary!

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Figure 2.2-2, APN land numbers

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Pre-Application Document Section 2

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2.3 DESCRIPTION OF ALL EXISTING AND PROPOSED FACILITIES 2.3.1 Physical Composition, Dimensions and General Configuration The Goodwin Project, will be located on the Goodwin Dam and Goodwin Reservoir on the Stanislaus River immediately downstream of the Tulloch Project. The Goodwin Dam is owned and operated by the Tri-Dam Project, on behalf of the Oakdale (OID), South San Joaquin Irrigation Districts (SSJID) and the Stockton East Water District (SEWD). The water release is operated by the US Bureau of Reclamation (BOR). The facilities were constructed in 1916. The development includes: 1) Goodwin Dam and Reservoir and 2) intakes to the Oakdale and South San Joaquin Canal, both near Knights Ferry, California, that provide irrigation water to OID and SSJID. There is also an intake for the SEWD Goodwin Tunnel located adjacent to the dam. The Goodwin Reservoir can store up to 500 AF of water. The existing Goodwin Dam is a double arch concrete structure with Gravity Abutments, elevation-crest of abutment thrust blocks of 379.4 feet, elevation-top of overpour section of 359.5 feet. The dam was constructed in 1912 and has a crest elevation of 359.5 feet, with a 443 foot crest length. The dam has a 45-inch diameter main outlet conduit (inoperable) located 55 feet from center thrust block on right arch, a 30-inch downstream control gate valve at 328.8 foot elevation, with a discharge capacity of 218 cfs with reservoir at elevation 359.5 feet. The Goodwin Dam is a concrete overpour structure consisting of two arches connected by a reinforced concrete center thrust block. The dam provides an afterbay for the Tulloch Reservoir and a forebay for diversion of water from the Stanislaus River to irrigation operated by Oakdale and South San Joaquin Irrigation Districts and Stockton East Water District. 2.3.2 Goodwin Dam Components There are three major components to the outlet works at Goodwin Dam, 1) the Joint Head Works; 2) Main Outlet; and 3) Oakdale Head Works. The Joint Head Works are located at the right abutment and consist of two sets of three 72-inch wide by 120-inch high slide gates. The gates are protected from debris by a trashrack structure. The trashrack structure is 20 feet high, extending vertically to the tie into the dam. At the arch overpour elevation, the trashrack structure extends parallel to the abutment structure crest and ties into the abutment. Flows travel through the trashracks horizontally and vertically down a chute to the gates. Release through the gates enter the Joint Supply Canal. The upstream set of gates is electronically controlled with a manual backup. The downstream set of gates is manually controlles. Just upstream of the canal, there is an electronically controlled stream release gate that can be regulated for releases into the Stanislaus River. Operational procedures for the Joint Head Works is as follows. Flows are regulated to supply 40 percent of the OID required deliveries, and 100 percent of the SSJID required deliveries. The combined flows travel through the canal for approximately 3.5 miles, to the town of Knights Ferry, where they are diverted for delivery. The main outlet consists of a 45-inch-diameter conduit tapering to a 30-inch diameter gate valve. This outlet is located approximately 90 feet south of the right abutment and is designed to be manually operated at the valve location. The valve is located approximately 30 feet below the overpour crest, and discharges into the Stanislaus River. This valve has not been operated in

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Pre-Application Document Section 2 several years due to an overpour condition, and is located at an elevation within the silted portion of the reservoir. The valve is considered inoperable. The Oakdale Head Works are located at the left abutment, and consist of four 48-inch wide by 96-inch high slide gates protected from debris by trashracks. These trashracks are inclined at an approximately 30 degree angle with a vertical height of 20 feet. Flows through these gates enter the OID supply canal. The gates are electronically controlled with a mechanical backup. The electrical supply for the outlet gates is from the power lines nearby. Operational procedures for the Oakdale Head Works is as follows. The Oakdale Head Works are regulated to supply the remaining 60 percent of the OID deliveries.

2.3.3 Proposed Facilities The existing Goodwin Dam, located downstream from Tulloch Reservoir, presents an exciting opportunity to capture hydropower from a dam where it is currently not being utilized to generate green power. The reservoir behind the Goodwin Dam, Goodwin Reservoir, supports only a small amount of recreation and is used solely for irrigation purposes.

At the time of the dam’s construction, no improvements were included to allow for power production. As a result, the existing flows over on the Goodwin Dam are not harnessed for energy. By undertaking the improvements described herein, this existing flow would be captured and used to produce close to 5 megawatts of power, without adversely affecting the current recreational and irrigation uses of the reservoir.

The retrofit to the existing dam to produce power avoids cutting a hole in the dam, by constructing four siphons over the dam’s crest, which would draw water over the top of the dam. These siphons would be steel pipe, 48 inches in diameter with an intake guard. The intake guard is a protection on the inflow against solid material that could provoke damage in turbines as well as a protection for fish and other wildlife from entering the intake

A temporary removable edge would be installed to divert the overflow from the south arch to north arch during the installation of the intake pipes, and construction of the foundation for the turbines. A detailed hydraulic analysis of the dam would not be performed since the siphon intakes would not significantly reduce spillway capability. A small part of the turbine foundation structure would be used to house the pumps to draw a vacuum to start the siphons.

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The four intake pipes would convey total of 848 cubic feet per second of water from the siphon intake, through to the turbines Design flow 212 CFS located on a concreted foundation Net Head 66’ downstream of the dam. Based on preliminary sizing of the foundation, a 33- Intake 4 X Ø48” by 25-foot- excavation would be needed ηTurbines 80% for the foundation. The foundation would hold four inline turbines, each with a Number of units 4 capacity of 1.24 megawatts. A tailrace would be constructed from each turbine, to allow flow to be discharged to the river. Finally, a switchyard would be constructed on the surface on the south bank, upstream from the dam, and power lines would be constructed to connect to the existing 17 kV system that passes the dam on the south embankment.

No permanent access road would be needed for this construction; all heavy material could be transported using the existing road on the south bank upstream from the dam, loaded onto barges and floated to the dam and lowered into place and down to the construction site below the dam.

The proposed Goodwin Hydroelectric Project will include the construction of (see Figures 2.3.3- 1 to 2.3.3-6, below): 1) a siphon intake and guard with dimensions of approximately 15 feet wide and 7 feet high, 2) four 150-foot long, 48 inch diameter penstock, 3) four 1.24 MW inline turbines and associated generators, 4) four 48-inch-wide draft tube tunnels, 5) an approximately 33 by 25 foot concrete foundation, 6) switchyard, 7) a 400 feet long 17 kV transmission line, and 8) appurtenant facilities. The project would be operated in run-of-river mode, and is estimated to have an annual energy production of 23.7 gigawatt-hours per year.

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Figure 2.3.3-1, Siphon intake structure

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Figure 2.3.3-2, Primary layout

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Figure 2.3.3-3, Primary layout, side view

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Figure 2.3.3-4, Project layout

Figure 2.3.3-5, Project layout from river bed

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Figure 2.3.3-6, Project layout, areal view

As was done in 1956 when the Goodwin Dam was improved, by raising of the existing twin arch concrete dam a total of seven feet and doing repair work on the existing gates and intake works of the District's canal system, GP will schedule the work at the Goodwin Dam during the period of the year when the Districts will not require water to be diverted into their irrigation systems. Since Goodwin Dam passes flood waters over its crest, this work would be done at a low water stage in the river which, for all practical purposes, means that the work will be done in the late fall and winter.

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Figure 2.3.3.-7, Revision of the Goodwin Dam.

2.3.4 Water Surface Area and Elevation, Storage The existing Goodwin Dam has a surface area of 70 acres and a reservoir capacity of 500 acre- feet at elevation 359.5 feet. GP proposes to maintain a normal maximum water surface elevation of 359.5 feet. The water levels would remain essentially the same as they are under existing conditions. 2.3.5 Hydraulic Capacity and Rated Capacity GP proposes to install four 1.24 MW turbine/generator units, a total installed size of 4.96 MW. The hydraulic capacity of one such a unit is 282.5 cfs. 2.3.6 Transmission Interconnection GP is proposing to interconnect with PG&E’s transmission system at the dam, less than 100 feet southeast of the Goodwin Dam. The route would make use of an existing 17 kV PG&E transmission line that passes the dam on the south embankment. Given that this is an existing PG&E line, GP does not propose that the upgraded line be part of the project. Rather only GP’s switchyard that would be adjacent to the dam would be included in the project boundary. A single line diagram will be included with GP’s license application once the details of the transmission line have been worked out with PG&E. 2.3.7 Capacity and Energy Production The average annual energy is estimated to be 23,700 MWh based on a run-of-river operation. Because the flows in the Stanislaus river occasionally decrease to 100 cfs or less during the

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Pre-Application Document Section 2 summer months and because the project will be operated in a run-of-river mode, there are likely to be times during the months of July through October when the project may not generate electricity. Accordingly, GP has assumed no credit for dependable capacity at this time. Average monthly energy production will be included with the license application.

2.4 CURRENT AND PROPOSED OPERATION 2.4.1 Current Operations The Goodwin Dam serves as a diversion and storage for irrigation. Under current conditions all water from the Goodwin reservoir flows into each irrigation canal and the remainder over the spillway. Release is managed by the USBOR. The 70-acre reservoir fluctuates only in response to inflow.

2.4.2 Proposed Operations The project would be operated as a run of the river. Water that currently flows over the top of the Goodwin Dam and maintains flows in the Lower Stanislaus River would be diverted into the hydroelectric project, where it would be used to generate power and would immediately be discharged back into the Stanislaus River below Goodwin Dam, where it would still maintain the river flow. No water would be consumed in the process or diverted away from the river beyond the terminus of the hydroelectric project. Storing the water for peaking power generation is not proposed and would not be feasible because of irrigation needs and to maintain river flows.

In the event of unit shutdown, the project would operate to maintain a continuous flow downstream. This could be achieved by providing a bypass flow around the powerhouse. Specific details will be worked out with resource agencies and interested parties. If a bypass flow is provided, a valve could be installed in the penstock that would be actuated in the event of an emergency shutdown of the powerhouse. Because outflow would be set to equal inflow, ramping rates mimic natural conditions. Since no storage and release is proposed, there would be no downstream flushing flows, except those provided naturally.

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3 D ESCRIPTION OF E XISTING E NVIRONMENT AND R ESOURCE I MPACTS

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCALE The Goodwin Dam is located in the foothills in north central California within Tuolumne and Calaveras Counties, see figure 3.1-1 below. In general, the area surrounding the Goodwin Dam Project can be characterized as rural and residential. The Project can be accessed from either State Highway 108 to the south or State Highway 4 to the north via O'Byrnes Ferry Road, also designated as County Road E5 in Tuolumne County.

Figure 3.1-1, Overview of Goodwin Dam location

Tulloch Road from Highway 108 provides access to Goodwin Dam and to the south shore of Goodwin Reservoir. An overview of the Middle Fork Stanislaus River (MFSR), South Fork Stanislaus River (SFSR), and Stanislaus River watersheds is provided in Figure 3.1-2 below.

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Figure 3.1-2, Overview of the Stanislaus River

3.1.1 Climate The Project is located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range in north central California at an elevation of about 358 feet. This area experiences warm, dry summers and mild winters, with the majority of precipitation occurring in the winter. The nearest National Weather Service (NWS) monitoring station to the Project is in Sonora located about sixteen miles east of the Project at an elevation of about 1,750 feet. Summer temperatures in Sonora range from about 51 ° F to 95 ° F, while average winter temperature ranges from 32 ° F to 61 ° F. Annual mean precipitation in Sonora is 32 inches, some of which falls as snow from December through March. Wind flow is generally moderate and from the west, causing air to rise as it passes over the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. In general, air quality in the area of the Project is excellent.

3.1.2 Topography The Project lies in the north central portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The Mountain Range lies almost entirely within California, extending into Nevada only along the east shore of Lake Tahoe. More than 400 miles long and 60 to 80 miles wide, the Sierra Nevada is the longest continuous mountain range in the contiguous . The northern most point is located a few miles south of Mt. Lassen, the southern most peak of the Cascade Range. The southern

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 terminus of the Sierra Nevada Range is Tehachapi Pass.

The Sierra Nevada range is a massive, northwesterly trending tilted-fault block, with asymmetric flanks. Prior to the mountain-building episodes, several thousand feet of sediments and volcanic material covered the area. About 200 million years ago, granitic plutons were intruded under and within the already-present sediments. This mountain-building period has continued to occur sporadically through the present time. As a result of uplifting along the eastern flank, which is hinged on the western flank, and scouring by numerous glaciers, the Sierra Nevada has assumed its present form. The average tilt of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is a deceptively gentle two degrees, while the eastern slope is on the order of some 25 degrees. Peaks along the eastern slope reach elevations in excess of 14,000 feet, gradually descending toward the north to heights of about 8,000 feet.

The dominant basement-rock types in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range are potassium-rich granite, quartz monzonite, and granodiorite. Only fragments of the earlier sedimentary rocks remain as roof pendants incorporated into the granitics. These pendants consist of metamorphic rocks such as marble, hornfels, schist, and quartzite. There are several especially prominent, joint patterns that have formed in all of the basement rocks, regardless of age. These joints have resulted in sheet structures when horizontal, and angular blocks and linear patterns when vertical. Faulting within the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountain Range is most predominate at the uplifting range front, with other more minor faults scattered throughout the region.

Drainage of the western slope is dominantly westward by numerous rivers. To the north of the Stanislaus River drainage on which the Project is located, is the Mokelumne River. The is the first major drainage to the south. The headwaters of these rivers, like those of the Stanislaus River, are from snowpack in the glacially carved terrain. Many of the modem-day drainages flow through courses established earlier by westerly migrating, Pleistocene-age glaciers.

Bedrock in the Project area is exfoliating massive granite. The side hills have some talus, glacial till and rock fragments/soil produced by the weathering of bedrock. In the bottom of the canyon, alluvial soils exist where bedrock is not exposed.

A moderately incised river canyon dominates the Project area topography, with a difference in elevation of about 1,000 feet from ridge top to the river. The ridge tops, for the most part, are flat, expansive areas with lava rock vertically exposed on the side of the ridge. Figure 3.1.2-1 provides a topographic relief map of the Goodwin Project Area.

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Figure 3.1.2-1, Topographic overview of project area

3.1.3 Wetlands Much of the Stanislaus River flows through relatively steep-sided, rocky canyons with little opportunity for the formation of wetlands. However, some low-gradient areas along the shoreline of Goodwin Reservoir, especially in coves, support small patches of emergent aquatic vegetation such as bulrush and cattails.

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3.1.4 Vegetation Cover As stated above, the Project is at an elevation of about 358 feet, with rolling hills and ridges outside the river canyon. The vegetation zone is predominately Upper Sonoran, with foothill pine, blue oak and valley oak the dominant trees. Chaparral includes deerbrush, scrub oak, chamise, whiteleaf and manzanita. This vegetative type is generally open with rock outcrops and native grasses.

3.1.5 Land Development Goodwin Reservoir is located in Tuolumne (south shore of the reservoir) and Calaveras (north shore of the reservoir) Counties.

Tuolumne County is bounded on the north by the Stanislaus River and North Fork Stanislaus River, and on the south by an area between the Tuolumne and Merced rivers near Highway 120. Founded in 1850 as one of the original 37 California counties, Tuolumne County has an area of 1,467,300 acres. Tuolumne County is in the heart of California's historic "Mother Lode" and contains many historically significant Gold-Rush-era towns and artifacts. Major industries have included gold mining, which began around 1848 with the discovery of gold at Wood's Creek near Jamestown; timbering, which began around the turn of the century; agriculture and ranching (beginning around 1920s); and tourism, much of which is focused on Yosemite National Park located in the southern portion of the county, Columbia State park located north of the Project, and along the State Highway 108 corridor. Now, the primary industries in this area are tourism, forest products and agriculture.

Calaveras County has an area of about 650,000 acres and is bounded by the Mokelumne River canyon on the north and the Stanislaus River canyon on the south. Calaveras County, like Toulumne County, is in the heart California's historic "Mother Lode" and contains many Gold Rush era towns. The trends in industry and land use in Calaveras County are similar to those described for Tuolumne County.

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3.2 WATER RESOURCES 3.2.1 Zone of Potential Effect The Goodwin Project (Project) could potentially directly affect water use and quality in Goodwin Reservoir and downstream in the Stanislaus River, which has been designated as Zone of Potential Effect (ZPE). The Goodwin Reservoir is an afterbay for Tulloch Reservoir which is downstream from New Melones Reservoir. The Project cannot affect water use and quality in Tulloch or New Melones , located upstream, but since water from these facilities ends up in Goodwin Reservoir it is necessary to shed light on water resources in these upstream reservoirs. Water is released from Goodwin Dam into the Stanislaus River under a schedule dictated by the USBR.

3.2.2 Hydrology and Setting The Stanislaus River is located on the Western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range and drains a watershed of approximately 900 square miles. The Stanislaus River Basin includes the North Fork Stanislaus River (NFSR), South Fork Stanislaus River (SFSR), and Middle Fork Stanislaus River (MFSR). The MFSR headwaters originate with Kennedy Creek in the Emigrant Wilderness Area at an elevation of about 9,650 feet. Major tributaries to the headwaters of the MFSR include Summit Creek and the Clark Fork of the Stanislaus River. From its headwaters, the MFSR flows generally southwesterly for about 50 miles where it joins the NFSR at an elevation of 1,230 feet to form the main stem of the Stanislaus River. The MFSR drains an area of approximately 212,400 acres and in normal water years, estimated unimpaired runoff is about 595,000 af. There are five (5) on the MFSR – Relief, Donnells, Beardsley, Beardsley Afterbay Dam and Sand Bar Diversion Dam. The combined storage of these five (5) dams is 178,085 af, or 30% of the MFSR. The SFRS headwaters also originate in the Emigrant Wilderness Area, near Bay Meadow at an elevation of about 8,800 feet. The only major tributary to the SFSR is Herring Creek. The SFSR flows southwesterly for about 35 miles, where it drains into the New Melones Reservoir. There are three (3) dams on the SFSR – Strawberry, Philadelphia Diversion Dam, and Lyons Dam. The combined storage of these three (3) dams is 24,541 af, or about 12% of the SFSR estimated unimpaired runoff of 200,000 af in a normal water year. The NFSR has its headwaters in Alpine, Tuolumne and Calaveras counties, at an elevation of approximately 10,000 feet and is the border between Calaveras and Tuolumne counties. The NFSR drains an area of approximately 1,075 square miles, and provides the water supply for the communities of Ebbetts Pass and Copper Cover/Copperopolis. There are four (4) main reservoirs on the NFSR – New Spicer Meadow, Utica, Union and Lake Alpine. The combined storage of these dams is 198,582 af. From the confluence of the MFSR and the NFSR, the main stem of the Stanislaus River flows southward for approximately 95 miles where it enters the northwest of the City of Modesto. The Stanislaus River drains an area of about 986,000 acres to Goodwin Dam. In normal water years, the estimated unimpaired runoff is 1.1maf. There are three (3) dams on the main stem of the Stanislaus River – New Melones, Tulloch and Goodwin with a combined storage capacity of 2,487,468 af, or about 226% of the estimated unimpaired runoff.

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The Stanislaus River Basin has mild, dry summers with little to no precipitation, and cold, wet winters with moderate to heavy precipitation. At elevations above 5,000 feet, winter precipitation is in the form of snow. Water flowing in the Stanislaus River and its tributaries is derived primarily from precipitation and snowmelt. The area receives high flows during the snowmelt period, which typically extends from March through early July. Low flows occur during the late summer and early fall, or during the late fall and early winter when temperatures are low and precipitation remains in the form of snowpack.

3.2.3 History of Water Development 3.2.3.1 Early Development by OID, SSJID and Their Predecessors Prior to 1856, the San Joaquin Water Company, controlled by Abraham Shell, constructed a diversion dam on the Stanislaus River immediately downstream of the present day location of , and used the diversion dam to distribute water for irrigation and other uses in the Knights Ferry Area. Through a series of ownership transfers and/or defaults, the San Joaquin Water Company was eventually bought by the Tulloch family in the late 1800’s. In 1909, OID and SSJID were formed, and the Districts bought the Tulloch water rights and physical distribution system in 1910. In 1913, OID and SSJID jointly constructed Goodwin Diversion Dam, an 80 foot tall double concrete arch dam, to divert Stanislaus River water into their respective canals for distribution into their respective service areas for irrigation. Despite its height, Goodwin Diversion Dam provided no usable storage.

3.2.3.2 Other Early Development Beginning in 1856, a series of water and power companies constructed several water supply and power facilities in the Stanislaus River Watershed. The SFSR saw the construction of Big Dam, Herring Creek, Upper Strawberry and Lower Strawberry reservoirs in 1856, Lyons Reservoir in 1898 and Philadelphia Diversion Dam in 1916 (11 feet high concrete face rock masonry overflow spillway dam). The MFSR saw construction of Sand Bar Diversion Dam (24 foot high timber crib overflow spillway dam), Stanislaus Forebay (comprised of a 55 feet tall shotcrete face earthfill dam, and a 60 foot tall shotcrete face earthfill compacted rock overlay dam, removed after construction of New Melones) in 1908 and Relief Dam (144.5 feet high concrete face rock masonry dam) in 1910. In 1917, Lower Strawberry Reservoir was enlarged from 1,190 af to 17,900 af (Strawberry Dam is 133 feet high concrete face rock masonry dam).

3.2.3.3 1925-1930 Developments To address their lack of storage, OID and SSJID joined with PG&E in 1925 to construct the Melones Dam and Powerhouse approximately 12.3 river miles upstream of the Goodwin Diversion Dam. Melones Dam was a concrete arch dam that was 163 feet tall and had a storage capacity of 112,500 af. Water released from Melones was diverted at Goodwin Diversion Dam for delivery into OID and SSJID’s distribution systems.

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In 1929, Spicer Meadow Dam was completed on NFSR. It had a capacity of 4,060 af. In 1930, Lyons Reservoir was enlarged from 839 af to 5,508 af.

3.2.3.4 Tri Dam Project In 1948, OID and SSJID agreed to investigate the cost and feasibility of constructing additional dams for purposes of increased water supply and power production. After years of study, in 1955 the districts agreed to construct three new facilities, including the and Reservoir and and Reservoir on the MFSR upstream of Melones Dam, and the Tulloch Dam and Reservoir (capacity 67,000 af) located downstream of Melones Dam. Construction of the three facilities, collectively referred to as the Tri- Dam Project, was completed in 1957 and the facilities became operational in 1958. As part of the construction of the Tri-Dam project, Goodwin Diversion Dam was raised seven (7) feet to 87 feet high to create an afterbay to regulate discharge from Tulloch. Donnells Dam is a concrete arch structure that is 483 high from the base of the dam. Its crest is 960 feet long and 10 feet wide. Donnells Reservoir is 2.2 miles long, 247 feet deep and has a gross storage capacity of 64,325 af. Beardsley Dam is a rock-filled structure that is 280 feet high from the base of the dam. Its crest is 1,000 feet long and 30 feet wide. Beardsley Reservoir is 4.1 miles long, 250 feet deep, and has a gross storage capacity of 97,802 af. Tulloch Dam is a concrete gravity structure that is 205 feet tall. Its crest is 1,600 feet long and 12 feet wide. Tulloch Reservoir is 7 miles long and has a gross storage capacity of 66,968 af. 3.2.3.5 New Spicer Reservoir From 1985-1990, the Calaveras County Water District constructed the North Fork Stanislaus Hydroelectric Project which included the construction of New Spicer Reservoir in 1989. New Spicer Reservoir has a capacity of 189,000 af. The dam is 265 feet tall.

3.2.4 and Reservoir 3.2.4.1 Authorization and Construction In the Flood Control Act of December, 1944, Congress authorized construction of a dam to replace Melones Dam to help alleviate serious flooding problems along the Stanislaus and Lower San Joaquin Rivers. Given the limits purpose of the authorized dam, it was originally intended to be a 355 foot high concrete arch dam with a reservoir capacity of only 455,000 af. In the Flood Control Act of October 1962, Congress reauthorized the project, and expanded it to be a multipurpose facility to be built by the USACOE and operated by the Secretary of Interior as the New Melones Unit of the Eastside Division of the CVP. The multipurpose objectives include flood control, irrigation, municipal and industrial water supply, power generation, fishery enhancement, water quality improvement, and recreation. In light of the expanded purposes of the reauthorized project, the design of the dam was changed to a 625 foot high earth and rockfill dam with a reservoir capacity of 2.4 maf and included the construction of a new powerhouse. Construction of New Melones Dam by the USACOE began in 1966 and was completed in 1979,

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 at which time the project was officially transferred to Reclamation. New Melones Dam is located approximately 3/4ths of a mile downstream of the original Melones Dam site. The original Melones Dam was not removed, but is submerged in the reservoir created by New Melones Dam. 3.2.4.2 Water Supply Development The 1962 reauthorizing legislation (1) prohibits Reclamation from diverting water outside of the Stanislaus River Basin until such time as the Secretary of Interior determined the quantity of water required to satisfy all existing and anticipated future needs of the Stanislaus River Basin, and (2) makes such out of basin diversions subordinate at all times to the quantities needed to meet the in-basin needs. The appropriative water rights obtained by Reclamation from the SWRCB for the New Melones Unit restrict the use of water from the project to the four counties of San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Calaveras and Tuolumne.

In 1980, the Secretary of Interior issued his Record of Decision (ROD), in which he determined the boundaries of the Stanislaus River Basin, the anticipated project yield for 2020 conditions, the current and anticipated future needs of such basin, the determination of an available “interim” supply until the full build up of in-basin needs, and an anticipated “firm yield” once full in-basin demand was established. For the yield, the Secretary determined that New Melones would generate a water supply yield of 230,000 af in 2000, and 180,000 af in 2020. For the interim supply, the Secretary determined that 85,000 af would be available in the year 2000, diminishing to 0 at full in-basin demand. For the firm supply, the Secretary determined that there would be 49,000 af available in 2020 after in-basin demands were met. Based upon these findings, in 1983 Reclamation entered into a long-term water service contract for 49,000 af of firm water with Central San Joaquin Water Conservation District and an interim supply of 31,000 af and a long-term water service contract totaling 75,000 af of interim water with Stockton East Water District (SEWD). Since the issuance of the ROD, no “in-basin” demand has developed. As such, Reclamation maintains the long term water service contracts referenced above. Following the issuance of the ROD, New Melones was approved for filling, and filled in 1983. Reclamation’s 1980 yield calculations were based upon historic hydrologic data collected from 1922 through 1978. However, the 1987-1992 drought provided additional hydrologic data that, in subsequent yield studies, indicated that Reclamation’s 1980 yield calculations may be overly- optimistic.

3.2.4.3 Relationship With other Elements of the CVP The 1962 legislation reauthorizing New Melones anticipated that New Melones would be an integral part of the CVP, and the project was originally targeted to serve the east side of the . However, due to lack of demand at the time, the 1980 ROD determined that the interim or firm water available would be contracted to areas within or immediately adjacent to the Stanislaus River Basin. The New Melones Unit was never added to or made subject to the COA signed in 1986. Although New Melones has been integrated as a financial component of the CVP, its operations have not been integrated into or coordinated with the operation of other units of the CVP or of

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 the SWP. Given its limited yield, its location, and the restriction in its authorizing legislation to meet the needs of the Stanislaus River Basin and areas immediately adjacent thereto before delivering water outside of the basin, New Melones is and has been operated as a stand-alone facility by Reclamation. 3.2.5 Requirements for New Melones Operations The operating criteria for New Melones Reservoir are affected by (1) water rights, (2) instream fish and wildlife flow requirements (3) SWRCB D-1641 Vernalis water quality requirements, (4) dissolved oxygen (DO) requirements on the Stanislaus River, (5) SWRCB D-1641 Vernalis flow requirements, (6) CVP contracts, and (7) flood control considerations. Water released from New Melones Dam and Powerplant is re-regulated at Tulloch Reservoir and is either diverted for use by senior water right holders or CVP contractors at Goodwin Dam or released from Goodwin Dam to the lower Stanislaus River. Flows in the lower Stanislaus River serve multiple purposes concurrently. Water from the Stanislaus River enters the San Joaquin River where it contributes to flow and helps improve water quality conditions at Vernalis. D-1422, issued in 1973, provided the original operational criteria for New Melones Reservoir and permitted Reclamation to appropriate water from the Stanislaus River for irrigation and M&I uses. D-1422 requires the operation of New Melones Reservoir include releases for existing water rights, fish and wildlife enhancement, and the maintenance of water quality conditions on the Stanislaus and San Joaquin Rivers.

3.2.5.1 Water Rights Obligations When Reclamation began operations of New Melones Reservoir in 1980, the obligations for releases (to meet downstream senior water rights) were defined in a 1972 Agreement and Stipulation among Reclamation, OID, and SSJID. The 1972 Agreement and Stipulation required Reclamation release annual New Melones Reservoir inflows of up to 654,000 af per year for diversion at Goodwin Dam by OID and SSJID, in recognition of their prior water rights. Actual historical diversions prior to 1972 varied considerably, depending upon hydrologic conditions. In addition to releases for diversion by OID and SSJID, water released from New Melones Reservoir is used to satisfy riparian water rights totaling approximately 48,000 af annually downstream of Goodwin Dam. In 1988, following a year of low inflow to New Melones Reservoir, the Agreement and Stipulation among Reclamation, OID, and SSJID was superseded by an agreement that provided for conservation storage by OID and SSJID. The new agreement required Reclamation to release New Melones Reservoir inflows of up to 600,000 af each year for diversion at Goodwin Dam by OID and SSJID. In years when annual inflows to New Melones Reservoir are less than 600,000 af, Reclamation provides all inflows plus one-third the difference between the inflow for that year and 600,000 af per year. The 1988 Agreement and Stipulation created a conservation account in which the difference between the entitled quantity and the actual quantity diverted by OID and SSJID in a year may be stored in New Melones Reservoir for use in subsequent years. This conservation account has a maximum storage limit of 200,000 af, and withdrawals are constrained by criteria in the agreement.

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3.2.5.2 In-stream Flow Requirements Under D-1422, as amended by D-1616, Reclamation is required to provide those interim instream flows as specified in a 1987 agreement between Reclamation and DFG. This agreement provided for releases from New Melones for fishery resources for an interim period, during which habitat requirements were to be better defined and a study of fisheries on the Stanislaus River would be completed. During the study period, releases for in-stream flows would range from 98,300 to 302,100 af per year. The exact quantity to be released each year was to be determined based on a formulation involving storage, projected inflows, projected water supply, water quality demands, projected CVP contractor demands, and target carryover storage. While not all of the required studies have been completed, FWS published the results of a 1993 study, which recommended a minimum in- stream flow on the Stanislaus River of 155,700 af per year for spawning and rearing (Aceituno 1993). 3.2.5.3 Vernalis Water Quality Requirement SWRCB D-1422, as amended in D-1641, imposes upon all of the CVP permits under which Reclamation delivers water to the San Joaquin basin a requirement that Reclamation meet the 1995 Bay-Delta Plan salinity objectives at Vernalis of average monthly electric conductivity 0.7 milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) (approximately 455 ppm TDS) during the months of April through August, and 1.0 mS/cm (approximately 650 ppm TDS) during the months of September through March. While the SWRCB in D-1641 directed Reclamation to consider sources of dilution water other than New Melones Reservoir and other means of reducing the salinity concentration in the southern Delta, Reclamation nevertheless continues to use New Melones for that purpose. This decision conforms Condition 5 of D-1422 to the southern Delta salinity objectives in the 1995 Bay- Delta Plan and to the current Basin Plan. Because releases have been made solely from New Melones and due to shortages in water supply and high concentrations of TDS upstream of the confluence of the Stanislaus River, the D-1422 objective was not always met during the 1987-1992 drought. Reclamation has always met the D-1641 salinity objective since 1995. 3.2.5.4 Dissolved Oxygen Requirements D-1422 requires that water be released from New Melones Reservoir to maintain DO standards in the Stanislaus River. The 1995 revision to the WQCP established a minimum DO concentration of 7 milligrams per liter (mg/L), as measured on the Stanislaus River near Ripon. 3.2.5.5 Bay-Delta Vernalis Base Flow Requirements SWRCB D-1641 sets flow requirements on the San Joaquin River at Vernalis from February to June. These flows are commonly known as San Joaquin River flows.

Water Year Class February-June Flow (cfs)* Critical 710-1140 Dry 1420-2280

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Below Normal 1420-2280 Above Normal 2130-3420 Wet 2130-3420

*the higher flow required when X2 is required to be at or west of Chipps Island Since D-1641 has been in place, the San Joaquin River flow requirements have at times, been an additional demand on the New Melones water supply. 3.2.5.6 CVP Contracts Reclamation entered into long-term water service contracts for the delivery of water from New Melones Reservoir, based on a 1980 hydrologic evaluation of the long-term availability of water in the Stanislaus River Basin. Based on this study, Reclamation entered into a long-term water service contract for up to 49,000 af per year of water annually (based on a firm water supply), and two long-term water service contracts totaling 106,000 af per year (based on an interim water supply). 3.2.5.7 Flood Control The New Melones Reservoir flood control operation is coordinated with the operation of Tulloch Reservoir. The flood control objective is to maintain flood flows at the Orange Blossom Bridge at less than 8,000 cfs. When possible, however, releases from Tulloch Dam are maintained at levels that would not result in downstream flows in excess of 1,250 cfs to 1,500 cfs because of seepage problems in agricultural lands adjoining the river associated with flows above this level. Up to 450,000 af of the 2.4 maf storage volume in New Melones Reservoir is dedicated for flood control and 10,000 af of Tulloch Reservoir storage is set aside for flood control. Based upon the flood control diagrams prepared by the Corps, part or all of the dedicated flood control storage may be used for conservation storage, depending on the time of year and the current flood hazard.

3.2.6 New Melones Operating Plan Following the 1987-1992 drought, Reclamation, fishery agencies, OID, SSJID, SEWD and other stakeholders have met to develop an operating plan that would enable Reclamation, through an extended drought akin to the 1987-1992 drought, to 1) meet the superior needs of OID and SSJID, (2) satisfy all of Reclamation’s water right permit terms, (3) provide water more often to SEWD and other CVP contractors, (4) make water available for additional fishery, temperature, flow rate and other goals. Such effort resulted in the Interim Plan of Operation (“IPO”) which guided Reclamation’s operations from 1997-2012. The IPO was intended to be a short-term operating plan, in place only during the time that the stakeholders continued to work to develop a long-term operating plan that would supplant the IPO. Reclamation has not proceeded with a long-term plan and the IPO has become a de-facto operations plan, without the support of the stakeholders.

In 2006, OID, SSJID and SEWD proposed a new operating plan to Reclamation (“Transitional Plan of Operation”),1 which differed from the IPO in several key respects. First, the Transitional

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Plan of Operation is not designed and intended to meet the 1987-1992 drought, which studies have shown to be approximately a 1 in 400 year event, but rather the 1928-1934 drought, which is approximately a 1 in 50 year event. Second, the Transitional Plan of Operation requires Reclamation to meet the terms and conditions of its water rights in all years and under all conditions. Third, it provides at least some water to CVP contractors in all years, but full deliveries only in years when New Melones storage plus inflow is expected to be greater than 1.8 maf. Finally, it provides for more releases for fishery purposes in dry and successive dry years.

Following years of review and negotiation, Reclamation adopted the Transitional Plan of Operation in 2012 and it will direct Reclamation’s operation of New Melones beginning in Water Year 2013.

The Transitional Plan of Operation is premised on water quality and flow requirements at Vernalis being met under all conditions. Water allocated to meet water quality and flow requirements is not constrained. The unconstrained allocation of water for water quality and flow purposes is conditioned on an important change in the accounting methodology at New Melones. The Transitional Plan of Operation is premised on the condition that instream flows are the primary flows or foundation flows in the Stanislaus River. Any flows to meet water quality and Bay-Delta flows at Vernalis, or dissolved oxygen at Orange Blossom Bridge, would be added to the fish flows when needed. In accordance with the Transitional Plan of Operation, releases for fishery purposes (CVPIA Section 3406 (b)(2) releases from New Melones Reservoir consist of the portion of the fishery flow management volume utilized that is greater than the 1987 DFG Agreement.) will be as follows:

The fishery schedule is designed to accomplish instream fishery protection on the Stanislaus River. Special consideration was given to the following factors: meeting Fall Run Chinook Salmon (FRCS) spawning, egg incubation/fry rearing, and juvenile rearing flows identified by an instream flow study (IFS) conducted by the USFWS (Aceituno 1993) and meeting temperature requirements for over-summering steelhead identified by NMFS in the 2004 OCAP Section 7

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 biological opinion (NMFS 2004: Maintain Temperature from June 1-November 30 at ≤65°F at Orange Blossom Bridge). The fishery schedule monthly distribution is as follows:

Deliveries to CVP contractors will be as follows:

(4) Allocation to meet emergency M&I public health and safety requirements.

The Transitional Plan of Operation anticipates a change in the compliance point for dissolved oxygen that is contained in Reclamation’s water right permits. The standard itself (7mg/L) and timing (June thru September) would be unchanged, but the point of compliance would be moved from Ripon upstream to Orange Blossom Bridge.

3.2.7 Water Use Water uses in the ZPE are discussed below by type of use. For ease of reference, the uses are the same as those described in the California State Water Resources Control Board Water Quality

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Control Plan for the and San Joaquin River Basins (Basin Plan). The existing and potential water uses identified in the Basin Plan overlap with those identified in the 1991 Stanislaus National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan.

3.2.7.1 Municipal and Domestic Water Supply The Basin Plan states that the water in Tulloch Reservoir is not currently used for municipal and domestic water supply, but that this could be a future beneficial use of the water. The Tuolumne Utility District (TUD) currently provides consumptive water to residences on the Tuolumne County-side of Tulloch Reservoir from resources other than the reservoir water in Tulloch. Five municipal/domestic water supply withdrawals occur from Tulloch Reservoir. First, under its own consumptive water rights, the Calaveras County Water District (CCWD) annually has withdrawn approximately 2,000 af of its reservation of 6,000 af of water from Tulloch Reservoir for the Copper Cove subdivision, located on the Calaveras County side of Tulloch Reservoir. CCWD withdraws the water through pumps located at an elevation of about 470 feet, which is 10 feet below the crest of the Tulloch Dam spillway, in a cove near the subdivision, and treats the water at a local plant. Second, direct withdrawals of consumptive water are provided to a local state prison, Calaveras Asbestos, and to the California Department of Forestry (CDF). The water is taken at three locations and totals about 120 af annually. Lastly, some local landowners on the south shore take water from the reservoir. Collectively, these withdrawals are estimated at less than 5 af annually.

Stockton East Water District (SEWD) withdraws water from Goodwin Dam for consumptive purposes through contracts with the USBR, OID, and SSJID. SSJID has been pursuing a domestic water system for the communities of Escalon, Ripen, Manteca, Lathrop, and Tracy, which would withdraw and treat water from Woodward Reservoir, located off-stream near Knights Ferry.

3.2.7.2 Agricultural Supply The primary purpose of water in Tulloch Reservoir and Goodwin Reservoir is irrigation. OID and SSJID jointly hold appropriative water rights for storage of irrigation water in Tulloch Reservoir (80,000 af). Once released from storage, this water enters Goodwin Reservoir where it is diverted for irrigation use by the districts. No other party uses Tulloch or Goodwin Reservoirs as an irrigation water supply and the applicant is unaware of any future plans to develop additional agricultural water supply in Tulloch or Goodwin Reservoirs. Operation of the Project would not adversely impact existing agricultural water supply use. Future expansion of existing agricultural use is not expected.

3.2.7.3 Hydropower Generation Within the Basin Plan's Hydro Unit Number 534.22, hydropower generation occurs only at Tulloch Powerhouse. OID and SSJID jointly hold one appropriative water right for power use at the Tulloch Project. This water right allows Tri-Dam Project to store up to 80,000 af of water in Tulloch Reservoir and divert up to 1,500 cfs of the natural flow in the Stanislaus River through Tulloch Powerhouse.

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It should be noted that the Basin Plan recognizes hydropower generation as a beneficial use in the hydro unit immediately upstream of Tulloch Reservoir (Hydro Unit Number 534.21 - Now Melones Reservoir) and the unit immediately downstream of Tulloch Reservoir (Hydro Unit Number 535 - Goodwin Reservoir and the Stanislaus River from Goodwin Dam to the San Joaquin River). No hydropower generation currently occurs at Goodwin Dam.

3.2.7.4 Water Contact Recreation Water contact recreation activities in the ZPE include swimming, wading, fishing, and water skiing in Goodwin Reservoir, and white water kayaking 0.5 miles downstream of Goodwin Dam. These contact activities are significantly limited on Goodwin Reservoir since most of the land around the reservoir is privately owned. Most of these activities are associated with these private residences. The put-in site for kayaking is located further downstream of the dam, or 0.5 miles downstream and thus will not see much effect from the project. From a water use consideration, operation of the Project would have little effect on existing or future water contact recreation use, unless operation of the reservoir is appreciably altered. A more detailed discussion of the Project and water contact recreational use in and around the ZPE is contained in section 3.07.

3.2.7.5 Non-Contact Water Recreation Non-contact water recreation activities in the ZPE include picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, boating, sightseeing and aesthetic enjoyment. These non-contact activities are limited somewhat since much of the land around the reservoir is privately owned. Most of these activities are associated with these private residences or are concentrated at developed recreation facilities. From a water use consideration, operation of the Project would have little effect on existing or future non-contact water recreation use, unless operation of the reservoir is appreciably altered. A more detailed discussion of the Project's non-contact water recreational use in and around the ZPE is contained in section 3.07.

3.2.7.6 Wildlife Habitat Wildlife habitat in the immediate vicinity of Goodwin Reservoir has been fragmented and degraded by residential development and recreational activity. From a water use consideration, operation of the Project would have little effect on existing or future wildlife habitat unless the Project was appreciably altered. A more detailed discussion of the Project and wildlife resources in and around the ZPE is contained in section 3.05.

3.2.7.7 Warm Freshwater Habitat Goodwin Reservoir primarily supports warm water aquatic species. From a water use consideration, operation of the Project would have little effect on existing or future warm freshwater habitat use unless operation of the reservoir was appreciably altered. A more detailed discussion of the Project and warm freshwater habitat use in the ZPE is contained in section 3.03.

3.2.8 Overview of Water Quality The applicant conducted general literature reviews, to discover existing historical information

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3.2.8.1 Water Quality in the Stanislaus River Tetra Tech in 2001, and Brown and Caldwell in 1995 completed studies of water quality in the Stanislaus River watershed upstream of Knights Ferry for a number of water users including the United States Forest Service (USFS), SEWD, CCWD, TUD, Union Public Utility District (UPUD), and the City of Angels Camp, in 1995. These studies were undertaken to satisfy the requirements of the California Surface Water Treatment Rule, and a final report was submitted to the California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water. These studies provide a good indication of water quality in the ZPE. Based on an extensive review of available water quality data, Brown and Caldwell reached the conclusion that the water in the Stanislaus River is low in nitrogen. The maximum nitrate concentration recorded was 0.27 mg/l, which is well below the 1.0-mg/l nitrate standard used to characterize source waters that can stimulate algae growth. Stanislaus River water is soft, with hardness readings ranging from 3 mg/1 to 65 mg/1 as calcium carbonate, and alkalinity levels indicate a very high buffer capacity. The water is basic to slightly alkaline with pH readings ranging from about 7 to 8. Most metal concentrations are less than or slightly higher than detectable limits. These concentrations of metals likely occur naturally in the watershed since there are no recognizable upstream sources, except possibly below Sonora. Arsenic levels are below or at the detection limit. Organic chemicals rarely occur naturally. Brown and Caldwell also concluded that, based on expected land use changes in the watershed, it was unlikely that water quality would significantly change in the next 20 years.

Tetra Tech's conclusions and recommendations state that discharges from wastewater treatment plants have occurred in the past, however the future threat is low to moderate. Tetra Tech also concluded that grazing, recreation and wildfires pose a low to medium threat; recreation involving body contact and cattle grazing pose a low to medium threat; and all other contaminate sources pose a low threat to water quality. Nutrient levels, bacteria, pesticides, herbicides, surfactants, solids, and turbidity may increase. However heavy metals, hardness and alkalinity are not projected to increase. Tetra Tech did recommend that CCWD monitor the water quality in Tulloch Reservoir to determine the impact of recreation. CCWD sampled water quality in 2000, and annually beginning in 2002, takes complete physical, mineral and coliform samples in the reservoir.

Table 3.2.3-1, Water Quality sampled by CCWD

Parameters( Units( Sampling(Range( Samples( Mean( General(Parameters(

Total&Alkalinity&as&CACO3& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 27&

Total&Hardness&as&CACO3& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 26& Conductivity&at&25&C& μmhos/cm& 6.2.2000& 1& 62& pH( pH& Units& 6.2.2000& 1& 7,2& Chemical(Constituents((General(Mineral)(

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Calcium& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 5,6& Chloride& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& <2& Magnesium& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 3,4& Potassium& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 0,746& Sodium& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 1,97& Chemical(Constituents((General(Mineral)( Sulfate& mg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& 2& Chemical(Constituents((Trace(Metals)( Boron& μg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& <100& Copper& μg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& <30& Iron& μg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& <50& Zinc& μg/l& 6.2.2000& 1& <50&

3.2.8.2 Water Quality upstream of the Project in Tulloch Reservoir Tulloch Reservoir has a normal maximum water surface elevation of 510 feet, has a surface area of 1,260 acres at full pool, and has a gross storage capacity of 66,968 af, of which 52,139 af (78 percent) is usable, in that it can be passed through Tulloch Powerhouse. The reservoir is about 7.0 miles long, has a maximum width of about 2,000 feet, and a maximum depth of about 150 feet. In normal water years, the reservoir surface elevation fluctuates by about 10 feet over the course of the year. Water is normally released from Tulloch Reservoir through Tulloch Powerhouse, located at the base of the dam, and through a low level outlet structure, also at the base of the dam. Each generating unit has a full gate discharge capability of 900 cfs and the low level outlet has a maximum capability of 1,600 cfs. Water may also pass over the dam spillway. Based on the usable storage capacity (52,139 af of Tulloch Reservoir and average release from Tulloch Powerhouse (1,440 cfs or 2,779 af per day), Tulloch Reservoir has a hydraulic residence time of about 19 days (the amount of time it takes to fill and empty the reservoir). Tulloch Reservoir has no point-source discharges associated with it.

The CDWR, USEPA, CCWD, and CDFG have historically monitored water quality in Tulloch Reservoir. As reported in the USEPA STORET system, CDWR (Surface Water and Health Services groups) monitored water quality in Tulloch Reservoir from 1956 through 1987. All samples were collected from the surface. Due the age of these data, CDWR staff were not able to determine the specific reason why these data were collected other than for general monitoring, or if the data were collected as part of specific water quality studies. Regardless, the data indicate that Tulloch Reservoir has relatively good water quality.

Tulloch Reservoir was included in a 1975 National Eutrophication Survey by the USEPA. The reservoir was sampled once each in March, June, and November by means of a pontoon equipped helicopter. Physical and chemical parameters were collected from several depths at three stations during each sampling effort. Based on a trophic assessment using levels of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, plankton, and transparency, the USEPA concluded that Tulloch Reservoir was eutrophic, but USEPA stated that this assessment may not be completely accurate, since Tulloch Reservoir has such a short retention time. According to

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USEPA, reservoir production was nitrogen-limited in March and June (inorganic nitrogen to orthophosphorus ratios of 6:l and 8:1, respectively) and phosphorus-limited in November (20:1 ratio). Significant depressions in dissolved oxygen (DO) with varying depths did not occur at any station or sampling time. Survey limnologists did not observe macrophytes or surface concentrations of algae. The OSEPA calculated nutrient loading based on tributary sampling. The phosphorus load was calculated at 37,420 kilograms per year (kg/yr) with less than 0.1 percent attributable to Septic tanks serving shoreline dwellings, and 99.9 percent from non-point sources. These non-point sources were identified as the Stanislaus River (92.4 percent), ungaged tributaries (6.9 percent), Black Creek (0.5 percent) and direct precipitation (0.2 percent). Nitrogen loading was estimated at 1,528,945 kg/yr with 94.2 percent from the Stanislaus River, 4.7 percent from ungaged tributaries, 0.7 percent from Black Creek, 0.4 percent from direct precipitation, and less than 0.1 percent from shoreline Septic tanks.

In August 2000, the Tri-Dam Project conducted selected water quality sampling. The result of this sampling is shown in Table 3.2.6.2-1 below.

Table(3.2.6.2A1,(Water(Quality(data(collected(by(TriADam(Project(in(Tulloch(Reservoir(and(tailrace(in(the( Stanislaus(River(from(August(8(through(30,(2000(

Upstream( O'Byrne's( Tulloch( End(of( Tulloch(Reservoir( Ferry(Bridge( Tailrace( Parameter( Units( Reservoir(

Bottom( Surface( Surface( Bottom( Surface(

8/2,&8,&15,& Date& && && 21&&& 8/7/00& 8/7/00& 8/7/00& 30/2000& Time& Daytime& && Morning& 2:00& 2:00& 3:50& RM&on& Station& TBP& TBP& 60.35& 60.35& TBP& Stanislaus&River& Reservoir&Depth& Feet&to&bottom& Bottom& Shoreline& && && && General(Parameters( AlkalinityWCarbonate& mg/l& && && 30& 30& && AlkalinityWTotal& mg/l&as&CaCO3& && && 30& 30& && Specific&Conductance& μmhos/cm& && && 60.5& 54.0& 58.0& Total&Hardness& Mg/l& && && 26& 34& && MBAS& mg/l& && && <0.05& <0.05& && Water(Temperature( Water&Temperature& °&F& && && 76.5& 54.3& 54.5& Dissolved(Oxygen( Dissolved&Oxygen& mg/l& && && 7.7& 7.1& 10.4&

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PH( PH& units& && && 7.18& 6.60& 7.05& Turbidity( Turbidity& NTU& && 4.8& 1.6& 1.2& && Secchi&Disc&Depth& feet& && && 18.1& && && Suspended(Material( Total&Suspended& mg/l& && && <10& 30& && Solids& Total&Dissolved&Solids& mg/l& && && 38.7& 34.5& 37& Biostimulatory(Substances( Nitrate& mg/l&as&N& && && <0.1& <0.1& && Nitrate+Nitrite& mg/l&as&N& && && <0.1& <0.1& && UnWionized&Ammonia& mg/l&as&N& && && <0.2& <0.2& && Total&Kjedhal&Nitrogen& mg/l&as&N& && && <0.2& <0.2& && Total&Phosphorous& mg/l&as&P& && && 0.09& 0.23& && Orthophosphate& mg/l&as&P& && && <0.01& <0.1& && ChlorophyllWa& mg/l& && && 0.00360& 0.01900& && Biol.&Oxygen&Deman& mg/l& && && <1& <1& && Chemical(Constituents((General(Minerals)( Calcium& mg/l& && && 6.6& 7.4& && Chloride& mg/l& && && 2.0& 1.0& && Magnesium& mg/l& && && 2.3& 3.8& && Potassium&& mg/l& && && 2.0& 2.5& && Sodium& mg/l& && && 2.8& 2.8& && Sulfate& mg/l& && && 2.0& 1.0& && Chemical(Constituents((Trace(Metals)( Copper& mg/l& && && <0.01& 0.018& && Iron& mg/l& && && <0.001& 6.6& && Mnganese& mg/l& && && 0.0051& 0.6800& && Mercury& mg/l& 0.065126& && <0.000719& 0.001080& && Silver& mg/l& && && 0.00043& 0.00060& && Zinc& mg/l& && && 0.0044& 0.0330& && Color( Color& Units& && && 5& 5& && Bacteria( Total&Coliform& MPN/100&ml& 6.42& && && && && Fecal&Coliform& MPN/100&ml& 3.26& && && && && Oil(and(Grease( Oil&and&Grease& mg/l& && && <0.01& <0.01& && MTBE& ug/l& && && <5& <5& &&

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Based on the August 2000, 2001 and 2002 water quality data, the water in Tulloch Reservoir is soft, with hardness readings ranging from 23 to 34 mg/1, and alkalinity levels (total alkalinity reading of 30 rag/l) indicate a high buffer capacity. The water is warm on the surface (76.5 ° F) and cool on the bottom (54.3 ° F). Dissolved oxygen concentrations are high, generally between 7 and 8 mg/l. The water is basic, with pH readings ranging around 7. The water is clear (NTU readings from 1 to 5), relatively free of color (maximum color reading of 5), and relatively low in suspended solids (about 35 mg/l). There is little productivity due to very low levels of nitrogen and phosphorous. The maximum nitrate concentration recorded was less than 0.01 mg/l, which is well below the 1.0 mg/1 nitrate standard used to characterize source waters that can stimulate algae growth, and chlorophyll-a levels are low (maximum of 0.01900 mg/l). Mineral levels are low. Trace metal concentrations are low with the exception of iron on the reservoir bottom.

Most trace metals occur naturally in the watershed, and some of the sources include upstream gold mines, some of which were inundated when New Melones Reservoir was constructed. Fecal coliform levels were well below the water quality objectives set for primary contact recreation (geometric mean of less than 200 MPN/100 ml on five samples collected in any 30 day period with less than 400 MPN/100 ml in 10 percent of all samples taken in the 30 day period). The geometric mean of the five samples taken in August 2000 was 3.26 MPN/100 ml, and the highest value was 23 MPN/100 ml. With the exception of the 2000 and 2001 iron reading on the bottom of Tulloch Reservoir, these data, along with the historical water quality data, support the conclusion that water quality in the MFSR is good and probably meets or exceeds all water quality objectives stated in the Basin Plan. None of the historic or Licensee measured water quality parameters appeared to exceed Basin Plan water quality objectives or USEP FALP guidelines except for iron. Based on the nitrogen, oil and grease, and MBTE readings, there is no indication that recreational activity is resulting in degradation of water quality.

3.2.8.3 Water Quality in Goodwin Reservoir The Tulloch Reservoir and Powerhouse discharge directly into Goodwin Reservoir, which is part of the Goodwin Project constructed in 1926 and owned and operated by OID, SSJID, and SEWD. The Goodwin Project consists of Goodwin Dam, Oakdale Canal, and the South San Joaquin and SEWD Tunnel outlet Goodwin Reservoir encompasses about 1.8 miles of the main stem of the Stanislaus River, has a mean depth of about 20 feet and impounds about 500 af of water. Water is discharged from Goodwin Dam over a spillway.

The applicant was not able to find any water quality information collected in Goodwin Reservoir.

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3.2.8.4 Water Quality Downstream of the Project

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3.2.9 Water Quantity and Drainage Area The drainage area upstream of Goodwin Dam is 986,000 acres. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has monitored flows continuously at Goodwin Dam since 1957, flow meter 11302000 Stanislaus River below Goodwin Dam, near Knights Ferry, CA, location Lat 37°51′06″, long 120°38′13″, 0.9 miles downstream from Goodwin Dam, 250 ft upstream from Owl Creek and 2.9 miles northeast of Knights Ferry. Flow has varied from a low of 0 cfs in September 1960, October 1977, and December 1978, to a maximum discharge of 6,233 cfs in May, 1969. The monthly minimum, mean, and maximum recorded flows at the Goodwin Dam are presented in Table 3.2.7-1.

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Table 3.2.7-1 Minimum, Mean, and Maximum Flows (October 1, 1957 through September 30, 2078) Stanislaus River at below Goodwin Dam Minimum Flow Mean Flow Maximum Flow Year cfs cfs Year cfs January 1977 11.50 1,194 1969 5,040 February 1960 2.19 1,103 1969 4,309 March 1960 4.74 1,060 1969 1,060 April 1972 2.48 1,154 1967 3,686 May 1961 1.52 1,651 1969 6,233 June 1961 1.35 1249 1967 5,100 July 1960 1.60 96.4 1967 1,060 August 1960 1.09 4.18 1967 22.5 September 1960 0.51 17.8 1969 231 October 1977 0.19 128 1976 749 November 1977 4.56 215 1966 681 December 1978 0.40 690 1965 3,521 Average 713

As can be seen from Table 3.2.7-1 flows can vary considerably from month to month and year to year. Generally flows are lowest during the months of August and September. The highest flows occur during the months of October and April through May, with flows tapering off in June and July as snow melt decreases. Since the USGS gauge is just below Goodwin Dam, no adjustment for drainage area is required. Since the project is run-of-river, and since flows during the summer months can be below the operating range of the turbines, a dependable capacity estimate is being deferred until spillway mitigation flows are determined and a minimum flow unit is sized in consultation with interested parties.

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3.2.10 Water Temperature Based on studies done by the Tri-Dam Project, Tulloch Reservoir water temperature and DO concentrations varied by about 22 ° F and 0.5 mg/l from the surface to the bottom (61 feet) at the sampling location. Temperatures ranged from 76.5 ° F on the surface to 54.2 ° F on the bottom, and DO concentrations ranged from 7.67 mg/l on the surface to 7.10 mg/l on the bottom. Highest water temperatures occurred on the surface and highest DO concentrations (9.39 mg/l) occurred at a depth of 10 feet. Stratification appeared to occur at about 10 to 15 feet. Similarly, there was little variation in surface and bottom samples for specific conductance (50.5 to 54.0 µmhos/cm), pH (7.18 to 6.60), total dissolved solids (38.7 mg/l to 34.5 mg/l) and turbidity (1.2 to 4.8). The results of the New Melones model showed that New Melones Reservoir provides a significant "cool water" pool of less than 50 ° F below the epiliminon layer (10 to 50 feet) for release into the lower Stanislaus River. Tulloch Reservoir permits additional surface warming, however releases from the Tulloch Dam low level outlets maintain the water temperature at what is released from New Melones Dam.

Goodwin Dam causes surface warming and spills water into the river that is 2 to 3 ° F warmer than water released from Tulloch Dam. As the water moves through the lower Stanislaus River, it warms by 12 to 20 ° F, often exceeding 72 ° F in late summer.

The study showed that in dry years (1989 to 1992) the "cool water" pool in New Melones was

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 restricted when the surface water level approached the Old Melones Dam, causing warmer surface water to be released. Most degree-day violations occurred in the late summer 1991 to 1992 period for steelhead, while salmon criteria were exceeded in the May to June period through the 1983-1996 study period. The most favorable run allocated 50,000 af towards steelhead objectives and implemented modified operations at New Melones Reservoir in 1992. This resulted in no degree-day violations for steelhead. Salmon degree-day violations were reduced in several of the alternatives.

Tulloch Reservoir is weekly stratified and likely oligotrophic. The reservoir contains a large reserve of relatively cold (less than 60 ° F), oxygenated (greater than 7 mg/1 of DO) water that is released downstream. Tulloch Reservoir supports both warm and cold freshwater habitat. The lower Stanislaus River cooperative group, under Section 7 consultation, has concluded that New Melones Reservoir provides an adequate cool water pool to protect downstream fisheries in all years, except the driest periods such as 1991 to 1992.

3.2.11 Anticipated Project Impacts on Water Use and Quality

3.2.11.1 Water Quantity The Goodwin Project will be operated on a run-of-river basis. The siphon will withdraw water 15 to 20 feet below the water surface elevation. Water at that debt is cooler than the water being spilled over the dam crest. The Project, by discharging cooler water into the river in lieu of dam spill, has the potential to reduce water temperatures downstream. The temperature reduction would be greatest during the summer and could potentially benefit Chinook salmon and Steelhead trout that spawn and rear in the river. For the period while the siphon, intake and penstocks are installed, downstream outflows would be maintained to equal inflows to Goodwin Reservoir. Minimum flows would also be established in the downstream reach during this period.

Goodwin Power aims to install the siphon, intake and penstock with minimum or no lake level changes through the use of a temporary cofferdam/bulkhead in the intake area.

In the event of unit shutdown, the project would operate to maintain a continuous flow downstream. This could be achieved by providing a bypass flow around the powerhouse. Specific details will be worked out with resource agencies and interested parties. If bypass flow is provided, a valve would be installed in the penstock that would be actuated in the event of an emergency shutdown of the powerhouse.

Because outflow would be set to equal inflow, ramping rates would mimic natural conditions. A small reservoir level deviation may be required (e.g., approximately 0.1 foot) to balance outflow with inflow. Since no storage and release is proposed, there would be no downstream flushing flows, except those provided naturally.

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3.2.11.2 Water Quality During construction of the siphon intake and trash rack, there is the possibility of disturbance of bottom sediments in the intake area. Best management practices will be adopted to limit sediment disturbance.

The project will be designed in such a manner that it will mimic or improve current levels of dissolved oxygen in the water being released into the Stanislaus river. One minor benefit that would occur would be a potential decrease in total dissolved gases (TDG) downstream of the dam during project operation. No TDG measurements have been taken under existing conditions. However at other projects with similar design, higher TDG levels were found in spillway plunge pools. During project operations, the first 848 cfs would flow through the turbines and not contribute to an increase in TDG. However, during high flood flow events that TDG reduction would be only a few percent based on a flow mass balance.

3.2.12 Protection, Mitigation, and Enhancement Measures GP is proposing to manage water levels to mimic existing inflow/outflow relationships.

To lessen the potential effects of reduced lake levels during construction of the siphon, intake and penstock, GP will investigate construction techniques that reduce or eliminate lowering of reservoir levels. Should that not be possible, GP will develop a protocol to reduce flow effects downstream and impacts along the lake shoreline.

Best management practices will be used during the intake construction to limit suspended sediment concentration increases from bottom sediment resuspension.

GP will look to maintain or improve downstream water quality by investigating techniques to decrease water temperatures.

GP will monitor downstream DO levels during operation, including reaeration rates. If DO levels do not meet state standards as required by the SWRCB, GP will investigate DO enhancement techniques including passing flow over the spillway during low flow conditions.

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3.3 FISH AND AQUATIC RESOURCES The following sections describe fish and aquatic resources for the project area, including Goodwin Reservoir, the Tulloch Reservoir and Stanislaus River, and environs, as required by 18 CFR § 5.6 (d)(3)(iv). 3.3.1 Aquatic Resources in the Stanislaus Upstream of Tulloch Dam 3.3.1.1 Fishes Moyle et al. (1996) provides a historical overview of fishes in the Sierra Nevada. This overview is insightful since the trends described by Moyle et al. probably apply to the fishes in the Stanislaus River drainage upstream of Goodwin Dam. Moyle et al reports that 40 species of fish are native to the Sierra Nevada, and 11 of these are found only in the Sierra Nevada range. Historically, the high elevation streams in the western Sierra Nevada were largely fishless due to extensive glaciation, steep topography and summer drying/winter freezing of streams. Moyle et al. note that coastal , the trout species native to most west-side watersheds, were mostly found below an elevation of 4,900 feet. Moyle et al. believed that the population of fish in the Sierra Nevada has changed drastically in four major ways since the influx of Euro- Americans began in the 1850s. First, anadromous fishes, especially chinook salmon, have been excluded from most of the riverine habitat they once used. Fisheries for these species have been replaced, in part by stream fisheries composed of non-native trout often of hatchery origin, and reservoir fisheries. Second, the abundance of most native resident fishes has declined and their native habitat has been fragmented, although a few species have had their ranges greatly expanded. Third, 30 species of non-native fish species have been introduced into or have invaded most waters in the Sierra Nevada. This has resulted in the presence of fish in areas that were historically fishless, especially at higher elevations, and has greatly expanded fishing opportunities. Moyle et al. identified the introduction of these non-native fish as the single major factor associated with the decline in abundance of native invertebrate and amphibian species. In addition, the native strain of rainbow trout has likely hybridized extensively with introduced, hatchery-bred trout resulting in a significant shift in their genetic composition (Rogers et al. 1996). The fourth major trend identified by Moyle et al. is that Sierra Nevada fisheries have largely shifted from native species, such as salmon and other anadromous fishes, to introduced fish species.

CDFG biologists Robert Reavis (1991) reported there are no records of steelhead in the San Joaquin River system. If steelhead were present in this system, they may have been extirpated before the turn of the century due to gold mining activities. Cramer et al. (1995) worked with a large team of consultants to assemble the available information on California steelhead, and found no information to contradict the report by Reavis. However, more recent sightings of advanced smolted trout suggest steelhead are present. At issue is the source of these fish (from other streams, ocean returns or trout preparing to migrate to the ocean).

Four of the 36 species or subspecies (Pacific lamprey, and spring, fall and late winter runs of Chinook salmon) are migratory. Their historic ranges probably extended upstream in the Stanislaus River, Middle Fork Stanislaus River (MFSR), and South Fork Stanislaus River (SFSR) to points in the streams where they would have encountered natural barriers to migration. However, these species certainly no longer occur upstream of Tulloch Dam, due to man-made migration barriers, such as Goodwin Dam.

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Of the remaining 32 species and subspecies, 12 are native and 20 are introduced. Two of the species or subspecies (Lahontan cutthroat trout and brook trout) occur only at high elevations, and four (rainbow trout, brown trout, Sacramento sucker, and riffle sculpin) occur throughout the mid-elevation range. The remaining 26 species occur at elevations below about 4,900 feet and many or these would occur only in Tulloch and New Melones reservoirs. Five of the 32 species or subspecies (Labontan cutthroat trout, Eagle Lake rainbow trout, San Joaquin roach, Red Hills roach, and hardhead) are species of concern - they are listed under the ESA or CESA, protected under the California Fish and Game Code, and/or are considered special concern species. Three of the species (resident rainbow trout, brown trout and brook trout) are only listed as Stanislaus National Forest (STF) management indicator species (MIS).

As noted by Moyle et al. (1996), the introduction of non-native fish species has probably had significant impacts on the abundance and distribution of fish in the Sierra Nevada. During a Tri- Dam Project 2002 re-licensing, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam was able to find little information about fish mocking in the lower reservoirs (Tulloch and Melones), other than that CDFG has planted between 13,000 and 30,000 catchable-sized rainbow trout annually in Tulloch Reservoir since 1979. However, extensive records occur for upstream reaches, especially the MFSR. As in other Sierra Nevada watersheds, CDFG has extensively stocked the MFSR over the past 60 years. In the past 30 years alone, CDFG has stocked over five million fish in the MFSR (about 50,000 fish per mile). CDFG records indicate that from 1970 through 1998, more than 3.75 million trout and kokanee were planted in the MFSR or its major tributaries and forks. This number consisted of more than 2.6 million catchable and 877,000 fingerling rainbow trout; 14,000 catchable, 90,000 sub-catchable, and 135,000 fingerling brown trout; and 50,000 fingerling kokanee.

The MFSR was heavily planted prior to the 1970s, and the Tri-Dam Project, during a 2002 re- licensing, FERC 2067, reviewed records back to the 1930s. Because of the age of these data and the many missing years (1955 to 1969) and vague planting locations, this information is more problematic. However, the records do indicate a change either in CDFG planting philosophy or hatchery capability between the 1930 to 1950 period and the 1970 to 1990 period. Of the more than 4.4 million fish recorded planted in the MFSR from the early 1930s to the early 1950s, all but 63,000 were fingerlings.

Also, apparently a greater variety of trout were planted in the 1930 to 1950 period. Many of the CDFG records identify these fish plantings as being "CT" and "SH." Although no notes were recorded to definitively state what species or varieties these initials stood for, they probably represented cutthroat and steelhead trout, respectively.

3.3.1.2 Amphibians A good reference for the historical trends and current status of amphibian species in the Sierra Nevada, including those that may occur in the Stanislaus River drainage upstream of Tulloch Dam have been described by Jennings (1996). Jennings reported that 32 amphibian taxa occur in the Sierra Nevada, of which 31 are native species or subspecies. Nine of the native species are frogs and toads, and the remaining 22 are salamanders. The one introduced species is the bullfrog. He noted a widespread decline in amphibian species in the region over the pest 25 years and attributed this decline to a number of factors, including introduction of a suite of exotic species (especially fishes), with which the native amphibian fauna frequently cannot coexist; overgrazing by livestock; stream channelization; construction of hydroelectric projects;

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 recreation activities; creation of water-storage reservoirs; removal of surface and ground water; and placer mining. Jennings also noted that introduced bullfrogs, fishes and crayfish severely limit the abundance and distribution of native amphibian species. For example, bullfrogs have almost completely replaced California red-legged frogs and foothill yellow-legged frogs in many locations, and are undoubtedly a factor in the precipitous decline of native Ranid frog species. Jennings concluded that the most imperiled aquatic habitats for amphibians are springs, seeps, and bogs; rain (or vernal) pools; marshes; and small headwater streams. Based on Jennings and a review of relevant field guides, the Tri-Dam Project during a 2002 re-licensing, FERC 2067, compiled a list of 18 amphibian species with a reasonable potential to occur in the Stanislaus River upstream of Tulloch Dam, see Table 3.2.1.2-1 below. 10 of the 18 amphibian species are believed to have stable or expanding populations. Eight of the species are federal or state designated special status species.

Table 3.2.1.2-1 Amphibian Species upstream of Tulloch Dam

Species(Name( Native(or(Introduced( Habitat(Range( Status(

Mole(Salamanders( && && && WCalifornia&tiger&salamander& Native& Foothills& FSC,&CP& Lungles(Salamanders( && && && WAboreal&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WCalifornia&slender&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WRelictual&slender&salamander& Native& Foothills& FSC,&CSC,&FSS& WPacific&slender&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WHellWHollow&slender&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WSierra&Nevada&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WYellowWeyed&salamander& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& WMount&Lyell&salamander& Native& High& FSC,&CSC,&CP& Newts( && && && WSierra&Newt& Native& Foothills& Stable/expanding& True(Toads( && && && WCalifornia&toad& Native& Foothills/High& Stable/expanding& WYosemite&toad& Native& High& FSC,&CSC,&CP,&FSS& Tree(Frogs( && && && WPacific&treefrog& Native& Foothills/High& Stable/expanding& True(Frogs( && && && WCalifornia&redWlegged&frog& Native& Foothills& FT,&CSC,&CP& WFoothill&yellowWlegged&frog& Native& Foothills& FSC,&CSC,&CP,&FSS& WBullfrog& Introduced& Foothills/High& Stable/expanding& WMountain&yellowWlegged&frog& Native& High& FSC,&CSC,&CP,&FSS& WWestern&spadefoot& Native& Foothills& FSC,&CSC,&CP&

&Habitat&Range:&Foothills&W&Tulloch&Dam&(ab& out&el.&510&feet)&to&Donnells&Dam&(about&el.&4,620&feet),&& & High&W&Above&Donnells&Dam& FSC&(Federal&Species&of&Concern),&FT&(Federal&Threatened&under&ESA),&FSS&(Forrest&Sensitive&

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Species),&& CSC&(California&Species&of&Concern),&CP&(California&Protected&Species)& &

3.3.1.3 Reptiles During the Tri-Dam 2002 re-licensing, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam primarily used information from Graber (1996) for species-specific data on reptiles that may occur in the Stanislaus River Watershed. Graber reported that 32 reptile species occur in the Sierra Nevada and all are native there. A review of Graber's list shows that 12 of these species occur in the foothills below elevation 500 feet. Therefore, the Tri-Dam's list of reptiles that might occur in the Stanislaus River watershed above Tulloch Reservoir includes 20 species, see Table 3.2.1.3-1 below. Graber notes that most of the reptile species are valley or foothill animals that range into the warm, xeric portions of the western Sierra Nevada, and some of these only marginally. Several, though, are truly montaine animals in whole or in part. These include the western rattlesnake, rubber boa, California mountain kingsnake, western terrestrial garter snake, western fence lizard, sagebrush lizard and northern alligator lizard. Only one of the reptile species, western pond turtle, has a special status listing.

Table 3.2.1.3-1 Species that might occur upstream of Tulloch Reservoir

Native(or( Species(Name( Key(Habitat(Elements( Status( Introduced(

Box(and(Water(Turtles( && && && WWestern&pond&turtle& Native& Permanent&streams,&rivers,&ponds& FSC,&CSC,&FSS,&CP& Spiny(Lizards( && && && WWestern&fence&lizard& Native& Rock&outcrops,&friable&soil& && WSagebrush&lizard& Native& Rock&outcrops,&friable&soil& && Skinks( && && && WGilbert's&skink& Native& Foothill&chapharral,&oak&woodland& && Whiptails( && && && WWestern&whiptail& Native& Annual&grassland,&chaparral& && Alligator(Lizards( && && && WSouthern&alligator&lizard& Native& Foothill&chaparral&and&riparian& && WNorthern&alligator&lizard& Native& Forrests& && Bogs( && && && WRubber&bog& Native& Streams&and&meadows&in&forests& && Colubrids( && && && WRingneck&snake& Native& Moist&soil&with&northerly&aspect& && WSharpWtailed&snake& Native& Leaf&litter&and&other&surface&debris& && WRacer& Native& Grassland&up&to&forested&areas& && WCalifornia&whipsnake& Native& Chaparral&to&about&6,000&feet& && WGopher&snake& Native& Grassland&and&open&brushland& && WCommon&kingsnake& Native& All&forests&and&successional&stages& &&

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WCommon&garter&snake& Native& Streams,&rivers,&ponds,&lakes& && WWestern&terrestrial&garter&snake& Native& Streams,&rivers,&ponds,&lakes& && WWestern&aquatic&garter&snake& Native& Streams,&rivers,&ponds,&lakes& && WNight&snake& Native& Foothill&chaparral,&woodland& && Vipers( && && && WWestern&rattlesnake& Native& Rock&outcrops,&burrows,&caves& &&

FSC&(Federal&Species&of&Concer& n),&FSS&(Forest&Sensitive&Species),&& & & & CSC&(California&Species&of&Concern),&CP&(California&Protected&Species)& & &

3.3.1.4 Aquatic Invertebrates Erman (1996) describes the aquatic invertebrate fauna in the Sierra Nevada as diverse and extensive with many endemic species. Aquatic invertebrates are important for two major reasons. First, they are a major source of food for birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and other invertebrates. Second, aquatic invertebrates are relatively sensitive to changes in their habitats and so have been used historically to indicate quality of, and changes in, habitat. Erman points out that little historic information is available regarding historic aquatic invertebrate populations in the Sierra Nevada. Nevertheless, she concluded that aquatic invertebrate populations have changed in abundance, composition and range based on a number of factors, including construction of dams, alteration in stream flows, and changes in sedimentation patterns. In particular, the USFWS believes there is concern in other western states that certain mollusc taxa are threatened by deteriorating habitats and are in a decline in North America (Williams et al. 1993). Based on the STF Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) (USDA 1991) and conversations with CDFG staff, the Tri-Dam Project, during a 2002 re-licensing, FERC 2067, identified three aquatic invertebrate species that are of particular concern to agencies. These are listed in Table 3.2.1.4-1 below.

Table 3.2.1.4-1 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of particular concern to agencies

Native(or( Key(Habitat( Species(Name( Status( Introduced( Elements(

Amphipods( && && && WHara's&cave&hipod& Native& Foothills& FSC& Beetles( && && && WSimple&hydroporus&diving&beetle& Native& Foothills& FSC& Molluscs( && && && WCalifornia&floater&(mussel)& Native& Foothills& FSC&and&FSS&

Habitat&Range:&Foothills&& W&Tulloch&Dam&(e& l&510&feet)&to&Donnells&Dam&(el&& & 4,620)& FSC&(Federal&Species&of&Concern),&FSS&(Forest&Sensitive&Species)&&

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3.3.1.5 Special Status Aquatic Species That May Occur in the Project Area Special status species refer to those species or subspecies that are 1) FE, FT, PFE, or PFT; 2) CE, CT, PCE, or PCT; 2) listed by the USFS as FSS; 3) listed by the USFWS as FSC; 4) listed by CDFG as CSC, CP, or a CFP; or 5) listed by STF as MIS. During the Tri-Dam 2002 re-licensing, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam identified 20 aquatic special status species or subspecies that may occur in the Stanislaus River watershed upstream of Tulloch Dam. Eight of these are fish species or subspecies, eight are amphibians, one is a reptile, and three are aquatic invertebrates. Of these, only two are formally listed as FT species: Lahontan cutthroat trout (FT within its native range, which does not include Tulloch Reservoir) and California red-legged frog. Four are MIS species or subspecies (resident rainbow, brown, brook and Lahontan cutthroat trout). Sixteen of the 20 aquatic special status species are FSS, FSC, CSC, CP, or CFP. It should be noted that the population of Lahontan cutthroat trout in the Stanislaus River is outside its native range, so the ESA listing as threatened does not apply to this population. Information regarding each of these 20 species or subspecies is provided below.

The USFWS provided the Tri-Dam Project with a list of federally-listed endangered and threatened species dated October 21, 2002 (USFWS 2002), to be considered in its relicensing. In addition, to the species addressed in this section, the USFWS list included four FT species (delta smelt, Paiute cutthroat trout, Central Valley steelhead, Sacramento splittail) and one FE species (winter-run Chinook salmon). As discussed in earlier, steelhead probably never occurred in the San Joaquin River system, whereas the historic range of salmon likely extended into the Stanislaus River above Tulloch Dam but has since been extirpated due to man-made downstream barriers such as Goodwin Dam. The range of delta smelt, Paiute cutthroat trout, and Sacramento splittail do not extend into the Stanislaus River system. Therefore, these species are not affected by the Project and will not be discussed further in this section.

Resident Rainbow, Brown and Brook Trout (MIS). The Stanislaus National Forrest (STF) describes "resident trout" as rainbow, brook, brown, and Lahontan cutthroat trout (USDA 1991). Of the four species, rainbow trout has the most abundant harvest species and has the widest distribution range within the STF occurring from lowest to the highest elevations. STF reports that rainbow trout occurs in 80 percent (835 river miles) of the perennial streams in the forest, and that 73 percent of those (609 river miles) are considered fair to excellent fisheries. Brook trout occur in 29 percent of the perennial streams, most of which are above 6,000 feet in elevation, and 83 percent of those waters (249 river miles) provide a fair to excellent fishery. Brown trout occur mostly at low- to mid-elevation ranges, are found in 37 percent (381 river miles) of the perennial streams in the STF, and 98 percent of those (389 river miles) provide a fair or better fishery. Lahontan cutthroat trout has the narrowest distribution within the STF, and is present in only five streams. Rainbow and Lahontan cutthroat trout are native to California and brook and brown trout are introduced. Lahontan cutthroat trout is discussed in more detail below.

All four trout species have similar spawning habits, with the exception that rainbow and Lahontan cutthroat trout spawn in the spring and brook and brown trout spawn in the fall. The specific spawning time seems to be influenced by the genetic strain of the fish, water temperature and daylight, among other things. Spawning rarely occurs in lakes and usually occurs in gravel riffles of small streams. Females build a nest over a few days, and after spawning, cover the nest with gravel, and both the female and male abandon the nest. A single female may spawn a

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 number of times during one season. After hatching, the fry remain in the gravel bottom until their yolk sac is consumed. Then, they venture into open water feeding on plankton. As they mature, they begin to feed on aquatic terrestrial insects, and large trout include other fish in their diets. There are no reports of resident rainbow or brown trout occurring in Tulloch Reservoir, and brook trout occur at much higher elevations in streams. CDFG annually stocks some catchable- sized rainbow trout in Tulloch Reservoir, but it is unlikely that any of these overwinter. Further, the Goodwin Dam Project is outside the STF, so the MIS listing is not applicable, but is provided here for information purposes.

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (FT & MTS). Lahontan cutthroat trout, in California, is native to streams and lakes of the Lahontan system on the eastside of the Sierra Nevada (Moyle 1976). The Lahontan cutthroat trout is generally similar in appearance to rainbow trout, but is more heavily marked with black spots on its body, has two yellow to red slashes of pigment on the underside of its lower jaws, has a larger mouth, and has a more slender body (Moyle 1976). Not surprisingly, the cutthroat trout is ecologically similar to rainbow trout. It occurs in a wide variety of cool waters from large alkaline lakes (e.g., Pyramid Lake, Nevada) to small mountain lakes (e.g., Blue Lake, California), and major rivers to small tributaries (Moyle 1976). It is opportunistic, feeding on whatever is most abundant in the drift (Behnke 1992, Moyle 1976). Stream-dwelling cutthroat trout are often sedentary, and may stay within the same 60 feet of stream for their entire lives (Miller 1957). The Lahontan cutthroat trout has been reported to occtur in five streams in the STF: Marshall Canyon, Disaster Creek, Wheats Meadow Creek, Milk Ranch Creek, and Pacific Creek (USDA 1991). Of these five streams, only Disaster Creek and Wheats Meadow Creek are within the MFSR drainage. The STF LRMP (USDA 1991) indicated that the Disaster Creek population is the most stable of the four streams, has the better habitat, is populated with only cutthroat trout, and is not as susceptible to dry years. Lahontan cutthroat trout has not been found in Wheats Meadow Creek since the early 1980s. CDFG records indicate that 62,500 fingerling cutthroat trout were planted four times into the Clark Fork between 1931 and 1937. According to the LRMP, it is the stated intent to manage Lahontan cutthroat trout according to the STF's Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Habitat Management Plan and the state of California's Recovery Plan. Lahontan cutthroat trout generally do not compete well with other species of trout (Behnke 1992). Consequently, it is unlikely the Lahontan cutthroat trout would ever become established in the MFSR due to the presence of rainbow, brown and brook trout.

Lahonton cutthroat trout occurs at high elevations in streams. Suitable habitat does not occur in Goodwin Reservoir.

Eagle Lake Rainbow Trout (FSC, CSC & FSS). The Eagle Lake rainbow trout is a subspecies of rainbow trout endemic to Eagle Lake, Lassen County, California. They are brightly colored and adapted to living in highly alkaline waters (Moyle 1976). They are late maturing (at 3 years) and long lived (up to 11 years), although trout older than five years are rare (McAfee 1966). They have been planted in numerous waters throughout California, where they are maintained from hatchery stocks originating from trout captured at the Pine Creek Spawning Station and from domestic brood stock.

There are no reports of Eagle Lake rainbow trout occurring in Tulloch Reservoir. It is unlikely that naturally reproducing populations of genetically pure Eagle Lake trout are present in any of

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 the planted waters (Moyle et al. 1995).

San Joaquin Roach (CSC). The San Joaquin roach is a subspecies of California roach that is found in tributaries to the San Joaquin River from the Cosumnes River south, including the Stanislaus River (Moyle et al. 1995). California roach are generally found in small, warm intermittent streams, and dense populations are frequently found in isolated pools. They are most abundant in mid-elevation streams in the Sierra Nevada foothills and in some coastal streams (Moyle 1976). Roach are tolerant of relatively high temperatures (up to 86 ° to 95 ° F) and low oxygen levels. California roach is a small (less than 4 inches long) minnow that feeds primarily on filamentous algae. Much of their habitat is on private land, which is subject to development and/or intense grazing pressure. As a result, many of the streams dry up more frequently or more completely than usual due to diversions and to pumping from the aquifers that feed them. Predators such as largemouth bass and green sunfish often occur in the remaining deep pools, eliminating roach as a result (Moyle et al. 1995).

There are no reports of San Joaquin roach occurring in Tulloch Reservoir, and it is unlikely that it would occur in Goodwin Reservoir due to its preference for small streams.

Red Hills Roach (CSC). The Red Hills roach is another subspecies of California roach that is found in Horton Creek and other small streams near Sonora (Moyle et al 1995). This highly distinctive form occurs in a few small streams in an area administered by the USBLM, which is characterized by serpentine soils and stunted vegetation. The largest population (several hundred individuals) exists in Horton Creek, and smaller numbers occur in Amber and Roach creeks (Moyle et al. 1995), all of which are outside the ZPE.

There are no reports of Red Hills roach occurring in Tulloch Reservoir, and it is unlikely that it would occur in Goodwin Reservoir due to its preference for small streams.

Hardhead (CSC & FSS). The hardhead is a large, native minnow generally found in undisturbed areas of larger low- to middle-elevational streams (el. 30 to 4,760 ft) of the Sacramento and San Joaquin watersheds. Its range extends from the , Kern County, in the south to the Pit River, Modoc County, in the north (Moyle et al. 1989). Hardhead tend to be found inhabiting areas that have clear, deep pools with sandy, gravel/boulder substrates and slow water velocities (less than 0.05 ft/sec) (Moyle and Nichols 1973, Knight 1985, Moyle et al. 1989). Hardheads co-occur with Sacramento pikeminnow and usually with Sacramento suckers and tend to be absent from streams where introduced species, especially centrarchids, predominate (Moyle and Nichols 1971, in Moyle et al 1989). Hardhead are well established in several mid-elevation reservoirs used exclusively for hydroelectric power generation from the San Joaquin River, Fresno County, in the south, to the Pit River, Shasta County in the north (Moyle et al. 1989). Hardhead are still relatively widespread in foothill streams, but extensive alteration of downstream habitats in conjunction with their specialized habitat requirements have resulted in local populations becoming isolated, thus making them vulnerable to localized extirpation (Moyle eta/. 1989).

Suitable habitat for hardhead may occur in Tulloch Reservoir, but the presence of extensive centrarchid populations may limit its abundance. Applicant is not aware of any reports of Hardheads occurring in Goodwin Reservoir, and it is unlikely that it would occur due to its preference for undisturbed areas of larger low- to middle-elevational streams.

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California Tiger Salamander (FSC & CP). The California tiger salamander is most commonly found in annual grassland habitat, but also occurs in the grassy understory of valley-foothill hardwood habitats. Its range includes the Central Valley from Yolo County south to Kern County, and from coastal areas near San Francisco Bay south to Santa Barbara. Most populations occur at elevations less than 1,000 feet, but they have been recorded up to 4,500 feet (Zeiner et al 1980). Tiger salamanders spend most of their time underground, often in ground squirrel or pocket gopher burrows, under rotting logs, and occasionally in man-made structures. Tiger salamanders feed on earthworms, snails, insects, fish, and even small mammals (Stebbins 1972). The first rains of November usually trigger adult migrations to breeding ponds. Breeding ponds are typically vernal pools or other small, temporary waters that fill during winter rains and dry out by mid-summer. The breeding season generally lasts from December through February. Although most adults only stay at breeding ponds for a few days, others may remain for several weeks. Tiger salamander larvae transform during the late spring/early summer, and usually disperse from the breeding ponds by early July. Introduced fishes and bullfrogs in breeding ponds, can severely reduce the survival of tiger salamander larvae, and entire salamander populations can be eliminated within just a few years.

Based on available literature and resource databases the applicant is not aware that occurrences of the California tiger salamander have been documented in the vicinity of the ZPE.

Mount Lyell Salamander (FSC, CSC & CP). The Mount Lyell salamander is reported to occur in wet habitats at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada to southeastern Tuolumne County (USDA 1991), although isolated populations have been found as far north as Sierra County (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Its elevational range is roughly between 4,100 feet to nearly 12,000 feet (Jennings and Hayes 1994). The species is nocturnal and adapted to very cool conditions. Seasonal near surface activity occurs from May through August, after which individuals probably retreat to refuge in talus slopes and fissures with sufficient moisture. Extensive rock outcrops and scattered boulders with flee surface water nearby are characteristics of their habitat. The species appears extremely susceptible to alterations of the hydrology in its habitat due to road building, mining, dam construction, and logging (Jennings 1996).

There are no reported occurrences of Mount Lyell Salamander in the Tulloch Reservoir area, and it is unlikely that suitable habitat occurs at Goodwin Reservoir due to the species preference for higher elevations.

Relictual Slender Salamander (FSC, CSC & FSS). The relictual slender salamander is known to occur from Mariposa County south to the Kern River Canyon, Kern County. However, the northern limit to its range is unknown. Its known elevational distribution extends from approximately 600 feet to 7,800 feet. Although the habitat and life history of the relictual slender salamander are not well known, they are probably similar to other members of this genus. In general, the relictual slender salamander is associated with wet areas such as seeps and springs with an overstory of trees or shrubs. Mountain meadows are a preferred habitat, but they may also be found in ponderosa pine, black oak woodland, and riparian-deciduous and mixed conifer forests (Verner and Boss 1980). This species has been found under rocks, bark, and woody debris. Surface activity probably increases when favorable moisture and temperature conditions occur, sometime after the first winter rains. At other times of the year, activity is most likely

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 restricted to underground retreats. Breeding occurs between May and June, with peak activity believed to occur in June (Verner and Boss 1980). Relictual slender salamanders are normally nocturnal; however, during periods of extended rainfall they may remain active above ground during daylight hours to feed on small insects or other invertebrates.

Based on available literature and resource databases no occurrences of the relictual slender salamander have been documented in the vicinity of the ZPE. Furthermore, upland areas utilized by relictual slender salamanders would not be affected by Project operations.

Yosemite Toad (FSC, CSC, CP & FSS). The Yosemite toad range in the Sierra Nevada from Alpine County south to Fresno County, and at elevations between about 6,400 feet to over 11,000 feet (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Its preferred habitat is relatively open montane meadows, although forest cover around meadows is also used (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Suitable breeding sites are generally found at the edges of meadows, or slow, flowing runoff streams with short emergent sedges or rushes often present. Rodent burrows are typically used as refuge during the winter, introductions of non-native predators such as bullfrogs have likely been a primary factor in the species' decline.

The Goodwin Reservoir area is substantially below the lowest documented elevational occurrences of Yosemite toad, and potential habitat is not present. There is no potential for this species to occur in the ZPE.

California Red-Legged Frog (FT, CSC & CP). This FT frog (Federal Register 1996) is one of two subspecies of the red-legged flog on the Pacific Coast. The historical range of the California red-legged flog extended along the coast from Marin County south to Mexico, and inland from Shasta County through the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills south to Mexico at elevations below 4,500 feet (Federal Register 1996). Adults prefer dense, shrubby, or emergent riparian vegetation near deep (more than 2.3 feet), still or slow moving water, especially where dense stands of overhanging willow and an intermixed fringe of cattail occur. The subspecies breeds from November through April (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Upland areas provide important sheltering habitat during winter when red-legged frogs are known to aestivate in burrows and leaf litter. The subspecies has experienced a 70 percent reduction in its range in California due to habitat alteration, excessive harvest, and introduction of non-native predators, especially bullfrogs and introduced fish species. Current information suggests that California red-legged frog has been extirpated from most of its Sierra Nevada range (Jennings 1996). There are currently only three known populations in the western Sierran foothills; the southernmost population is in El Dorado County.

Based on available literature and resource databases, no occurrences of California red-legged frog were documented in the vicinity of the ZPE. The Tri-Dam Project met with USFWS biologists regarding the potential use of Tulloch Reservoir by California red-legged frogs. After reviewing helicopter reconnaissance photographs and other pertinent information, agency biologists determined that Tulloch Reservoir did not provide suitable habitat for California red- legged (pers comm. Larry Thompson and Kurt McCasland, USFWS, January 16, 2001). In addition, California red-legged frog aestivation habitat is associated with upland areas and would not be affected by Project operations.

Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (FSC, CSC, CP & FSS). Historically, the foothill yellow-legged

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 frog was known to occur in most Pacific drainages from Marion County, Oregon, to the San Gabriel River system in Los Angeles County, California (Storer 1923, 1925; Fitch 1938; Marr 1943; Zweifel 1955). In California, foothill yellow-legged frogs occur west of the Cascade Crest and in the foothills along the western flank of the Sierra Nevada (Zeiner et al. 1988). The known elevational range of foothill yellow-legged flogs in California extends from near sea level to about 6,000 feet (Stebbins 1985). Foothill yellow-legged flogs require shallow, flowing water and occur in small or large streams. Although streams with cobble-sized substrate seemed to be preferred by this species, they also occur in streams lacking a cobble, or larger sized substrate (Fitch 1938, Zweifel 1955). These frogs are known to occur in streams characterized predominantly by bedrock substrate given the presence of suitable breeding and egg laying sites (Hayes and Jennings 1988). A positive correlation between percent riffle habitat and occurrence of foothill yellow-legged flogs indicates that streams with abundant riffles are favored by this species (Hayes and Jennings 1988). Foothill yellow-legged flogs prefer stream banks with a combination of sun and shade provided by canopy or overhanging vegetation, such as willow.

Adults are generally found in close proximity to water and may be found in a variety of aquatic habitats. This species may also be found in permanent pools of ephemeral streams. When frightened, individuals dive to the bottom and take refuge among stones, silt, or vegetation (Stebbins 1985). Foothill yellow-legged flogs are infrequent or absent in habitats where introduced aquatic predators (i.e., fishes and bullfrogs) are present (Jennings and Hayes 1994). This species is believed to have disappeared from about 45 percent of its historic range in California and 66 percent of its range in the Sierra Nevada.

Based on available literature and resource databases, no known occurrences of foothill yellow- legged frogs in the vicinity of the ZPE were identified. CDFG conducted a survey in 1993 and 1994 along the lower Stanislaus River below Goodwin Dam, but failed to detect any yellow- legged frogs in that area (CDFG 1995). Although potential habitat exists in some of the streams in the study area, the high numbers of non-native predatory fishes and bullfrogs greatly reduce the potential for occurrences of foothill yellow-legged flogs. In addition, Tulloch Reservoir does not provide appropriate habitat for this species.

Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog (FSC, CSC, CP & FSS). The mountain yellow-legged frog is most commonly found at elevations above 6,000 feet, but is also found at elevations as low as 4,500 feet. This species ranges throughout the Sierra Nevada from Plumas County to southern Tulare County (Zweifel 1955). A recent finding of two mountain yellow-legged frogs in Butte County, at approximately 3,600 feet indicates that this species occurs at even lower elevations. This highly aquatic species is always found within a few feet of water. It requires rocks or clumps of grass along the shoreline for cover. In the Sierra, it is associated with streams, lakes, and ponds in montane riparian, lodgepole pine, subalpine conifer, and wet meadow habitats. It seems to be absent from the smallest creeks probably because these have insufficient depth for adequate refuge and overwintering (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Although it is found along a variety of shoreline types, it prefers open stream and lake margins that gently slope to a depth of about 12 to 20 inches. These shorelines are probably essential for oviposition and important for thermoregulation of larvae and postmetamorphs; additionally, this type of shoreline arrangement probably provides a refuge from predation if fish occur in adjacent deeper water (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Mountain yellow-legged frogs are apparently intolerant of introduced predatory fishes, since they are rarely found where such fishes have been introduced (Cory 1962, 1963; Bradford 1989; Bradford et al. 1993).

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Based on available literature and resource databases, no known occurrences of mountain yellow- legged frogs were identified in the vicinity of the ZPE. The nearest documented sightings in the Project region is of a single specimen having been collected from Deadman Creek south of Highway 108 approximately 0.5 mile west of Sonora Pass in 1974 (CNDDB Jan. 12, 1999), and a Sierra Pacific Industrial biologist observed several juvenile mountain yellow-legged frogs in Camppoodle Creek at an elevation of about 5,500 feet.

There are no reported occurrences of mountain yellow-legged frogs in the Tulloch or Goodwin Reservoirs area, which is well below the elevational range of the species.

Western Spadefoot (FSC, CSC & CP). The western spadefoot ranges from Shasta County southward into Baja California, Mexico, and has a known elevational range of from near sea level to approximately 4,500 feet (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Though most Sierran populations occupy lower-elevation foothills below 1,000 feet, and are commonly found in grasslands. It is primarily a terrestrial species, entering water only to breed and lay eggs. Surface activity begins usually following warm rains in late winter, spring, and fall, when spadefoot toads emerge from burrows in loose soil; however, surface activity may occur in any month between October and April if enough rain has fallen. Adults consume insects, worms, and other terrestrial invertebrates. Eggs are typically deposited in temporary rain pools or sometimes in ephemeral streams. Tadpoles usually metamorphose in 4 to 6 weeks and then seek refuge in the immediate vicinity of breeding ponds for up to several days. Habitat loss, extensive grazing, and introductions of aquatic predators are probably the most significant factors in their decline (CDFG 1995, Jennings 1996).

Based on available literature and resource databases, no known occurrences of spadefoot toads were identified in the vicinity of the ZPE. However, the species has been observed in the lower portion of the Stanislaus River drainage with all recent records coming from downstream of Goodwin Dam (CDFG 1995). Habitat for this species is marginal in the Project area. Based on this information, the species is not considered likely to occur in the ZPE.

Western Pond Turtle (FSC, CSC, CP & FSS). The historic distribution of the western pond turtle included most Pacific-slope drainages from the Puget Sound area of Washington southward to Baja California, Mexico (Bury and Holland 1993, Jennings and Hayes 1994). In the Sierra Nevada, the species continues to be present at most historic foothill sites but populations are declining precipitously because of poor survival of young (Jennings and Hayes 1994, Jennings 1996). Its natural elevation range extends from near sea level to approximately 6,000 feet. Western pond turtles are primarily aquatic but leave water to reproduce, aestivate, and overwinter in various upland habitats. Females emerge from hibernation in the spring and travel to nearby aquatic habitats for mating. Breeding generally peaks in June to July. Females then move to suitable upland nesting sites, up to several hundred feet from water sources, and deposit 3 to 11 eggs in sandy or loose soil. Hatchlings emerge the following spring along with the females and migrate to summer aquatic habitats. Pond turtles require some slack- or slow-water habitat and are uncommon in high-gradient streams with low water temperatures and high velocity. The availability of aerial or aquatic basking sites is important to the species. Most egg- laying sites are within about 650 feet of aquatic habitat.

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Based on available literature and resource databases, only one documented occurrence of western pond turtle has been recorded in the Project Vicinity, at Tulloch Reservoir. One juvenile pond turtle was observed in August 24, 2000 (pers. comm., Rick Williams, Duke Engineering, July 25, 2001), at the mouth of Peoria Creek in the Stanislaus River arm of the Tulloch Reservoir. Based on the information obtained from literature, and the known occurrence of western pond turtle at Tulloch Reservoir, it is likely that a suitable habitat for this species occurs in the ZPE.

Hara's Cave Amphipod (FSC). Amphipods, commonly referred to as "scuds," are small crustaceans with bodies that are laterally compressed. They move about actively at night and are omnivorous scavengers, feeding on both plant and animal material and browsing over aquatic vegetation for the microscopic film of organic material. Primary predators of amphipods include fish, birds, insects, and amphibians (Klots 1966). Hara's cave amphipod belongs to the family Crangonyctidae, which contains seven known genera and 195 known species (Holsinger 1999), and little specific information about this species is known. A database of subterranean amphipods developed by Dr. John R. Holsinger of Old Dominion University, includes 12 records of the species, all from pools in mine tunnels and in Windeler Cave, located approximately 15 miles southwest of Beardsley Afterbay at an elevation of about 2,200 feet. The STF has designated Windeler Cave as a special interest area (USDA 1991). Other caves and mine tunnels are scattered throughout the watershed and these could provide habitat for the species.

Caves and mines do not occur in the immediate vicinity of Goodwin Reservoir. Therefore, it is unlikely that Hara's cave amphipod occurs in the vicinity of the ZPE.

Simple Hydroporus Diving Beetle (FSC). The simple hydroporus diving beetle belongs to the family Dytiscidae, which includes over 4,000 species of predacious, exclusively aquatic beetles. Adult Dytiscidae are shiny, usually black or brownish-black, but often marked with dull yellow, green, or bronze. The family is exclusively carnivorous and voracious. They feed on all kinds of aquatic organisms, the larger species commonly attacking dragonfly nymphs, tadpoles, and even small fish (Pennak 1978).

Based on available literature and resource databases, limited known occurrences of the diving beetle were identified in the vicinity of the ZPE. The only record of this species in the Project vicinity is from near Pinecrest Lake in 1947 (USDA 1991). No other information on the distribution of this species in the vicinity of the Project or its life history has been found.

California Floater (FSC & FSS). The California floater is a native mussel with a thin reddish- brown shallo. It lives in the shallow areas of clean, clear lakes, ponds and large rivers. It prefers lower elevations and a soft, silty substrate to burrow into. The life cycle of a California floater includes a parasitic larval stage (called a glochidium), during which it is dependent upon host fish, usually a member of the Gila genus (minnow), for food and dispersal. Larval California floaters have two hook-like projections within their shells which they use to attach to the fins of certain species of native fish. The fish hosts form cysts around the glochidia, but remain unharmed by these little hitchhikers. After it reaches a certain size, the glochidium releases itself from its host, undergoes metamorphosis and begins its adult life as a sedentary filter-feeder, straining bacteria, plankton and detritus from the surrounding currents with its gills. Adults begin to reproduce after reaching 6 to 12 years of age, and can live as long as 100 years. Although a female floater may release several million larvae during the course of one year,

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 survivorship is extremely low due to the specific requirements of finding and attaching to an appropriate fish host. The decline of native host fish species has been identified as a likely cause of decline in populations of this species. Other factors that continue to heavily impact populations of California floaters include pollution, sedimentation due to excess logging and grazing, predation by introduced fish species, and dam-building. California floaters historically were distributed from southern British Columbia, south to northern Baja California, and east to Wisconsin and Arizona. Today, however their numbers have been depleted to the point that they are considered extirpated throughout much of their former range, including Utah, the entire Sacramento River system, and most of Arizona.

During a re-licensing process, the Tri-Dam Project, FERC 2067, studied project effects on mollusk species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA or CESA, or any other special status species. Tri-Dam's survey did not find California floater (FSC and FSS), which has been reported to possibly occur in Tulloch Reservoir. The survey found three mollusc taxa: one bivalve (C manilensis) and two gastropod (Physella sp and Gyraulus sp). These taxa are common throughout California, and their presence is not unexpected, nor do they pose any special problem (bio-fouling, etc.). The Project likely will not affect these species significantly since daily reservoir fluctuation will be minimal to none.

3.3.2 Aquatic Resources in Tulloch Reservoir From 1969 through 1998, CDFG conducted seven gillnet surveys and one electrofishing survey in Tulloch Reservoir. CDFG was unable to provide any information regarding the location, size, types, and lengths of nets in any of the gillnet surveys, except for 1998. In that year, CDFG used experimental sinking and floating gillnets in a cove and in the mid-channel of the Black Creek arm, approximately 1,500 feet upstream of the current edge of a residential development. The nets consisted of five panels each composed of 1-inch, 1.5-inch, 2-inch, 3-inch, and 4-inch- diameter stretch mesh. CDFG advised that the electrofishing survey occurred immediately downstream of New Melones Dam.

CDFG captured a total of 545 fish representing 15 species in Tulloch Reservoir from 1969 through 1998. Ten of the 15 fish species were introduced species (non-native) and one (rainbow trout) is a native species that is now stocked. The four remaining fishes were native species (Sacramento hitch, hardhead, Sacramento pikeminnow and Sacramento sucker) and comprised 18 percent of the catch. The sucker represented 62 percent of the native species catch. Five species comprised almost 80 percent of the total catch: white catfish (31 percent of total catch), bluegill (20 percent), Sacramento sucker (11 percent), smallmouth bass (10 percent) and black crappie (7 percent). The catch in all years was numerically dominated by white catfish and one or two of the other species listed above. In the 1976 sampling, CDFG noted a large school of threadfin shad near shore.

CDFG said that the 1998 fish survey was initiated to investigate the report by two local fishermen that Northern pike was caught in Tulloch Reservoir. Pike were not captured by CDFG staff in their 1998 survey, and CDFG staff concluded that the fishermen mistook Sacramento pikeminnow for Northern pike. Notably, based on the 1998 sampling, CDFG staff concluded that "the growth and general health of the [Tulloch Reservoir] fisheries remains excellent." (Memo, Brian Quelvog, CDFG files, March 30, 1998).

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Since 1978, CDFG has annually stocked between 13,000 and 30,000 catchable-size rainbow trout in Tulloch Reservoir. No reports of angler success were found.

Most of the land around Tulloch Reservoir is in private ownership, and public access is limited to a few marinas and a few other locations. Some fishing occurs year round for bass, catfish, bluegill, and stocked rainbow trout. Records indicate that bass tournaments have been held annually since 1985 in Tulloch Reservoir.

As discussed in earlier, CDFG has indicated that the FSC mussel, California floater, may occur in Tulloch Reservoir.

3.3.3 Aquatic Resources in and downstream of Goodwin Reservoir Little information exists regarding aquatic resources in Goodwin Reservoir. It is assumed that fish assemblies are similar to those described for Tulloch Reservoir above.

A variety of anadromous and resident fish species are known to occur in the Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam. Fall chinook and striped bass are the most common anadromous game fish. Fall chinook salmon spawn and juveniles rear from the town of Riverbank located about 24 miles downstream of Goodwin Dam upstream to Goodwin Dam. Adult sniped bass support a popular seasonal sport fishery throughout the lower river up to Knights Ferry, located about 4 miles below the dam. Resident rainbow trout support a popular sport fishery in the first 10 miles downstream from Goodwin Dam. Largemouth and smallmouth bass also support popular sport fisheries throughout the lower river, particularly in backwater areas. (Steve Cramer, Cramer and Associates, October 15, 1999).

The fall assemblage of fishes in the lower Stanislaus River was studied by Brown (1998) who sampled at four sites from nine miles upstream of the San Joaquin confluence to Knights Ferry from 1993 through 1995. Brown found that characteristic species of the lower San Joaquin Basin were present, including hardhead, Sacramento pikeminnow, Sacramento sucker, and prickly sculpin. Brown also found that the Stanislaus River was somewhat distinctive from the nearby Merced and Tuolumne rivers in that smallmouth bass and rule perch composed a higher percentage of the fishes.

In a letter to FERC the United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) submitted its comments on the proposed Project. In the letter NMFS stated that it listed the Central Valley (CV) Spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) (70 Fed. Reg. 37160, June 28, 2005) and the CV steelhead Distinct Population Segment (DPS) (71 Fed. Reg. 834, January 5, 2006) as “threatened” under the ESA; the CV steelhead occurs in the Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam. NMFS issued a final rule to designate critical habitat under the ESA for these species on September 2, 2005 (70 Fed. Reg. 52488); the designation included the Stanislaus River from Goodwin Dam to the Stanislaus River. The CV fall/late fall-run Chinook salmon ESU is listed Species of Concern (April 15, 2004, 69 FR 19975; NMFS 2004a; October 17, 2006, 71 FR 61022; NMFS 2006c); this species occurs in the Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam. NMFS also stated that the Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam has also been identified as essential fish habitat

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 for CV fall/late fall-run Chinook salmon pursuant to the MSA (October 15, 2008, 73 FR 60987). In addition, if anadromous fish passage is made available into the reaches of the Stanislaus River upstream of Goodwin Dam in the future, NMFS requested to have the opportunity to develop additional protection, mitigation, and enhancement measures for these migratory fishes under its statutory authorities.

As such NMFS stated that the applicant should plan for a Project and the operations of completed facilities that meet or exceed NMFS' Resource Management Objectives for FERC projects on the Stanislaus River and so that ongoing and future Chinook salmon and steelhead restoration and recovery actions can be effectively implemented. The preliminary identified concerns include: a) No interruption of the existing “run-of-the-river” flows past Goodwin Dam should occur, which are now continuous to the Stanislaus River downstream of the Dam. This includes maintenance of suitable river conditions and habitat for anadromous fish between the base of Goodwin Dam and the location of future powerhouse return flows, which is estimated to be 300 feet downstream of the Dam (Preliminary Permit Application, p. 7). b) The Project should not interfere with the year-round minimum flow regime required of the Bureau of Reclamation in the 2009 OCAP BiOp. The flow regime is designed for each life-stage of steelhead, including springtime flows that will support rearing habitat formation and inundation, and create pulses that allow successful outmigration. The Project should not interfere with the flow ramping rates required of the Bureau of Reclamation in the BiOp. The Project should complement or enhance the Bureau of Reclamation’s ability to manage instream temperatures downstream of Goodwin Dam, as specified in the BiOp. c) The Project should not interfere with the efficiency and effectiveness of spawning gravel augmentation and enhancement activities required of the Bureau of Reclamation in the 2009 OCAP BiOp. A gravel plan submitted to NMFS on July 2, 2010, identifies the placement of gravel in Goodwin Canyon as an important component of meeting the augmentation requirements. NMFS is concerned that any additional infrastructure may affect that program, as there is limited access space in the canyon downstream of Goodwin Dam. d) The Project should not interfere with the efficient and timely implementation and operation of upstream and/or downstream anadromous fish passage at Goodwin Dam, should the Bureau of Reclamation determine that passage actions are required at this location to meet the requirements of the 2009 OCAP BiOp. Future anadromous fish passage facilities may include passive or active structures or devices to provide upstream and/or downstream passage. Passage within or beyond the project boundaries may include modifications to project facilities, reservoirs, and operations so as to ensure the safe, timely, and effective passage of anadromous fishes. Therefore, the Applicant should consult with the Fish Passage Steering Committee organized by the Bureau of Reclamation regarding anadromous fish passage in the Stanislaus River (NMFS is represented on the Committee). It may be the Committee will need to evaluate the area near Goodwin Dam as a potential site for volitional upstream and downstream fishways, or for the collection of upstream migrating adult fishes for non-volitional transport upstream. Upstream migrating fishes are often attracted to turbulent flows such as those that would be created by a powerhouse outflow, so the siting of either a fishway entrance or a collection facility is an issue closely “coupled” with the siting of a future powerhouse. In addition, the space or footprint

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 required for fishway or collection facilities is an issue coupled with the siting of a future powerhouse.

3.3.4 Anticipated Project Impacts on Aquatic Resources and Mitigation The Project will be operated as a run-of-river project mimicking current conditions as much as possible. Thus the project will not affect the genetics of anadromous fish species in the basin. Anadromous fish species are blocked from upstream migration at Goodwin Dam. Even if anadromous fish passed Goodwin Dam, they would still be blocked from upstream migration at the Tulloch Dam, which releases into Goodwin Reservoir, and New Melones Dam, which releases into Tulloch Reservoir. Based on NMFS's concerns, listed above, the project was redesigned to minimize the footprint even further than what was presented in the Preliminary Permit application. Inline turbines have been introduced excluding the need for a powerhouse. Also, penstock length has been reduced from 300 feet to 150 feet. Finally, as mentioned above, improvements in DO and temperature are possible to meet the needs of anadromous fish species. Further consultation with agencies will be done.

In extended drought periods, it may be beneficial to have cooler water downstream of Goodwin Dam. In those cases, this new Project facility might reduce downstream water temperature. The proposed new facility would withdraw water from 15 to 20 feet below the surface of Goodwin Reservoir. Water released through this facility would likely be cooler than surface water that is currently passed downstream by spilling over the Goodwin Dam Spillway.

It is anticipated that short-term impacts to aquatic resources during construction of the new Project facility would be relatively minor and would be fully mitigated by proper conditioning of construction permits and contracts. No long-term impacts to aquatic resources are expected since the volume of water flow would not change.

Continued Project operation would not result in any continuing detrimental effects to aquatic resources. No aquatic species that are listed as endangered or threatened under either the ESA or CESA were found in the Tri-Dam re-licensing studies in 2002 for the Tulloch Reservoir, upstream of the Goodwin Reservoir. The only other special status aquatic species found or previously recorded in Tulloch Reservoir were: l) hardhead, a CSC fish; 2) California floater, a FSC mollusk; and 3) western pond turtle, a FSC, CSC and CP aquatic reptile. The Tulloch reservoir does not support substantial populations of any of these species, and the Tulloch Project was considered to have little affect on them. Since Goodwin Reservoir is directly downstream of Tulloch Reservoir, it is assumed that similar conditions apply for the Project. In its letter to FERC the NMFS identified the Central Valley steelhead Distinct Population Segment (Oncorhynchus mykiss), listed as thereatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (January 5, 2006, 71 FR 834). As discussed above, the Project has been redesigned to minimize impact or improve conditions for anadromous fish downstream of Goodwin Dam.

The warm water fish species that occur in Tulloch Reservoir are typical of most mid-to-low elevation Central Valley reservoirs and are numerically dominated by white catfish, bluegill, Sacramento sucker, smallmouth bass and black crappie. Fishing occurs year-round for bass, catfish, bluegill, and stocked rainbow trout and, in 1998, CDFG characterized the fishery as "excellent." These fish species are not affected by Project operation. Water quality including

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 temperature is expected to meet Basin Plan objectives to support Warm Freshwater Habitat. Nest building fish are not affected by no to minimal water fluctuations.

Figure 3.3.4-1, Goodwin Rainbow (Roy Gunter, http://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p370547)

Hydroelectric projects typically affect local fish populations by blocking movement, entraining fish, limiting reproduction due to water level fluctuations, and reducing habitat quality by creating poor water quality especially water temperature. Due to the existing infrastructure, the Project does not affect upstream and downstream fish migration.

The Goodwin Project will operate as a run-of-river, thus reservoir fluctuations will not occur due to Project operation. Water quality including temperature appears to meet Basin Plan objectives to support Warm Freshwater Habitat. Water temperature information from Tulloch Reservoir indicates no water quality problems that would affect fish. In August 2000, water temperatures in Tulloch Reservoir ranged from 76.5 ° F on the surface to 54.2 ° F on the bottom, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ranged from 7.67 milligrams per liter (mg/l) on the surface to 7.10 mg/l on the bottom. Goodwin Reservoir, approximately 1.65 miles long, is immediately downstream of the Tulloch Reservoir. Water quality in Goodwin Reservoir is considered to be very similar to conditions in Tulloch Reservoir.

During a re-licensing process in 2002, the Tri-Dam Project, FERC 2067, studied project effects on amphibian or aquatic reptile species listed as endangered under either the ESA or CESA. The study found that no amphibian or aquatic reptile species was expected to occur in Tulloch Reservoir. The only other special status amphibian or aquatic reptile species that has the potential to be affected by the Tri-Dam project was western pond turtle. As is the case in most California reservoirs, Tulloch Reservoir provides limited basking habitat for adult and juveniles of this species. Daily water level fluctuations of less than 3 feet are not expected to adversely affect basking turtles. Additionally, the annual overall reduction in Tulloch lake level (usually about 10 feet) that normally occurs as the summer progresses likely has little if any effect on turtles, since the rate of decrease is very gradual. However, as lake level drops, suitable basking

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 sites also decrease. Similarly, as with most California reservoirs, it is highly unlikely that there is successful reproduction of western pond turtles in Tulloch Reservoir due primarily to the lack of microhabitats essential to hatchling and juvenile turtles survival, and to the presence of fishes known to prey on hatchling and juvenile turtles. However based on the presence of turtles at the reservoir, successful reproduction is likely occurring in stock ponds and possibly in some creeks around the reservoir. At least some larger juveniles and adults appear to utilize the Tulloch reservoir for basking during the summer months. Except for the reservoir fluctuations, which will be none to minimal at Goodwin Reservoir (inflow will equal outflow under a run-of-river mode operation), conditions in Goodwin Reservoir are similar to the ones in Tulloch Reservoir. Thus, it is assumed that the Project will not affect amphibian or aquatic reptile species.

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3.4 BOTANICAL RESOURCES The following sections describe botanical resources for the project area, including Goodwin Reservoir and environs, as required by 18 CFR § 5.6 (d)(3)(v). This section primarily describes the upland botanical resources located within the project area that could be affected by construction and operation of the proposed transmission line.

3.4.1 Zone of Potential Effect The Goodwin Dam Project (Project) is located on the main stem of the Stanislaus River at the boundary of Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties at the base of the Sierra Nevada foothills, near the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley. None of the Project occurs on United States-owned lands. In general, the Project's Zone of Potential Effect (ZPE), the area in which the Project could directly effect botanical resources, including special status plant specie's, includes all land within the FERC Project Boundary surrounding Goodwin Reservoir, Dam, and Powerhouse.

Applicant was unable to find any information for Goodwin Reservoir and as such is referencing work on the Tulloch Reservoir, which is located less than 2 miles from the ZPE. During re-licensing of the Tri-Dam Project in 2002, FERC 2067, general vegetation mapping was conducted within an area of 0.5 mile out from the shoreline of Tulloch Reservoir. The study did not include any area downstream of Tulloch Dam.

3.4.2 Botanical Resources in the Stanislaus River Upstream of Tulloch Dam The Stanislaus River from Tulloch Dam upstream to Relief Reservoir on the Middle Fork Stanislaus River (MFSR) and Pinecrest Lake on the South Fork Stanislaus River (SFSR) occurs in the central Sierra Nevada foothills district and High Sierra Nevada sub-region of the California Floriatic Province (Hickman 1993). The habitat in the lower end of the watershed is primarily oak woodland dominated by canyon live oak with interior live oak, blue oak, foothill pine, and chamise chaparral. Non-native species, particularly Mediterranean annual grasses, are widespread and dominate the valley-foothill grasslands. In the mid elevation ranges of the watershed, the habitats are lower montane dominated by mid-successional mixed conifer forests of Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, white fir, and incense cedar. In the most upstream end of the watershed, upper montane coniferous forests of red fir occur in pockets of soil on massive, glaciated granite domes. At the mid- to high elevations, non-native species are generally restricted to disturbed areas that occur along mad edges and trails and surrounding facilities. Overall, the vegetation is complex and species composition in both the tree layer and understory vary considerably between south- and north-facing aspects.

The soils in this region span several geologic provinces: I) the granitic soils of the Sierra Nevada batholith dominate the MFSR watershed from the low to mid elevations (about 2,000 feet) to the high elevations; 2) metasedimentary slates of the western metamorphic belt dominate the area around Pacific Gas and Electric's Stanislaus Powerhouse; 3) extrusive volcanic flows of andesitic and rhyollitic material form ridges above the SFSR from Pacific Gas and Electric's Lyons Reservoir to Spring Gap; and 4) glacial till of granitic and volcanic origin is common from Spring Gap to Strawberry along the SFSR. An unusual, low-gradient, depositional reach of the MFSR with large deposits of granitic alluvium is found below Relief Reservoir and supports a

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 broad expanse of montane meadow and riparian cottonwood forests. Tulloch Reservoir is located just above the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley and "table mountain" lava flows of basalt form the mesas that surround the reservoir and follow the ancestral drainage of the Stanislaus River. These table mountains overlay much older metamorphic soils, including belts of serpentinite along the Melones fault zone and metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Calaveras complex. The chemically-limiting nature of the serpentine soils, and the thin, poorly drained volcanics, exert a strong influence over the vegetation, resulting in a high rate of endemism.

3.4.3 Special Status Botanical Species that may Occur in the Project Area

During re-licensing of the Tri-Dam Project in 2002, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam reviewed species lists published by the USFWS (2000, 2002), CDFG (1999a), USFS (1999b), and CNPS (1994) to determine special status species that have the potential to occur within the Tulloch Project ZPE. A species was identified as having potential to occur if: I) there were known occurrences of the species within approximately 25 miles of the Project vicinity; 2) the species was known to occur in elevations found in the Tulloch Project area; and 3) suitable habitat was present in the Tulloch Project area. Several species were added to the target list that do not have known occurrences within the Tulloch Project vicinity and for which little is known about the species and are easily overlooked (e.g. non-vascular plant taxa).

Additionally, FT, FE, and CT species that occur in the counties were added to the list, even if suitable habitat was believed to not occur in the Tulloch Project area. Distribution information was obtained from Hickman (1996), Skinner and Pavlik (1994), CNDDB (2001), Hitchcock (1971), and Munz (1968). For purposes of this review, special status species were defined as plant species that are: 1) listed or proposed for listing under the ESA or CESA; 2) considered rare or endangered by the CNPS; or 3) designated by the USFWS as species of concern.

Based on its review, Tri-Dam identified 36 special states plant species that have the potential to occur in the Tulloch Project area. Two plants (Chinese Camp brodiaea and California vervain) are listed under both the ESA and CESA, three plant species are listed only under the ESA (lone manzanita, Lyane's ragwort, and Greene's tuctoria), and two plants (Merced clarkia and Delta button-celery) are listed only under the CESA. Of the remaining 29 special status plant species, two are considered rare in California (Yosemite onion and Congdon'a woolly sunflower), and 11 are FSC species. The status, general distribution, and potential for occurrence in the ZPE for the special status species obtained from this search are provided in Table 3.4.3-1 and discussed below.

Table 3.4.3-1 Special Status Plant Species in the Tulloch area Common( Name( Habitat(Preference( Status( Moist&places&in&grasslands&or&vernal&pools,&200W900&ft.& Henderson's&bent& Known&population&on&table&mountain&north&of&Tulloch& FSC&&&CNPSW grass& Reservoir& 3&

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Serpentine&or&volcanic&soils,&openings&in&cismontane& woodland&and&lower&montane&coniferous&forest,&900W 4,250&ft.&Endemic&to&Butte&and&Tuolumne&Counties.& Known&population&occurs&on&basaltic&lava&flow&several& FSC&&CNPSW Jepson's&onion& miles&east&of&New&Melones&Reservoir.& 1B& Gravelly,&serpentinic&or&volcanic&soils&in&ciamontane& woodland&830W4,500&ft.&Known&occurrence&at&French& Sanborn's&onion& Flat,&Sonora&quad.& CNPSW4&

Steep,&eroding&serpentine&slopes&with&sparse& vegetation&and&little&tree&or&scrub&cover,&1,500W7,000& Rawhide&Hill& ft.&Occurs&on&Rawhide&Hill&and&Red&Hill&serpentines& FSC&&CNPSW onion& near&Chinese&Camp.& 1B& Rocky,&metamorphic&soils&in&broadleaf&upland&forest,& chaparral,&cismontane&woodland,&or&lower&montane& conferous&forest.&Occurs&at&Rawhide&Hill&and&Spring& CR&&&CNPSW Yosemite&onion&& Gulch.&& 1B&

Acidic,&clayey&or&sandy&soils&of&the&Ione&Formation&in& chaperral&or&cismontane&woodland,&180W1,600&feet.& Nearest&known&occurrence&in&the&Valley&Springs&area,& FT&&&CNPSW Lone&manzanita& Calaveras&County.& 1B& Rocky&sites&in&closedWcone&coniferous&forest&or& Nissenan& chaparral,&1,200W3,500&ft.&Known&occurrence&west&of& FSC,&FSW& manzanita& New&Melones&Reservoir.& &CNPSW1B& Chaparral,&cismontane&woodland,&valleyWfoothill& BigWscale& grassland,&sometimes&serpentine,&280W4,500&ft.&Historic& FSW&&& balsamroot& collection&between&3,150W4,500&ft.&in&Mariposa&County.& CNPSW1B& Vernally&wet&streambeds&on&serpentine&in&valley&and& Chinese&Camp& foothill&grassland.&Known&from&only&one&occurrence& FT,&CE&&& brodiaea& near&Chinese&Camp&at&1,232&ft&elevation.& CNPSW1B& Serpentine&or&gabbroic&substrates&in&cismontane& woodland,&chaparral,&or&lower&coniferous&forest,&780W Red&Hills&soap& 3,200&ft.&Known&population&in&Peoria&Basin&east&of& FSC&&&CNPSW plant& Tulloch&Reservoir.& 1B& Chaparral,&cismontane&woodland,&900W3,000&ft.&Occurs& in&the&Merced&River&canyon&and&Table&Mountain&south& Mariposa&clarkia& of&the&City&of&Mariposa& CNPSW1B& Known&from&only&two&occurrences&on&the&Merced&River& in&closedWcone&coniferous&forest&and&cismontane& CE&&&CNPSW Merced&clarkia& woodland& 1B& Cismontane&woodland,&valleyWfoothill&grassland,&180W 1,500&ft.&Known&occurrences&at&Don&Pedro&Reservoir,& FSC&&&CNPSW Bleaked&clarkia& Knight's&Ferry&and&Coopertown&areas& 1B& Rocky&serpentine&substrates&in&chaparral,&600W1,800&ft.& Mariposa& Occurrences&at&Copperopolis&and&Rawhide&Flat&NW&of& cryptantha& Jamestown& CNPSW1B&

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Rocky&areas&in&cismontane&woodland&and&valleyWfoothil& grassland,&180W1,800&ft.&Historic&collection&near&Woods& FSW&&& Ewan's&larkspur& Creek,&JacksonvilleWStent&Rd.& CNPSW4& Chaparral&and&cismontane&woodland,&often&on& serpentine,&600W4,800&ft.&Occurs&in&Red&Hills&and&Taylor& Tripod&buckwheat& Hill&areas& CNPSW4& Cismontane&woodland,&chaparral,&and&lower&montane& Congdon's&woolly& coniferous&forest.&Nearest&known&occurrence&in& CR&&&CNPSW sunflower& Calaveras&County&at&Murphy's& 1B& Cismontane&woodland&and&lower&montane&coniferous& TansyWleaved& forest&from&900&to&4,000&ft.&Nearest&known&occurrence& FSC&&&CNPSW wolly& in&Calaveras&County&at&Murphy's& 1B& Vernal&pools&or&wet&areas&in&grassland,&sometimes& volcanicWdelivered&clay&soils,&300W1,200&ft.&Known& SpinyWsepaled& occurrence&near&Shotgun&Creek,&east&of&Tulloch&and& FSC&&&CNPSW buttonWcelery& Goodwin&Reservoirs.& 1B& Clay&depressions&or&other&heavy&soils&(sometimes&on& serpentine)&in&chaparral,&ciamontane&woodland,&and& Stinkbells& valleyWfoothill&grassland,&30W4,500&ft.& CNPSW4& Serpentine&or&Ione&Formation&outcrops&in&cismontane& Serpentine& woodland,&900W1,800&ft.&Known&occurrences&in&Red& bluecup& Hills&area.& CNPSW4& Serpentine,&Ione&Formation,&or&gabbroic&hills,&slopes&or& Bisbee&Peak&rushW ridges&in&chaparra,&120W2,500&ft.&Nearest&occurrence&in& FSW&&& rose& San&Andreas&area& CNPSW3&

Crevices,&especially&in&slateWlike&rock,&and&slopes&in& cismontane&woodland&or&lower&ciniferous&forest,&below& 1,500&ft.&Historic&collection&below&Italian&Bar&on&the& Foothill&jepsonia& MFSR& CNPSW4& Serpentine&soils,&often&with&foorhill&pine,&in&cismontane& woodland&or&chaparral,&300W1,800&ft.&Known& Congdon's& occurrence&2&miles&east&of&Tulloch&and&Goodwin& FSC&&&CNPSW lomatium& Reservoirs& 1B& Serpentine&soils&in&chaparral&and&cismontane& woodland,&900W2,400&ft.&Known&occurrence&in&Peoria& FSC&&&CNPSW ShaggyWhair&lupine& Basin& 1B&

Considered&extinct;¬&seen&since&1854.&Endemic&to& hillsides&and&rocky&areas&in&Calaveras&County.&Historic& Whipple's& population&was&found&near&Murphy's&Camp.&Very& FSC,&FSW& Monkey&flower& similar&to&M.&guttatus,&may&be&indistinct& &CNPSW1B& Sandy&or&gravelly&soils&in&oak&woodland,&chaparral,&or& lower&coniferous&forest,&below&2,500&ft.&Historic& Sierra&monardella& collection&at&Copperopolis& CNPSW4& Heavy&clay&soils&in&valleyWfoothill&grassland&and& ciamontane&woodland,&150W1,200&ft.&Known& occurrence&2&miles&east&of&Tulloch&and&Goodwin& Veiny&monardella& Reservoirs& CNPSW1B&

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Heavy&soil&of&seasonally&wet&flats&in&valleyWfoothill& grassland&and&cismontane&woodland,&below&1,200&ft.& Hoary&navarretia& Historic&collections&at&Copperopolis&and&Chinese&Camp& CNPSW4& Seeps&on&serpentine&outcrops&in&cismontane& woodland,&960W1,200&ft.&Known&occurrences&in&Red& Red&Hills&ragwort& Hills&area& CNPSW1B& Rocky&serpentine&or&gabbroic&outcrops&in&cparral&or& cismontane&woodland,&below&3,000&ft.&Nearest& FT,&CR&&& Layne's&ragwort& occurrances&at&Red&Hills&and&Don&Pedro&Reservoir& CNPSW1B& Dry&bottoms&of&large&vernal&pools&in&open&grasslands,& 100W3,000&ft.&Nearest&occurrences&in&Modesto,& FE,&CR&&& Greene's&tuctoria& Oakdale,&Farmington&and&Hickman&Areas& CNPSW1B&

Gravelly&streambods&or&vernal&pools&on&serpentine&or& volcanic&substrates&in&oak&woodlands,&chaparral,&or& Hernandes& lower&coniferous&forest,&below&3,000&ft.&Known& FSW&&& bluecurls& occurrences&in&Red&Hills&area.& CNPSW4& Serpentine&seeps&or&crevices&in&cismontane&woodland& or&valley&and&foothill&grassland,&below&1,200&ft.&Nearest& FT,&CT&&& California&vervain& known&occurrence&in&Red&Hill&area& CNPSW1B&

Henderson's Bent Grass (FSC & CNPS-3). This annual herb in the grass family is known to occur at elevations ranging from 200 to 900 feet, and occurs in mesic sites within valley and foothill grassland and in vernal pools. It blooms from April to May. It is distinguished from the similar Agrostis microphylla by the length of the lemma body and awn. The nearest known population to the Project area occurs on Table Mountain above Tulloch Reservoir. Suitable habitat for Henderson's bent grass is found on the mesas surrounding Tulloch Reservoir, just outside of the Tulloch ZPE. However; some potential habitat exists at the base of the slopes in mesic grassland areas.

Jepson's Onion (CNPS-IB). A monocot in the family Liliaceae, Jepson's onion blooms from May to August and is a perennial herb (bulb) that is native and endemic to California. Jepson's onion is known from only two extended populations in Butte and Tuolumne counties. Elevations range from approximately 1,000 feet to 3,600 feet. This species is located most often on east- facing colluvium or scree slopes on serpentine or volcanic soils. It is distinguished from other single-leaf onions from similar habitats, such as Sanborn's onion, by its inclusive stamens. A known population occurs on basaltic lava flow several miles east of New Melones Reservoir.

Potential habitat for Jepson's onion is found in the small areas of serpentine near New Melones Dam and on the basalt mesas surrounding Tulloch Reservoir, just outside of the Tulloch ZPE. Some potential habitat exists on the rocky slopes below the mesas.

Sanborn's Onion (CNPS-4) Sanborn's onion is a perennial (bulb) in the family Liliaceae. It occurs on serpentine, volcanic or gabbroic rock outcrops or shallow, stony soils at elevations of 830 feet to 4,500 feet. It is known from small, widely scattered populations from Shasta to Calaveras counties and some populations are threatened by urbanization (CNPS 2001). A population of Sanborn's onion is known to occur at French Flat.

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Potential habitat for Sanborn's onion is found in the small areas of serpentine near New Melones Dam and on the basalt mesas surrounding Tulloch Reservoir, just outside of the Tulloch ZPE. Some potential habitat exists on the rocky slopes below the mesas.

Rawhide Hill Onion (FSC & CNPS-IB). This rare onion is restricted to steep, eroding serpentine soils in the Red Hills and Rawhide Hill area near Chinese Camp. A perennial bulb in the lily family, Rawhide Hill onion blooms March to May in serpentine woodland or chaparral with sparse vegetation and little tree or shrub cover. It is distinguished from other area wild onions, in part by its single leaf, smooth-margined perianth parts, deeply cut ovary crests, and inclusive stamens.

Potential habitat for Rawhide Hill onion is found in the small areas of serpentine within the Tulloch ZPE towards New Melones Dam.

Yosemite Onion (CR & CNPS-1B). This perennial bulb in the Lily family blooms from April to July. Yosemite onion is known fewer than 20 occurrences from a variety of habitats: broadleaf upland forest, chaparral, cismontane woodland, and lower montane coniferous forest. It favors rocky, metamorphic, or granitic soils at elevations ranging from 1,200 to 6,000 feet. Yosemite onion differs from other area wild onions by its two or more widely channeled, fiat leaves. A population of this species is known to occur at Rawhide Hill near Jamestown and Spring Gulch.

Potential habitat for Yosemite onion is found in the Tulloch ZPE in the rocky, metasedimentary areas around Tulloch Reservoir.

Ione Manzanita (FT & CNPS-IB). An evergreen shrub in the heath family, Ione manzanita is endemic to the clayey and sandy soils of the lone Formation, which lays at the eastern edge of the Central Valley. Known occurrences range from 180 to 1,600 feet elevation in chaparral and cismontane woodland. The nearest known occurrences are found in the Valley Springs area of Calaveras County. Ione manzanita is distinguished from other manzanitas in the area by its narrow, shiny, bright green leaves and very small inflorescence bracts.

Soils of the Ione Formation, or other similar soils, were not found in the Tulloch Project area, and the applicant expects that Ione manzanita does not occur in the ZPE.

Nissenan Manzanita (FSC, FSW & CNPS-1B). An evergreen shrub in the family Ericaceae, Nissenan manzanita blooms appear from February to March. It is known from only 10 occurrences in El Dorado and Tuolumne counties, occurring on rocky soils within closed-cone coniferous forest or chaparral. Elevations of known populations range from 1,200 to 3,500 feet. The nearest known population of Nissenan manzanita is located west of New Melones Reservoir. Potential habitat for Nissenan manzanita is found in the Tulloch ZPE on rocky ridges in chaparral or woodland.

Big-Scale Balsamroot (FSW& CNPS-1B). Big-scale balsamroot is a perennial herb in the Aster family that blooms March to June in chaparral, cismontane woodland, and valley-foothill grassland, sometimes on serpentine. In the Project vicinity, it is known only from historic collections in Mariposa County near El Portal. Elevations of these occurrences range from 3,100 to 4,500 feet, although in other parts of its range, it occurs at much lower elevations.

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Although very rare, big-scale balsamroot occurs in a variety of habitats; therefore, some potential exists for occurrence in the Tulloch ZPE.

Chinese Camp Brodiaea (FZ. CE & CNPS-IB). A perennial bulb in the Lily family, Chinese Camp brodiaea blooms from May to June. It occurs on serpentinite substrates within vernal streambeds in valley and foothill grassland. It is known from only one location near Chinese Camp and is threatened by residential development (CNPS 2001). Elevation of the known population is approximately 1,200 feet. It has been known to hybridize with Brodiaea elegans and is distinguished from common Brodiaea spp in the vicinity by its narrowed perianth tube and obcordate-shaped anthers.

Potential habitat for Chinese Camp brodiaea is found in the small areas of serpentine within the Tulloch ZPE towards New Melones Dam.

Red Hills Soaproot (FSC & CNPS-IB). This perennial herb in the Lily family blooms from May to June on serpentinite or gabbroic substrates within chaparral, cismontane woodland, and lower montane coniferous forest at elevations from 800 to 3,000 feet. The nearest known location of this species is in the Peoria Basin east of Tulloch Reservoir.

Potential habitat for Red Hills soaproot is found in the small areas of serpentine within the Tulloch ZPE towards New Melones Dam.

Mariposa Clarkia (CNPS-1B). An annual herb in the evening-primrose family, Mariposa clarkia blooms from May to July. Its habitat preference is for open, rocky sites in chaparral and cismontane woodland, at elevations of 900 to 3,000 feet. In the Project vicinity, it is known from the Merced River canyon and on the table mountain south of the town of Mariposa. Occurrences are considered threatened by road maintenance and non-native plants (CNPS 2001), as many occurrences are also on road cuts.

Suitable habitat for Mariposa clarkia is found in the open, rocky chaparral and woodlands, however, there are no nearby occurrences and the potential for occurrence is relatively low.

Merced Clarkia (FSC, CE, CNPS-IB). A Mariposa County endemic, Merced clarkia is an annual herb in the evening primrose family. It is known from only two occurrences in closed- cone coniferous forest, chaparral, and cismontane woodland at elevations of approximately 1,280 to 1,500 feet in the Merced River drainage. Known occurrences are on metamorphic gravels and talus in red clayey soils on north-facing slopes or canyon bottoms. The largest of these occurrences was damaged by herbicide spraying in 1984 and threatened by road widening (CNPS 2001). It blooms from May to June, and is distinguished from other area Clarkia spp by a rotate flowers, and oblanceolate petals with no lobes or claw.

Potentially suitable habitat for Merced clarkia is found in the Project area, however, there are no nearby occurrences and the potential for occurrence is relatively low.

Beaked Clarkia (FSC & CNPS-18). Beaked clarkia is an annual herb in the evening-primrose family that blooms from April to May. This species can be found at elevations ranging from 180 to 1,500 feet within cismontane woodland or valley and foothill grassland. Beaked clarkia is

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 known to occur at Don Pedro Reservoir and in the Knight's Ferry and Coopertown areas.

Potentially suitable habitat for beaked clarkia is found throughout the Project area.

Mariposa Cryptantha (CNPS-1B). This annual herb in the family Boraginaceae blooms from April to May. Mariposa cryptantha is favored by rocky, serpentine soils within the chaparral habitat. Elevational range of known populations is 600 to 1,800 feet. A known population of this species occurs on Black Creek at Copperopolis and Rawhide Flat northwest of Jamestown.

Potential habitat for Mariposa cryptantha is found in the small areas of serpentine within the Tulloch ZPE towards New Melones Dam.

Ewan's larkspur (FSW& CNPS-4). Ewan's larkspur is a perennial herb in the buttercup family. It commonly occurs on rocky soils within cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grassland in the foothills of the Sierras at elevations from 180 to 1,800 feet. This subspecies is distinguished from its conspecifics by sepal color; Ewan's larkspur has violet purple to maroon sepals while the more common Hansen's larkspur has dark blue-purple to white sepals. A known population of Ewan's larkspur is known from near Woods creek on Jacksonville-Stent Road.

Potentially suitable habitat for Ewan's larkspur is found throughout the Project area.

Tripod Buckwheat (CNPS-4). Tripod buckwheat is a deciduous shrub in the buckwheat family blooming from May to July. This species is often found on serpentinite soils within chaparral or cismontane woodland at elevations from 600 to 4,600 feet, and occurs in the vicinity of the Project area in the Red Hill and Taylor Hill areas.

Potential habitat for Tripod buckwheat is found within the Tulloch ZPE, particularly in the small areas of serpentinite near New Melones Dam.

Congdon's Woolly Sunflower (SR & CNPS-IB). Congdon's woolly sunflower blooms from May to July. This yellow-flowered annual is known from cismontane woodland, chaparral, and lower montane coniferous forest only within Mariposa County. Elevations range from 1,500 to 6,000 feet.

Potential habitat for Congdon's woolly sunflower is found within the Tulloch ZPE in chaparral and woodland areas, however; there are no nearby occurrences and the potential for occurrence is relatively low.

Tansy-Leaved Woolly Sunflower (CNPS-4). This variety of the more common golden yarrow is distinguished from its conspecific by fewer flower heads. Tansy-leaved woolly sunflower is a shrub or sub-shrub with deeply dissected leaves. It is known to occur in cismontane woodland or lower montane coniferous forest at elevations ranging from 900 to 4,500 feet. A known population occurs near the town of Murphy's.

Potential habitat for Tansy-leaved woolly sunflower is found within the Tulloch ZPE in woodland areas.

Tuolumne Button-Celery (FSC & CNPS-IB). This annual or perennial herb in the carrot family

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 blooms from June to August. It is known from vernally mesic areas and pools within cismontane woodland and lower montane coniferous forest. Elevations range from 200 to 2,700 feet. It is threatened by agriculture in much of its range (CNPS 2001). Tuolumne button-celery has a silvery-green inflorescence and sharply pointed pinnate leaves. It is known to occur in the vicinity of the Project area from historic collections at Copperopolis and Soulsbyville.

Potential habitat for Tuolumne button-celery is found within the Tulloch ZPE in mesic areas of annual grassland.

Delta Button-Celery (FSC, CE & CNPS-IB). An annual or perennial herb in the carrot family, Delta button-celery occurs in vernally mesic clay depressions within riparian scrub from 10 to 90 feet in elevation, and is threatened by agriculture and flood control activities (CNPS 2001). Delta button-celery is a prostrate or decumbent plant that produces roots and juvenile leaves at the nodes. Flower heads are in racemes and appear from June until August. Nearest occurrences of this species are in the Modesto, Turlock Lake, and Westley areas.

Potential habitat for Delta button-celery is found within the Tulloch ZPE in mesic areas of annual grassland; elevations found in the ZPE are considerably higher than the known elevational range of the species and the potential for occurrence is relatively low.

Spiny-Sepaled Button-Celery (FSC & CNPS-IB). This species of Eryngium blooms from April to May, and has sharply pinnately lobed or sharply toothed sepals and white flowers. It occurs in vernal pools within valley and foothill grassland, at elevations ranging from 300 to 750 feet. It occurs locally in the vicinity of Shotgun Creek, east of Tulloch Reservoir.

Potential habitat for Spiny-sepaled button-celery is found within the Tulloch ZPE in mesic areas of annual grassland.

Stinkbells (CNPS-4). Stinkbells are perennial, bulbiferous herbs in the Lily family. Stinkbells occur on adobe clay or occasionally serpentine substrates within a variety of habitats, including chaparral, cismontane woodland, and valley and foothill grassland at elevations of 30 to 4,500 feet. It blooms from March to June and, as its name suggests, emits an unpleasant odor. Flowers are greenish brown outside and purplish on the inside. This species is known to occur in Peoria Basin.

Potential habitat for stinkbells is found within the Tulloch ZPE in heavy clay areas of annual grassland or serpentine near New Melones Dam.

Serpentine Bluecup (CNPS-4). This annual herb in the Bellflower family blooms from May to June at elevations of 900 to 1,800 feet. Serpentine bluecup is frequently associated with serpentinite or lone soils within cismontane woodland. A known population is located in the Red Hills Area.

Potential habitat for serpentine bluecup is found within the Tulloch ZPE in the small areas of serpentine near New Melones Dam.

Bisbee Peak Rush-Rose (FSW & CNPS-3). Serpentine, Ione Formation and gabbroic soils on ridges and slopes are the preferred habitat of this evergreen shrub in the rockrose family. It

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 blooms April to June and is distinguished from its conspecific, Helianthemum scoparium, by its densely stellate-pubescent leaf surfaces. Known occurrences range in elevation from 120 to 2,500 feet. It is threatened by mining in the Ione area, and by development and vehicle traffic (CNPS 2001).

Potential habitat for Bisbee Peak rush-rose is found within the Tulloch ZPE in the small areas of serpentine near New Melones Dam.

Foothill Jepsonia (CNPS-4). Foothill jepsonia is a herbaceous perennial in the Saxifrage family. This species is known from rocky, metamorphic soils within cismontane woodland or lower montane coniferous forest at elevations ranging from 150 to 1,500 feet. Blooming from August to December, foothill jepsonia has pink flowers with deep red veins and fruit that is striped red. This species is known historically from below Italian Bar on the SFSR.

Potential habitat for foothill Jepsonia is found on the rocky, metamorphic slopes around Tulloch Reservoir.

Congdon's Lomatium (FSC & CNPS-IB). This plant is a perennial herb in the carrot family blooming from March to June. Congdon's lomatium is associated with serpentine soils within chaparral or cismontane woodland at fewer than 20 locations. It is threatened by vehicle traffic and mining (CNPS 2001). This rare lomatium a short, taprooted plant with small, pinnately compound leaves and yellow flowers, and is known to occur in the vicinity of the project area from approximately 2 miles east of Tulloch Reservoir.

Potential habitat for Congdun's lomatium is found in the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam.

Shaggyhair Lupine (FSC & CNPS-IB). Shaggyhair lupine is an annual herb in the pea family, producing blue flowers during the months of July and August. This is threatened in some areas of its range by mining, grazing, and road construction (CNPS 2001). Populations range in elevation from 750 to 2,400 feet. Shaggyhair lupine is associated with serpentine soils in chaparral and cismontane woodland. Suitable habitat for this species occurs at the north end of Tulloch Reservoir, and a known occurrence is located in Peoria basin.

Potential habitat for Shaggyhair lupine is found in the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam.

Whipple's Monkeyflower (FSC, FSW & CNPS-IA). This annual herb in the snapdragon family is presumed extinct in California; the known occurrence in Calaveras County has not been relocated and the species is known only from the 1854 historic type collection at the town of Murphys. The Jepson Manual (Hickman 1993) lumps this species with the common M. guttatus, noting that the common species is exceedingly variable and complex and that local populations may be unique but their forms intergrade. These variants are not distinguished in The Jepson Manual. The variant was recogmzed in A California Flora (Munz 1959) and distinguished by acuminate calyx lobes and rounded corolla lobes.

Suitable habitat for Whipple's monkeyflower within the Tulloch ZPE is found on seeps and springs throughout the Tulloch Project area.

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Sierra Monardella (CNPS-4). Sierra monardella is an annual herb in the mint family blooming from April to July. Known from sandy or gravelly soils within chaparral, cismontane woodland, and lower montane coniferous forest, this species has small white flowers often with purple spots. Elevations range from 450 to 2,400 feet. It is historically known to occur at Copperopolis.

Potential habitat for Sierra Monardella is found throughout the Tulloch ZPE where soils maybe sandy or gravelly.

Veiny Monardella (CNPS-1B). Veiny monardella was thought to be extirpated in California before it was rediscovered in 1992. Blooming from May to July, this species is associated with heavy clay soils within cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grassland from 180 to 1,300 feet. It has purple flowers with widely-spaced, green to purple veins, and is distinguished from its conspecific by the absence of hairs between the veins. Veiny monardella is known to occur about, 2 miles east of Tulloch Reservoir.

Potential habitat for Veiny Monardella is found in the Tulloch ZPE on the slopes or flats below the mesas.

Hoary Navarretia (CNPS-4). This annual herb in the phlox family is known to occur on vernally mesic sites within cismontane woodland and valley and foothill grassland, at elevations from 300 to 1,200 feet. Hoary navarretia blooms from May to June and is known from Chinese Camp and Copperopolis.

Habitat for hoary navarretia is found on potentially mesic areas in grassland within the Tulloch ZPE.

Red Hills Ragwort (CNPS-IB). Red Hills ragwort is a perennial herb in the sunflower family, blooming in June and July. It can be found on serpentinite seeps within cismontane woodland, and is known only from the Red Hills area. Elevations range from 750 to 1,150 feet. Habitat for Red Hills ragwort is found in mesie areas within the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam, such as stream crossings, seeps or springs.

Layne's Ragwort (FT, CR & CNPS-IB). This perennial herb in the sunflower family blooms from April to July on rocky serpentine or gabbro soils within chaparral or cismontane woodland. Elevations of known occurrences range from approximately 600 to 3,000 feet. Throughout its range in El Dorado, Tuolunme, and Yuba counties, it is threatened by urbanization, grazing, road construction, vehicles, and fire suppression (CNPS 2001). A known population of this species occurs at Don Pedro Reservoir in the Red Hills area. It is distinguished from other area Senecio spp by reduced cauline leaves, sparsely short hairy herbage, and woody caudex that is not button-like.

Potential habitat for Layne's ragwort is found in the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam.

Greene's Tuctoria (FE, SR & CNPS-1B). Greene's tuctoria is an annual grass species occurring in vernal pools from Tehama County south to Fresno and Madera counties. Similar in appearance to slender Orcutt grass, this species prefers large, deep vernal pools.

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There are no large, deep vernal pools within the Tulloch ZPE, although small, shallow, flashy pools may occur on the mesas outside of the Tulloch ZPE.

Hernandez Bluecurls (FSW & CNPS-4). Henandez bluecurls is an annual herb in the mint family that blooms from June to August. This plant is associated with volcanic or serpentine, gravelly soils at vernal pools or other mesic sites within broadleaved upland forest, chaparral, cismontane woodland, and lower montane coniferous forest. Elevations range from 900 to 3,000 feet. A known occurrence of Hernandez bluecurls is located in the Red Hills area.

Habitat for Hernandez bluecurls is found in mesic areas, such as stream crossings, seeps or springs, within the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam.

California Vervain (FT, CT & CNPS-IB). California vervain is a Tuolumne County endemic perennial herb that blooms from May to September. It is known from ten occurrences in the Red Hills area, from mesic serpentine sites such as serpentine seeps or creek beds within cismontane woodland or valley and foothill grassland. Elevations of known occurrences range from 750 to 1,200 feet. It is distinguished from other Verbena spp expected t o occur in the Project area by unlobed cauline leaf blades and fruits that do not overlap.

Habitat for California vervain is found in mesic area, such as stream crossings, seeps or springs, within the small areas of serpentine toward New Melones Dam.

3.4.4 Tri-Dam 2002 re-licensing study results

During the 2002 re-licensing of the Tulloch project, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam researched historical data and conducted studies to determine if any plant species listed as threatened or endangered under either the ESA or the CESA occur in the vicinity of Tulloch Reservoir. No plant species listed as endangered or threatened was discovered. In addition, no listed plant species or other plant species described as a special status species were found within the Tulloch ZPE.

Lava Caps - Extrusive volcanic flows of basalt form the table mountain plateaus that surround Tulloch Reservoir. These lava caps support an exceptionally diverse flora of native wildflowers not found in the area grasslands. These vernally wet, shallow and stony grasslands include many swales and shallow, flashy vernal pools that potentially support special status plants such as Henderson's bent grass, which is found on the table mountain north of the O'Byrne Ferry Bridge. The Project does not effect these lava caps since they are located well above the reservoir.

Cliff Habitat - Extensive areas of cliff habitat are associated with the basalt table mountains that surround the Project area. Few non-native species were found in these areas, and the overall plant diversity was high. No special status plants are specifically associated with the cliff habitat. Ledges of basalt could potentially support one of the rare wild onions, such as Jepson's onion or Sanborn's onion. The Project does not effect these habitats as they are located well above the reservoir.

Freshwater Marsh - Emergent freshwater marsh dominated by common bulrush or broadleaf

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 cattail were found sporadically around Tulloch Reservoir at the edge of the shore, primarily at the mouth of creeks or other low gradient shores. Approximately 1.12 acres of this habitat was mapped on the aerial photos, and much of this was downstream of the dam. Permanently saturated marshes were also occasionally found in association with seeps and springs on low- gradient slopes. No special status plants are associated with these habitats in the region.

Seeps/Springs - Several seeps/springs are associated with the steep, rocky cliffs or slopes of metamorphic rock, particularly along the arm of Tulloch Reservoir downstream of New Melones Dam. Although these areas are unlikely to qualify as wetlands (due either to their ephemeral nature or aerated, flowing water on cliff faces that often prevents the development of hydric soils except at the toe of the slope), they provide important botanical habitat often supporting a rich mix of native forbs, grasses, sedges, or ferns. They are found both as wetland herb communities of rushes, spikerush and other grass-like species, or as seeps on cliff faces or steep, rocky areas with primarily native forbs. This habitat type is generally dominated by a combination of seep- spring monkeyflower, ciliate willowherb, mosses, water chickweed, Pacific rush, western bittercress, and sometimes chain fern near the base of the spring. These seeps often occur on slopes over 70 percent, with little soil. On gently sloping sites with deeper soils, seep/springs are generally dominated by a mix of marsh species such as Baltic rush, Pacific rush, annual spikerush, watercress, cattail, and common bulrush. In grazed or disturbed areas, they may also include weedy and other non-native species such as Bermuda grass, purple-top vervain, and lady's thumb. Several special status plants could potentially occur in seeps/springs, depending on the substrate, gradient, degree of inundation, and level of competition from other wetland species. Most of the seeps/springs found within the study area occurred on steep, rocky cliffs on non-serpentine-derived soils, and did not offer suitable habitat for plants associated with vernal pools or serpentine substrates.

Serpentine Habitat - Deficient in calcium and toxic in nickel and other nutrients, the challenges of serpentinite-derived soils has resulted in the evolution of a high rate of endemics and rate plant species. The serpentine formations of the Red Hills area are particularly rich with special status plants. Serpentine habitat is found in the Project area near the strip mine south of the New Melones Dam. This area and another large portion of the serpentines in the Project area are highly disturbed habitats. Across from the mine, the serpentine habitats have been degraded by excavation and road construction, and several invasive plants, such as goat grass, now dominate the area. Some undisturbed serpentine areas were found south of the strip mine. No special status plants were found during the surveys. Habitats that occur on serpentine-derived soils include the areas mapped as foothill pine/buckbrush, and the northernmost unit of chamise chaparral, just south of the strip mine.

Culturally Significant Plants During the 2002 re-licensing of Tri-Dam's Tulloch project, FERC 2067, Tri-Dam also analyzed Project effects on culturally significant plants. In its re-license application Tri-Dam noted the location of significant stands or colonies of these plants during its botanical studies. Nine such species were observed, and each of these is discussed below.

Wild Onion - Wild onions are perennial bulbs in the lily family with long, slender leaves that also emit an onion odor when crushed. Local Miwoks use the leaves of wild onion as a food plant. The native paper onion is a common species on the lava cap habitats on the table mountains surrounding Tulloch Reservoir. However, these habitats also provide suitable habitat

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 for sensitive wild onion species, such as Jepson's onion and Sanborn's onion. Paper onion is easy to distinguish from these species by their multiple leaves.

Manzanita - Manzanitas are evergreen shrubs with simple leathery leaves, showy white to pink flowers that bloom in late winter or early spring, and smooth, reddish to brown stems. Fruits are drupes with a dry, mealy pulp. Common manzanita is found in the shrub layer throughout the interior live oak woodlands.

Brodiaeas - Various species of brodiaea, perennial, bulbiferous herbs in the lily family, were used as food plants. These plants are commonly found in open, grassy clearings. The Central Sierra MiWok ate the roots of ookow and other brodiaea species. Common brodiaea is frequent on the lava caps throughout the area. Soils are shallow here, as arc the bulbs themselves.

Sedge - Sedges are clumping to stoloniferous grass-like plants in the sedge family. There are a few dry forest sedges in the Project area but most sedges are associated with moist to wet, meadow, riparian, or wetland habitats. Also known as "whiteroot," the whitish, long stolons of some species, such as Santa Barabara sedge, were used to make the creamy groundwork for baskets. Sometimes the tough leaf blades of sedges were used as coil thread and overlay twine weft bases in basket-making, One large colony of Santa Barbara sedge was mapped on the arm of the reservoir south of New Melones Dam, at the mouth of Long Canyon. Soils are sandy are digging would be relatively easy, although the colony does provide some erosion control for the steep, sandy slope.

Buckbrush - Buckbrush is a common evergreen shrub of foothill and lower montane woodlands and chaparrals. The strong, but flexible stems were used as rods in basketry. Examples of baskets made using, in part, the stems of buckbrush include burden baskets, broad shallow scoops, and deep spoon-shaped scoops with handles. In the Tulloch Project area, chaparrals of buckbrush are found on serpentine soils near the strip mine below New Melones Dam, on both sides of the river.

Soap Plant - Soap plant is a common perennial bulb in the lily family, associated with foothill grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral. A tall plant, the night-blooming flowers are borne on stems that often reach six feet in height. The local Miwok people use the fibrous outer bulb coats for making brushes. The bulbs are also made into a white, mucilaginous paste and used to coat baskets. An extract from the bulbs is also used for coating baskets. Soap plant is frequent throughout the Tulloch Project area, however, larger occurrences were found on serpentine soils on the arm of the reservoir south of New Melones Dam. Many of these areas are rocky, although the disturbed areas across from the mine at the end of the paved road would be less difficult to collect. The rare species Red Hills soaproot could potentially occur here, however. Many of the inflorescence were browsed at the time of Tri-Dam's surveys and positive identification was not always possible.

Willow - These shrubs or small trees grow near streams, rivers, and other wet places. Willows are important to the Miwok for their young shoots and twigs, which are used in basketry. Red willow and Gooding's willow are common in the riparian corridor downstream of Tulloch reservoir, and along low-gradient portions of Black Creek.

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Elderberry - Elderberry shrubs can reach heights of 8 to 25 feet in the Project area and produce round black berries that are covered with a waxy, white coating that makes the black berries appear blue. This species is biologically significant as a host to the threatened valley elderberry longhorn beetle. Elderberries are used by local Native Americans as a food source. Elderberry never occurs as large stands in the Tulloch Project area, but many shrubs were noted in the arm downstream of New Melones Dam.

3.4.5 Analysis and Discussion Based on available information, it seems that no special status plants have been reported to occur or were found in the Project vicinity. This was confirmed by Tri-Dam during a 2002 re-licensing of the Tulloch project. Their finding was that any habitat for such species was found well above the ordinary high water line of Tulloch Reservoir. Of the unique habitats and special features identified during either the special status plant surveys or vegetation mapping, only one, a freshwater marsh of bulrush and cattail, occurs at or near the ordinary high water mark and subject to influence from Tulloch project operations.

In general, threats to special status plants or their associated habitat and to the unique habitats described above, come more from the potential expansion of residential development, livestock grazing and or mining operations rather than Project operation. Culturally significant plants were found throughout the Tulloch study area, and there were no indications that Tulloch Project operations in any way affects these species or the ability of Native Americans to engage in the traditional uses of these plants.

3.4.6 Conclusions As described earlier, Tulloch Reservoir releases into Goodwin Reservoir. Given that fact, the short distance between the two, similarities between Tulloch and Goodwin Reservoirs and that the Project will operate as a run-of-river, it is assumed that the Project does not affect endangered, threatened, or sensitive botanical species. No special status species or critical habitat for such species occurred within the Tulloch Reservoir study area, thus it is assumed that the Project will not affect any cultural significant plant species.

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3.5 WILDLIFE RESOURCES The following sections describe wildlife resources for the project area, including Goodwin Reservoir and environs, as required by 18 CFR § 5.6 (d)(3)(v). This section primarily describes the upland wildlife resources located within the project area that could be affected by construction and operation of the proposed transmission line.

3.5.1 Zone of Potential Effect The Goodwin Dam Project (Project) Zone of Potential Effect (ZPE) for terrestrial wildlife resources is the area that provides an essential life requisite to a terrestrial invertebrate or vertebrate species and will be affected by the existing location (e.g., as a barrier to movement), operation, or maintenance of Project facilities. For most terrestrial species this area is assumed to be all land, water-, and facilities within the FERC Project Boundary surrounding Goodwin Reservoir, Dam, Powerhouse, and ancillary facilities (i.e., access road to dam, Project buildings). Tributaries to Goodwin are not included in the ZPE because operation and maintenance of the Project has no effect on them, and consequently, no effects on the terrestrial wildlife resources that may be associated with them.

3.5.2 General Wildlife Species Occurrence in the Project Area Estimates of the number of terrestrial wildlife species that have the potential to occur within the Project vicinity can be inferred based on several sources. In the 2002 Tulloch Project re-licensing application, Tri-Dam put compiled a list of 339 terrestrial wildlife species (excluding amphibians) known to occur, or with the potential to occur in the Stanislaus River watershed from several sources including the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (WHR) System, California Natural Diversity Data Base (CNDDB), regional field guides, distribution maps, reports (CDFG 1995), consultations with biologists with knowledge of the fauna of the region, and the personal observations of biologists engaged in field studies for the Project. This list includes one invertebrate, 24 reptiles, 229 birds, and 85 mammals. Of these 339 species, 154 were observed incidentally during Tulloch relicensing field studies within the watershed or reported by individuals from observations during the study period. In contrast, a broader list developed for the entire Sierra Nevada range included 376 species, with 32 reptile species, 232 birds, and 112 species of mammals (Graber 1996). However, any list of wildlife species occurrence over broad areas should be interpreted with caution as differences in detectability among species, observer error, and inconsistent reporting of known records can result in errors of omission and commission (Hejl and Verner 1988, Block et at 1994, Garrison et al. 2000). With one exception, no attempt was made to include all of the potential invertebrates that might occur in the Tulloch ZPE due to the extremely large number of species that may be present and a general lack of information on the distribution and habitat associations of most invertebrates. The exception, valley elderberry longhorn beetle (VELB), was included because of its status as a Federally-listed threatened species under the ESA, and the known occurrence of its host plant, elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), within the Project vicinity. Finally, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles are excluded from this report, but are addressed in chapter on Aquatic Resources.

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3.5.3 Special Status Terrestrial Species that may Occur in the Project Area

The term "special status" as used in this report refers to species that are believed to be either imperiled (e.g., threatened, endangered, species of concern) or have a management designation (e.g., harvest species). Besides those specific categories, special status species include species that can be included in one of the following specific categories: FSV Sierra Nevada Framework species of moderate-high vulnerability and species of concern. HA Commercially or recreationally harvested species; non-protected species. MNBMC Bird species designated by the USFWS as a migratory bird of management concern. WBWG Western bat working group designation for high priority/imperiled bat species.

The list of 339 terrestrial wildlife species known or suspected to occur in the Stanislaus River watershed includes 123 special status species: one invertebrate, four reptiles, 73 birds, and 45 mammals. Eight of these species or subspecies (VELB, bald eagle, peregrine falcon, great gray owl, willow flycatcher, bank swallow, Sierra Nevada red fox, and California wolverine) are FE, FT, CE, or CT. The VELB and bald eagle were the only federally listed terrestrial wildlife species identified in an October 21, 2002 list issued by the USFWS of species that may occur in the area affect by the Tulloch Project (USFWS 2002). One species, the mountain plover, is an FPT species. Forty-five of these species have multiple designations; 53 are designated solely as HA; and 57 are considered FSC or CSC. Summaries of known information for each of these special status species with the potential to occur within the Project area, excluding those designated solely as HA, are presented below.

3.5.4 Special Status Terrestrial Invertebrate Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (FT). The VELB ranged historically throughout the Central Valley, extending up river canyons in the Sierra Nevada foothills to an elevation of about 3,000 feet. The beetle is completely dependent upon its host plant, elderberry, which is a common component of the remaining riparian forests and adjacent uplands. The beetles' use of elderberries is not readily apparent; often the only exterior evidence is an exit hole created by the larva just prior to pupation. The life cycle takes one or two years to complete with most of that time spent as larva living within the stems of the plant. Adults generally emerge from late March through June, and adults are short-lived. The USFWS has issued conservation guidelines for the beetle (USFWS 1999), which include survey protocols and compensation requirements for elderberries with one or more stems measuring 1.0 inch or greater in diameter at ground level that may be directly or indirectly impacted by the construction or operation of a project. Where impacts to plants are anticipated as a result of an action, elderberry plants with stems that meet the l.0-inch-diameter threshold on or adjacent to the site, must be thoroughly searched for beetle exit holes and the number of tallied by diameter size class and location (i.e., riparian or upland) for determination of compensation ratios. Elderberry plants lacking stems 1.0 inch or greater in diameter at ground level are considered unsuitable for use by the beetle and are not protected under the guidelines.

3.5.5 Special Status Reptiles Western Pond Turtle (FSC, CSC, FSS, CP). See discussion in the chapter on Aquatic

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Resources.

Sagebrush Lizard (FSC). The northern sagebrush lizard is relatively ubiquitous below 10,000 feet elevation throughout the Sierra Nevada and Great Basin (pets. comm., M. Jennings, Rana Resources, November 1, 2001). These lizards generally occupy open habitat with scattered low bushes and nearby cover in the form of rocks, logs, or thick brush (Stebbins 1966). They feed primarily on insects and arachnids.

Coast Horned Lizard (FSC, CSC & CP). The coast homed lizard once ranged throughout the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada from Lake Shasta south (USDA 2001). This species is now believed to have disappeared from over 35 percent of its former range in northern and central California. It occurs in several habitat types, from sun-exposed gravel and sand areas with scattered shrubs (especially dry lakebeds) to clearings in riparian woodlands and chaparral. Horned lizards are generally ground dwelling species that prefer open areas with undisturbed sandy soils. They are primarily diurnal and retreat at night into rodent burrows, under rocks, or simply burrow into loose soil. They eat a variety of small insects with harvester ants comprising the bulk of their diet. Following a winter brumation (i.e., hibernation in reptiles), homed lizards breed in the early spring (April and May) and lay up to 21 eggs shortly thereafter. Hatchlings emerge in August and September. The primary threats to the species are loss, fragmentation, and degradation of habitat from: 1) urban development; 2) exotic Argentine ants that have replaced native ant species; 3) roads; 4) off-highway vehicle use; and 5) noxious weeds.

3.5.6 Special Status Birds Common Loon (CSC & MNBMC). The common loon is a rare fall and spring visitor to large, deep lakes in the Sierra Nevada such as Lake Tahoe (Zeiner et al. 2000). There are no recent breeding records for the Sierra Nevada south of Lassen County. Its diet includes about 80 percent fish, with crustaceans and aquatic plants also taken. Common loons require at least 60 feet of open water for their framing take-off from the water surface. The primary concern for the species on inland lakes and reservoirs is disturbance of nesting pairs by motorboats.

Double-Crested Cormorant (CSC). The double-crested cormorant occurs sporadically in Sierra Nevada lakes and large river's (Cogswell 1977). They require elevated sites (e.g., cliffs, snags, bridges, and utility poles) near water for colonial nesting and roosting sites. Breeding occurs from about early April to August, with a peak in May and June. Cormorants feed on fish, some crustaceans, amphibians, aquatic insects, and plants that they obtain beneath the surface of the water (Cogswell 1977). They prefer to feed in water less than 30 feet deep with rocky or gravel bottom but have been noted to dive as deep as 70 feet. Cormorants also require a considerable length of water, or an elevated perch, for take-off.

Although designated as a California species of concern, populations of the double-crested cormorant have expanded tremendously in recent years due primarily to decreased levels of organochlorine contaminants and increased food availability (Federal Register 65(73):20194- 20195). As a result, the USFWS published a notice of intent (64 FR 60826) in November 1999 to prepare an EIS and accompanying national management plan to address impacts caused by population and range expansion of the double-crested cormorant in the contiguous United States. This action is in response to increasing reports of resource conflicts between humans and

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 cormorants. The North American breeding population has been estimated at about 372,000 pairs, or 852 colonies, and with a total population estimate of one to two million birds. In many parts of the United States, increased cormorant populations have led to conflicts with humans and various natural resources. Such conflicts include concerns over impacts to local economics, human health, the aquaculture industry, vegetation, fish populations, and bird populations.

Osprey, (CSC). The osprey is one species that has benefited greatly from reservoir development in North America. Impoundments have allowed ospreys to expand both their range and numbers (Swenson 1981, Poole 1989). Twenty percent of California's ospreys were known to nest near reservoirs in the late 1980s (Poole 1989) and that number has almost certainly increased. The species breeds from March to September with a peak in May and July. The nest is usually constructed as a platform of sticks at the top of a broken-top tree, snag, or man-made structure near water. They feed primarily on fish but have been known to take small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. Early declines were attributed mostly to widespread pesticide contamination. However, the species has recovered dramatically since a ban on the use of DDT. Ospreys are relatively tolerant of human activity and nest sites are often chosen in urbanized locations (Poole 1989).

White~Tailed Kite (FP & MNBMC). White-tailed kites are common to uncommon yearlong residents in Sierra Nevada foothills and adjacent valley lowlands within California. The species has increased in number and extended its range in recent decades. These birds feed mostly on voles and other small, diurnal mammals, and occasionally on birds, insects, reptiles, and amphibians. They forage in undisturbed, open grasslands, meadows, farmlands and emergent wetlands. Trees with dense canopies provide cover and nests are usually placed near the top of dense oaks, willows, or other tree stands near foraging areas. Breeding occurs from February to October, with the peak from May to August. The average clutch is four to five eggs, and the incubation period is about 28 days. Young fledge in 35 to 40 days after hatching. The female incubates eggs and broods young exclusively, while the male supplies her with food.

Bald Eagle (FTPD, CE & FP). The bald eagle was listed by the USFWS as an endangered species in 1978, primarily due to population declines related to habitat loss, combined with contamination of prey species by past use of organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and dieldrin (USDA 2001). On August 11, 1995 the bald eagle was downgraded to threatened status in all lower 48 states. Since then, all of the recovery goals set forth in the Recovery Plan for the Bald Eagle, Pacific Region have been met and the USFWS has proposed to delist the species and remove protections afforded by the ESA (FR Vol. 64(128):36454). However, several factors still pose risks to the species, including disturbance of nest sites by recreationists, fluctuating fish prey populations, and number of roost trees available as a result of reservoir level fluctuations, wildfire, and habitat fragmentation.

The bald eagle breeds or winters throughout California, except for the desert areas and the statewide population is increasing (CDFG 2000). Most breeding in the state occurs in the northern Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and north coast range. California's breeding population is resident year-round in most areas, where the climate is relatively mild (Jurek 1988). Between mid-October and December, migratory birds from areas north and northeast of California arrive in the state. Wintering populations remain through March or early April. Based on annual wintering and breeding bird surveys, it is estimated that between 100 and 300 eagles winter on Sierra Nevada National Forests, and at least 151 to 180 pairs remain year-round to brood (USDA

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2001). Data from statewide breeding surveys conducted since 1973 indicate that the number of breeding pairs in the state continue to increase on an annual basis (CDFG 2000). The breeding range in California expanded from portions of eight counties in 1981 to 27 of the state's 58 counties in 2000. Breeding generally occurs from February to July, but can be initiated as early as January via courtship, pair bonding, and territory establishment. The breeding season normally ends around August 31, as the fledglings are no longer attached to their nest area.

The bald eagle typically nests in large, old-growth or dominant live trees with open branching, and within two miles of a lake, reservoir, or river containing fish. Most nesting territories in California are located in elevations ranging 1,000 to 6,000 feet, but nesting can occur from near sea level to over 7,000 feet (Jurek 1988). Nest trees typically provide an unobstructed view of the associated water body and are often prominently located on the topography. The bald eagle often constructs up to five nests within a territory and alternate between them from year to year.

The bald eagle is a generalized and opportunistic scavenger and predator. The more common prey items taken are fish, waterfowl, rabbits, and carrion of various animals. In general, foraging habitat consists of large bodies of water or free-flowing rivers with abundant fish and adjacent snags and other perches (USDA 2001).

Wintering habitat is associated with open bodies of water, primarily large lakes and reservoirs. Two characteristics that play a significant role in habitat selection during the winter are diurnal feeding perches and communal night roost arms. Most communal roosts are usually located near an abundant food source and have greater protection from the weather than diurnal habitat. Northern Harrier (CSC). The northern harrier ranges throughout the Central Valley and Sitka Nevada of California. It frequents meadows, grasslands, open rangelands, desert sinks, wetlands, and other open habitats, but is seldom found in wooded areas (Zeiner et al. 2000). It breeds from sea level up to about 5,700 feet in the Sierra Nevada and ranges up to as high as 10,000 feet. The California population has apparently decreased in recent decades (Remsen 1978), but can be locally abundant where suitable habitat remains free of disturbance, especially from intensive agriculture. The primary reasons for the decline ere destruction of wetland habitat, native grassland, and moist meadows, and burning and plowing of nesting areas during early stages of the breeding cycle (Remsen 1978).

The northern harrier feeds mostly on voles and other small mammals, birds, frogs, small reptiles, crustaceans, insects, and, rarely, on fish. They nest on ground in emergent wetlands, grasslands with shrubby vegetation, grain fields, or on sagebrush flats, sometimes several miles from water. The nesting season extends from April to September, with peak activity from June through July. The clutch averages five eggs, with a range of three to 12. The female incubates while the male provides food. The nestling period lasts about 53 days and the breeding pair and juveniles may roost communally in late autumn and winter.

Sharp-Shinned Hawk (CSC). The current distribution of the sharp-shinned hawk in California is poorly understood. It is a fairly common migrant and winter resident throughout California, except in areas with deep snow (Zeiner et al 2000). The species breeds primarily in mid- to lower-elevation conifer forests and oak and riparian woodlands, but there are relatively few breeding records for the Sierra Nevada. It generally nests in single-tiered dense pole and small- tree stands and feeds in open stands. The proximity of water is believed to be an important habitat parameter in nest site selection. Breeding occurs from April to August, with the peak

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 from late May to July. The clutch size averages four to five eggs with a range of three to eight. Incubation lasts 34 to 35 days and is performed by both parents. Fledging generally occurs at about 60 days. Fledging is timed to coincide with fledging of prey birds, providing a food supply for young, inexperienced hunters (Zeiner et al. 2000).

This accipiter preys mostly on small birds and some mammals and insects. North-facing slopes with plucking perches are critical requirements. Declines in the population have been attributed to pesticide contamination and habitat loss and degradation, especially due to development in foothill habitat.

Cooper's Hawk (CSC). The Cooper's hawk ranges throughout most of California from sea level to above 9,000 feet (Zeiner et al. 2000). It breeds in woodland habitat, from near sea level up through the red fir and lodgepole pine zones. The Cooper's hawk nests most often in foothill oak- woodland and riparian woodlands, and typically near water. Breeding occurs from late March to August with a peak from May to July. Nests are usually constructed in a crotch of a deciduous tree, but occasionally also in conifers. The clutch averages four to five eggs and the female incubates for 35 to 65 days, while the male provides food.

The Cooper's hawk preys primarily on small birds captured in edge habitat, but will also take small mammals, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Snags are often used for resting and prey plucking. The causes for the decline of this species are uncertain; however, pesticide contamination and habitat loss and degradation, especially due to development in foothill habitat, may be a factor in the Sierra Nevada.

Ferruginous Hawk (FSC CSC & MNBMC). The ferruginous hawk is an uncommon winter resident and migrant at lower elevations and open grasslands in the Modoc Plateau, Central Valley, and Coast Ranges of California (Zeiner et al. 2000). The species does not regularly breed in California and there is only a single documented breeding record from the northeast portion of the state (Harlow and Bloom 1989). The number of ferruginous hawks wintering in California appears to have increased steadily over the last several decades based on Christmas Bird Count data (Garrison 1990). However, these apparent increases may be the result of increased search effort and heightened interest in raptor populations rather than an actual change in population size (Garrison 1990). They frequent open grasslands, sagebrush flats, desert scrub, low foothills surrounding valleys, and fringes of pinyon-juniper habitats.

The ferruginous hawk eats mostly lagomorphs, ground squirrels, and mice, but will also take birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Population trends may follow lagomorph population cycles. They generally roost in open areas, usually in a lone tree or on a utility pole.

Swainson's Hawk (CT). The Swainson's hawk was once the most common bird of prey in the low grasslands of California, with populations during the 1900's as large as 17,000 pairs. By the early 1980s, only 550 nesting pairs were found in California and numbers have been slowly declining, although populations appear stable in other parts of the United States. Today, most nesting in California is confined to the Central Valley and parts of the Great Basin, although some birds may wander into the Sierra Nevada foothills adjacent to the Central Valley. About two-thirds of the statewide population nest in the southern Sacramento Valley and northern San Joaquin Valley regions.

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The Swainson's hawk arrives at its breeding areas in California from early March to early April, the female lays two to four eggs by mid-May. The female will remain in the nest incubating for 25 to 28 days while the male hunts for both of them. After the chicks hatch, both parents share the tasks of tending the young and defending the nest. In early July, several weeks after the young birds have learned to fly, the hawks begin to roost and hunt in flocks. By early September, they begin to migrate south in flocks sometimes as large as hundreds of birds. Their wintering grounds are as far south as Argentina, making their migrations one of the longest of any of the North American hawks, averaging 11,000 to 17,000 miles round-trip.

Breeding birds require large, open grasslands with abundant prey in association with suitable nest trees such as oaks, cottonwoods, walnuts, and willows in the Central Valley (CDFG 2000). Suitable hunting grounds include native grasslands or lightly grazed pastures, alfalfa and other hay crops and certain grain and row croplands. Croplands in which prey is scarce or difficult to get at because of the density of vegetative cover (e.g., vineyards, orchards, rice, corn, and cotton) are unsuitable hunting grounds for the species. Swainson's hawks prey most often on small mammals such as mice, gophers, ground squirrels, rabbits, and most commonly, voles. They will also feed on other birds, bats, end insects that it captures while in flight.

The primary causes of the decline in the California Swainson's hawk's population are believed to be loss of nesting and foraging habitat on the species' breeding grounds pesticide poisoning on the species' winter range in Argentina. Much of California's native grassland that was formerly occupied by the species has been converted to crop fields and pastures. This has lead to a decrease in prey, loss of nesting sites, loss of hunting habitat, and exposure to harmful chemicals used for agricultural purposes, such as pesticides. Urbanization has also contributed to the loss of nesting and hunting habitat. Over 85 percent of the nesting territories in the Central Valley are in riparian systems adjacent to suitable foraging habitats; yet, more than 95 percent of the original riparian habitat has been destroyed (CDFG 2000). The small areas of good habitat that remain are threatened by development. In addition, Swainson's hawks incurred massive mortality on the species' Argentine winter range where biologists estimated as many as 20,000 birds died during the winters of 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 because of poisoning from the pesticide rnonocrotophos (MCP) used locally on alfalfa and other crops where these hawks often forage. A reduction on the use of MCP in Argentina since this discovery is believed to have substantially lowered the Swainson's hawk mortality rate on its winter range.

Golden Eagle (CSC & FP). The golden eagle occurs throughout the Sierra Nevada and foothills adjacent to the Central Valley, primarily in sparse woodlands, grasslands, savannas, lower successional forest stages, and shrubland. Cliffs, large trees, and man-made structures (e.g., electric, transmission towers) with a commanding view are used for nesting. Breeding occurs from January to September with a peak in March through July. The clutch ranges from one to three eggs, with two eggs being typical. Eggs are laid in early February to mid-May. The incubation period lasts 43 to 45 days and the nestling period is 65 to 70 days. Prey includes small and large mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and some carrion.

Merlin (CSC). The merlin is a rare to uncommon winter resident and migrant from September to May in the Sierra Nevada, generally below 3,900 feet (Zeiner et al. 2000). The species frequents shorelines, open grassland, savanna, sparse woodland, lakes, wetlands, habitat edges, and early successional stages. When present, merlins are generally found in open country and along the shores of lakes and marshes where they often prey mainly on shorebirds and other

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 small birds, but will also take small mammals and insects. The merlin does not breed in California.

Prairie Falcon (CSC). The prairie falcon is an uncommon permanent resident and migrant in the Sierra Nevada (Zeiner et al. 2000). It occurs most commonly in open habitats such as annual grasslands, savannahs, rangeland, some agricultural areas, and desert scrub. The prairie falcon typically nests on cliffs with ledges and hunt from elevated perches such as snags, power poles, and cliffs. Breeding occurs from about mid-February through August, with a peak from May through July. The clutch averages five eggs with a range of three to six eggs. Egg laying typically occurs in early April. The prairie falcon preys mostly on small mammals, but will also take small birds, insects, and reptiles.

American Peregrine Falcon (CE, FP & MNBMC). The peregrine falcon has made a dramatic recovery across its range since the ban on the use of the organochlorine DDT. As a result, the USFWS removed the subspecies (i.e., de-listed) from the federal list of threatened and endangered species on August 25, 1999 (Federal Register 1999). The species remains listed as endangered under the CESA. As of 1999, 193 known territories were believed to exist in California and the population appears to be increasing (CDFG 2000).

The peregrine is typically an open-country bird in all seasons. Their occurrence in an area is strongly influenced by the availability of suitable avian prey. Most peregrines nest on cliffs or cliff-surrogates (e.g., buildings, bridges) near water. Nest territory size fluctuates with prey availability. Nesting usually occurs from early March to late August. The clutch size is three to seven eggs and incubation spans about 32 days.

Mountain Plover (FPT, CSC & MNBMC). The mountain plover was formally proposed for federal listing as threatened in 1999 (Federal Register Volume 64, Number 30:7587-7601) and its status is currently under review. This bird breeds in the Rocky Mountain states from Montana south to central New Mexico, western Texas, and western Oklahoma (Hunting 1998). Most breeding birds occur in Montana, Colorado, and northern Nebraska. The species winters in central and southern California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, and northern Mexico, with the main wintering population (est. 80 percent) in the Central and Imperial valleys of California. Most wintering birds congregate in valley bottoms in heavily grazed, burned or fallow agricultural lands and are typically associated with sparse, short vegetation (Hunting 1998).

The number of wintering plovers in California has decreased dramatically since the 1980s, primarily due to changes in agricultural practices, livestock management, and decline of native herbivores. Breeding Bird Survey results from 1966 through 1996 document a continuous decline of 2.7 percent annually for this species-the highest rate of all endemic grassland species. Between 1966 and 1991, the continental population of the mountain plover declined an estimated 63 percent. As of 1995, the North American population was estimated at 8,000 to 10,000 birds (Knopf 1996).

In California, the mountain plover is a rare winter resident (September through March) in short grasslands and plowed fields of the Central Valley from Surfer and Yuba counties southward. It is also found in foothill valleys below about 3,200 feet elevation, primarily west of the San Joaquin Valley, and in the Imperial Valley. Most Central Valley birds occur south of Sacramento and west of US Highway 99. The mountain plover is gregarious on their wintering habitat with

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 flocks of 20 to 180 individuals that increase in size as spring migration approaches. Flocks of up to 1,100 birds have been reported from the San Joaquin Valley and Imperial Valley. In general, the mountain plover spends about 4 months on breeding grounds, 5 months on wintering habitat, and the remaining time mostly in their fall migration.

Long-Billed Curlew (CSC & MNBMC). The long-billed curlew is a migratory bird species that breeds in open valleys and flatlands of the western United States (USDA 2001). The species was formerly more abundant, but hunting, agricultural practices, and livestock grazing (particularly during the nesting season) have caused curlews to decline in abundance in the western United States and to disappear entirely in the eastern United States. Most population declines in the western United States are local and not widespread. North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) trend results for the period 1966 through 1999 show a 79.4 percent annual increase in curlew populations in California, a 1.7 percent annual increase in the western survey region, and a 1.5 percent decrease in the United States. Trends for the period 1980 through 1999 arc 13.2, 0.2, and -1.7 percent for California, the western BBS region, and the United States, respectively (USDA 2001).

The long-billed curlew nests on the ground, usually in a flat area with short grass, and is generally a solitary nester, but may be found in loose colonies in suitable habitat. In California, nesting habitat includes wet meadows, upland shortgrass prairies, and elevated interior grasslands, usually adjacent to lakes or marshes (Grinner and Miller 1944, Zeiner et al. 2000). R is an uncommon to fairly common breeder from April to September in northeastern California in Modoc, Siskiyou, and Lassen counties, with one nesting record from the Owens Valley, Inyo County. Non-breeding birds may also be found during the summer on portions of the California coast end in the Central Valley. Preferred winter habitats include large coastal estuaries, upland herbaceous areas, and croplands (Zeiner et al. 2000).

California Gull (CSC). The California gull is a fairly common nester at alkali and freshwater lacustrine habitats east of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, and an abundant visitor to coastal and interior lowlands during the nonbreeding season (Grinnell and Miller 1944). In April, the species begins to depart for breeding grounds, with the California's nesting population scattered across the northeastern plateau region and at Mono Lake. Evidence of former breeding exists for the Central Valley (Dawson 1923) and the first recorded estuarine colony, established on two islands in a salt pond on San Francisco Bay, grew from about 30 nests in 1980 to 670 nests in 1983 (Rigney 1983). In late summer, the California gull migrates westward across the Sierra Nevada from interior nesting grounds to winter in California and the Pacific Northwest (Cogswell 1977).

Inland birds frequent lacustrine, riverine, and cropland habitats, landfill dumps, and open lawns in cities (Grinnell and Miller 1944). It is often among the most abundant species throughout its winter range in California. In winter, this omnivore feeds on garbage, carrion, earthworms, adult insects, and larvae. On breeding grounds, the young are fed larval insects, brine shrimp, young birds, garbage, earthworms, and insects (Zeiner et al. 2000).

The California gull nests from mid-April through mid-August, with peak nesting occurring in late May through June. It usually nests in colonies, and often in association with other water birds (Harrison 1978). The clutch size averages two eggs (Harrison 1978) and both parents incubate over a 23 to 27-day period. The young are precocial and capable of flight 35 to 41 days after latching (Smith and Diem 1972).

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Black Tern (FSC, CSC & MNBMC). The black tern was formerly a very common spring and summer visitor and breeder at fresh emergent wetlands of California, including Lake Tahoe (Grinnell and Miller 1944). Numbers have declined throughout the range, especially in the Central Valley (Cogswell 1977). Today, the black tern breeds primarily in wetlands of the northeastern plateau of California in Modoc County. It prefers wetland complexes of at least 49 acres (USDA 2001), especially habitats where shallow open water is interspersed with emergent vegetation. It is currently a fairly common migrant and breeder on wetlands of the northeastern plateau area, but is absent from some historic nesting localities such as Lake Tahoe (Cogswell 1977). Despite the presence of apparently suitable habitat in rice fanning areas, breeding is questionable in the Central Valley (Gaines 1974). Although restricted to freshwater habitats while brewing, black terns can be fairly common on bays, salt ponds, river mouths, and pelagic waters during spring and fall migration (Grinnell and Miller 1944, Cogswell 1977).

The black tern breeds in North America and winters in Central and South America. It typically disperses to its nest marshes in mid to late May, where they nest semi-colonially in emergent wetlands. It nests on floating plant matter, which leaves them vulnerable to storms, wave action, and rapid water level fluctuations, such as floods. Clutch size ranges between two to four eggs, which both sexes incubate for 19 to 22 days. Chicks are able to run, swim, and walk at 2 days old, and are fully fledged at about 4 weeks old. Fall movement by adults may begin by late July and extend through October. Juveniles migrate approximately 1 month later than adults.

Burrowing Owl (FSC, CSC & MNBMC). In California, the burrowing owl is a yearlong resident of open, dry grassland and desert habitats and in grass, forb, and open shrub stages of pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine habitats. The species was formerly common in appropriate habitats throughout the state, excluding the humid northwest coastal forests and high mountains. However, their numbers are markedly reduced in recent decades, primarily due to conversion of grassland to agriculture and urbanization, and also poisoning of ground squirrels with a subsequent loss of suitable burrows. They arc found as high as 5,300-feet elevation in the Sierra Nevada in Lassen County.

The burrowing owl feeds primarily on insects but will also take small mammals, reptiles, birds, and camion. They use small mammal burrows, and occasionally pipes and artificial burrows for roosting and nesting cover, and may dig their own burrow in soft soil. The nest chamber is usually lined with excrement, pellets, debris, grass, and feathers. Breeding occurs from March through August, with the peak in April and May. The clutch size averages five to six eggs. Young emerge from burrow at about 2 weeks and fly at about 4 weeks of age.

Long-Eared Owl (CSC). The long-eared owl is an uncommon resident or winter visitor throughout most of the northern part of the state, excluding the humid North Coast Range, Cascade Range, and higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada (Zeiner et al. 2000). Resident populations in the state have been declining since the 1940s especially in Southern California (Grinnell and Miller 1944, Remsen 1978). Although not all the reasons for this decline are known, the destruction and fragmentation of riparian habitat and live oak groves have been implicated as factors (Remsen 1978). The long-eared owl apparently make only local movements in California, although some limited migration may occur including seasonal movement westward from the Sierra Nevada foothills in the fall.

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The breeding season for the long-eared owl extends from early March to late July. Nesting occurs from blue oak woodlands up to ponderosa pine and black oak plant communities, particularly near riparian habitat. Long-eared owl nests are usually those abandoned by magpies, crows, hawks, or herons. Egg laying typically occurs in April and May with an average clutch of four to, five eggs. Incubation, performed solely by the female, lasts 21 to 28 days. Nestlings fledge in about 50 days or loss.

The long-eared owl is a nocturnal hunter and preys on rodents and birds. They usually hunt in open areas, and occasionally in woodland and forested habitats. Riparian or other thickets with small, densely canopied trees are required for roosting.

Short-Eared Owl (CSC & MNBMC). The short-eared owl was formerly a resident locally throughout much of California, excluding higher elevations. It is a widespread winter migrant, found primarily in the Central Valley, in the western Sierra Nevada foothills, and locally in the southern desert region. The short-eared owl is usually found in open areas with few trees, such as annual and perennial grasslands, prairies, dunes, meadows, irrigated lands, and saline and flesh emergent wetlands. The species occasionally still breeds in northern California. However, numbers have declined over most of the range in recent decades because of destruction and fragmentation of grassland and wetland habitats, agriculture, succession, and grazing (Clark 1975, Remsen 1978).

The short-eared owl feeds primarily on voles and other small mammals, although birds are an important food source in coastal wintering areas, and during the nesting season (Clark 1975). They will also eat reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods.

The short-eared owl breeds from March through July with the nest usually in a depression on dry ground concealed in vegetation, and lined with grasses, forbs, sticks, and feathers (Clark 1975). Egg laying occurs in April and May with an average clutch size of five to seven eggs. Incubation, performed by the female alone, lasts 21 to 28 days. Hedging occurs at about 31 to 36 days.

Black Swift (CSC & MNBMC). The black swift breeds very locally through the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range, the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains, and in coastal bluffs and mountains from San Mateo County south probably to San Luis Obispo County. It seems to avoid arid regions such as the Great Basin, southern deserts, and Central Valley. The black swift migrates south for the winter and am mostly absent in California from October through April.

The black swift breeds from early June to late August. Nests are generally established in small colonies on inaccessible cliff faces or ledges behind or adjacent to waterfalls. Incubation lasts 24 to 27 days and fledging occurs at about 45 days. The black swift forages widely over many habitats and feed entirely on flying insects during sustained, long-distance foraging flights. The species does not winter in California.

Vaux's Swift (CSC & MNBMC). The Vaux's swift is a summer resident of northern California and breeds the length of the Sierra Nevada from early May to mid-August in mature woodlands with hollow trees and snags. Incubation, with an average clutch of four to five eggs, lasts 18 to 20 days. Hedging occurs in about 28 days (Harrison 1978). It is a fairly common migrant

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 throughout most of the state in April and May, and August and September. A few birds winter irregularly in southern coastal lowlands (Grinnell and Miller 1944, McCaskie et al. 1979) but most migrate to Mexico and Central America. They forage over streams and high above the canopy in many vegetation types. Prey consists exclusively of flying insects.

Rufous Hummingbird (MNBMC). The rufous hummingbird is a common migrant and uncommon summer resident of California (Zeiner et al. 2000). Limited breeding in Trinity and Humboldt counties has been confirmed in recent years (McCaskie et al. 1979). Many postbreeders migrate south through the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada in summer, although spring migration mostly is through the lowlands and foothills (Grinnell and Miller 1944). It is found in a wide variety of habitats that provide nectar-producing flowers, and uses valley foothill hardwood, valley foothill hardwood-conifer, riparian, and various chaparral habitats in both northward and southward migration. During southward migration, the rufous hummingbird uses montane riparian, aspen, and high mountain meadows (to tree-line and above).

The rufous hummingbird arrives in California in February and migrates north through lowlands and foothills until mid-April and early May. Post-breeding males begin to migrate back through California in late June and early July. This early appearance of males in the Sierra Nevada has led some observers to suspect that breeding may occur in the Range but it has not been confirmed. Most individuals are gone by mid-September, but a few regularly overwinter, particularly in southern California.

Little Willow Flycatcher (FSC & CE). Historically, the willow flycatcher nested throughout California wherever thickets of riparian deciduous shrubs, primarily willow (Salix spp.) occurred (Grinnell and Miller 1944). In the Sierra Nevada, the willow flycatcher historically occurs most commonly from the foothills up to about 6,000 feet elevation, but numerous records also exist from above 6,000 feet (USDA 2001). In the last 4 decades, breeding populations have been extirpated from most lower elevation riparian areas in California. It appears that the species no longer breeds at elevations below 3,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, and populations above 3,000 feet have declined as well. Factors implicated in the early decline of the willow flycatcher in the Sierra Nevada include livestock grazing, mining, water diversions, and logging during the late 1800% which affected the hydrology and vegetation of meadows and riparian areas (USDA 2001, Valentine et al 1988). More recent declines are attributed to wintering ground deforestation, increased human development in the Sierra Nevada, pesticides, recreation, effects on aquatic larvae of invertebrate prey due to stream impacts, and perhaps most importantly, nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (USDA 2001). Within the Sierra Nevada, cowbirds associate with pack stations, corrals, supplemental feed, livestock holding facilities, campgrounds, picnic areas, and rural communities. Current estimates of the willow flycatcher on Sierra Nevada national forests range between 300 to 400 individuals. According to the STF's CSWA (USDA 2002), there are four known historic nesting areas for willow flycatcher within the area of analysis; one of these is within the Pinecrest Landscape and three within the Sonora Pass Landscape. The species is recognized by the USFS as the highest-priority landbird species in the Sierra Nevada bioregion because it is considered to have the highest probability of being extirpated from the bioregion in the near future (USDA 2001).

Three willow flycatcher subspecies breeds in California, Empidonax traillii adastus, E.t. brewsteri, and E.t. extimus. Of these three subspecies, only the range of E.t. brewsteri includes the Project area. It breeds in shrubby vegetation (specifically willows) in meadow and riparian

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 communities. The shrub layer is typically 6.5 to 13 feet in height, with the lower 6.5 feet comprised of deme woody vegetation. The mean shrub cover within the willow flycatcher territories has been documented at 21,529 square feet (0.5 acres), but in some eases as they have used as little as 1,076 square feet (0.02 acres) of shrub cover for nesting. Meadows used for nesting range in size from 1 to 716 acres, with a mean of 80 acres (USDA 2001). Recent surveys indicate that the species occurs at elevations from 1,200 to 9,500 feet, although most of the known nest sites are between 4,000 and 8,000 feet. There is usually some surface water or saturated soil within defended territories during the early part of the nesting season (Valentine 1987).

In the Sierra Nevada, the little willow flycatcher breeding season occurs from late May or early June (territory establishment) to the middle of September (fledgling independence). Most young fledge between approximately July 15 and August 31 and fledglings remain in the territory for two to three weeks post-fledging. Willow flycatchers feed primarily on insects, many of which have aquatic larval stages.

Loggerhead Shrike (FSC & CSC). The loggerhead shrike is a common resident and winter visitor in lowlands and foothills throughout California (Zeiner et al. 2000). Although populations have declined elsewhere, they have remained fairly stable in the Pacific states (Momson 1981). The species prefers open habitats with scattered shrubs, trees, posts, fences, utility lines, or other perches. The shrike densities appear to be highest in open-canopied valley foothill hardwood, valley foothill hardwood-conifer, valley foothill riparian, pinyon-juniper, juniper, desert riparian, and Joshua tree habitats. They occur only rarely in heavily urbanized areas, but are often found in open cropland, and sometimes use edges of denser habitats (Grinnell and Miller 1944, McCaskie et al. 1979).

In California, the loggerhead shrike lays eggs from March into May with four to eight eggs per clutch. Incubation lasts 14 to 15 days and the altricial young fledge in about 18 to 19 days. Young may be driven off the parents' territory 2 to 3 months after fledging. They feed mostly on large insects, but will also take small birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and carrion (Zeiner, et al. 2000).

California Homed Lark (CSC). The homed lark is a common to abundant resident in a variety of open habitats throughout California. The species is found from grasslands along the coast and deserts near sea level to alpine dwarf-shrub habitat above treeline. It is less common in mountain regions (McCaskie et al. 1979), and in coniferous or chaparral habitats. The horned lark generally leaves the mountains in the winter, but small flocks may remain to winter on windswept, mow-flee areas at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada (Gaines 1977).

The California homed lark breeds from March through July, with peak activity in May. Nests are usually grass-lined depressions on the ground in open areas. The clutch averages three to four eggs and incubation lasts about 10 to 14 days. Both parents tend the altricial young and the young leave the nest at nine to 12 days, and can fly three to five days later (Harrison 1978). After breeding, the homed lark becomes very gregarious, often forming large flocks that forage and roost together. Migrants from outside of California join these wintering flocks, especially in the southeastern desert region of the state. The homed lark feeds mostly on insects, snails, and spiders during breeding season, and add grass and forb seeds and other plant matter to diet during other seasons (Bent 1942).

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Purple Martin (CSC). The purple martin is uncommon to rare, local summer residents in a variety of wooded, low-elevation habitats throughout the state. The species is a ram migrant in spring and fall and absent in winter. The purple martin uses valley foothill and montane hardwood, and riparian habitats. They also occur in coniferous habitats, including closed-cone pine-cypress, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and redwood. The purple martin breeds locally west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains and winter in South America (USDA 2001). The Pacific Coast population of purple martin is apparently declining, in some areas drastically (Garrett and Duun 1981). The most limiting factor for the scattered populations in the western portion of their range appears to be a lack of snags coupled with increased competition for suitable nest sites from introduced house sparrows and European starlings.

Preferred habitat for the purple martin consists of lower coniferous forests, oak woodlands and riparian habitats with snags and nearby water. Their diet consists of beetles, bugs, dragonflies, bees and wasps, butterflies, and other insects. The breeding season extends from April into August, with peak activity in June. The average clutch is four to five eggs and the altricial young leave the nest after a 24 to 31 day fledging period. They often nest in old woodpecker cavities, and sometimes in artificial structm'es (e.g., nest box), under bridges, and in culverts. Nest most often located in a tall, old, isolated tree or snag in open forest or woodland (Dawson 1923). They are reported to be less likely to use nest boxes in California relative to areas as in the eastern United States

Bank Swallow (CT). The bank swallow is a neotropical migrant found primarily in riparian and other lowland habitats in California (Zeiner et al 2000). The species' range in California has been reduced by 50 percent since 1900 (CDFG 2000) and now represents less than one percent of its entire range in the United States (Cart~ and Barker 1992). Seventy-five percent of the state's population is concentrated on the banks of Central Valley streams, including several colonies on the Sacramento River (CDFG 2000). The bank swallow arrives in California from South America in early March and numbers peak by early May. It is a spring and fall migrant in the interior of the state, less common on the coast, and an uncommon and very local summer resident, In summer, the bank swallow is restricted to riparian, lacustrine, and coastal areas with vertical banks, bluffs, and cliffs with fine-textured or sandy soils, into which it digs nesting holes. Suitable banks may be present along rivers, in quarries, natural cliffs, and road cuts. They are found in alluvial flood plains, so any substantial valley within the Sierra Nevada has the potential to have bank swallows if the other habitat criteria exist, However, the Sierra Nevada is considered to be on the periphery of the species' range (USDA 2001). In migration, the bank swallow flocks with other swallows over a variety of open habitats

Numbers fall off in July and August as colonies are abandoned and migration begins. Colonies are vacant by late July or early August, and migrants are observed usually through early or mid- September. There are few winter records for California.

The bank swallow breeds from late April through July, with peak activity from mid-May to mid- June. Pairs usually nest colonially but sometimes solitarily or near a few other nests (Hoogland and Sherman 1976). Colonies range in size from about I0 to 1,500 nesting pairs in California, although most colonies have 100 to 200 nesting pairs (Garrison at al. 1987). Their burrows are 1.0 to 2.2 inches wide and average 34 inches deep. A small chamber at end of burrow contains the nest. The clutch size is usually four to five eggs and incubation lasts about 12 to 16 days. The

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 altricial young are tended by both adults and leave the nest at 18 to 24 days (Harrison 1978).

Based on Breeding Bird Survey data from 1966 to 1991, the bank swallow is declining in California, but not in North America (USDA 2001). It was formerly more common as breeder in California, but now only approximately 120 colonies remain within the state. Perhaps 75 percent of the current breeding population in California occurs along the banks of the Sacramento and Feather rivers in the northern Central Valley. Currently, there are estimated to be 10,000 to 15,000 pairs in California (USDA 2001). Channelization and stabilization of banks of nesting rivers are the major factors causing the marked decline in numbers in recent decades.

The bank swallow feeds by hawking insects during long, gliding flights, predominantly over open liparian areas, but also over brushland, grassland, wetlands, watt, and cropland. They feed on a wide variety of aerial and terrestrial soft-bodied insects including flies, bees, and beetles.

Yellow Warbler (CSC). The yellow warbler is an uncommon to common, summer resident in northern California and locally common during summer in the south (Zeiner et al. 2000). The warbler breeds in riparian woodlands from coastal and desert lowlands up to 8,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada. It also breeds in montane chaparral and in open ponderosa pine and mixed conifer habitats with substantial amounts of brush. Birds usually arrive in California in April, and are mostly gone by October. Apparently there is a post-breeding up-slope movement mostly to middle elevations (Beedy 1975). Small numbers regularly overwinter in southern California lowlands (Garrett and Dunn 1981).

Numbers of breeding pairs have declined dramatically in recent decades in many lowland areas (southern coast, Colorado River, San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys). The species is now rare to uncommon in many lowland areas where it was formerly common (McCaske et al. 1979, Garrett and Dunn 1981). Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds is heavy and apparently has been a major cause of the drastic decline in numbers in lowland localities in recent decades (Bent 1953, Garrett and Durra 1981, Remsen 1978). Parasitism occurred in 9 of 25 nests or family groups in the Siena Nevada where cowbirds were common (Rothstein at al. 1980, Airola 1986).

The yellow warbler breeds from mid-April into early August with peak activity in June. The clutch averages four to five eggs, and the female incubates for 11 days. Both parents tend the altricial young, until fledging at 9 to 12 days (Harrison 1978). The nest is an open cup placed 2 to16 feet above ground in a deciduous sapling or shrub. Territory often includes tall trees for singing and foraging and a heavy brush understory for nesting (Ficken and Ficken 1966).

Yellow-Breasted Chat (CSC & MNBMC). The yellow-breasted chat is an uncommon summer resident and migrant in coastal California and in foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Zeiner et al. 2000). Populations in California represent 1 to 10 percent of the species total distribution (Carter and Barker 1992). On the west slopes of the northern Sierra Nevada it is a rare summer resident and confirmed breeder from 1,000 to 1,500 feet and is an exceptionally rare (less than 10 records) transient up to 4,000 feet (DeSante 1995). Elsewhere, it has been recorded up to about 4,800 feet in valley foothill riparian on the west slope of the Sierra, and up to 6,500 feet east of the Sierra Nevada in desert riparian habitats (Zeiner et al. 2000). In migration, the species may be found in lower elevations of mountains in riparian habitat (McCaskie et al. 1979). Birds usually arrive in April and depart by late September for wintering grounds in Baja California,

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Central Mexico, southern Texas, and the Yucatan, south to western Panama. Individuals may wander upslope post-breeding (Gaines 1977). There are a few late fall and winter records, mostly from southern California.

The species has declined drastically in numbers in the lower foothills of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada over the last 50 years (DeSante 1995). The primary factors in this decline are loss of riparian habitat due to water diversions, impoundments, exotic plant invasions (e.g., Tamarisk chinensis), and burning of willow and grape thickets (USDA 2001).

The yellow-breasted chat breeds from early May into early August with peak activity in June. Suitable breeding habitat includes second growth, shrubby old pastures, thickets, fencerows, and other riparian vegetation. Nests are usually about 2 to 8 feet above ground in dense shrubs along a stream or river. The clutch size averages three to four eggs and incubation lasts 11 to 15 days. Fledging occurs in 8 to 11 days. Chats frequent dense, brushy thickets near water, and thick understory in riparian woodland. They feed primarily on insects and spiders, but will also eat berries and other fruits.

Tricolored Blackbird (FSC, CSC & MNBMC). More than 99 percent of the tricolored blackbird population occurs in California, where its range is restricted to the Central Valley and surrounding foothills, and the coastal and inland localities of southern California (Beedy and Hamilton 1997, USDA 2001). Local breeding occurs west of the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, and southeastern deserts. In central California, breeding occurs east into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. On the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, the tricolored blackbird is not known to nest above 1,000 feet elevation (USDA 2000. A few small breeding colonies occur in marshy areas of low foothills of the Sierra Nevada, where they remain all year (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).

The species has declined dramatically in California, with an estimated 37 percent decline between 1994 and 1997. The primary factors in this decline are believed to be loss of nesting and foraging habitat throughout its range in the Central Valley and southern California. Breeding habitat is negatively affected by crop-harvesting and land conversions from rangeland to vineyards, orchards, and urban development (Beedy and Hamilton 1999). Other key factors include pesticides, recreational disturbance, and predation.

The tricolored blackbird is a colonial nester, often forming breeding colonies of thousands of birds at a single site. In the winter, they may flock with other blackbird species (Beedy and Hamilton 1999). Breeding birds have been documented traveling as far as four miles from nesting areas to feed. Breeding season usually lasts from mid-April to late July, but active breeding in late fall (October and November) has also been documented (Orians 1960). Breeding habitat consists of nearby water, suitable nesting substrate, and open-range foraging habitat of natural grassland, woodland, or agricultural cropland. Historically, tricolored blackbirds bred almost exclusively in freshwater marshes dominated by cattails or bulrushes. However, in more recent years breeding habitat has shifted to diverse upland and agricultural areas. In 1994, over half of all observed the tricolored blackbird nests were associated with dairies. Other recent findings include some small breeding colonies in California utilizing private and public lakes, reservoirs, and parks that are surrounded by shopping center, subdivisions, and other urban development (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).

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American Goldfinch (MNBMC). The American goldfinch is a common resident of lowlands and foothills of cismontane California, and primarily an uncommon transient and winter resident in transmontane California. Although mostly resident within its breeding range, upslope and other local movement has been documented post-breeding, During the fall, they are rare but regular at low elevations in mountains (Grinnell and Miller 1944; McCaskie et al. 1979, Garrett and Dunn 1981). Loss and degradation of habitat and nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds have been factors in the decline of the population in California.

The American goldfinch nests near water, most commonly in valley foothill riparian habitat, but also in valley foothill hardwood, valley foothill hardwood-conifer, orchard-vineyard, mad cropland habitats. They often forage in nearby herbaceous and chaparral habitats. The goldfinch is less restricted to riparian deciduous habitats in winter, but usually forages in or near woodland, and requires drinking water nearby. Goldfinches flock frequently and use treetops and transmission lines for flock assembly and resting (Zeiner et aL 2000).

American goldfinches in California breed from April into July. Nests are usually built near water about 3 to 6 feet above ground in a willow, cottonwood, or other riparian deciduous tree. The average clutch is five eggs with incubation lasting 10 to 14 days. The altricial young fledge at 11 to 17 days. Parents may feed as far as 0.5 miles from the nest. The American goldfinch feeds primarily on seeds, but in spring about half of its diet consists of insects such as aphids and caterpillars (Zeiner et d. 2000). Buds of trees are also important foods, especially in late winter and spring (Grinnell and Miller 1944). They require herbaceous openings for feeding, especially in breeding season.

3.5.7 Special Status Mammals Fringed Myotis (FSC & WBWG). The fringed myotis is found in most of western North America (excluding California Central Valley, Colorado Desert, and Mojave Desert), Mexico, and a small portion of southern British Columbia (USDA 2001). They are found throughout the Sierra Nevada from sea level to about 9,300 feet elevation. The fringed myotis appears to be common locally in preferred habitats of pinyon-juniper, valley foothill hardwood and hardwood conifer forest, primarily from 4,000 to 7,000 feet (Zeiner et al. 2000). It has been noted to be more abundant around older forests (USDA 2001). These bats make short local migrations to suitable hibernacula but extensive migrations are unlikely. The maternity group may remain together during migration.

The fringed myotis tends to be a roosting habitat generalist that utilizes many different natural and man-made structures such as buildings, mines, caves, crevices (USDA 2001) and snags (Weller and Zabel 2001). Adults and sub-adults form separate groups while roosting. Foraging habitat includes streams, lakes, ponds, riparian areas, open stands, and open areas without trees (USDA 2001). Timbered stands with thick understory vegetation may preclude foraging. These bats feed primarily on beetles, but also take moths, spiders, grasshoppers, crickets, crane flies, and Rue bugs from the ground or gleaned from foliage. The fringed myotis requires a readily available water supply due to poor urine concentrating ability.

The fringed myotis is relatively tolerant of cold, and hibernation occurs from October to March, depending on weather. Mating occurs in the fall, and large maternity colonies of up to 200

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 individuals form from late April to September. A single young is born from May to July, and lactating females can be found through August

Loss and degradation of suitable foraging and roosting habitat are impacting the species. In many areas, chaparral stands are maturing and forming dense contiguous stands that arc not easily penetrated by foraging bats. Heavy grazing may also affect prey by reducing grasses and herbaceous vegetation used by prey species for cover and food (USDA 2001). Although they are a roost generalist, renewed exploration or closure of mines, recreational caving, and reduction of tree roosts can affect these bats. Also, urban expansion and timber harvesting have removed large amounts of foraging habitat for the species.

Yuma Myotis (FSC & CSC). The Yuma myotis ranges along the western quarter of North America from Canada south to Mexico, and east to Idaho and Texas. It is common in California and found throughout the state except in the Mojave and Colorado deserts (CDFG 1995). They occupy a variety of habitats below 11,000 feet, but are generally rare above 8,000 feet. Open forests and woodlands with adjacent water provide suitable habitat. Roosting occurs in buildings, mines, caves, or crevices (Zeiner et al. 2000).

The Yuma myotis may make short seasonal migrations from higher elevations to preferred hibernacula. Large maternity colonies of several thousand individuals are formed in buildings, caves, and bridges. Mating occurs in the fail, and one young is born per female between late May to mid-June. It has been found roosting in association with other bat species including pallid and Mexican free-tailed bats.

Long-Eared Myotis (FSC). The long-eared myotis is distributed across most of western North America (excluding California's Central Valley and hot deserts), western Canada, and Baja California (USDA 2001). This myotis occupies brush, woodland, and forest habitats up to 9,000 feet. It appears to prefer coniferous woodlands and forests, yet is uncommon over most of its range (Zeiner et al. 2000).

Typical roost sites include exfoliating tree bark, tree cavities, snags, caves, mines, cliff crevices, sink holes, rocky outcrops on the ground (e.g., talus slopes), and occasionally trestles, buildings, stumps, and bridges. Individuals in western Oregon used a variety of substrates as day roosts with conifer stumps being particularly important (Waldien et al. 2000). They usually roost singly or in small groups of 12 to 30 animals (Zeiner et al. 2000). Caves are generally used as night roosts.

The long-eared myotis is believed to hibernate. Mating likely occurs in the fall with one young born in May to June. Females form small maternal colonies with males and non-reproductive females roosting in small groups nearby. The young are able to fly by esdy August.

The long-eared myotis is primarily a forage gleaner, feeding on moths, small beetles, spiders, flies, lacewings, and wasps COSDA 2001). They are also known to feed in fright, off tree trunks, rocks, and from the ground. This species has been known to forage at colder temperatures than many other bats. Foraging occurs along forest edges, over water, and among trees and shrubs, usually less than 40 feet above the ground.

Loss and degradation of suitable foraging and roosting habitat are impacting rids species. In

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 many areas, chaparral stands arc maturing and forming dense contiguous stands that are not easily penetrated by foraging bats. Heavy grazing may also affect prey by reducing grasses and herbaceous vegetation used by prey species for cover and food (USDA 2001). Although they are a roost generalist, renewed exploration or closure of mines, recreational caving, and reduction of tree roosts can affect these bats. Also, urban expansion and timber harvesting have removed large amounts of foraging habitat for the species.

Long-Legged Myotis (FSC & WBWG). The long-legged myotis is widespread throughout the western United States, western Canada, Central Mexico, and Baja California. It is a common bat in all mountain ranges of California, but generally avoids the Central Valley, hot deserts, and eastern Lassen and Modoc counties (USDA 2001). They are most common in coniferous woodlands and forests above 4,000 feet elevation, but records exist from sea level to 11,400 feet elevation. It has been reported seasonally in riparian and desert habitats.

The long-legged myotis is thought to make short, local migrations to hibernacula. Some sources indicate that caves and mines are used as hibernacula but few records exist. Roost sites can be found in tree cavities, buildings, rock crevices, and under tree bark. Trees are probably the most important day roost structure, but caves and mines are utilized as night roosts. Maternal colonies can consist of hundreds of bats, and are usually found in hollow trees or under bark, but occasionally in buildings, rock crevices, ground cracks, exfoliating tree bark, snags, or mines. Young may be born from May to August, but most commonly in June and July (USDA 2001). The species forages over water and open habitats at 10 to 15 feet above ground. They feed primarily on moths and other flying insects. Long-legged myotis also require a readily available water supply.

Loss and degradation of suitable foraging and roosting habitat are impacting this species. Timbered stands that contain thick understory vegetation may preclude foraging, while urban expansion and timber harvest can reduce available tree roosts (USDA 200 0.

Western Small-Footed Myotis (FSC). The small-footed myotis ranges from across the western half of the United States and Canada and south into Mexico. R occurs in a variety of habitats, primarily in arid woodland and brushy uplands near water, from sea level to 8,900 feet elevation. It occurs in deserts, chaparral, riparian zones, and coniferous forests throughout the Sierra Nevada.

Roosts occur in caves, talus slopes, buildings, mines, crevices, and occasionally under bridges and exfoliating bark (USDA 2001). Separate night roosts have been reported in buildings and caves, and more humid night roosts are preferred. They typically roost singly or in small groups. The small-footed myotis hibernates from November to March in groups of 50 or more, but the species has a remarkable tolerance for colder temperatures. R often hibernates in cold drafty sites with temperatures varying from about 49°F to 59°F (USDA 2001). Females form small (12 to 20 individuals) maternity colonies in buildings, caves, and mines. Typically one or two young arc born from May through June. Young are usually able to fly by mid-August (Zeiner et al. 2000).

The small-footed myotis preys on a variety of small, flying insects including moths, flies, and beetles caught while flying over water and among trees. It also forages close to cliffs, rocks, and bluffs. The species requires more water than most bats and can be found drinking shortly after

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 night emergence. Steams, ponds, springs, and stock tanks are used for drinking.

Loss and degradation of suitable foraging and roosting habitat are impacting the species. Timbered stands that contain thick understory vegetation may preclude foraging, while urban expansion and timber harvest can reduce available foraging habitat (USDA 2001). Renewed exploration or closure of mines, recreational caving, and management effects on rock cliffs and talus slopes can also affect the small-footed myotis. Public fear of rabies has led to extermination of certain colonies in human developments. Inundation of rock cliffs and talus slopes by reservoir construction may also contribute to decline in the species numbers CUSDA 2001).

Spotted Bat (FSC, CSC &WBWG). The spotted bat ranges from southern British Columbia to Mexico, including the western United States, but appears to have a patchy distribution limited to roosting habitat with the appropriate geomorphic conditions (Pierson and Rainer 1998c, USDA 2001). The species has been recorded in arid deserts and grasslands up through mixed conifer forests. The spotted bat is apparently distributed more widely in California and the Sierra Nevada than previously realized (Pierson and Rainey 1998, 1998c). Recent surveys detected the species at numerous new locations as high as 9,600 feet elevation, extending from Siskiyou County southward to Tulare and Inyo counties. Most new locations have been in mixed oak/conifer habitat, particularly with black oak, ponderosa pine, and incense cedar. Observed sites at higher elevations were associated with coniferous forests dominated by giant sequoia and red fir, or lodgepole pine and while fir. A few observations have been made at lower elevation oak savannas. The species is closely associated with the presence of nearby cliffs (e.g., granite, limestone, basalt, sandstone) and water wherever it occurs (Pierson and Rainey 1998c).

The spotted bat appears to he solitary, although they have been recorded hibernating in small groups (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). There appears to be elevational sexual segregation, with females at higher elevations than males. These bats forage high off the ground and me not easily captured in nets. They also roost solitarily high in cliffs and, therefore, are not recorded very often. The most significant habitat requirement appears to be the availability of roosting habitat in rock crevices of natural cliffs, but they have been recorded in caves and buildings. In California, the bats have not been recorded more than 6.5 miles from a significant rock outcropping.

Foraging occurs in flight and primarily over water, meadows, forest openings, streams, or old fields, generally in close proximity to trees (Pierson and Rainey 1998, 1998c). Moths are the preferred prey, but beetles have also been taken. They have been noted to drink water, but have a high ability to concentrate urine unlike most other bat species. The existing data suggest that spotted bats forage alone, sometimes maintaining exclusive feeding areas. Individuals generally forage 16 to 50 feet off the ground in large elliptical paths, with axes of about 650 feet to nearly 1,000 feet (Pierson and Rainey 1998c).

The spotted bat tends to have more restrictive moating and foraging requirements than other bats. Unlike many bat species, spotted bats are not known to night roost (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). They are active all night traveling one way distances from the roost site of about 3.7 to 6.2 miles each night. Threats to foraging habitat of the species have been noted from heavy livestock grazing of meadows, encroachment of thick understory in previously open habitats, inundation by reservoirs, and a reduction in habitat mosaic characteristics. Threats to roosting habitat have been noted from management affecting rock outcroppings and cliffs (e.g., reservoir

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 impoundments, road construction, and recreational rock climbing (USDA 2001).

Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (FSC, CSC & WBWG). Two subspecies of Townsend's big-eared bat occur in California, with Plecotus townsendii pallescens being most likely to occur in the central Sierra Nevada (USDA 2001). This species seems to mainly use caves or cave-surrogates (e.g. mines, buildings) and require specific microclimate conditions to roost successfully. They are found in all Sierra Nevada habitats except subalpine and alpine, but typically below 6,000 feet elevation (Zeiner et al. 2000).

The breeding season begins with copulation during the first three weeks of October, with delayed implantation in the spring, after hibernation. The Townsend's big-eared bat is a colonial species that titans maternity colonies of up to several hundred females, which congregate in March and June and give birth to a single pup between May and July (Pierson and Rainey 1998b). Males are generally solitary during the maternity periods and, as a result, all summer aggregations of this species are presumed to be nursery colonies comprised only of adult females and their young (Pierson and Rainey 1998b). Many young bats leave the nursery roost after 2 months, with males leaving before females. They begin to form hibernation roosts in late October and by January the colony size is at its peak. Males usually choose a warmer location than females and are more active during the winter than females as well. In general, these bats prefer to hibernate in cold places, usually near the entrance of a cave (Pierson and Rainey 1998b, USDA 2001). Unlike many species that take refuge in crevices, the Townsend's big-eared bat only roosts in the open, hanging from walls and ceilings, where it is easily detected and particularly vulnerable to disturbance (Pierson and Rainey 1998b). In particular, disturbance at winter roosts can cause animals to arouse from hibernation, thereby using up critical fat stores needed for winter survival.

Populations of this species appear mostly sedentary, with individuals remaining within a few miles of their natal roost. Tracking studies suggest that movement during the nursery season, either for foraging or shifting to an alternate roost is confined to within about nine miles of the primary roost (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). Seasonal movements also appear to be limited, with winter hibernacula generally less than 27 miles from summer roosts.

Foraging habitat for the Townsend's big-eared bat is varied. They are found in grasslands, riparian areas, deserts, and old forests, mid-elevation mixed conifer, mixed hardwood-conifer, and active agricultural areas. They emerge late in the day to feed and eat primarily moths, but may take other insects as well. They concentrate their aerial foraging activity along forest edges and over vegetation. A readily available supply of drinking water is also required.

The Townsend's big-eared bat has declined substantially over the last 40 to 60 years. A survey conducted in California from 1987 to 1991 at known historical (prior to 1980) maternity colonies revealed that 24 of 46 sites (52 percent) were abandoned (Pierson and Rainey 1998b). Nearly 40 percent of these sites had been destroyed or rendered unusable. In addition, a 55 percent reduction in the number of bats (primarily females) present in existing populations has been observed. In the Mother Lode region of the central Sierra Nevada, the mean colony size has decreased from more than 200 individuals to less than 50. Graham found no extant colonies in California's limestone eaves and speculated that all had been abandoned due to human disturbance. The species is adversely impacted by disturbance of roost sites due to demolition, renewed mining, hazard abatement, recreational caving, and vandalism. However, the species

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 seems to respond readily to protections at roost sites as long as some individuals remain in the local area. When roost sites that have been abandoned are gated properly to prevent human intrusion, bats often re-occupy the site within a relatively short time period, and gates placed at occupied roosts may result in an increase in population size. Loss of foraging habitat can also occur due to conversion of habitat to vineyards. However, the species seems to be an opportunistic feeder capable of foraging in a variety of open habitats.

Pallid Bat (CSC). The pallid bat is believed to occur throughout California, except in very high elevations of the Sierra Nevada, from Shasta to Kern counties and in the northwest comer of the state (CDFG 1995). It is most common in open, dry habitats with rocky areas for roosting. They are most abundant below 6,000 feet elevation in the arid Sonoran life zones but have been recorded up to 10,000 feet elevation in the Sierra Nevada (USDA 2001). The pallid bat is not known to truly migrate, but if temperatures are cold enough, they may migrate locally and elevationally to hibernation sites. Activity is infrequent below about 36°F. They are believed to hibernate singly or in small numbers, and are known to be active in winter in the southern portion of its range.

In California, the pallid bat is mainly associated with oak woodlands at lower elevations and may roost in a variety of locations, including caves, crevices, mines, and occasionally buildings. Tree roosting has been documented in large conifer snags, redwood and sequoia hollows, and oak cavities. It has also been found in stone piles and burlap sacks, bridges, mud cliffs, rocks and rubble such as riprap around culverts and talus slopes. Night roosts occur in more open areas, such as porches and buildings. Few hibernation sites are known.

Maternity colonies form in early April and may contain 12 to 100 individuals. Males may roost elsewhere or with the maternity colony. An average of two young are born between April and July, but predominantly in May and June. The young bats are weaned in 7 weeks and females and juveniles forage together after weaning.

These bats require free water for drinking. Their primary prey include large, nocturnal, ground- dwelling or low-flying insects, especially Jerusalem crickets, scorpions, and beetles. Foraging has been recorded up to 3 miles from the day roost site. Pallid bats typically do not feed over water, but will feed over adjacent oak woodlands and, occasionally over agricultural fields.

Loss and degradation of suitable foraging habitat are impacting the species. The reduction of hardwoods, both from manual removal and competition from conifers, reduces foraging habitat. Hardwood and hardwood-conifer stands that contain thick understory vegetation between ground level and eight feet deter foraging flights. In many areas, chaparral stands are maturing and forming dense contiguous stands that are not easily penetrated by foraging bats. Heavy grazing may also affect prey by reducing grasses and herbaceous vegetation used by prey species for cover and food (USDA 2001). Although they are a roost generalist, renewed exploration or closure of mines, recreational caving, and the reduction of tree roosts also affects the pallid bat.

Western Mastiff Bat (FSC, CSC & WBWG). The western mastiff bat occurs over the arid southwest in southern California, extreme southern Utah, Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas, and Mexico. In California, this bat is distributed much more widely than previously thought with populations found through much of the Sierra Nevada foothills south of Butte County, the southeastern San Joaquin Valley and in the Coast Ranges from Monterey

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County through southern California (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). It has also been recorded over the Sacramento River in Glenn County and in isolated spots in the north central part of the state (USDA 2001). Individuals have been recorded within the vicinity of the Tulloch Project at Tulloch Reservoir, Goodwin Dam, and O'Byrnes Ferry Bridge, where they presumably roost on the columnar basalt cliffs of Table Mountain (Pearson and Rainey 1998c).

Mastiff bats are an uncommon species that inhabits open arid to semi-arid habitats, including conifer forests and deciduous woodlands, coastal scrub, grassland, chaparral, desert scrub, and urban areas. Although the largest populations in the Sierra Nevada appear to occur at lower elevations, individuals have been detected as high as 8,700 feet elevation in the Tuolumne River watershed. Records exist for every river system in the central Sierra Nevada (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). Surveys conducted at various sites along the western base of the Sierra Nevada in fall and winter suggest that the species moves down river drainages as the weather cools, concentrating during winter in areas that have prolonged periods of above freezing temperatures (i.e., generally above about 900 feet)

The western mastiff bat roosts mainly in crevices in vertical cliffs, usually granite, columnar basalt or consolidated sandstone, and in broken terrain with rock faces. Roosts have also been found in high buildings, trees, end tunnels. This bat typically requires a vertical drop of about 10 feet for taking flight, but has been known to take off from the ground. Although colonial, mastiff bats may roost solitarily or in small colonies of less than 100 bats, and frequently with less than 20 bats (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). Roost sites may change from season to season and both sexes roost together throughout the year. These bats are active yearlong, limited only when temperatures drop below 41 ° F. Although maternity roosts for most bat species only contain adult females and their young, mastiff bat colomes may contain adult males and females at all times of year. Maternity roosts are found in rock crevices at least 35 inches deep and 2 inches wide. Mating occurs in the spring, and one pup is born during the summer, usually by early July.

Foraging typically occurs at high altitude, often up to 1,000 feet above the ground (Vaughan 1959) over dry desert washes, flood plains, chaparral, oak woodlands, open ponderosa pine forest, grassland, montane meadows, and agricultural areas (Pierson and Rainey 1998c). Foraging may occur up to 15 miles from a roost site. Their diet consists mainly of hymenoptera (i.e., bees, wasps) and moths, but also includes crickets and katydids. It forages from ground level up to about 195 feet, depending on terrain, and for up to 6 or 7 hours a night. Because of this, they rarely use night roosts, as do other bats.

There is no indication that there have been changes in the western mastiff bat's historic range or distribution. However, population declines have been noted in California The mastiff bat appears to be more prevalent within open areas and hardwood and hardwood-conifer stands that that contain thick understory vegetation between ground level and eight feet prevent deter foraging flights. Heavy grazing may also affect prey by reducing grasses and herbaceous vegetation used by prey species for cover and food (USDA 2001). Disturbances to roost sites from management affecting rock outcrops or cliffs (e.g., road construction, water impoundments) and recreational rock climbing may reduce roost site use.

Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (WBWG). The Brazilian flee-tailed bat is found throughout much of California, but is mostly absent from the high elevations of the Sierra Nevada (from Tehama to Tulare counties) and the north coastal region (from Del None and Siskiyou counties to northern

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Sonoma County). These bats are considered common in California and may be locally abundant (Zeiner et al. 2000). The largest California colony (100,000+ animals) is in Lava Beds National Monument. The species uses all habitats up through mixed conifer forests, but open habitats such as woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands are preferred. This species preys on small insects, primarily moths, and usually over 100 feet above the ground. Drastic declines have been reported for several colonies in the southwestern United States. Pesticides have been suggested as an important cause of these declines (Zeiner et al. 2000), but disturbance of roosts is also a significant factor.

Roost and hibernation sites include caves, crevices, buildings, and mine tunnels. They may use a separate night roost, particularly if foraging far from the day roost. Individuals move within caves to find suitable temperature. In California, these bats may make local and altitudinal movements to and from hibernacula.

Maternity colonies of females and young are found in caves, crevices, and buildings. Copulation occurs from February through March, and the gestation period is about 100 days. Births occur in June and July, peaking in early July. A few cases of twins are reported, but the usual litter size is one pup. The young nurse in July and August, fly at 5 weeks, and reach full size in 2 months. Females in a maternity colony may nurse any solicitous young. Pre-weaning mortality is very low (less than 2 percent).

San Joaquin Pocket Moase (FSC). The San Joaquin pocket mouse occupies arid habitats in the San Joaquin Valley and surrounding foothills. Its diet consists of seeds and soft-bodied insects. Foraging tends to occur under the cover of shrubs and these mice generally do not travel far from cover.

Ringtail (FP). Historic reports from the early 1900s indicate that ringtail were often trapped in the STF (STF 1916, USDA 2002). The ringtail is now believed to be widely distributed throughout most of California. They are found in dense riparian growth, montane evergreen forests, oak woodlands, pinyon-juniper, chaparral, and deserts (CDFG 1995). Their territory is usually within one-half mile from a permanent water source. Hollow trees, logs, snags, caves, rocks, and burrows provide reproductive and resting cover. They mate in March and April, and young are born in May and June after a gestation period of 40 to 50 days. Rodents are the primary prey but ringtail will also feed on birds, reptiles, insects and fruit. The ringtail is almost exclusively nocturnal.

3.5.8 Managed Species (Harvest Species) At least 58 designated harvest species that can be legally taken in California have the potential to occur in the vicinity of the Project. These include, but are not limited to: 19 speck, of waterfowl, five upland game birds, various rodents and other small game mammal specks, at least eight furbearers, and two significant big game species (i.e., mule deer and wild pig). Harvest of these species is regulated by the CDFG. It should be noted, however, that most of the land within the ZPE is in residential, commercial, and other private ownership, which limits opportunities for hunting in the vicinity of the Project.

Of the harvest species in the ZPE, mule deer axe by far the most important in terms of economic interest and public concern. Deer that occupy the lower-elevation foothill habitat surrounding

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Tulloch and Goodwin Reservoirs are generally resident animals rather than migratory. The Calaveras County portion of the project area is within CDFG's management zone D-5, while the Tuolumne County areas are within management zone D-6. Deer populations in these two zones arc considered static or declining (CDFG 1999).

3.5.9 Conclusion

The Project will most likely not affect the American dipper or its habitat needs. Suitable stream habitat is absent from the ZPE and dippers typically occur at elevations in the Sierra Nevada that are substantially higher than Goodwin Reservoir. Results of breeding bird surveys suggest that populations of dippers in California were relatively stable from 1980 to 2000, (Sauer et al. 2001). Furthermore, the species is not considered to be "at risk" in the Sierra Nevada (Graber 1996).

Of the four species of primarily aquatic mammals that have the potential to occur in the ZPE, potential for effects of the Project on river otter, and to a lesser extent, American mink, was explored by Tri-Dam in the 2002 re-licensing application. No specific concern was raised for beaver or muskrat. Based on the extensive literature review performed, it was concluded that the Tulloch Project would not have a substantial effect on mink and river otter. River otter are known to occur at low to middle elevations of the Stanislaus River watershed. A commonality among sites where otters have been reported is the presence of suitable aquatic and riparian habitat that provides cover, prey, and haul-out opportunities. The lack of incidental observations reported from Tulloch Reservoir is insufficient evidence in itself to discount the occurrence of river otter and American mink. Both species are wide ranging, secretive, and utilize a wide-variety of aquatic habitats, including reservoirs. As discussed above, records of river otter axe available from elsewhere in the watershed both above and below Tulloch Reservoir. As a result, otters undoubtedly occur intermittently within the ZPE, but probably in low numbers.

No documented records of mink at Tulloch Reservoir or within the Stanislaus River watershed were found during a search of the scientific literature and databases and the ZPE is near the southern periphery of the species' range in California. As with river otter, however, mink are expected to occur in low numbers within the watershed and could utilize Tulloch Reservoir. The same must be assumed for Goodwin Reservoir.

Habitat quality within the ZPE is compromised by a general lack of riparian cover along the shoreline of the reservoir and river otter and mink could be affected by several factors that are mostly beyond the control of the applicant, including disturbance, habitat loss, injury, and mortality caused by the intensive residential/commercial development and recreation activities occurring around the reservoir. Zoning and permitting processes established and enforced by Tuolumne and Calaveras counties appropriately regulate private land development and utilization. Some of the ways in which these animals could be affected by recreation disturbance are: 1) avoidance of otherwise suitable habitat; 2) illegal harassment and shooting; and 3) injury or death from collisions with powerboats. It is also unlikely that Goodwin Dam, Reservoir, and other Project features pose a significant

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 barrier to movements and dispersal of river otter and mink in the watershed. As indicated in the scientific literature discussed above, both species often travel overland substantial distances with topography having little influence on movement. Individuals can be expected to travel through upland areas to pass Goodwin Dam for access to upstream and downstream habitats. Residential and commercial development on private lands surrounding the reservoir likely provides a greater deterrent to movement. However, travel through upland areas may subject animals to several indirect effects: 1) additional expenditure of energy reserves; 2) increased risk of predation when animals are away from adequate cover; and 3) increased potential for mortality when crossing roads or near residential areas. From a population perspective, these potential indirect effects are probably inconsequential considering the limited number of animals likely to be affected.

In a study in the 2002 re-licensing for the Tulloch project, Tulloch Project effects on bald eagles and osprey were analyzed. Operation and maintenance of the Tulloch Project had little potential to affect nesting bald eagles as the species has never nested at Tulloch Reservoir and is unlikely to do so in the future because of poor habitat suitability and very high levels of human activity.

Based on the available information, inundation of Tulloch and Goodwin Reservoirs resulted in some, unquantifiable loss of riparian and wetland habitats. The quality and condition of these habitats for wildlife is unknown and portions may have been degraded substantially prior to inundation due to intensive grazing, tree cutting, water diversions, flooding behind Goodwin Dam, and other anthropogenic activities.

A study by Tri-Dam in 2002 it was determined that the Tulloch Project operation did not adversely affect any special status bat species and, in fact the Project likely enhances habitat for bats by providing night roosting sites at Project facilities and foraging opportunities at the Project reservoirs. Project maintenance and human activity have the potential to alter the suitability of roost sites identified at Project facilities.

A study by Tri-Dam in 2002 for the Tulloch project determined that suitable riparian habitat for nesting by willow flycatcher, yellow warbler, yellow-breasted chat, and other neotropical land birds appeared to be absent within the study area and there are no known records for these species from the vicinity of the ZPE. The absence of suitable habitat, lack of historical records, and the presence of extensive residential development and intensive recreational activity make it unlikely that these species will nest in the ZPE in the future. Furthermore the study determined that the Tulloch Project was not likely to affect special status land birds, particularly neotropical migrant species associated with riparian habitat. This determination is supported by the following factors: 1) suitable habitat for riparian obligates is absent from the ZPE; 2) no known records were found of special status landbirds nesting in the project vicinity suggesting that their occurrence is at best a random and infrequent event; and 3) no future habitat loss is expected to result from normal operation and maintenance of the Tulloch Project.

A study by Tri-Dam in 2002 for the Tulloch project determined that The Tulloch Project was not likely to have a significant adverse effect on nesting, foraging, or sheltering activities of special status raptors within the ZPE. Normal operation and maintenance activities typically involve only a few personnel engaged in tasks in the immediate vicinity of the Dam, powerhouse, switchyard, and the Project access road. These tasks generally result in minimal human activity and noise, and likely have negligible effects on the very few raptors that may utilize habitat in

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 the immediate vicinity of project facilities. As with ospreys, other special status raptors that nest and forage in the ZPE are subject to potential disturbance, habitat loss, injury, and mortality caused by residential/commercial development and recreation activities, which are mostly outside the central of the applicant. Some of the ways in which raptors can be affected by recreation disturbance are: 1) avoidance of otherwise suitable habitat; 2) abandonment of nests established during periods of low human activity; and 3) illegal shooting.

A study by Tri-Dam in 2002 for the Tulloch project determined that operation and maintenance of the Tulloch Project was not likely to have an adverse effect on special status waterbirds, including double-crested cormorant nesting populations. Although Tulloch Reservoir is within the range of the species and potential rookery sites exist in the ZPE, no active rookeries are known to occur. Cormorants forage and rest at Tulloch Reservoir on an infrequent basis. These birds, along with other water-associated species likely receive some varied level of benefits from the availability of stable water levels, suitable nesting habitat, and an abundant fish prey base for piscivorous birds that would not be present in comparable levels in the absence of the reservoir. Some of the ways in which these birds can be affected by recreation disturbance are: 1) avoidance of otherwise suitable habitat; 2) abandonment of nests established during periods of low human activity, 3) damage to floating nests due to wave (i.e., boat wake) action; 3) illegal shooting and harassment; and 4) potential degradation of emergent freshwater marsh resulting from the spread of invasive aquatic plant species (e.g., Brazilian waterweed, Egerria densa; parrot's feather, Myriophyllum aquaticum; Eurasian milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum), which can be exacerbated by recreation-based vectors.

A study by Tri-Dam in 2002 for the Tulloch project determined that operation and maintenance of the Tulloch Project is not likely to have an adverse effect on VELB or its host plant, the elderberry. Tulloch Reservoir experiences minimal annual fluctuations, which should be conducive to elderberry establishment. Furthermore, no new facility development or expansion of existing facilities, which could potentially affect elderberry plants were proposed at the time. Similarly, elderberry plants were absent from areas surrounding existing facilities where vegetation clearing is periodically conducted. All of the elderberry plants detected in the study area were located on lands owned and managed by private interests or, in the case of portions of the upper reservoir arm, the USBLM and USBR. The applicant has no authority relative to private property rights and land use. Zoning and permitting processes established and enforced by Tuolumne and Calaveras counties appropriately regulate private land development and utilization.

Initial Project construction impacts are one-time impacts resulting from initial construction of the Projects. These impacts may be adverse or favorable. Best management practices will be used to minimize any such impact. As a run-of-river operation, the Project would not result in any substantial changes in flow since water scheduling/water flows are not directed by power generation, but by USBR required at releases from Goodwin Dam. The only change would be some of the water that has historically spilled over Goodwin Dam would pass through this new facility. It is anticipated that no short-term impacts to wildlife resources during construction of this new Project facility would occur. No long-term impacts to wildlife resources are expected since construction of the facility would affect a very small amount of area that has no substantial wildlife value.

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3.6 HISTORICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES The following sections describe historical and archeological resources for the project area, including Goodwin Reservoir and environs, as required by 18 CFR § 5.6 (d)(3). This section describes the historical and archeological resources located within the project area that could be affected by construction and operation of the project and proposed transmission line.

3.6.1 Ethnohistory Ethnographic literature is often uncertain in definition of cultural boundaries for Indian groups. Early displacement by white intrusion resulted in population shifts to avoid conflict with the Spanish and later with the miners and settlers. The ravages of disease and warfare decimated the native people, further weakening cultural identity. Informants were often uncertain of original territories of the various tribal groupings.

The ZPE has generally been assigned to the Central Miwok (Barrett 1908, Bennyhoff 1977, Levv 1978, Kroeber 1925). Regardless of cultural affinities at the time of white contact the subsistence base and material culture were markedly similar throughout the foothill region. Within physiographic regions, neighboring Indian groups, although perhaps of different linguistic families, have more traits in common than with related stock in dissimilar zones. Miwok territorial boundaries are given as the Cosumnes River to the north, the Fresno River to the south, east to the Sierra Nevada crest, and west to the eastern edge of the Great Valley plains, with an extension onto the plains north of the Calaveras River. Their area comprised the whole or part of the present political units of Sacramento, Amador, Calaveras, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Mariposa, Merced, and Madera counties. These political units cover the greater part of seven large river drainages: the Cosumnes, Mokelumne, Calaveras, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced, and Fresno rivers.

The Miwok lands span three major physiographic units: the high Sierran ranges on the east, the foothills, and a section of the San Joaquin Valley on the west. Climatic variation is extreme, consistent with the changes in physiographic setting.

The severity of winter in the upper elevations of the Sierra Nevada precluded permanent villages, with aboriginal use restricted to summer and fell. Temporary camps within the mountain ranges permitted seasonal exploitation of the rich resource area, with the population returning to the foothill zone below 4,000 feet, where a more moderate winter climate prevailed (Barrett and Gifford 1933).

Settlement was predicated upon topographic variables as well as on cultural selectivity. Canyons are often very steep, with few fiat lands where villages could be located. As a result, most villages were situated on ridges or ten-aces above the streams. Available fresh water was a limiting factor to location, although small campsites established for special purposes are found with no nearby water source

Subsistence was based on the acorn and supplemented by gathering of seeds, berries, nuts, and edible roots. Fish, game, and small mammals augmented the diet. Processing of acorns required the use of mortar and pestle to reduce the nutmeats to meal. Bread and mush were made from the

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3.6.2 Archeological Resources Interest in Sierran archeology has developed considerably since Heizer and Elsasser (1953) and Elsesser (1960) presented the first effective synthesis or overview. The investigation of areas to be impacted by various water projects in the foothills has produced several regional cultural chronologies (Fitzwater 1962, Moratto 1972; Johnson 1967; Ritter 1970; Fitting et al 1979; Moratto and Riley 1980). Other management-based surveys, such as Bennyhoff (1956) and Napton (1978) for Yosemite Valley, have produced regional cultural chronologies that are still generally accepted. The extensive field investigations conducted for the New Melones Development and associated facilities, conducted from 1968 to the mid-1980s, have provided detailed information on the prehistoric cultures of the region. This work was summarized by Moratto et al. (1988). Additional data was added by excavations on Clarks Flat near Vallecito as part of the North Fork Stanislaus River Project (Peak and Crew 1990).

For years, researchers have found vague indications of some occupation of the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada during the early Holocene, circa 6,000 m 8,000 BC, or earlier, by representatives of the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition (Bedwell 1973). Elston defined the Tahoe Reach Phase for the Lake Tahoe region based on finds of large lanceolate and broad-stemmed projectile points (Elston et al. 1977), including two "Parman point" bases that were found near Truckee. Lower down the slopes of the Sierra, Crew (1980) reported that a "Parman point" was found at Clarks Flat during Science Application Inc.'s excavation of CA-CAL-S347, during Phase 2 of the Project. Peak & Associates, Inc. (1981) found a Silver Lake point at 5,400-foot elevation in 1980 on the South Fork of the , and reported a basalt Lake Mojave point from the Plumas National Forest. Bedwell suggested the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition was essentially a lacustrine-based Late Pleistocene and Anathermal occupation, but these finds indicate it was more broadly based in geographic expressions. Because these early cultures are not restricted to lacustrine habitats the associated projectile points have sometimes been called the Western Stemmed Series or the Great Basin Stemmed Series

Clark Flat Phase (~ 7,600 BC - 4,500 BC) - Moratto suggested an initial occupation in the New Melones area sometime before 6,000 BC termed the Clarks Flat Phase, characterized by large stemmed bifaces, a single Great Basin Transverse point (crescent) and large basalt side scrapers (Moratto et al. 1988). The evidence of this phase collected during the New Melones Project was too sketchy to provide more detail, but later work at CA-CAL-S275 (Peak 1987) and CA-CAL- S342 (Peak and Crew 1990) on Clarks Flat provided many more artifacts of this time period in stratigraphic context Enough material was recovered to suggest that the Clarks Flat Phase could be divided into early and late periods. The Early Clarks Flat Phase at CA-CAL-S342, beginning at about 7,600 BC or earlier, is characterized by 13 varieties of the Western Stemmed Series points, five varieties of scraper, notched tools, beaked gravers, discoidals and retouched flakes (Peak and Crew 1990). All of these types are still present in the Late Clarks Flat Phase, beginning at least by 4,800 BC, along with four more point types, five more scraper types, and the flint appearance of ground-stone artifacts. The temporal separation of the two phases is established by their occurrence in separate soil strata. The cultural difference may be primarily in an increase in the length and intensity of site occupation in the later period, rather than a major cultural change.

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Stanislaus Phase (~ 4,500 BC - 3,500 BC) - At about 4,550 BC, there is an introduction of a series of broad-stemmed, concave-based projectile points at CA-CAL-S342 that has been designated as the Stanislaus Broad Stemmed type. The temporally diagnostic form at CA-CAL- S342 is a shouldered, expanding stem point, with a concave base. Typologically, they generally conform to the Pinto Series as defined by Campbell and Campbell (1935), Rogers (1939), Harrington (1957), Heizer and Clewlow (1908), and Hester and Heizer (1973), but there is enough variation from the norm to justify assigning a different name. A suite of five radiocarbon age determinations indicate an appearance of these Stanislaus Broad Stemmed points at about 4,550 BC and terminal use can be calculated at about 4,250 BC. Other characteristic waits are an intensive use of ground-stone implements, including subrectangular-shaped manos, atlatl weights, net weights, mesh gauges, and the use of steatite for a variety of objects. The period characterized by the presence of this point series has been termed the "Stanislaus Phase" by Peak and Crew (1990:229-230). Most of the earlier point types persist, as do all of the other types of lithic tools. Other flaked-stone tool types make their first appearance (denticulates, adze-like tools etc.) and the ground-stone industry includes a greater variety of milling-stone types and the use of steatite objects.

The period between 6,000 and 3,500 BC is poorly represented at the sites investigated in the New Melones Project, but as Moratto points out: At no time during the [Project] did paleoenvironmental specialists conduct field surveys to inventory the relict ancient landforms and paleosols most likely to harbor early and middle Holocene archeological remains. All of the known cultural materials of such antiquity in the study area were discovered fortuitously, insofar as they occurred below younger more visible archeological deposits. (Moratto et al. 1988)

Texas Charley Phase (~ 3,500 BC - 2,500 BC) - The earliest well-defined cultural phase at CA- CAL-S286, the site that provided the bulk of the data for the New Melones cultural sequence, is the Texas Charley Phase, circa 3,500 to 2,500 BC. Characteristic artifacts are choppers, large lanceolate bifaces, a contracting-stem biface fragment, scrapers, and possibly manos. There is a lack of midden and a low incidence of artifacts, which implies minimal site use (Moratto et al. 1984). A high proportion of the lithic material in this phase is a high quality chert available at quarries in the Vallecito area and at Moaning Cave. There is a break in the record at CA-CAL- S286 after the Texas Charley Phase and the succeeding phase is known primarily from other sites in the New Melones area.

Calaveras Phase (~2,500 BC - 1,000 BC) - The Calaveras Phase tool kit generally corresponds to the Stanislaus Phase, as defined by Peak and Crew, in everything but date. The Calaveras Phase is dated at about 2,500 to 1,000 B.C (Moratto et al. 1984). It is tempting to view this as two different names for the same cultural expression, but both phases are quite reliably dated by multiple radiocarbon dates. In addition, the Texas Charley Phase lies between the Stanislaus and Calaveras Phases in time. One way to explain this would be if the Texas Charley Phase is equivalent to the Late Clarks Flat Phase and one set of dates or the other is significantly skewed. Another explanation might be that an early population using the Stanislaus/Calaveras tool kit was displaced for a time by an unrelated group (Texas Charley Phase) then reoccupied the area. The wide range of dates assigned to the Pinto Series points-as early as 5,500 BC (Warren 1980) to as late as 700 BC (Heizer and Hester 1978)-makes this a feasible explanation.

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The Calaveras Phase is marked by the presence of milling stones, manos, scrapers and a wide range of chipped-stone tools, including Humboldt Concave Base, Sierra Side-notched Pinto Sloping Shoulder, Pinto Square Shoulder and Large Lanceolate projectile points. Obsidian debitage occurs in higher proportions than the earlier phases. Finds of "pestle-like objects," that do not appear to have functioned as pestles, are an interesting feature of this phase. There are low quantifies of fire-altered rock, charcoal, and artifacts that, again, suggest that site use was limited in intensity.

Sierra Phase (~1,000 BC - AD 500) - The Sierra Phase was found in stratum B at CA-CAL- S286, a buried midden yielding higher quantities of all types of cultural material than the lower strata. Moratto gives dates of about 1,000 BC to AD 500 for this phase (Moratto et al 1988). Ground stone is abundant, and includes milling stones, manos, cobble mortars, and pestles. There are numerous types of chipped-stone tools, including perforators and double-sided scrapers. Projectile pointe that characterize the phase are: Elko eared, Elko comer notched, Sierra concave base, bipoint, medium corner notched, triangular contracting stem, medium triangular contracting stem, and sierra side notched forms. The maximum intensity of site use at Texas Charley Gulch occurred during this phase. The discovery of a living floor at CA-CAL-S286, the appearance of mortar and pestle technology suitable for exploiting acorns as a major food source and the density of artifact distribution all imply a "...degree of sedentism not evidenced in the older components...." (Moratto et al. 1988) Stable trade relationships to both the cast and west are indicated by the presence of a large amount of obsidian primarily traded in from the Bodie Hills source, and the use of Haliotis and Olivella beads and ornaments from the coast.

Redbud Phase (~AD S00- AD 1,300) - The Redbud Phase, from about AD 500 to 1,300, is Poorly defined at CA-CAL-S286. In fact, all of the sites in the New Melones Project area that have Sierra Phase components have little or no evidence of occupation in the Redbud Phase. The modest evidence of habitation in this phase found at a few sites in the New Melones Project area suggests a low intensity of use by small probably mobile populations with no cultural continuity with the preceding phases. The breakdown of trade relationships (obsidian is relatively rare in components of this phase) also suggests a major cultural break. The appearance of Rosegate Series points and "possible" Gunther Barbed points is a hallmark for the introduction of the bow and arrow during this phase. Peak (1973) saw the diminished use of CA-CAL-S347 in this period as a co-occurrence with the expansion of site use at CA-CAL-S276 on Clarks Flat, perhaps due to a larger area at the latter site to accommodate a growing population. However, this does not explain the minimal evidence of the period at most other sites in the vicinity. Ericson's (1977) study of the obsidian exchange systems in California has provided a large corpus of comparative data and emphasized the importance of exchange systems in the prehistory of the region. The postulated slowdown or cessation of Sierran quarry operations after AD 500 (Singer and Ericson 1977) is an event of considerable importance in the prehistory of the region, since it coincides with the increased intensity of quarry operations in Napa Valley. This relationship, whether due to the better logistical situation of the Napa quarries in respect to valley trade or increased consumer populations in the Siena-which absorbs most of the Sierran production and/or the impacts due to the introduction of the bow and arrow at the same time are all unknown equations that will have to be addressed.

Horseshoe Bend Phase (~AD 1,300 - AD 1848) - The Redbud Phase is followed by a period of intensive occupation representing the Horseshoe Bend Phase from circa AD 1300 to 1848. Of 68

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 excavated sites in the New Melones Project area, 42 included middens, bedrock mortars and other evidence of long-term or repeated occupation dating to the Horseshoe Bend Phase. The analysis indicates: ...that late prehistoric times witnessed larger populations, more sedentism, tighter spatial clustering of settlement~ and higher levels of both intra- and inter-site organization than in any earlier time period. (Moratto et al. 1988)

Characteristics of this phase include Desert Side Notched, Cottonwood Triangular, and Gunther Barbed projectile point forms, Olivella, Saxidomus and steatite beads and a wide variety of flake tools. The use of mano and milling-stone technology continues beside the common pestle and bedrock mortar-grinding technology. In all respects this material culture is similar to that known from ethnography for the Central Siena Miwok.

Peoria Bend Phase (~AD 1848 - present) - The post-contact archeology of the Central Sierra Miwok is reflected in the 33 components of the Peoria Bend Phase identified in the New Melones Project area. This material reflects generally ephemeral occupation after AD 1848 and the introduction of many items of European manufacture into the material culture. In some cases traditional tools are made using new materials such as desert side notched and cottonwood triangular points made on bottle glass. After the initial Gold Rush forced the Miwok out of most of their original territory, the consolidation of mining into a few of the most productive areas after 1852 allowed the Native Americans to filter back into their traditional areas, albeit in much reduced numbers (Hall 1978).

3.6.3 Historic Resources

The Project area received little attention from the early explorers and trappers. A portion of the Tulloch reservoir ties within the lands of the Rancho Rancheria Rio de Estanislao, a land grant of 44,887 acres awarded by the Mexican government to Francisco Rico and Jose Antonio Castro in 1843. They built a house and a corral on their property, and a foreman attempted to raise cattle and horses on the range. Indian troubles prevented permanent occupation, and the foreman moved the stock off the rancho (Gray 1993, Smith 1939).

After the 1848 discovery of gold, the quest for riches brought whites into the region, exploring in search of mineral deposits. Upstream of the ZPE are several major river crossings, including the site of O'Bryne's Ferry. In 1849, there was a large camp here, which some claim was the site of Bret Harte's "Poker Flat." In 1852, a cable chain bridge replaced the ferries. In 1862, this bridge was replaced by a coveted bridge 210 feet in length. This structure stood almost a century until the completion of Tulloch Dam in 1957 (Hoover et al. 1970).

Placer mining occurred along all of the river and creeks of the lower foothill region. Drift mining occurred in the gravels under the nearby Table Mountain. The Alto Mine, just north of the ZPE was discovered in 1886, and operated on a huge scale until 1907, with an estimated output of over $1 million. The region is now referred to as the Alto gold district (Clark 1970).

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3.6.4 Native American Indian Tribes Indian Trust Assets (ITA) are legal interests in assets held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes or individual Indians. Assets can be real property, physical assets, or intangible property rights. A characteristic of an ITA is that it cannot be sold, leased, or otherwise alienated without the US Government's approval. Examples of ITAs are lands, including reservations and public domain allotments, minerals; water rights; hunting and fishing rights; other natural resources; money; or claims. ITAs do not include things in which a tribe or individuals have no legal interest. For example, off-restoration sacred lands or archeological sites in which a tribe has no legal interest are not ITAs. The applicant is not aware of any ITAs within the ZPE. However, this will be confirmed through ongoing consultation with interested tribes.

3.6.5 Project Impacts The applicant does not anticipate that resource impacts from project construction and operation will adversely affect historical and archeological resources. However, this will be confirmed through ongoing consultation with interested tribes and relevant agencies.

3.6.6 Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures To date, no protection or mitigation measures have been identified that are specific to historical and archeological resources.

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3.7 RECREATIONAL RESOURCES

3.7.1 Zone of Potential Effect The zone of Potential Effect (ZPE) for recreation is considered to be the Goodwin Reservoir and section immediately downstream of the Goodwin Dam. This area was selected because Goodwin Reservoir and the section below the dam serves as a destination point for many recreationists, and includes: 1) Goodwin Reservoir, which has a normal full pool elevation of 359.5 feet; 2) the Project facilities including Goodwin Dam, penstock, power line, switchyard and the access road; 3) and section immediately downstream of Goodwin Dam. The Goodwin Project facilities do not include any recreation facilities. Note that the majority of the study area including the land along Goodwin Reservoir shoreline and under the reservoir is privately owned.

3.7.2 Historical Overview of Recreational Resources Recreational activities in the area of Goodwin Reservoir have evolved over four periods of time that generally coincide with development of the dams in the area. Prior to construction of Goodwin Dam in 1915, the Stanislaus River flowed freely through the steep walled canyons of this foothill setting. The steepness of the canyon and lack of access probably deterred many people from recreating in the area that is now Tulloch Reservoir. The only significant recreational activities that may have occurred during this period of time were camping and fishing in the river. After 1915, the shallow Goodwin Reservoir may have attracted a few more people to the area, but the lack of technology in the area of watercraft and recreation equipment probably still limited recreation activity to shoreline fishing.

With the construction of Melones Dam in 1926, the river section underlying Tulloch Reservoir became isolated by both upstream and downstream dams. At that point in time in California, populations were growing, ranches were dominating the foothill landscape and access roads and trails in the general vicinity were increasing and improving, but access was still limited to a few areas of the river. Recreation activities in the general vicinity probably increased with the creation of Melones Reservoir and the growing population. Although recreation activities were increasing at Melones Reservoir, recreation activity in the Stanislaus River that is now Tulloch Reservoir probably consisted of shoreline activities such as swimming and fishing. Construction of the Tulloch Project in 1958 greatly improved access to the area and created an area of flatwater. People now had improved access to this area as well as the technology to enjoy this lake setting. The innovations of motorized boats and camping equipment enabled families to come to the area for extended periods of time to enjoy the full spectrum of flatwater activities, such as boating, fishing, and watersports.

During the 1970s, whitewater boating started to emerge as a recreational activity on rivers in California. Multi-person rafts and kayaks were used on nearby rivers but recreation activity at Tulloch and Goodwin Reservoirs had evolved toward flatwater activities with the creation of the reservoir. Downstream of Goodwin Dam does provide a setting for whitewater activities.

In addition to being an attraction for recreation users, Tulloch Reservoir has also been attracting a steady stream of residents over the past 20 to 30 years. The land around Tulloch and Goodwin

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Reservoirs that was once owned by large ranches has been subdivided into various sized parcels with many homes. Today, parcels continue to be split and new developments are being proposed. Tulloch Reservoir, and to a lesser fact the Goodwin Reservoir, provides a recreational backdrop for these residential developments and is largely responsible for high property values enjoyed by the local residents. Many subdivisions have built recreation facilities to accommodate their residents and privately owned boat docks are common along the lakeshore where there is privately owned land.

Another factor that has influenced recreation at Tulloch Reservoir is a 1988 operating agreement (USBR 1988) affecting the lake level. Prior to the agreement, the level of Tulloch Reservoir would fluctuate as much as 100 feet during the year. The agreement stabilized reservoir levels by limiting the drawdown to five feet in the summer and approximately 10 feet during the course of the year. This agreement further enhanced the recreational appeal of the reservoir and increased both the quantity and quality of flatwater recreation experiences on the reservoir.

3.7.3 Recreation Facilities in the Project Area Facilities for water-based recreation in the vicinity of Goodwin Project occur at four major areas: 1) New Melones Reservoir; 2) Goodwin Reservoir; 3) Tulloch Reservoir; and 4) along the Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam. Goodwin Reservoir, located immediately downstream of Tulloch Reservoir supports a de minimus amount of recreation. Each of the four areas listed above are discussed below.

3.7.3.1 New Melones Reservoir The New Melones Reservoir, part of the Federal CVP, is operated by the USBR. New Melones is located on the Stanislaus River immediately upstream of Tulloch Reservoir. New Melones Reservoir offers a variety of recreational opportunities and includes approximately 12,500 acres of lake surface and 160 miles of shoreline. The reservoir supports boating, waterskiing, wakeboarding, personal watercraft (PWC) use, fishing, swimming, houseboating, and other water-based recreational activities. Although land-based recreational activities occur mainly in two developed recreation areas, (Glory Hole and Tuttletown), visitors have a number of other options for recreational access around the reservoir. These points of access include Highway 49, Parrots Ferry Road, Camp Nine Road, Natural Bridges with the Coyote Creek Nature Trail, and Table Mountain. All of these areas are undeveloped and provide limited or no boat launch access to the reservoir. The Coyote Creek Trail is a two-mile-long hiking trail maintained by the USBR. Table Mountain is not a formally recognized recreation site and lacks any USBR-maintained facilities; however, a trail partnership group is developing trails at Table Mountain. The area is currently used for rock climbing. Parrots Ferry Road down to the high water line of the reservoir is closed to vehicle traffic, but is still used by visitors for fishing and day-use, walk-in access. Camp Nine is an area in the Stanislaus River canyon upstream of the reservoir that is used for hiking, swimming, fishing and other activities. Camp Nine can be reached by automobile off Parrots Ferry Road, or by boat from the main body of the reservoir.

3.7.3.2 Tulloch Reservoir Tulloch Reservoir is located on the Stanislaus River, which is the boundary between Calaveras and Tuolumne counties. Opportunities for the public to use the reservoir shoreline for dispersed

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 recreation are limited since most of the reservoir area is in private ownership. Residential development currently exists along about 30 percent of the shoreline, and it is expected that, in time, more of the reservoir shoreline will have residential development. Most of the existing and potential development occurs on subdivided land along the Calaveras County side of the reservoir in the Copper Cove, Poker Flat and Connor Estates developments. There are estimated to be approximately 1,565 water connections to the Calaveras County Water District (CCWD) and in 1999 the Calaveras County Planning Department estimates that the area is approximately 30 percent built-out (Calaveras County 1999). This estimate was based on zoning of the parcels, but the planning department reports an increasing trend in requests by owners to split parcels. In fact, CCWD conservatively estimated that the number of service connections would grow to 2,052 in 2010. This roughly correlates to a population growth from an estimate of 3,296 residents to 4,971 residents by 2010.

Many landowners have private docks and in 2002 there were approximately 275 single-family docks along the shoreline. Most of these docks were designed with one slip but it is common to see additional watercraft tied to the sides of these docks. There were two commercial docks at the two marinas with a total of 54 slips. The private homeowner associations along the lake also had approximately six docks with 304 slips.

There are six recreational complexes on Tulloch Reservoir. One, the South Shore Campground and Marina, is open to the general public. Another, Lake Tulloch Resort, is available to members of the public who are staying at the facility. The remaining four developments (Copper Cove Marina, Kiva Recreation Area, Connor Estates Recreation Area, and Poker Flat Recreational Facilities) are associated with residential developments and are intended for the sole use of the residents within each development.

The only recreational restrictions on Tulloch Reservoir relate to speed limit: 5 mph within 100 feet of the shore and within 200 feet of docks and swimming areas, and 5 mph after dark. There are also four areas of the reservoir posted with 5 mph restrictions: 1) the Stanislaus River arm upstream of the O'Byrnes Ferry Road bridge, 2) the upper stretch of the Green Springs arm, 3) the Black Creek arm in the vicinity of Conner Estates, and 4) the area where Black Creek enters the reservoir. This speed restriction is consistent with state law and is enforced by the Sheriff Departments of Tuolumne and Calaveras counties.

Based on published information relating to recreation at Tulloch Reservoir the total number of daytime recreation use days was 36,000 in 1990 and 42,000 in 1996. The total number of nighttime recreation use days was 9,000 in 1990 and 11,000 in 1996. The peak weekend average number of recreational use days was 2,000 during the day in 1990 and 2,500 during the day in 1996 as compared to 1,000 and 1,500 at nighttime.

There are no whitewater recreation opportunities associated with the Tulloch Reservoir. It is located immediately upstream and downstream of other reservoirs and with no free flowing segments of river adjacent to the Tulloch Dam or Reservoir. The reservoir is operated as an afterbay for New Melones Reservoir and, as discussed in the chapter on Water Use and Quality, has no control over the flows below the Tulloch dam.

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3.7.3.3 Goodwin Reservoir As is discussed above, recreation opportunities on the Goodwin Reservoir are de minimus. Lands are mostly privately owned and access is limited. The applicant is aware of some fishing activity and small boating mostly by private landowners. 3.7.3.4 Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin Dam The reach of Stanislaus River adjoining the project site is used by whitewater rafters and kayakers. The Stanislaus River downstream of Goodwin dam whitewater rafting started after the Upper Main Stanislaus (Camp 9 section) was flooded by the New Melones Dam. Goodwin Canyon is considered a short whitewater rafting run with only a few class IV rapids. It is rated as class V, characterized by "strong currents, big waves, boulders, and holes powerful enough to hold or flip boats" although with portages around key rapids it can be made a class III or IV run (Cassady and Calhoun, 1995). The river is considered to be an advanced river with some extreme hazards. Due to easy access it is considered a good choice for a half-day or one-day trip. The put-in area is identified as. The run is approximately 4 miles long and has a gradient dropping at an average 30 feet per mile with major rapids long and steep.

The put-in point, see Figure 3.7.3.4-1 below, for whitewater boaters is 1/2 mile downstream from the Goodwin Dam (Goodwin Canyon.com), at a developed site whose entrance and bridge crossing of the south canal is below the ZPE. Figure 3.7.3.4-1 Put-in point

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3.7.4 Project Impacts The proposed project will be operated in run-of-river mode, which will minimize impacts to current recreation conditions such as lake levels and downstream flows. The proposed project will have a maximum discharge of less than 900 cfs, which will be drawn into the inline turbines through an intake and penstock; all flows exceeding 900 cfs will continue to be passed over the dam’s spillway throughout the year. Because of the low flow limitations of the proposed turbines, during low flows some of the units may be shut down resulting in spillage of water over the dam.

When flows are between about 200 and 900 cfs, spillway water could be run through the units resulting in a situation with little or no flow over the spillway. Based on the spillway flow schedule, the duration and number of days when spillway flows would be curtailed can be quantified.

In a worst case situation where no flow is required over the spillway, other than the flows that exceed the hydraulic capacity of the units, in typical water years this would likely result in an absence of flow over the dam crest during the months of July through November. During periods when there is no veiling flow over the dam, the scenic quality of the “falls” would impact recreation and aesthetic resources, specifically those visiting the site for the scenic quality of the “falls”.

Because the proposed intake will withdraw water from the upper 20 feet of the water column – the depth of the top layer of warm water during summer stratification – the applicant estimates that there may be a small change in water temperature between July and October, if and when the lake is stratified. While the applicant has no information on swimming activity below Goodwin Dam, this will have a negligible recreation impact. There may be periods at the beginning of the recreation season (late May and June) in which there is potential for swimmers downriver to notice a slight change in water temperature. However, because there is no specific standard for ideal swimming conditions, it is difficult to gage the impact of a few degrees difference in conditions. No change in the conditions of the reservoir will occur as a result of the project.

There is a potential for temporary impacts to recreational use of the dam parking during construction activities. Additionally, construction equipment and activities may affect traffic on the access road and thereby delay recreation use of facilities at the dam.

The applicant is investigating construction of the siphon intake and penstock without lowering lake levels. If some lowering of lake levels is required during construction, it would be done after the recreation and irrigation season.

Due to the run-of-river nature of the Project, the distance from the ZPE to the put-in area, no impact on whitewater rafting is expected.

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3.7.5 Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

To minimize impacts to summer recreational use such as swimming and sunbathing in the reach of the Stanislaus River below the dam, the intake will be positioned to draw water from the top 20-feet of the water column to maintain current water temperature as much as possible.

Construction traffic may affect lake recreation use. In order to minimize such effects, to the extent possible the heavy construction activities will be scheduled to occur in the off-peak recreation season (i.e., September through May). Traffic will be managed during the recreation period to minimize disruptions to recreationists. This may include traffic signals or flag men.

The applicant recognizes that there may be value in maintaining veiling flows over the dam’s spillway at certain times of the years for aesthetic and scenic qualities. This will be the subject of further discussion between the applicant, agencies and NGOs. The applicant will assess the scenic quality of various flow levels over the spillway.

The applicant may need to make improvements to the Goodwin Dam access road to accommodate heavy construction vehicles. This could have an added benefit to recreationists using the access road.

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3.8 LAND MANAGEMENT AND AESTHETIC RESOURCES 3.8.1 Existing Environment

The Goodwin Dam Project (Project) is located in Tuolumne and Calavems counties on the Stanislaus River which is the boundary between the two counties. In general, the Project's Zone of Potential Effect (ZPE) for land management and aesthetics includes all land within the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Project Boundary surrounding a portion of Goodwin Reservoir, Dam and the substation.

Located at the Goodwin Dam, the proposed Project boundary includes a small portion of Lower Goodwin Reservoir, the dam, and approximately 300 feet of the Stanislaus River located immediately downriver of the dam. One transmission line option are being evaluated. Applicant’s proposal is to construct a new switchyard within 100 feet south of the dam.

The Project dam and land is owned by the Tri-Dam Project and a section of Project land by Lakeside Estates.

The proposed project is approximately fifteen miles norththeast of the City of Oakdale, and about five miles northeast of the City of Knights Ferry. The project is located approximately two miles downstream from the Tulloch dam and reservoir. The Goodwin Reservoir serves as an afterbay for the Tulloch Project.

3.8.2 Overview of Land Management and Aesthetics

The proposed Project is located on the Goodwin Dam, which rises 101 feet above bedrock and has a crest elevation of 350 feet above mean sea level. The reservoir, known as Goodwin Reservoir, is approximately 2 miles long and approximately 0.6 mile wide with relatively narrow, canyon slopes. Because the dam was built as an afterbay to Tulloch Reservoir and capturing water for irrigation, Goodwin Reservoir has little fluctuation and the river spills over the top of the dam year-round. The lake is surrounded by lush riparian vegetation.

The Goodwin Project is located within the heart of California's historic Mother Lode Country and originflly reflected land use patterns consistent with the history of the Mother Lode, including ranching, farming, and mining. The dominant factor affecting land use in the Project area is increased residential growth. The demand originated in the mid-sixties and continues as the area is developed to serve primarily as a bedroom community for both Stockton and Modesto but also incluces second homeowners whose primary residence is in the San Francisco Bay Area or the Central Valley of California. This growth has been accompanied by commercial development to serve these same communities. It is anticipated that demand for housing and related services in the project area will continue to grow with the trend toward lifestyle decisions reflecting a willingness to accept long commutes in order to avoid urban living, the relocation of families commuting from employment in the Central Valley, retirees, and recreational users.

The Project area lies within the northern portion of the Sierra Nevada Landscape Province. The Sierra Nevada is a massive and continuous mountain range that extends from northwest to southeast for over 400 miles. Its greatest width, a little more than 80 miles, is near the north end. Most of the major drainages in the Sierra Nevada run east to west and there are only minor

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 latera drainages. Therefore, viewing from one drainage to another is difficult due to screening. The landscape character of the Sierra Nevada area can be represented by three general descriptions: the front country zone, mixed conifer/red fir zone, and crest zone. The Project is located in the front country zone, which is dominated by brushfields with a mix of tree species, including foothill pine and oak and is more open and frequently interrupted by large brushfields.

3.8.3 Tuolumne County

Tuolumne County is bounded on the north by the Stanislaus River and the North Fork of the Stanislaus River, and on the south by an area between the Tuolumne and Merced rivers near Highway 120. Founded in 1850 as one of the original 37 California counties, Tuolumne County has an area of 2,220.88 square miles. Tuolumne County is in the heart of California's historic Mother Lode and contains many historically significant Gold-Rush-era towns and artifacts. Major industries have included gold mining, which began around 1848 with the discovery of gold at Wood's Creak near Jamestown; timbering, which began around the turn of the century; agriculture and ranching (beginning around 1920s); and tourism, much of which is focused on Yosemite National Park located in the southern portion of the county, but also includes Columbia State Park located north of the Project, and the State Highway 108 corridor. Now, the primary industries in this area are tourism, forest products and agriculture.

Tuolumne County had a 2012 population of 54,008 (24.9 persons per square mile) as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. The median household income is $47,359 (2007-2011). From 2010 to 2012, the population of the county decreased by 2.5 percent.

The nearest major population center in Tuolumne County to the Project is the City of Sonora, the only incorporated city in Tuolumne County and the county seat. Sonora, incorporated in 1851, has a population of about 4,900 and is located at an elevation of 1,826 feet. Communities with populations of 100 or more in the county include Columbia, Chinese Camp, Mi-Wuk Village, Strawberry, and Pinecrest. The latter three are located along State Highway 108 and are primarily bedroom communities for Sonora, but also include second homeowners whose primary residence is in the San Pranciseo Bay Area or the Central Valley of California. The nearest major population center outside the county is Stockton, located about 65 miles to the west.

3.8.4 Calaveras County

Calaveras County has an area of about 650,000 acres (1,020 square miles) and is bounded by the Mokelumne River on the north and the Stanislaus River on the south. Calaveras County, like Tuolumne County, is in the heart of California's historic "Mother Lode" and contains many Gold Rush era towns. The trends in industry and land use in Calaveras County are similar to those described for Tuolumne County.

Calaveras County had in 2012 an estimated population of about 44,742 (44.7 persons per square mile). The median household income was $55,256 (2007-2011). From 2010 to 2012, the population of the county decreased by about 1.8 percent.

The nearest major population center to the Project in Calaveras County is the City of Angels (also known as Angels Camp), the only incorporated city in Calaveras County. San Andreas is the county seat. Angels Camp is located about 11 miles from the Project at an elevation of 1,500

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 feet and has a population of about 3,900. Copperopolis, named for its importance for copper mining in the 1860s, is the nearest Calaveras County community to the Project. The nearest major population center outside the county is Stockton, located about 65 miles to the west.

3.8.5 Land Management and Aesthetics near Goodwin Project

The Goodwin Project is located among the foothills of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in the historic gold mining region known as the California Mother Lode. The landscape within this region is cheractcrized by relatively steep-sided and rolling hills that range from a few hundred to a thousand feet in height. In general, vegetation consists mostly of oak woodlands of varying density and a thick ground cover of native grasses. Digger pine and lower shrub masses are found in drier locations, mixed with oaks in some areas. In summer, the grasses become dry and turn from bright, rich green to soft golden yellow, producing a striking contrast with the dark green oaks and the clear blue sky. Due to the orientation of the reservoir in the river canyon, views of the water and surrounding shoreline are only possible from locations within the basin itself, and usually only from points relatively close to the reservoir.

As described above, a large portion of the land surrounding Goodwin Reservoir and Powerhouse are in private ownership and are managed according to the General Plans of Calaveras and Tuolurune Counties. Land use along the shoreline of Goodwin Reservoir in Calaveras County is primarily designated as residential, though most of the lots have not been developed and therefore remain in near natural condition. The lower part of the Goodwin Reservoir in Calaveras County is designated as Agriculture Preserve. In Tuolumne County, the majority of the land is designated as residential with lands in the immediate vicinity of the dam designated as public land. The majority of the residential and commercial developed parcels occur on the southern section of the reservoir.

3.8.6 Project Impacts

The applicants proposal is to include a new siphon intake would be installed on the left side of the dam1 (looking downstream) near the middle of the dam. The penstock will include an inline turbine set so no powerhouse will be constructed. The penstock would be visible at the top of the dam. It would be located closer to the middle and would be placed in concrete for the portion that extends from the dam, thereby reducing visual effects. Water will be discharged to the river below the dam. A new switchyard will be located on the southeast side of the dam and architecturally treated.

The existing access road to the Goodwin dam may need to be upgraded. Visual effect of this should be minor. Transmission line interconnection studies have not yet been completed, but

1 This alternative would not affect the dam other than to potentially use the dam to hang the penstock.

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 plans are to tie in to the existing transmission line that crosses the Stanislaus River a few hundred feet downstream of the dam.

At times of low flow when veiling flow spilled over the dam would be reduced or partially eliminated, the scenic quality of the water going over the dam, the “falls”, would likely be reduced from the visual and auditory aesthetic qualities that currently exist. Further consultation with agencies and interested parties will be required to establish flow requirements over the spillway. This would include the flow quantity and timing.

3.8.7 Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

The applicant is proposing to operate the project in run-of-river mode to preserve the aesthetics of Goodwin Reservoir. The applicant also proposes to evaluate the character of the spillway veil under different flow conditions and use that as the basis for establishing spillway flow requirements.

The applicant has selected technology that does not require a separate powerhouse. Other project facilities will be designed to blend into the surrounding area. Landscaping will also be undertaken to improve the visual quality of the area. Additionally, the penstock and facilities will be housed in concrete in order to blend into the existing conditions as much as possible.

The applicant intends to complete transmission line studies to determine the exact routing. Since a 17 kV line is proposed, the conductors can be housed on wooden poles. Hence the effect should show minor changes from the existing transmission line.

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3.9 GEOLOGY AND SOILS The Project lies in the north central portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The Mountain Range lies almost entirely within California, extending into Nevada only along the east shore of Lake Tahoe. More than 400 miles long and 60 to 80 miles wide, the Sierra Nevada is the longest continuous mountain range in the contiguous United States. The northern most point is located a few miles south of Mt. Lassen, the southern most peak of the Cascade Range. The southern terminus of the Sierra Nevada Range is Tehachapi Pass.

The Sierra Nevada range is a massive, northwesterly trending tilted-fault block, with asymmetric flanks. Prior to the mountain-building episodes, several thousand feet of sediments and volcanic material covered the area. About 200 million years ago, granitic plutons were intruded under and within the already-present sediments. This mountain-building period has continued to occur sporadically through the present time. As a result of uplifting along the eastern flank, which is hinged on the western flank, and scouring by numerous glaciers, the Sierra Nevada has assumed its present form. The average tilt of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is a deceptively gentle two degrees, while the eastern slope is on the order of some 25 degrees. Peaks along the eastern slope reach elevations in excess of 14,000 feet, gradually descending toward the north to heights of about 8,000 feet.

The dominant basement-rock types in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range are potassium-rich granite, quartz monzonite, and granodiorite. Only fragments of the earlier sedimentary rocks remain as roof pendants incorporated into the granitics. These pendants consist of metamorphic rocks such as marble, hornfels, schist, and quartzite. There are several especially prominent, joint patterns that have formed in all of the basement rocks, regardless of age. These joints have resulted in sheet structures when horizontal, and angular blocks and linear patterns when vertical. Faulting within the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountain Range is most predominate at the uplifting range front, with other more minor faults scattered throughout the region.

Drainage of the western slope is dominantly westward by numerous rivers. To the north of the Stanislaus River drainage on which the Project is located, is the Mokelumne River. The Tuolumne River is the first major drainage to the south. The headwaters of these rivers, like those of the Stanislaus River, are from snowpack in the glacially carved terrain. Many of the modem-day drainages flow through courses established earlier by westerly migrating, Pleistocene-age glaciers.

Bedrock in the Project area is exfoliating massive granite. The side hills have some talus, glacial till and rock fragments/soil produced by the weathering of bedrock. In the bottom of the canyon, alluvial soils exist where bedrock is not exposed.

A moderately incised river canyon dominates the Project area topography, with a difference in elevation of about 1,000 feet from ridge top to the river. The ridge tops, for the most part, are flat, expansive areas with lava rock vertically exposed on the side of the ridge.

The dam and reservoir are on the Stanislaus River in the western metamorphic block. The metamorphic basement at the site is composed of complexly folded volcanic flows, agglomerates, and minor volcanoclastic sediments, slate, and recrystallized chert of the upper

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Jurassic age Logtown Ridge Formation. A quartz porphyry has intruded the lower section of the Logtown Ridge Formation downstream from the dam, while further downstream the metamorphic basement is covered with a thick section of Oligocene-Eocene age tuff of the Valley Springs Formation and Mocene-Pliocene age lahar of the Mehrten Formation. Near the upper end of the reservoir, the Logtown Ridge Formation is in contact with slate, metaconglomerate, and metagreywacke of the upper Jurassic age Mariposa Formation. A Miocene age lava flow caps both abutment ridges and overlies a thick sequence of Eocene age auriferous gravels composed of sandstone, conglomerate, and tuff that were deposited in the ancestral course of the Stanislaus River. The present Stanislaus River has eroded a deep gorge through the lava cap and underlying auriferous gravels down into the metamorphic basement. The metamorphics at the site are composed of amphibolite and meta-agglo-merate of the Logtown Ridge Formation. On both abutment ridges, the metamorphics are unconformably overlain by auriferous gravels. These sediments are, in turn, overlain by the Table Mountain Latite. Recent rock fall and landslide deposits are common along the base of the canyon walls and recent stream channel deposits composed of rounded gravel, cobbles, and boulders are found in the present course of the river.

Goodwin Dam is in a tectonically active region. Within 10 miles of the dam are the two major components of the Foothills fault system, the Melones fault zone and Bear Mountains fault zone. The Foothills fault system is an anastomosing series of fault segments that extends about 200 miles from Mariposa north to about Lake Almanor. The Foothills fault system was studied extensively in the vicinity of Goodwin Dam by Woodward-Clyde Consultants in 1978 for the New Melones Project. Their study concluded that several strands of the Foothills fault system have experienced late Quaternary displacements and are considered active or potentially active. The closest active fault segment found during their study was the Negro Jack Point strand of the Bear Mountains fault zone, which is about four miles east of the dam. Only minor seismic activity has been recorded along segments of the Foothills fault system during that time. This probably reflects the poor seismic net coverage rather than a lack of seismic activity.

In a report on the Goodwin Dam safety in 1986, the Division of Safety of Dams reported that the foundation for the two arches and the center and left abutment thrust blocks is very hard and very strong amphibolite and meta-agglomerate of the Logtown Ridge Formation. The foundation for the right abutment thrust block is amphibolite and tuff. The suitability of the tuff as foundation is unknown. Moreover, it is not known if the tuff is in place or part of the slide material that was seen along the base of the canyon wall. Rock in the impingement pools for both arches is very hard and very strong amphibolite and meta-agglomerate. This rock is fairly resistant to erosion. There have been reports of rock plucking and local foundation undercutting since the left arch impingement pool was last drained for inspection. There are no reports of rock condition in the right arch impingement pool. There are numerous recent rock falls along the base of the cliff-like right abutment. If a large rock fall should hit the dam it could cause damage. The potential for a damaging rock fall is highest on the right abutment. The dam is in a tectonically active region. The closest active fault is the Negro Jack Point segment of the Bear Mountains fault zone, approximately four miles east of the site. During a

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Pre-Application Document Section 3 magnitude 6.5 MCE on the Negro Jack Point Fault, the dam would experience a peak bedrock acceleration of approximately 0.5g.

3.9.1 Project Impacts The initial construction effort may require access road upgrade to permit construction vehicles to access the site. Minor excavation for the inline turbines and penstock will be needed and will be conducted after the access road upgrades are completed. Minor clearing for the interconnection power line and switchyard is expected. No impacts are expected from the operation phase.

3.9.2 Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures Standard erosion control measures will be implemented during the construction phase to prevent erosion and soil and rock from entering the river.

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3.10 TRIBAL RESOURCES No federally recognized tribal lands are within or near the proposed Project Boundary. The NAHC was contacted by e-mail on October 21, 2013, and a sacred lands file search was requested. NAHC response is pending. To date, specific resources of tribal interest in the Project vicinity have not been identified, but GP expects to accomplish this through on-going consultation. Below is the list of Native American contacts that might have an interest in the Project: Calaveras Band of MiWuk Indians ATTN: Tribal Chair 579 Bald Mt. Road West Point, CA 95255

Chicken Ranch Tribal Council ATTN: Tribal Chair P.O. Box 1159 Jamestown, CA 95327

Tuolumne Me-Wuk Tribe of Indians ATTN: Tribal Chair P.O. Box 699 Tuolumne, CA 95379

Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California Chairperson 919 Highway 395 South Gardnerville, NV 89410

3.10.1 Existing Environment At this time, there is no evidence that the current operations of the Goodwin Dam negatively affect any cultural resources or tribal interest (e.g. soil, water, fishing, etc.). 3.10.2 Project Impacts GP does not anticipate that resource impacts from project construction and operation will adversely affect tribal resources. However, this will be confirmed through ongoing consultation with interested tribes. 3.10.3 Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures To date, no protection or mitigation measures have been identified that are specific to tribal resources.

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4 P RELIMINARY I SSUES AND S TUDIES L IST

4.1 ISSUES PERTAINING TO IDENTIFIED RESOURCES A number of issues were identified by GP as it developed its own list of issues. The identified issues are listed below. They are listed by resource category. A brief issue status is presented.

Table 4-1 Resource Issues and Status Resource Category Issue Issue Status Water Resources Watershed hydrology – unimpaired for at Flows available since 1941. Flows will least a 25-year period of record and essentially remain unchanged. adequacy of flow under impaired conditions Water Resources Effect of construction and operation on Construction of intake may disturb sediments sediments. Best management practices to be used. If potential for disturbance is significant, potentially measure sediment metals concentrations. No operational impacts on sediment. Water Resources Potential effects of hydro operation on the Siphon to be installed to allow limnology and thermographic profile of withdrawal of water from 15-20 feet Goodwin Reservoir below surface. Should have little effect on reservoir water temperature and DO profiles. Water Resources Water temperature/water temperature Measure stratification profiles as no stratification data is available. Water Resources Dissolved oxygen Measure DO levels in reservoir as no data is available. Need to monitor DO and determine if additional mitigation measures required. Water Resources The effect of the intake water withdrawal Siphon will allow near surface water on flow patterns and the potential for withdrawal. Limited effect on flow resuspension of sediments patterns. Resuspension of sediments during operation not likely. Disturbance of sediments during intake construction possible. Use best management practices. Water Resources Sedimentation Due to run-of-river operations no noticeable effect on sedimentation. Fish and Aquatic Reservoir fish species and life stages Fish species known, but limited data on Resources distribution and abundance. May be inferred from water temperature and DO data. Fish and Aquatic Fish habitat/instream habitat – potential for Downstream flows will be maintained

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Resources improvement similar to existing conditions. Potential for improvement exists. Fish and Aquatic Fish populations numbers in the reservoir No data on reservoir fish populations; Resources and how impacts to these fish and restored based on water temperature data and anadromous fish species could be avoided anecdotal information on angling, reservoir appears to be a fair fishery. Anadromous fish may have a challenging time with high water temperatures in later summer and fall periods when flows are low. Project may improve conditions. Fish and Aquatic Fish entrainment Potential for fish entrainment in Resources summer and fall is not likely. Trash racks exist on OID and Joint Head Works outlets. Intake velocities should be sufficiently low to minimize potential for impingement. Some smaller fish may be entrained through trashracks. GP will conduct desk study to estimate mortality. Fish and Aquatic Hardhead Partially addressed in Section 3.3. Resources Wildlife and Vegetation on the margin of the reservoir A reconnaissance survey of the Botanical and the reach downstream of the dam reservoir shoreline will be conducted. Resources Because of run-of-river operations no impacts expected. Wetlands, Operational effects on the riparian corridor No effects anticipated downstream. Riparian and and associated avian species of concern Reservoir effects not considered Littoral Habitat (e.g., will there be any changes to the significant. understory to reduce the song bird population?) Rare Threatened Threatened and endangered species Addressed in Section 3.3 and 3.5. and Endangered including foothill yellow-legged frog Species Rare Threatened Amphibian populations along the margin To be determined based on and Endangered of Goodwin Reservoir if the lake is to be construction approach. Species drawn down (foothill yellow legged and red legged frogs) Rare Threatened Effect on amphibians in the reach No effects anticipated. and Endangered downstream of Goodwin Reservoir if there Species are to be changes in wetted areas Recreation and Effects of the project on angling Not likely to be significant effects as Land Use opportunities at Goodwin Reservoir. area upstream of safety buoy not effected. Recreation and Recreation effects during construction and GP will incorporate features to Land Use operation minimize effects to recreation uses

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during construction. Construction will be timed to minimize recreation effects. Traffic management is anticipated. Recreation and Potential fluctuations of the reservoir and See above status. Land Use associated effect on recreation Recreation and Potential effect on whitewater kayaking Not likely as the put-in area is 0.5 Land Use miles downstream of dam. Due to run- of-river operation, water quantity will be identical to current conditions. Aesthetic Visual effects of flow over the dam and of GP is evaluating aesthetic effect of Resources the transmission line different flows over the spillway. Further consultation and assessment is required to develop a plan for maintaining the aesthetics of the water fall. Cultural Protection of natural and cultural resources Goodwin Dam assessment for Resources eligibility for National Register of Historic Places may be needed. Limited land disturbance should reduce likelihood of effects to areas that may not have been surveyed. Climate change effects on hydrology To be addressed in license application. Demonstrate basis of right to use water for GP will apply for water rights. hydro generation (Water Rights)

4.2 POTENTIAL STUDIES GP will conduct studies to assist in impact evaluations. There is available data for most resources areas, but it may be dated or sparse. GP is committed to conducting necessary studies to evaluate potential impacts. However, given the run-of-river nature of the existing project, GP has examined the issues list above and is proposing the studies listed below. Additional consultation with agencies and interested parties is needed to confirm the studies and level of detail needed. Further GP has already incorporated design features to minimize project effects, including locating the siphon intake to draw near surface water into the intake. Other protection and mitigation measures may be needed as interested party discussions and design development unfold. 1. Assess potential for sediment disturbance in vicinity of intake during construction and measure metals concentration if sediment disturbance is potentially significant. 2. Measure water temperature and DO profile during spring runoff. Refine assessment of water temperature effects during this period. 3. Assess increase in DO levels from spillway flows during stratification period. Assess reaeration potential of downstream reach.

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4. Conduct desk top fish entrainment mortality study based on turbine unit characteristics and existing resident fish species present. As appropriate expand to include anadromous fish species. 5. Consider potential for endangered species habitat, particularly amphibians. 6. Conduct biological survey of transmission line corridor once connection point has been firmed. Line should be sited to avoid biological and aesthetic impacts. Use existing corridor if possible. 7. Conduct an assessment of aesthetics of spillway flows at various discharge rates. 8. Conduct Determination of Eligibility of Goodwin Dam and surrounding environs for National Register of Historic Places. 9. Conduct cultural resources survey of previously undisturbed construction areas in consultation with State Historic Preservation Officer and potentially affected Indian tribes.

4.3 COMPREHENSIVE WATERWAY PLANS Comprehensive plans potentially applicable to the Goodwin Dam Hydrolectric Project are listed below. GP has included anadromous plans because of the possibility or reintroducing anadromous fish into the American River drainage upstream of Goodwin Dam. Most of the plans cited pertain to anadromous fish. California Advisory Committee on Salmon and Steelhead Trout. 1988. Restoring the balance: 1988 annual report. Sausalito, California. 84 pp.

California Department of Fish and Game. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. National Marine Fisheries Service. Bureau of Reclamation. 1988. Cooperative agreement to implement actions to benefit winter-run Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River Basin. Sacramento, California. May 20, 1988. 10 pp.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1990. Central Valley salmon and steelhead restoration and enhancement plan. Sacramento, California. April 1990. 115 pp.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1993. Restoring Central Valley streams: A plan for action. Sacramento, California. November 1993.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1996. Steelhead restoration and management plan for California. February 1996. 234 pp.

California Department of Parks and Recreation. 1998. Public opinions and attitudes on outdoor recreation in California. Sacramento, California. March 1998.

California Department of Parks and Recreation. 1994. California Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP). Sacramento, California. April 1994.

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California Department of Water Resources. 2000. Final programmatic environmental impact statement/environmental impact report for the CALFED Bay-Delta Program. Sacramento, California. July 2000. CD Rom, including associated plans.

California State Water Resources Control Board. 1995. Water quality control plan report. Sacramento, California. Nine volumes.

California State Water Resources Control Board. 2009. The Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the California Regional Water Quality Control Boards, Central Valley Region. Fourth edition, September 2009.

California - The Resources Agency. Department of Parks and Recreation. 1983. Recreation needs in California. Sacramento, California. March 1983.

Forest Service. 2004. Sierra Nevada National Forest land and resource management plan, amendment. Department of Agriculture, Vallejo, California. January 2004.

National Park Service. 1982. The nationwide rivers inventory. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. January 1982.

State Water Resources Control Board. 1999. Water quality control plans and policies adopted as part of the State comprehensive plan. April 1999.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Central Valley habitat joint venture implementation plan: a component of the North American waterfowl management plan. February 1990.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Final restoration plan for the anadromous fish restoration program. Department of the Interior, Sacramento, California. January 9, 2001.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Canadian Wildlife Service. 1986. North American waterfowl management plan. Department of the Interior. Environment Canada. May 1986.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Undated. Fisheries USA: the recreational fisheries policy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.

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5 S UMMARY OF C ONTACTS

In developing this PAD, GP consulted and reviewed information from various groups including the California State Water Resources Control Board, USFWS, NMFS, CDFG, Tuolumne County, USBR, Indian tribes, and the Tri-Dam Project. The primary goals of the agency and interested party contacts was to update the parties on the project including the proposed schedule and licensing process, understand their resource goals and objectives, identify licensing issues and potential studies, and obtain available information. GP acknowledges the cooperative attitude exhibited by the agencies and interested parties.

In some instances, no comments were received. GP appreciates the work loads of the parties which may have reflected the response in addition to the recent federal furloughs.

Below is the Goodwin Dam Hydroelectric project, FERC No. 13728, distribution mailing list.

Ms. Magalie R. Salas, Secretary (original plus 8 copies) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street, NE Washington, D.C. 20426

San Francisco Regional Office Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 901 Market Street, Suite 350 San Francisco, CA 94103

Mr. James Fargo Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 20426 Tuolumne County Board of Supervisors 2 S. Green Street Sonora, CA 95370

Calaveras County Board of Supervisors 891 Mountain Ranch Road San Andreas, CA 95249-9709

Dan Pope, General Manager/Executive Secretary Tri-Dam Project 31885 Old Strawberry Rd, Strawberry, CA 95375 PO Box 1158 Pinecrest, CA 95364-0158

Oakdale Irrigation District 1205 East F Street Oakdale, CA 95361

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San Joaquin Irrigation District 11011 E. Highway 120 Manteca, California 95336 PO Box 747, Ripon, California 95366

City of Oakdale City Manager, Bryan Whitemyer 280 N. Third Avenue Oakdale, CA 95361

Water Resources Control Board Central Valley Region RWQCB (5S) 11020 Sun Center Drive, Suite 200 Rancho Cordova, CA 95670-6114

Dale Morris, Acting Regional Director Pacific Regional Office U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento, CA 95825

Calaveras Band of MiWuk Indians ATTN: Tribal Chair 579 Bald Mt. Road West Point, CA 95255

Chicken Ranch Tribal Council ATTN: Tribal Chair P.O. Box 1159 Jamestown, CA 95327

Tuolumne Me-Wuk Tribe of Indians ATTN: Tribal Chair P.O. Box 699 Tuolumne, CA 95379

Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California Chairperson 919 Highway 395 South Gardnerville, NV 89410

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Central California Area Office 7794 Road Folsom, CA 95630-6610

Ms. Beth Dyer, Natural Resources Specialist U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Central California Area Office 7794 Folsom Dam Road Folsom, CA 95630-6610

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Ms. Patti Clinton, Natural Resources Specialist U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Central California Area Office 7794 Folsom Dam Road Folsom, CA 95630-6610

Mr. James G. Kenna, State Director U.S. Bureau of Land Management 2800 Cottage Way, Suite W-1623 Sacramento, CA 95825

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Attention Ms. Alison Wily 2800 Cottage Way, Room W-2605 Sacramento, CA 95825

Mr. Larry Thompson National Marine Fisheries Service 650 Capitol Mall, Suite 8-300 Sacramento, CA 95814-4708

National Park Service Hydropower Assistance Team 1111 Jackson St., Suite 700 Oakland, CA 94607

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105

Mr. Leslie Grober California State Water Resources Control Board Cal EPA Building 1001 I Street Sacramento, CA 95814

Linda Connolly Department of Fish and Wildlife 1234 East Shaw Avenue Fresno, California 93710

California Department of Fish and Game North Central Region 1701 Nimbus Road Rancho Cordova, Ca 95670

California Department of Fish and Game North Central Region 1701 Nimbus Road Rancho Cordova, Ca 95670

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Ron Stork, Senior Policy Staff Friends of the River 1418 20th Street, Suite 100 Sacramento, CA 95811

Magnus Johannesson, CEO America Renewables, LLC 46 E Peninsula Center Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90274

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