Primary Data Annotation and Morphophonological Analysis of the Tsakonic Dialect, Based on Fieldwork Research
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Primary Data Annotation and Morphophonological Analysis of the Tsakonic Dialect, based on Fieldwork Research Styliani Georgiadou [email protected] MA in Linguistics School of English Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Supervised by Prof. Elizabeth Mela- Athanasopoulou Thessaloniki 31/08/2018 Styliani Georgiadou Styliani Georgiadou Abstract The present dissertation discussed the phonological and morphological occurring phenomena in the Tsakonic dialect. Based on the theoretical framework of language shift and language death, it also aimed to examine if and to what extend several morphophonological phenomena of the Tsakonic dialect were influenced by standard Greek; in other words, if Tsakonic has undergone attrition and constitutes an endangered language. The data were collected through fieldwork research, which was conducted in Peloponnese in November of 2016. Twelve Tsakonic speakers participated and their age ranged from 52 to 84 years old. Interviews with them took place while they were being recorded. The data were analyzed by qualitative research, thus statistical results were not included. The findings confirmed that Tsakonic has been greatly influenced by standard Greek. Its structure is now reduced and oversimplified. The Doric elements of the dialect have been preserved but they constitute mostly a lexical rather than a phonological matter. The reasons that Tsakonic is heading to its death since 1960‟s are various. The urbanization made people look for a better job in big cities, the upgrading of means of transport made the area accessible, linking the villages of Tsakonia to nearby cities. Therefore, the dominant language in Tsakonia is now standard Greek and people use it in order to communicate. The findings of the research indicated that Tsakonic is seriously endangered since there are very few young speakers. In order to save the dialect, the speakers‟ attitude towards their dialect should be positive and the community should organize lessons, lectures etc. for the young people to attend. i Styliani Georgiadou Table of contents Abstract...........................................................................................................................i Table of contents............................................................................................................ii Maps..............................................................................................................................iv Preface...........................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements........................................................................................................vi Personal photos............................................................................................................vii List of abbreviations......................................................................................................ix 1. Introduction........................................................................................................1 2. Literature Review...............................................................................................3 2.1. Language contact and language death.........................................................3 2.2. “Tsakonia” & the Tsakonic villages............................................................9 2.3. The Tsakonic dialect.................................................................................10 2.3.1. General Information...................................................................10 2.3.2. Previous work on Tsakonic........................................................11 2.3.3. Main features of the Tsakonic dialect........................................14 3. Methodology....................................................................................................26 3.1. Fieldwork Research...................................................................................26 3.2.Participants.................................................................................................26 3.3.Procedure....................................................................................................27 3.4.Qualitative analysis....................................................................................28 4. Analysis............................................................................................................29 4.1. Phonological analysis................................................................................29 4.1.1. Aspirated consonants..................................................................29 ii Styliani Georgiadou 4.1.2. Depalatalization or Tsitakismos.................................................35 4.1.3. Palatalization and Dentalization.................................................36 4.1.4. Diphthongization and Hiatus......................................................38 4.1.5. Observations on historical phonology........................................41 4.2. Morphological analysis.............................................................................47 4.2.1. Article.........................................................................................47 4.2.2. Nouns.........................................................................................51 4.2.3. Adjectives...................................................................................68 4.2.4. Pronouns.....................................................................................72 4.2.5. Verbs..........................................................................................78 5. Discussion....................................................................................................90 6. Conclusions..................................................................................................94 The Recorded data...........................................................................................96 References......................................................................................................137 Appendices.....................................................................................................143 a. Glossary.............................................................................................143 iii Styliani Georgiadou MAPS MAP OF PELOPONNESE Photo 1. Retrieved from http://www.hotelsline.gr MAP OF THE TSAKONIC VILLAGES Photo 2. Retrieved from http://pera-melana.blogspot.com/. The red circles show the villages in which the fieldwork research was conducted. iv Styliani Georgiadou Preface My interest in the dialect of Tsakonika (hereafter Tsakonic dialect) started in 2016 (winter semester) when I opted for the course „Ling. 321: Morphology‟ taught by Professor Mela- Athanasopoulou. To her I owe a great amount of gratitude as she urged me and her students towards a morphophonological analysis of an endangered Greek dialect based on fieldwork research. Therefore, I attempted the first trip to those villages of Peloponnese where Tsakonic is still spoken, especially by old people, together with my fellow students Vaia Papadimitriou and Athena Giannakopoulou. We recorded the native speakers‟ talks, which were mostly narratives and songs. Following our Professor‟s instructions and according to Himmelmann‟s and other fieldworkers‟ program (Gippert, Himmelmann & Mosel, 2006), we presented our research joint-paper work in the classroom. The questions and remarks of our fellow students of the English department were extremely fruitful for us. After her insightful comments and in depth evaluation, Ms. Mela granted us excellent grades. While attending the post graduate courses in the same department, I decided to write my MA thesis on the Tsakonic dialect. For this reason, I decided to collect meta data information by coming into contact with some native speakers living in Thessaloniki and also recording more material. v Styliani Georgiadou Acknowledgements The present research paper would not have been possible if I had not received the support of a few people to whom I owe my gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Mela- Athanasopoulou, my main supervisor in my MA thesis, for giving me the opportunity to get involved with this MA thesis, urging me to engage in the fieldwork research and offering me invaluable help throughout the project. Many thanks go to the other two members of this research, Professor Nicolaidou Katerina and Professor Athanasiadou Angeliki, for their invaluable comments. I am also utterly grateful to the residents from both Tyros and Leonidio, who were extremely eager to be recorded and to help in any way. Without the help of the native speakers Antonis, Georgos D., Georgos N., Tasos, Dimitris, Michalis, Ioannis, Ilias, Thomai, Thomai-Milio, Christina and Thomai, this research would not have been conducted in the first place. The trip to Tyros and Leonidio, where the dialect is spoken was an extraordinary experience that I will always remember. Note: The surnames of the native speakers can be given by the writer upon request. vi Styliani Georgiadou Personal Photos Photo 3. Leonidio Photo 4. Road sign at Leonidio village vii Styliani Georgiadou Photo 5. Writer at a road sign at Leonidio village viii Styliani Georgiadou List of abbreviations Acc = Accusative case Adj = Adjective Adv = Adverb Art = Article Aux = Auxiliary verb Conj = Conjunction Def. Art. = Definite Article DirObj = Direct object Excl = Exclamation