Primary Data Annotation and Morphophonological Analysis of the Tsakonic Dialect, based on Fieldwork Research
Styliani Georgiadou
MA in Linguistics
School of English
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Supervised by Prof. Elizabeth Mela- Athanasopoulou
Thessaloniki 31/08/2018 Styliani Georgiadou
Styliani Georgiadou
Abstract
The present dissertation discussed the phonological and morphological occurring phenomena in the Tsakonic dialect. Based on the theoretical framework of language shift and language death, it also aimed to examine if and to what extend several morphophonological phenomena of the Tsakonic dialect were influenced by standard
Greek; in other words, if Tsakonic has undergone attrition and constitutes an endangered language.
The data were collected through fieldwork research, which was conducted in
Peloponnese in November of 2016. Twelve Tsakonic speakers participated and their age ranged from 52 to 84 years old. Interviews with them took place while they were being recorded. The data were analyzed by qualitative research, thus statistical results were not included. The findings confirmed that Tsakonic has been greatly influenced by standard Greek. Its structure is now reduced and oversimplified. The
Doric elements of the dialect have been preserved but they constitute mostly a lexical rather than a phonological matter.
The reasons that Tsakonic is heading to its death since 1960‟s are various. The urbanization made people look for a better job in big cities, the upgrading of means of transport made the area accessible, linking the villages of Tsakonia to nearby cities.
Therefore, the dominant language in Tsakonia is now standard Greek and people use it in order to communicate.
The findings of the research indicated that Tsakonic is seriously endangered since there are very few young speakers. In order to save the dialect, the speakers‟ attitude towards their dialect should be positive and the community should organize lessons, lectures etc. for the young people to attend.
i Styliani Georgiadou
Table of contents
Abstract...... i
Table of contents...... ii
Maps...... iv
Preface...... v
Acknowledgements...... vi
Personal photos...... vii
List of abbreviations...... ix
1. Introduction...... 1
2. Literature Review...... 3
2.1. Language contact and language death...... 3
2.2. “Tsakonia” & the Tsakonic villages...... 9
2.3. The Tsakonic dialect...... 10
2.3.1. General Information...... 10
2.3.2. Previous work on Tsakonic...... 11
2.3.3. Main features of the Tsakonic dialect...... 14
3. Methodology...... 26
3.1. Fieldwork Research...... 26
3.2.Participants...... 26
3.3.Procedure...... 27
3.4.Qualitative analysis...... 28
4. Analysis...... 29
4.1. Phonological analysis...... 29
4.1.1. Aspirated consonants...... 29
ii Styliani Georgiadou
4.1.2. Depalatalization or Tsitakismos...... 35
4.1.3. Palatalization and Dentalization...... 36
4.1.4. Diphthongization and Hiatus...... 38
4.1.5. Observations on historical phonology...... 41
4.2. Morphological analysis...... 47
4.2.1. Article...... 47
4.2.2. Nouns...... 51
4.2.3. Adjectives...... 68
4.2.4. Pronouns...... 72
4.2.5. Verbs...... 78
5. Discussion...... 90
6. Conclusions...... 94
The Recorded data...... 96
References...... 137
Appendices...... 143
a. Glossary...... 143
iii Styliani Georgiadou
MAPS
MAP OF PELOPONNESE
Photo 1. Retrieved from http://www.hotelsline.gr
MAP OF THE TSAKONIC VILLAGES
Photo 2. Retrieved from http://pera-melana.blogspot.com/. The red circles show the villages in which the fieldwork research was conducted.
iv Styliani Georgiadou
Preface
My interest in the dialect of Tsakonika (hereafter Tsakonic dialect) started in
2016 (winter semester) when I opted for the course „Ling. 321: Morphology‟ taught by Professor Mela- Athanasopoulou. To her I owe a great amount of gratitude as she urged me and her students towards a morphophonological analysis of an endangered
Greek dialect based on fieldwork research. Therefore, I attempted the first trip to those villages of Peloponnese where Tsakonic is still spoken, especially by old people, together with my fellow students Vaia Papadimitriou and Athena
Giannakopoulou. We recorded the native speakers‟ talks, which were mostly narratives and songs. Following our Professor‟s instructions and according to
Himmelmann‟s and other fieldworkers‟ program (Gippert, Himmelmann & Mosel,
2006), we presented our research joint-paper work in the classroom. The questions and remarks of our fellow students of the English department were extremely fruitful for us. After her insightful comments and in depth evaluation, Ms. Mela granted us excellent grades.
While attending the post graduate courses in the same department, I decided to write my MA thesis on the Tsakonic dialect. For this reason, I decided to collect meta data information by coming into contact with some native speakers living in
Thessaloniki and also recording more material.
v Styliani Georgiadou
Acknowledgements
The present research paper would not have been possible if I had not received the support of a few people to whom I owe my gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Mela- Athanasopoulou, my main supervisor in my MA thesis, for giving me the opportunity to get involved with this MA thesis, urging me to engage in the fieldwork research and offering me invaluable help throughout the project. Many thanks go to the other two members of this research, Professor
Nicolaidou Katerina and Professor Athanasiadou Angeliki, for their invaluable comments.
I am also utterly grateful to the residents from both Tyros and Leonidio, who were extremely eager to be recorded and to help in any way. Without the help of the native speakers Antonis, Georgos D., Georgos N., Tasos, Dimitris, Michalis, Ioannis,
Ilias, Thomai, Thomai-Milio, Christina and Thomai, this research would not have been conducted in the first place. The trip to Tyros and Leonidio, where the dialect is spoken was an extraordinary experience that I will always remember.
Note: The surnames of the native speakers can be given by the writer upon request.
vi Styliani Georgiadou
Personal Photos
Photo 3. Leonidio
Photo 4. Road sign at Leonidio village
vii Styliani Georgiadou
Photo 5. Writer at a road sign at Leonidio village
viii Styliani Georgiadou
List of abbreviations
Acc = Accusative case
Adj = Adjective
Adv = Adverb
Art = Article
Aux = Auxiliary verb
Conj = Conjunction
Def. Art. = Definite Article
DirObj = Direct object
Excl = Exclamation mark
Fem = Feminine
Fut = Future
FutCont = Future Continuous
FutS = Future Simple
Gen = Genitive case
Imp = Imperative
Imperf = Imperfective
Indef = Indefinite
IndObj = Indirect Object
Loc = Locative
Msc = Masculine
N = Noun
ix Styliani Georgiadou
Neg = Negation
Nom = Nominative case
NTR = Neutral
Num = Number
OPN = Object pronoun
Partcl = Particle
Pass = Passive voice
PastCont = Past Continuous
PST = Past Simple
Pers PN = Personal pronoun
Pl = Plural
PN = Pronoun
Poss = Possessive
PP = Past Participle
Pr = Present
Prep = Preposition
Rec = Recording
Ques = Question
Sg = Singular
Subjunt = Subjunctive
Temp = Temporal
V = Verb
Voc = Vocative case
x Styliani Georgiadou
1. Introduction
Language contact is a social as well as a linguistic phenomenon during which speakers of different languages or different dialects of the same language interact
(Deumert, 2010). It is part of the everyday communication for hundreds of million people all over the world (Sankoff, in Trudgill, 2001). This contact often leads to the mutual influence or modifications on the languages regarding the structure or the lexicon and ultimately to the reduction of linguistic diversity (Sankoff, 2001).
However, to an excessive degree language contact may lead to language death. The reasons for this phenomenon are the following two. Firstly, the external setting plays a significant role in language death since by that we mean all the external factors including geographic location, economic transactions, tourism etc. while the second reason is the speech behavior speakers of a language adopt (Sasse, 1992 as cited in
Liosis, 2007). The term speech behavior includes the speakers‟ attitudes towards their language and all the psychological states they experience.
The main objective of the present study was to record Tsakonic which is an endangered Greek dialect and to describe the occurring phonological and morphological phenomena in the dialect. The present study also aimed to examine the structure of Tsakonic in comparison with the changes caused by the effect of Standard
Greek on Tsakonic. In other words, I aimed to examine if and to what extend the
Tsakonic dialect has been influenced by Standard Greek regarding some phenomena of its structure in the last few years. My hypothesis was that Standard Greek had an impact on Tsakonic which has led to the simplification of its linguistic features. Then,
I was able to identify the results of the phenomenon of language contact on Tsakonic as well as whether the Tsakonic dialect is heading to its “death”. The reasons of this
1 Styliani Georgiadou phenomenon along with suggestions of how to save this dialect were examined in the discussion of this paper.
The data were collected through fieldwork research in Tyros and Leonidio, the area in Peloponnisos where Tsakonic is spoken according to Himmelman‟s et al. program (2006). The methodology to carry out this research was the recording of several Tsakonic speakers, who were between 52 and 84 years old. The recordings are mostly narratives, songs and everyday conversations. Qualitative research was afterwards employed to analyze the data, thus no statistics are included in the dissertation.
A brief overview of this paper includes firstly Chapter 2, the literature review.
In this chapter, the notions of language contact and language death are examined first and then information on previous work on the Tsakonic dialect and information on the dialect itself is given. In Chapter 3 the methodology employed is discussed. In other words, information on the participants, the procedure as well as the analysis is provided. Chapter 4 constitutes the analysis of this dissertation, which includes both the phonological and morphological analysis, describing several occurring phenomena in the dialect. Chapter 5 discusses the factors that led to the gradual abandonment of the Tsakonic dialect by its speakers and ways of preserving the dialect.
2 Styliani Georgiadou
2. Literature review
2.1. Language contact and language death
The simplest way to define language contact is to claim that it occurs when more than one language are used in the same place at the same time (Thomason,
2001). It is a phenomenon that has appeared everywhere to millions of people all over the world for thousands of years (Sankoff, 2001). In other words, it is the norm not the exception as there is hardly any language which has remained unaffected for more than a hundred years (Thomason, 2001).
However, defining language contact so simply causes some problems. Firstly the question of what a language is and how it contrasts with a dialect occurs. Trying to distinguish the two terms has been a complex issue over the years. Chambers &
Trudgill (1980) defined dialect as a subdivision of a language and gave examples of
Parisian as a dialect of French and Bavarian as a dialect of German. They also stated that mutual intelligibility is a key point to make distinction between a dialect and a language. Ramos-Pellicia (2004) defined language contact as the interaction between codes that do not have many similarities, while dialect contact as the interaction between two systems which share enough similarities to achieve intelligibility.
However, this is not always the case; there are dialects that cannot be understood by speakers of the standard language (Tzourtzoukli, 2015). Thomason
(2001) suggested that under specific social circumstances and given the required time, dialects can turn into separate languages. During this process, the boundaries between them are not clear. The case of Tsakonic is fuzzy, since it cannot be understood by speakers of Standard Greek but it is classified as a Standard Greek dialect. When referring to Tsakonic in this dissertation the term dialect will be used, even though
3 Styliani Georgiadou there is no clear answer as to which of the two –language or dialect- better describes
Tsakonic.
The outcomes of language contact are various. According to Thomason
(2001), they can be divided into three main categories. The first one is language change which is induced by language contact. During language contact, at least one of the languages will influence the other one. The most common practice of language change is borrowing words (Thomason, 2001). Most languages integrate loanwords in their lexicon and Thomason (2001) brought the example of English since it includes numerous loanwords from Latin and French. However, she mentioned that although loanwords are evidence of language contact, the lack of them does not necessarily mean that there is no contact among languages. Other aspects of language can be transferred between the languages in contact such as phonology, morphology and syntax (Sankoff, 2001).
The second category of the results of language contact is the emergence of a new language (Thomason, 2001). When the groups in social contact do not learn each other‟s language they may create a secondary language in order to enable communication, in other words a pidgin (Thomason, 2001). Additionally, creoles may be produced afterwards and be positioned as the main language in a population
(Thomason, 2001). In such cases, the vocabulary of the new languages usually comes from the dominant population in the social contact, while the grammar is often a combination of features that are easier to learn (Thomason, 2001).
The third category of the outcomes of language contact is language death. This phenomenon will be analyzed in detail, since Tsakonic is now an endangered language (Liosis, 2007). Language death is the disappearance of a language and this is
4 Styliani Georgiadou the case because people shift to a dominant language or because they get killed by invaders, natural disasters or illnesses (Thomason, 2001). Before its complete disappearance, the language often undergoes attrition, which means the gradual loss of vocabulary and simplification in structure (Thomason, 2001). Liosis (2007) claimed that the negative attitude towards a language is a main factor of not using it.
When referring to a dead language is like talking about a dead person, since languages are dependent on their speakers (Crystal, 2000). Thus, a language dies when nobody speaks it (Crystal, 2000). However, is there an absolute number of speakers to consider that a language is safe? Crystal (2000) answers to this question by saying that it does not have to do with simply the number of speakers but what matters is the number of speakers in relation to the total speakers of a community. An extremely small number of speakers though, definitely indicates that their language is endangered (Liosis, 2007). Regarding Tsakonic, Tzitzilis (2000) referred to Northern
Tsakonic as a nostalgic variety used only to describe past events and not in everyday communication.
When a community shifts away from a language, speakers have different levels of competence in the endangered language depending on their age, exposure to the language etc. Therefore, the issue that occurs next is who can be defined as a fluent speaker, in other words how the competence of a speaker can be measured.
Dorian (1978, 1981) while studying Gaelic, set two types of speakers; the fluent and the semi-speakers. She characterized the older speakers as fluent in Gaelic, and the younger, who were more adept at English, as semi-speakers. In my dissertation,
Dorian‟s categorization of speakers was followed.
5 Styliani Georgiadou
The endangered languages undergo various changes. Tsitsipis (1998) introduced three types of changes: the completed, continuous and discontinuous.
Completed changes have only historical value and include all the changes that were used in the past and do not show synchronic variation (Berez-Kroeker, Hintz & Jany,
2016). Continuous changes are still in progress and discontinuous are one-time differences of individual speakers (Berez-Kroeker et al. 2016). Continuous and discontinuous changes play a significant role in measuring attrition of an endangered language.
Another issue that occurs when studying language death is the levels of danger. In other words, if and to what extend a language can be considered as endangered is not clear and depends on various social factors such as the speakers‟ attitude towards the language, the degree of influence of the dominant language in contact etc. (Liosis, 2007). Wurm (1998) introduced five levels of danger; potentially endangered is a language where children may mainly use the dominant language but they also learn the endangered language, endangered is a language where children do not speak it and its youngest speakers are young adults, seriously endangered is a language where the youngest speakers are middle-aged adults, moribund or terminally endangered is a language that is only spoken by old people and dead is language which does not have any speakers left. Liosis (2007) based on the categorization above stated that Southern Tsakonic is considered to be seriously endangered while
Northern Tsakonic is moribund.
As mentioned above language contact is a universal phenomenon. All languages change and borrow words, but why do they remain safe in contrast to endangered languages? In other words, when is language contact normal and when is it a sign of decline? Dorian (1981) claimed that the quantity and velocity of changes
6 Styliani Georgiadou are different between normal language contact and contact that leads to language death. Here, language contact means language decay (Liosis, 2007). Crystal (2000) explained that in such cases numerous features of the endangered language are affected at a great extent simultaneously. It is always the dominant language that influences the language in contact and as a result the recipient language undergoes attrition.
The reasons for language death are numerous and various. Firstly, languages become extinct when their speakers die (Crystal, 2000). Natural disasters, wars or illnesses may cause the extinction of whole populations and as a result the extinction of their languages (Crystal, 2000). Except for natural loss of languages, the reasons are sociocultural and those are the ones that concern the dissertation, since Tsakonic people have not suffered any natural disasters or mass illnesses; on the contrary, they live in the same location in Peloponnese. Therefore, Crystal (2000) considered cultural assimilation as the main factor of language death and stated that a dominant culture may influence another one leading to the loss of its unique character and the adoption of features of the dominant one. He also suggested that three stages are followed when people abandon their language. In the first stage because of economic, political or social reasons people are urged to use the dominant language. This pressure can be via laws or more informal ways such as peer pressure or the internet.
During the second stage, people are able to use both the dominant language and their mother tongue. According to Liosis (2007) this stage is called emerging bilingualism.
Finally, in the third stage the young members of the community stop using their mother tongue; they gradually communicate only through the dominant language and later they become monolinguals. Liosis (2007) argued that Tsakonic has been in the final stage for many years.
7 Styliani Georgiadou
During the final stage of abandoning a language, Crystal (2000) argued that different aspects of the language undergo rapid change and code switching to the dominant language increases. Young people are only aware of some traditional vocabulary and morphological or phonological features of the language change
(Crystal, 2000). The fact that a threatened language fails to meet the needs of its speakers leads them to switch to the dominant language and borrow words or transfer other aspects of the language (Liosis, 2007). On the other hand, Vandekerckhove
(1998) argued that code switching does not show speakers‟ failure in using a language, but when it is used as a neutrality strategy, it shows that speakers appreciate both languages equally.
Overall, language death is an important matter that should concern linguists and ways to maintain languages should be found. Crystal (2000) supported that languages constitute great parts of people‟s identity, history, knowledge and through them people are able to express their thoughts and feelings. Ways of maintenance or revitalization of languages is a fuzzy matter and has been discussed by Wurm (1998).
He suggested that young people be encouraged to learn the threatened language and educational programs be organized. He also pointed out the importance of changing the negative attitudes towards those languages (Wurm, 1998).
8 Styliani Georgiadou
2.2 “Tsakonia” & the tsakonic villages
The „Tsakonia‟ area is located in Kinouria, east Arcadia (Veis, 1961). It spreads from the eastern side of mount Parnon to the shores of the Argolic Gulf and the Myrtoos Sea, which shows the area‟s natural beauty and natural assets (Defner,
1996). The villages that constitute the Tsakonia area are Prastos, Sitaena, Kastanitsa,
Agios Andreas in the north of Kynouria, while in the southern Kynouria are Tyros,
Sapounakeika, Pera Melana, Pramateftis, Vaskina, Livadi, Sabatika and Leonidio.
The metropolis of the area was Prastos until its destruction during the 1821 Greek revolution against the Ottomans. Then, Leonidio became the metropolis of Tsakonia until today (Defner, 1996).
The etymology of the words „Tsakonia‟ [' and „Tsakones‟
['(i.e. people from the area of Tsakonia) has been the main concern of some linguists throughout the years. The most popular but yet false theory was that the word Tsakones comes from the Greek word „Λάθσλεο‟ (Lacones; Konstantinopoulos,
1969). According to Byzantine historians, Tsakones are the descendants from ancient
Lacones, a view also adopted by linguists (Konstantinopoulos, 1969). In addition, the fact that the Tsakonic dialect comes from the ancient Doric dialect mistakenly reinforced this view (Konstantinopoulos, 1969). One should keep in mind that another limiting factor of finding the truth is that the maintenance of the Doric dialect reminded the researchers of the ancient Greek culture, which made them, even unconsciously, support the idea that Lacones equals Tsakones (Konstantinopoulos,
1969).
9 Styliani Georgiadou
The word „Tsakonia‟, as a word to describe this area of Kinouria, has been preserved for many years. However, Deville (1866, as cited in Konstantinopoulos,
1969) examined the term semantically and stated that it comes from the ancient Greek word „ηξαρσλία‟ (trahonia) or else „ηξαρεία γε‟ (trahia γi; barren land), with a phonological change of the sound /tr/ to /ts/, Another semantic explanation for the term has been reported by Koukoules (1926, as cited in Konstantinopoulos, 1969), who claimed that the word „Tsakonia‟ comes from the Albanian word „tsakoni‟ which also means barren land. The word „Tsakonas‟ now indicates someone‟s origin from
Tsakonia. Additionally, according to Konstantinopoulos (1969), the term „tsakonas‟ was used to define a digger, a land worker. This finding strengthens the belief that tsakonia meant rugged and barren land, as the inhabitant of this area had to deal with working on this kind of land.
2.3. The Tsakonic dialect
2.3.1. General information
The Tsakonic dialect includes two idioms, the first one spoken in Leonidio,
Prastos, Agios Andreas, Tyros, Pragmateutis, Melana and Sapounakeika and the latter in Kastanitsa and Sitena. Fedchenko (2012) divides the idioms based on geographic terms and she refers to the first one as southern (P-L) and the second as northern (K-
S). The southern Tsakonic dialect is considered to be the prototype form of the dialect, compared to the northern one, since it is used by more speakers
(Charalampopoulos , 1980). Apart from these two idioms, there has been reported the idiom of Propontis, which was spoken before the Asia Minor catastrophe in 1922 in
10 Styliani Georgiadou the villages Havutsi and Vatika (Vagenas, 1971). Kostakis (1979) has stated that none of the Propontis Tsakonic speakers is alive.
2.3.2. Previous work on Tsakonic
The first one to show interest in the Tsakonic dialect and collect data was
Evliyâ Çelebi (1668) who made a list with thirty five Tsakonic words (Liosis, 2007).
As cited in Vagenas (1971), Çelebi stated that “the Tsakonian people speak neither
Greek nor Italian, but they have a peculiar dialect that no one can understand without the contribution of an interpreter”. Almost two centuries later, Thriesch (1835) attempted to describe the dialect and Economou (1846) published a brief grammar and a dictionary of Tsakonic (as cited in Liosis, 2007).
The German philologist and linguist Michael Deffner conducted an extensive fieldwork research on the dialect and composed a grammar in 1881, which proved the laconic character of Tsakonic (Liosis, 2007). He lived in Prastos, thus he focused on the southern idiom of the dialect and gathered information from the inhabitants
(Fedchenko, 2012). In 1923 he published a Tsakonic dictionary with 6,000 words but he added that there were even more words which were not included (Vagenas, 1971).
In 1926, Anagnostopoulos published a Tsakonic grammar in German which presents the linguistic phenomena briefly (Liosis, 2007).
Pernot conducted an extensive research on Tsakonic in 1934 which is called
Introduction à l‟ étude du dialecte tsakonien and later he collaborated with Kostakis and wrote together this research in Greek (1933 as cited in Liosis, 2007). Later on
Kostakis (1951) published his grammar in which he adopted a prescriptive rather than a descriptive perspective (Fedchenko, 2012). He used data from Melana and Leonidio
11 Styliani Georgiadou and as a result he focused mainly on the Southern subgroup of the dialect
(Tzourtzoukli, 2015).
More recent studies include the one of Charalampopoulos (1980) who wrote his doctoral dissertation on the phonological system of Tsakonic. In this dissertation he presented all the separate phonemes of the dialect and analyzed their descriptive features and their allophones. He also gave information on the syllable and prosody
(Liosis, 2007). Liosis (2007) based on his fieldwork research and Charalampopoulos ‟ analysis examined in his doctoral dissertation the results of language contact in
Southern- East Peloponnese, and more specifically in Arvanitika and Tsakonic. He concluded that both dialects are facing language death because of language contact and various internal and external factors such as psychological, social or economic.
He also published two articles on Tsakonic; the first one was on the counter factuality in Tsakonic (2009) and the second one was on the auxiliary verbs and the periphrastic system of Tsakonic (2011).
The next one to conduct research on the Tsakonic dialect was Fedchenko
(2012) who distinguished two varieties of the Southern subdialect- the palatalized variant of Prastos and the non- palatalized one of Melana. She also concluded that the gender differences tended to disappear in the coastal areas, whereas in the mountains they were still evident (Fedchenko, 2012). One year later, Kisilier (2013) found out that there were still phenomena in the dialect that had not been analyzed. He also tried to find common features between Tsakonic and other Standard Greek dialects which originated from Hellenistic Koine. A major research on Tsakonic and Greek dialectology in general was the one of Tzitzilis (2000), where he gave answers and different interpretations to many questions regarding the dialect (Liosis, 2007).
12 Styliani Georgiadou
Finally, Tzourtzoukli (2015) followed a sociolinguistic approach towards the dialect in order to present the attitudes of Tsakonic speakers towards it.
All in all, there were numerous researchers who were attracted by the
Tsakonic dialect throughout the years. One of the main reasons was the fact that
Tsakonic is not similar to any Standard Greek dialects, which made the researchers suspicious about the Greek origin of Tsakonic. According to Tzitzilis (2000),
Tsakonic is one of the most unique and interesting cases of standard Greek dialects, because it displays striking differences from Standard Greek (koine Greek) and other dialects. It sounds almost as an "exotic" language (Tzitzilis, 2000). Because of the numerous differences from Standard Greek, the Tsakonic is considered to be a prime dialect of Greek (along with the Pontic and Cappadocian) rather than an idiom
(Kontosopoulos, 2001). The fact that it is so different from standard Greek has made the pioneer linguists who studied the Tsakonic dialect come to the false conclusion that it is not a Greek dialect (Kostakis, 1951). As cited in Kostakis (1951), Pernot
(1892) considered Tsakonic to originate from Slavic, even though Tsakones were not invaded by Slavs according to the Chronicle of Monemvasia (Kostakis, 1951). Pernot later admitted that it is an undeniable fact that the Tsakonic dialect originates from the
Doric dialect (1914, as cited in Kostakis, 1951).
All in all, Tsakonic is described as archaic and unlike other dialects it does not come from the Hellenistic common, but it is considered a descendant of the ancient
Doric dialect of Laconia (Veis, 1961). According to Kostakis (1951), it had been well preserved due to the geographical location of Tsakonia, since it is an isolated area and a closed society. Thus, Tsakones had remained quite unaffected by other linguistic elements (Kostakis, 1951).
13 Styliani Georgiadou
2.3.3. Main features of Tsakonic
The phonological system of Tsakonic was scrutinized by Charalampopoulos
(1980). His research which is relatively a recent one can be compared with the observations of prior researchers and the results of language contact on the dialect can be examined. Liosis (2007) used the phonological system Charalampopoulos suggested, as his guide to measure the changes within the dialect over the years.
Table 1. Vowel phonemes of Tsakonic (Charalampopoulos , 1980 as cited in Liosis,
2007).
front back close mid open
The vowel phonemes of Tsakonic coincide with the vowel phonemes of
Standard Greek (Liosis, 2007). Pernot (1934) referred to another phoneme /ί/ which was between close /i/ and mid /e/. Charalampopoulos (1980) claimed that this is an allophone of /i/. Charalampopoulos (1980) also stated that all non close vowels when not stressed can be realized as a schwa []. [-close V] [] / [-close V –unstressed].
Diphthongization is evident in Tsakonic. It has both falling and rising diphthongs (Charalampopoulos , 1980). Pernot (1934) found in his data that diphthongs were apparent before the phonemes //, ////////////,// and //.
Some of the examples he provided according to the correspondent phonemes were:
[“favor”
14 Styliani Georgiadou
“what are you?”
“the prison”
“lantern”
”mule”
”descent”
”urchin”
”heart”
”nail”
Thus, he formulated the rule that a front vowel and a glide appear before non velar consonants or consonant clusters.
Charalampopoulos (1980) observed that diphthongization was a phenomenon found only in the southern idiom and he was able to record it only before the continuous and dental // and // and in one case before /r/.He also stated that diphthongization was optional or there was optional deletion of the glide which followed the dental. Some examples of his data were:
[”song”
”snake”
Liosis (2007) confirmed Charalampopoulos ‟ observations. He found no speakers from northern villages realizing diphthongs and the speakers from southern villages used diphthongs only before // and //. The only exceptions were two old speakers who formed some diphthongs before non velar phonemes but not systematically. After analyzing his data statistically, he concluded that diphthongization has been developing for over two centuries and finally it has been limited. According to Liosis (2007) the reasons are that it only applies to specific
15 Styliani Georgiadou morphemes, it coexists with phonological rules of Standard Greek, which appear in the same environments and it is optional. He also pointed out that now diphthongization is a lexical matter rather than a phonological.
Moreover, Kappa (2017) stated that Tsakonic tends to avoid diphthongs either rising or falling by stressing the vowel which could be the glide or semivowel of the diphthong. Some examples she mentioned were:
“olive”
“drink, imperative”
“I cross”
Table 2. Consonant phonemes of Tsakonic (Charalampopoulos , 1980 as cited in
Liosis, 2007)
bilabial dental sibilant heavy palatal velar
sibilant
plosive +aspir
-aspir t k
afficate +aspir
-aspir
fricative -voice
+voice
nasal
lateral
tap or flap
16 Styliani Georgiadou
As it is illustrated in Table 2, all Standard Greek consonant phonemes appear in Tsakonic as well as some phonemes which are different than Standard Greek.
Charalampopoulos (1980) uses the terms sibilants and heavy sibilants instead of alveolar and palatal in order to point out the importance of sibilants in Tsakonic
(Liosis, 2007). Otherwise, he should have categorized heavy sibilants (//,//, //) with the palatal phonemes (//, //).
Aspirated plosive consonants, which do not appear in Standard Greek, are a great part of the Tsakonic phonological system. These are //, // and //.
Charalampopoulos (1980) described the features of aspirated plosives and examined minimal pairs to prove their existence as separate phonemes of Tsakonic:
/ph/ is realized as bilabial, plosive, aspirated, voiceless stop.
/p/ ~ /ph/ : [' “I sell” ' “how”
/th/ is realized as dental, plosive, aspirated, voiceless stop.
/t/ ~ /th/ : ' “I did” ' “I stood up”
// is realized as velar, plosive, aspirated, voiceless stop.
/k/ ~ // : ' “dog” [' “thorn”
According to Manolessou & Bassea- Bezantakou (2012) the aspirated plosives are result of 1) the diachronic assimilation of ancient Greek geminates eg. ':>
' “grain” and 2) the diachronic assimilation of consonant clusters especially with the sibilant /s/ eg. ['stoma] > ['thuma] “mouth”, '> ' “calf”.
Liosis (2007) added that consonant clusters with a nasal and a fricative turned into an aspirated plosive historically from Doric eg. '> ' “umbilicus”,
'> ' “fist”. However, he reported that in some cases the consonant clusters do not change accordingly. For example // > /sk/ as in [>
17 Styliani Georgiadou
“dry fig” and // does not change in /ph/ as in ['> ' “hammer”. He also observed that the consonant cluster /kt/ turns to /th/ as in ['> '
“finger” but /pt/ turns to /ft/ as in Standard Greek. In the same way // turns to /th/ as in '> ' “to accept” but // turns to /ft/ again like Standard Greek such as in ['> ' “I envy”. Mirambel (1960) also pointed out that plosives turn to aspirate usually at the beginning of the word but not systematically, thus a rule cannot be defined.
Charalampopoulos (1980) commented that even though aspirated plosives are quite rare in Tsakonic, the dental plosive is well-established because it is used to form usual verbs like [' “you are”. Liosis (2007) added that it appears not only in numerous words but also in clitic verbal morphemes such as the passive participle suffix of many verbs.
In his research, Liosis (2007) examined if and to what extend the contrastive distribution between aspirated and voiceless plosives was still evident. Firstly, it should be mentioned that he followed Tsitsipis (1981) categorization of speaker types, thus the results were different for fluent and terminal speakers. He concluded that fluent speakers uttered aspirated plosives efficiently and therefore the contrastive distribution was evident in this case, while terminal speakers did not use them systematically. He also found out that the speakers‟ level of education was a main factor in language competence. The higher education they had, the less linguistically competent they were. Finally, he characterized the language shift from aspirated to voiceless stops discontinuous, which means that this phenomenon – in this case aspirated plosive- is realized only by fluent speakers. The term discontinuous is
18 Styliani Georgiadou generally used to describe grammatical changes, but Liosis (2007) extended its meaning to characterize phonological changes as well.
Other phonemes that are different from Standard Greek are //and //.
Petrounias (1984) has stated that the aspiration of sibilants is problematic (as cited in
Liosis, 2007). Charalampopoulos (1980) gave minimal pairs to prove the existence of
such as ' “keys” ~ ' “create!” ~ ' “gold wood”.
However, he admitted that the aspiration of // may not be considered as a descriptive feature and that // is sometimes aspirated. His explanation is that if // were like the non aspirated voiceless plosives, it would become voiced after a nasal phoneme, which does not happen. Liosis declines this proposal and supports that // does not become voiced due to its complex articulation. If Charalampopoulos ‟ theory were true, then other complex structures would become voiced such as /ps/, which is not the case as it is shown in the following example: *' “the soul in accusative case”. In his recordings he did not find any case of aspirated // thus he concluded that the table with consonant phonemes should be:
Table 3. Consonant phonemes of Tsakonic (Liosis, 2007)
bilabial dental sibilant heavy palatal velar
sibilant
plosive +aspir
-aspir t k
afficate +aspir
-aspir
fricative -voice
19 Styliani Georgiadou
+voice
nasal
lateral
tap or flap
In order to define the aspirated //, sibilant /ts/ should be examined firstly.
Historically, it is a result of the phenomenon of Tsitakismos or depalatalization, where the palatal plosive allophone /k/ before the front vowels (/i/, /e/) or the glide // turns to the alveolar affricate [(Pantelidis, 2009; Charalmpopoulos, 1980).
According to Charalampopoulos (1980), /ts/ is realized as a prepalatal and the sibilant is not heard at all. Liosis (2007) found little evidence to confirm this allophone of /ts/ in old speakers only of the Southern idiom such as in: /'/ > ' “s/he said”, /tse/> “and”. Voiced realizations of /ts/ were more in the same environments: /'/ > ' “little bird”, /'/ > ' “weather”. Liosis
(2007) claimed that the two allophones [are in free variation and they are maintained so that the difference with /tsh/ is evident. More specifically, he claimed that without the optional aspiration, /ts/ and /tsh/ differences are apparent in [as the place of articulation (/ts/ alveolar-palatal and /tsh/ alveolar) and in as the manner of articulation (/ts/ voiced and /tsh/ voiceless).
Charalampopoulos (1980) provided minimal pairs to prove the existence of
/tsh/ and some of his examples were: ' “dry” ~ ' “Tyros”, ' “aunt”
~ ' “three”. As a result, /tsh/ is a separate phoneme of the dialect and it is a result of ancient processes that were inherited to Tsakonic. Tzitzilis (2000) claimed that /tsh/
20 Styliani Georgiadou occurred because of the assimilation of the palatal or bilabial to dental (/ks/, /ps/ >
/tsh/).
The rest of the phonemes that are different to Standard Greek are //, //, // and //. Charalampopoulos (1980) examined them in order to define their descriptive features and formed minimal pairs to compare them with other phonemes in the same environments.
The phoneme // is realized as prepalatal, heavy sibilant, voiceless and continuous and some minimal pairs are given below. s ~ : ' “fig” ' “nose”
' “straight” [' “spine”
The phoneme // originated from the palatalization of /r/ historically, according to Liosis (2007). Pernot & Kostakis (1933) stated that it was realized by all
Tsakonic speakers but Charalampopoulos (1980) claimed that it was only realized by women from Tyros, Vaskina and Leonidio and at the time of his research he observed that women had already started avoiding it. Pernot also suggested that it was an allophone of /r/ [As mentioned before, he distinguished between an open /ί/ and the “normal” one /i/ and suggested that /n, l, r/ when followed the /i/ became
[Charalampopoulos rejected this explanation since he only found the front close /i/ in his data and suggested that this would probably require diachronic analysis. All in all, the phoneme // is realized as prepalatal, heavy sibilant, voiced and continuous and minimal pairs from Charalampopoulos ‟ research are provided below. r ~ : ' “summer” ' “arm”
21 Styliani Georgiadou
' “strong pl. Masc” [' “candle”
Liosis (2007) found the allophone of // [rhe claimed that this sound illustrated a medium stage of the palatalization of /r/. He found that this sound starts as flapped and ends as a sibilant.
According to Charalampopoulos (1980) the phoneme // is realized as nasal, palatal, voiced and continuous, while // is realized as lateral and palatal. They are similar to the Standard Greek allophones [] and [] of the phonemes /n/ and /l/ when they are followed by the glide [a vowel. /n, l/ > [/ _ + V. In Tsakonic, these sounds are separate phonemes since they appear in the same environments and give different meanings to words as it is portrayed in the examples of minimal pairs below, given by Charalampopoulos .
~ : ' “become PP” [' “heard PP”
' “I combined” ' “I understood”
~ : ' “but” ' “elsewhere”
' “unchangeable” ' “flour”
The table of consonant phonemes does not include the voiced plosives (//, //,
//, //). Charalampopoulos did not find minimal pairs to show the contrastive distribution between /p/ - /b/, /t/ - /d/, /ts/ - /dz/ and /k/ - //. He claimed that the voiced plosives appear only after a nasal as [they are complex sounds that start with a nasal and end with a He also suggested that they are not separate phonemes, but allophones of the voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ and appear in both initial and mid positions of a word. Some of his examples are:
[' “the leg Nom Sg” ' “Acc Sg”
22 Styliani Georgiadou
' “the place Nom Sg” ' “Acc Sg”
Liosis, on the other hand based on his data, stated that voiced plosives are separate phonemes and the prenasal realizations are their allophones. Newton supported that “[a]ll [Greek] dialects appear to delete any nasal utterance-initially before a stop. Thus, we find that all dialects have a simple [b] before the vowel of
κπνξώ „Ι am able‟.” (1972, as cited in Liosis, 2007). He added that the older speakers uttered both the prenalised allophones and the voised plosives – even in the same words. He concluded that /b/, /d/, /dz/, /g/ are phonemes or maybe peripheral phonemes of the dialect. Some examples of Liosis‟ research are provided below.
['bitse] “s/he did”
['edeni] ~ ['endeni] „he‟
['aame] ~ ['aame] „we took‟
[kafe'dzu] „coffee fortune teller‟
Velar phonemes // are palatalized [before front vowels
[(Charalampopoulos , 1980).
/+velar/ [+palatal] / _ [+front V].
/+velar/ [+velar] / _ [-front V]
Therefore, they are in complementary distribution. Charalampopoulos observed that the palatals are also found before back vowels [a, o, u] e.g. ' “I touch”, '
“you” and even in the same environments as velars e.g. ' “where” and ['“good
Fem”, ' “pig” and ' “fields”. These examples are explained if we think that there is the semi vowel before the back vowels. Charalampopoulos ‟ analysis of these examples is shown below.
23 Styliani Georgiadou
/' : [' /'/ : ['
/'/ : ' /'/ : '
Some remarks on historical phonology should be pointed out since Tsakonic is a dialect that originates from Doric and has preserved some archaic characteristics as it has been mentioned before.
> '→' “daughter”
'→' “summer”
Palmer argued that the turn from „theta‟ to is dated back in the 4th century BC
(1980, as cited in Liosis, 2007), but there is a controversy over it. Chatzidakis considered that the sound /s/ was already a phoneme in Doric and // was maintained due to later loanwords before it was inherited in Tsakonic (1929, as cited in Liosis,
2007). Pernot (1934) believed that this phenomenon was a result of palatalization before front vowels.
Word final rhotacism →This phenomenon was a main characteristic of the ancient dialects of Eretrian and late- Laconian and it has been preserved in
Tsakonic (Velden, 2017). Liosis (2007) pointed out that rhotacism lives forth as a phoneme to avoid hiatus and in the 2nd person Singular of active verbs.
Maintenance of the Doric /a/. The maintenance of Doric /a/ when the Ionic dialect had /i/ is a main feature of Tsakonic (Vagenas, 1971). Tzitzilis (2000) suggested that /a/ has sustained over time because of its morphological function in paroxytone masculine and feminine nouns and feminine adjectives. Tzourtzoukli
(2015) stated that this Doric feature is not extended to all /i/ of a word.
24 Styliani Georgiadou
Maintenance of the Doric /u/ “upsilon”. The Ancient Doric upsilon was pronounced in Doric as /u/ or /(Tzourtzoukli, 2015). This has remained in
Tsakonic and has also changed the spelling of the words. For example, the ancient word [ “dog”, in Tsakonic it is ['accordingly
Ancient “omega” realized as /u/. The ancient „omega‟ as /u/ appears in
Tsakonic in lexical morphemes e.g. ' “tongue, language”, derivational morphemes and clitics e.g. [po'tsh-unu] “I load” (Liosis, 2007). Chatzidakis claimed that the dialect maintained the difference between the ancient long and short /o/
(1905, as cited in Liosis, 2007). Scott argued that even the short /o/ turned to /u/ in
Tsakonic such as in '> [' “legs” and he attributed this phenomenon to changes caused by the close sounds (1912, as cited in Liosis, 2007). Liosis (2007) stated that the cases which short /o/ turns into /u/ are very few and can be explained.
25 Styliani Georgiadou
3. Methodology
3.1. Fieldwork research
The data for this paper were collected through fieldwork research which was conducted in November of 2016 and lasted five days. Fieldwork research is defined as
“a methodological approach to observe behavior under natural conditions” (Reyes-
García & Sunderlin, 2011). Under the requirements of the undergraduate course in morphology (Ling. 321: Morphology) me and two of my fellow students, Vaia
Papadimitriou and Athena Giannakopoulou attempted the first trip to the villages
Leonidio and Tyros in Peloponnese where Tsakonic is still spoken. Field research was chosen over other methods mainly because there is little recorded evidence of the
Tsakonic dialect. Since my objective was to find any phonological and morphological occurrences, recorded data were needed. Furthermore, fieldwork research gives the opportunity to understand the local situation in a deeper level while the origins and the scope of the problem become apparent (Reyes-García & Sunderlin, 2011).
Observing the local reality has given me information that would not be otherwise obtained.
3.2. Participants
The participants selected were twelve people in total; four females and eight males. People of different gender in the same community may exploit linguistic resources in a different way (Foulkes, 2003). In order to understand better and fully the Tsakonic dialect, both males and females took part in the research. Another determining factor in participant selection was the age of the speakers. Their chronological age does not play such a significant role; however, the life stages they are in are extremely important and they may influence language use (Foulkes, 2003).
26 Styliani Georgiadou
The older speakers of Tsakonic grew up as bilinguals since their main means of communication was Tsakonic, while the younger learned only Standard Greek at school. By older speakers, I mean those who are older than around seventy years old.
Two sixty-five-year-old speakers admitted that at school they were not allowed to use
Tsakonic. I was not able to find representatives who speak the dialect of all life stages and as a result children, teenagers and young adults were not included in the research.
This might be a limit in my research, but we have to keep in mind that Tsakonic is an endangered dialect which was mainly used many years ago. Four of my participants are between 40 and 60 years old, seven are between 60 and 80 while one is over 80 years old.
3.3. Procedure
The research had the form of an interview but before it began, I handed out consent forms which allowed me to record the speakers and share our photos. The speakers were approached either individually or in small groups. The interviews took place in their workplace, in their home or in local coffee shops and lasted approximately 45 minutes or longer. Our meetings lasted longer than that in order to get acquainted first. The speakers were friendly and eager to talk about their language.
The questions addressed to them were mainly about their traditions, history and language, which were topics that the informants showed interest in. The aim of those questions was to enable the participants to engage in natural speech. When they felt more comfortable, most of them shared personal experiences, as well. In addition, those who were in groups started conversations with each other with little or no participation of mine. At the beginning of the interviews, they were somewhat tense but as the conversation continued they were very confident and relaxed. The data mainly consist of narratives, songs and dialogues. My aim was to record vernacular
27 Styliani Georgiadou data, which is the unmonitored everyday speech according to Foulkes (2003). I chose vernacular data over word lists for example, because they give the full aspect of the language.
The participants were recorded during the interviews. This process was fruitful to me because in this way I kept every little piece of information and at the same time I was not trying hastily to note everything down. I was able to pay attention to what the speakers were telling me and they felt relaxed as we were having a typical conversation. They were willing to share stories of their old days, their traditions and they were quite nostalgic during the interviews. For instance, a participant started crying while he was narrating his personal experience. Overall, I did not face any difficulties regarding approaching the participants.
3.4. Analysis
As for the analysis of the data, qualitative research was conducted. Qualitative research was preferred over quantitative, since it gives an interpretive approach to the subject (Jones, 1995). Qualitative research in general takes place in natural settings and helps the researchers interpret phenomena based on the meaning people give to them (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994). In this case, speakers‟ differences and unique characteristics were taken into account through qualitative research. As a result, the differences in Tsakonic over the years were not measured through statistics but only via studying individual realizations.
28 Styliani Georgiadou
4. Analysis
4.1. Phonological analysis
During the research in Tyros and Leonidio and after the thorough study of the recordings, it became evident that the Tsakonic dialect has many differences with
Standard Greek on a phonological aspect. It has its own phonological system and the findings in the recordings have confirmed the remarks of Kostakis (1951, 1933),
Charalampopoulos (1980) and Liosis (2007).
Moreover, I attempted to present some changes in the phonological system of
Tsakonic that occurred due to the influence of Standard Greek. Qualitative analysis was employed and observations based on individual speech were made. The examined phenomena are the aspirated consonants, diphthongization, depalatalization or
Tsitakismos, palatalization and hiatus. In addition, some remarks on historical phonology were made. The hypothesis was that Tsakonic people do not use effectively or systematically neither the phonological oppositions nor the phonological rules that are different than the ones of Standard Greek.
4.1.1. Aspirated consonants
As mentioned in the literature review, Charalampopoulos (1980) found minimal pairs to prove the phonological opposition between : :
: /. He argued that aspirated consonants were quite rare during his research, but he also stated that the dental aspirated plosive is better established in the
Tsakonic phonological system since it is used in common words such as in the article when it is used as locative. Liosis (2007) added that the dental /th/ is used more systematically because it appears in verbal suffixes.
29 Styliani Georgiadou
The following Table illustrates the total occurrences of aspirated plosives in the data of this dissertation.
Table 4. Aspirated plosives /th/, /ph/ and /kh/ found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' [' A, 18 collected 3rd Pl Imperf
verb
//
[' [' A, 39 sacs N Msc Acc Pl
[ B, 1 to the Def. Art. Fem. Sg Acc Loc ' [' B, 5 pregnant N Fem Nom Sg [ E, 2 of the Def. Art. Fem. Sg Gen Loc E, 5 to the Def. Art. NTR Acc Sg E, 8 to the Def. Art. NTR Acc Sg ' ' F, 2 come down 1st Sg Subjunct / ' ' H, 4 hurt PP Msc Nom Sg ' H, 6 stand up 2nd Sg Imp
' H, 7 stand up 1st Sg Imp
' ' H, 8 that I am Conj, 1st Sg Pr / L, 1 to the Def. Art. Fem. Sg Acc Loc O, 18 to the Def. Art. NTR Acc Sg
30 Styliani Georgiadou
As stated in the literature review, aspirated consonants are the result of diachronic assimilation of Doric geminates or consonants clusters (Manolessou &
Bassea- Bezantakou, 2012). In Table 4 such cases are illustrated. For example,
['(A, 39) comes from the ancient Doric noun «ἀθθόξ» „sac‟ where there is the geminate /k:/ (Liosis, 2007). There seems to have taken place assimilation of the geminate into an aspirated singleton, in order to keep the long segmental length of the geminate. Ancient consonant clusters that consisted of /s/ and a voiceless plosive were also assimilated regressively into singletons and turned the plosive of the cluster aspirated to keep the length of the cluster. Such an example is '(H, 6), in which there was the cluster /st/, because it comes from the verb /'stekome/ „stand‟. The consonant cluster /st/ was assimilated regressively and the dental plosive /t/ of the cluster became aspirated /th/. The same process was applied in '(H, 7), as well since it is the 1st singular type of the same verb.
The same phonological process emerged in the examples B1, E2, E5, E8, L1,
O 18 of the definite article in Table 4. In order to show location and direction, Greek speakers often use the preposition /se/ „to‟ and the accusative or genitive forms of the definite article. Therefore, the prepositional definite articles play a central role in
Standard Greek /ston, stin, sto, stu, stis, stus, ston, sta/. However, the consonant clusters of prepositional definite articles in Tsakonic (/st/) were also assimilated regressively and the dental plosive became aspirated (/t/→ [th] ).
The case of (F, 2) does not result from regressive assimilation, but from apocope or elision of an unstressed sound (Liosis, 2007). The verb was a compound word consisting of the preposition ''-
31 Styliani Georgiadou
'Later, the unstressed syllable „ta‟ was omitted. The velar plosive voiceless /k/ changed in aspirated /kh/ probably so that it kept the weight of the lost syllable.
Moreover, Liosis (2007) argued that the dental aspirate plosive /th/ appears in the suffix {-the}of passive participles of numerous verbs. The example of
'(H, 4) confirmed what Liosis stated (2007). The aspirated plosives of these categories were inherited in Tsakonic from Doric according to Liosis (2007) and the assimilation is diachronic.
Liosis (2007) stated that plosives also turn into aspirated sporadically and especially in the beginning of words, while Mirambel (1960) argued that they appear word medially, as well. This is a phenomenon that was not inherited to Tsakonic from ancient Greek, but a standard occurrence. As it happens sporadically and not systematically, a phonological rule cannot be formulated and such occurrences should be considered lexical. They should not be assigned with any phonological value. In my recordings, such cases were ''(A, 18), '(B, 5) and
'(H, 8).
To sum up, in Ancient Greek, geminates and clusters after assimilation were realized phonetically as long (Kappa, 2002). In Standard Greek, geminates turn into singletons and the phenomenon is called simplification (Kappa, 2002). There are no aspirated phonemes in Standard Greek, which is the main factor that influenced the
Tsakonic speech so that Tsakonic speakers do not use aspirated consonants systematically. This was confirmed by my data.
First of all, among fifteen recordings and twelve different speakers, only thirteen times aspirated plosives were realized and only by four different speakers, which means that eight out of twelve speakers did not utter the plosives aspirated. The
32 Styliani Georgiadou four speakers who successfully uttered the recorded aspirated plosives were only males and their age ranged from sixty-seven to seventy-nine, which could lead to the conclusion that only old speakers of Tsakonic are able to use appropriately the different phonemes /p/ and /ph/, /k/ and /kh/ and /t/ and /th/. However, even these four speakers were not able to use aspirated plosives as predicted by Kostakis (1951).
The first speaker Antonis did not utter the aspirated plosives systematically.
For example, he uttered ['(A, 1) and ['(A, 36) maintaining the consonant cluster „st‟ without the regressive assimilation. He also did not aspirate the prepositional definite article in any case. He knew that the sound /s/ was omitted but not that the dental plosive was aspirated. Some of these examples are: ['(A, 1),
['(A, 3), ['(A, 17).
The second speaker Giorgos N. uttered the locative prepositional article aspirated in all cases which means that he can distinguish the definite article from the article used as locative. The only case I found that he kept the consonant cluster „sk‟ was in ['(O, 28).
The third speaker Giorgos D. also uttered the locative definite article as aspirated except for once in ['(E, 10). In this case, I was not able to identify if it was a simple dental /t/ or an aspirated one /th/. It is longer than dental /t/ but shorter than /th/. Other than that, he kept the cluster „sk‟ in ['(L, 3) and not change it in /kh/.
Regarding the last speaker who uttered the aspirated plosives, some comments should be made. He does not make the phonological distinction between the locative and the simple definite article in any of his recordings. Some examples that illustrate this observation are: ['(D,2), ['(D, 14), ['(F, 2),
33 Styliani Georgiadou
['(F, 5). In addition, he keeps the consonant cluster „sp‟ in ['(D,
1), ['(D, 8) and the cluster „st‟ in ['(F, 15), ['(F, 18). As for the dental aspirated in the suffix {-the} of passive participles, he uttered it only in
'(H, 4) and not in ['(H, 8). He also articulated the passive participle ['(F, 5) breaking the Grassmann‟s law (as cited in Kappa, 2002).
This law describes that a sound loses its aspiration when there is another aspirated sound in the word. However, the speaker did not utter it easily, as he corrected himself in order to produce those sounds. Another general observation about this speaker is that he produced the aspirated plosives in traditional poems, which means he may have learnt them by heart and kept the sounds as he remembered them.
With regards to the speakers who did not utter any aspirated plosives, they were from fifty-two to sixty years old with the exception of one speaker who was eighty-four years old. They did not make use of the aspirated dental /th/ to show location. Instead, they used the dental /th/ following the rule of Standard Greek that it does not include aspirated sounds. Some examples of /t/ in definite articles used as locative are: ['(C, 18), ['(G, 5), [' (I, 3),
['(J, 6), ['(M, 3), [''(M, 4), ['(N, 2),
['(N, 5), ['(N, 10).
It can be inferred from the above examples that the use of aspirated plosives has been extremely limited. The younger speakers I contacted did not utter any aspirated plosives and the older ones did not use them systematically. Based on these remarks, it would be fair to say that aspirated plosives are disappearing from the dialect because of the language contact with Standard Greek.
34 Styliani Georgiadou
4.1.2. Depalatalization or Tsitakismos
As stated in the literature review, depalatalization or Tsitakismos is a phenomenon that occurred in Tsakonic (Pantelidis, 2009). It is a historical phonological change where the allophone of /k/ [c] before the front vowels /i/ and /e/ turned into the alveolar affricate /ts/. There are numerous examples of this phenomenon in my data and it seems that it is well-established in the Tsakonic system. In the Table below there are examples of the phenomenon of depalatalization in my data.
Table 5. Data of Tsitakismos or depalatalization found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
[ [ce] A, 3 and Conj
' [' Α, 24 a bit Adv
' [' F, 5 cell N NTR Acc
Sg
' [' Ν, 12 Sapunakeika N NTR Nom
Pl
The word [tse] appears in all the recordings but in order to avoid repetition, I included only an example in Table 5. An observation that should be made regarding depalatalization is that there are cases that the speakers switch to Standard Greek and they use [ce] or [ci] instead of [tse] and [tsi]. Such examples are [(B, 4), [(B,
16), ['(C, 18), [(F, 8), [(G, 22), [(M, 5) and [(N, 10). In
N, 10 the speaker corrected herself immediately because she understood that she did not say the “right” word. Such mistakes were realized by both males and females and
35 Styliani Georgiadou their age was between fifty-four and seventy-nine years sold. The examples above are evidence of code switching and they showed the influence of Standard Greek on
Tsakonic.
Another remark is that in some cases /ts/ is realized as voiced [which is an allophone of /ts/. Evidence of this allophone found in the recordings are the following occurences: ['(Δ, 1), ['(Δ, 5), ['(F, 7), ['(G, 6).
Charalampopoulos (1980) stated that there is another allophone of /ts/, which is realized as prepalatal and the sibilant is not heard Liosis (2007) found little evidence of this allophone and argued that it is in the process of distinction and its position is currently taken by the Standard Greek affricate [ts]. In my data, I was not able to identify any such sound, thus Liosis‟ (2007) proposal is confirmed.
4.1.3. Palatalization and dentalization
In order to compensate for the depalatalization described above, dental and bilabial plosives were palatalized in Tsakonic (Liosis, 2007). Based on my findings, I could add that this happened before the front close vowel /i/. Examples of this phenomenon are confirmed by the data and they are shown in the following Table.
Table 6. Data of palatalization of dental and bilabial plosives.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' [' B, 3 master N Msc Nom
Sg
' [' C, 16 I make 1st Sg Pr
' [' D, 32 temptation N Msc Acc Sg
' ' E, 3 greetings N NTR Acc
36 Styliani Georgiadou
Pl
[' [' F, 19 back Adv
[' [' N, 29 feasts N NTR Nom
Pl
However, in the recordings, data of not palatalized dental and bilabial plosives were also found. These data are the following: ['(G, 29), ['(J, 5),
['(O, 3). This phenomenon can be explained if the palatalization of /t/ and /p/ is considered as a completed change in the dialect and now its results remain lexical. The vocabulary which was added later follows the phonological system of
Standard Greek.
Liosis (2007) stated that opposite to palatalization, bilabial fricatives /f/ and /v/ were dentalized in Tsakonic. Very few examples of this phenomenon were observed in my recordings and they are shown in the following table.
Table 7. Data of dentalization of bilabial fricatives.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' [' A, 8 baskets N NTR Acc
Pl
' [' B, 12 brother N Msc Acc Sg
' [' L, 3 kiss 1st Sg Pr
37 Styliani Georgiadou
In the recordings, numerous utterances of not dentalized bilabial fricatives were found in the same environments. Some of the examples are: ['(B, 3),
['(C, 10), ['(D, 27), ['(D, 29), ['(E, 6), ['(E, 9).
According to Liosis (2007) both palatalization and dentalization were not universal phenomena in Tsakonic. He claimed that Northern Tsakonic did not include as many examples of both phenomena as Southern Tsakonic, while in Tsakonic of
Propontis, there was not at all evidence of these phenomena. Therefore, it can be assumed that either the speakers I contacted spoke different variations of Tsakonic or that these phenomena now remain in some words as lexical.
4.1.4. Diphthongization and hiatus
As explained in the literature review, Pernot (1934) and Charalampopoulos scrutinized the case of diphthongization in Tsakonic. Pernot (1934) found that a front vowel and a glide appear before non velar consonants or consonant clusters, while
Charalampopoulos (1980) almost fifty years after Pernot‟s research argued that diphthongization occurred only before the continuous dental // and /,that it was optional and that it appeared only in Tyros and Vaskina. This means that back then, diphthongization was already a shrinking phenomenon. Liosis (2007) confirmed that it used to be a common phenomenon in the past, because during his research, the oldest speakers he contacted, around ninety years old, uttered diphthongs not only before // and /but also before other consonantsHowever, the rest of the speakers realized diphthongs before // and /which confirmed Charalampopoulos findings.
Liosis (2007) formulated this phonological rule: V{ } → V{} / {}. In my recordings, very few cases of diphthongization occurred and only before the dental voiceless affricate /They are presented in the following Table.
38 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 8. Evidence of diphthongization found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' [' A, 15 baskets N NTR Acc pl
' [' B, 12 brother N Msc Acc Sg
' [' L, 3 kiss 1st Sg Pr
These three cases were uttered by three different speakers. The first one was from Tyros and he was sixty-seven years old. The second and the third were from
Vaskina and they were seventy-nine and seventy-eight yeas old accordingly. The fact that they were from Tyros and Vaskina confirms what Chalaralompopoulos and
Liosis found about diphthongization occurring only in these two villages. Regarding their age, it becomes apparent that they were old enough to be fluent speakers. Even though they used diphthongs in these three cases, they did not use them systematically. For example, the first speaker said ['(Α, 44) instead of
['Examples of the rest of the speakers who did not use any diphthongs are:
['(D, 6) instead of [' ['(D, 22) instead of ['
To conclude, the diphthongization as described by Pernot (1934) before /r/, /c/,
/rζ/ has disappeared and this change is considered completed (Liosis, 2007).
Charalampopoulos ‟ (1980) findings that diphthongization is not a universal phenomenon and that it is optional are confirmed by my data. In addition, the fact that there are different rules in Standard Greek leads to the disappearance of this phenomenon in Tsakonic. Liosis (2007) argued that the appearance of diphthongs is a lexical matter nowadays rather than phonological.
39 Styliani Georgiadou
Moreover, Kappa (2017) argued that Tsakonic avoids diphthongs by stressing the vowel that could be the glide of the diphthong as mentioned in the literature review. This is a case of hiatus, which is very common in Tsakonic, especially in the suffix of feminine nouns and adjectives both in singular and plural and in the suffix of neutral nouns in the plural. Synaeresis or foreshortening occurs in Standard Greek more often than hiatus in feminine nouns and in the plural of neutral nouns when the ultimate is stressed. The hypothesis was that Standard Greek has influenced Tsakonic on this matter as well and Tsakonic speakers utter foreshortened types according to
Standard Greek phonology. Examples of hiatus are presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Cases of hiatus found in the recordings
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' ' A, 44 smell N Fem Nom
Sg
' ' A, 51 side N Fem Acc
Sg
' ' N, 1 children N NTR Acc
Pl
' ' C, 15 job N Fem Acc
Sg
' ' G, 4 olives N Fem Acc Pl
' ' J, 1 job N Fem Acc Pl
Cases of foreshortening found in the recordings were mostly in the indefinite feminine article: [(Α, 43, B, 5, C, 12, K, 10). However, it became evident that the
40 Styliani Georgiadou speakers of the Tsakonic dialect mostly maintain hiatus in their speech when the ultimate of feminine nouns and neutral nouns in plural is stressed. This can be explained by the fact that the hiatus of vowels appears in the suffix of words, which means that the speakers have learned it systematically. In other words, it is a part of their grammar.
4.1.5. Observations on historical phonology
The Tsakonic dialect does not originate from the Hellenistic common but from
Ancient Doric. Therefore, it has kept some of Doric characteristics, which are worth mentioning in this chapter. They have been described in the literature review and here evidence from the data will be provided.
> This phenomenon is dated back to the 4th century BC according to
Palmer (1980, as cited in Liosis, 2007). The process followed is not very clear and there is a controversy among linguists over it. However, now it is a lexical matter rather than a phonological one. It appears in very few Tsakonic words and it was found in my data.
Table 10. Data of > found in the recordings
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' ['' B, 25 daughters N Fem Acc
Pl
' ['kori] or [' I, 10 daughter N Fem Acc
K, 3 Sg
41 Styliani Georgiadou
Word final rhotacism →It is a phenomenon met in the ancient dialects of Eretrian and late- Laconian and it has been maintained in Tsakonic (Velden, 2017).
Liosis (2007) argued that rhotacism is still evident in Tsakonic as a phoneme to avoid hiatus and in the 2nd person Singular of active verbs. My data confirm the fact that rhotasicm is a phoneme to avoid hiatus as illustrated in Table 11.
Table 11. Rhotacism found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' ' A, 3 to the vineries Def Art Msc
Acc PL Loc
' [' A, 17 to the big Def Art Msc
Acc PL Loc
'' [' D, 29 as we Prep
'' ['' N, 17 as I was Prep
Maintenance of the Doric /a/. While Ionic ancient dialect had /i/, Doric used to have /a/, which has remained in Tsakonic (Vagenas, 1971). Tzitzilis (2000) stated that
/a/ has been preserved, because it has a morphological function in masculine and feminine nouns which are stressed in the penultimate. Evidence of maintenance of the
Doric /a/ has been found in my recordings.
42 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 12. Data of maintenance of the Doric /a/ found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' ' A, 45 days N Fem Acc Pl
' ' B, 5 mother N Fem Nom
K, 1 Sg
' ' D, 26 today Adv
G, 2
B, 22 the Def. Art. Fem
M, 2 Acc Sg
' ' C, 13 much Adj Fem Acc
Sg
' ' D, 11 Doric Adj Fem Nom
Sg
D, 10 the Def. Art. Fem
E, 11 Nom Sg
F, 1
The first three examples in Table 12 indicate that there are no specific environments that /a/ appears; therefore it is fair to argue that in such cases it is a lexical matter rather than a phonological. The rest of the examples show that /a/ is part of the Tsakonic morphology, since /a/ is placed in the suffix of the feminine definite article and feminine adjectives. This means that the speakers learn it systematically when they learn the language and they may apply this rule to loanwords from
Standard Greek.
43 Styliani Georgiadou
Maintenance of the Doric /u/ “upsilon”. The letter “upsilon” in ancient Doric was pronounced as /u/ or /and this has remained in the Tsakonic dialect
(Tzourtzoukli, 2015). This is a lexical matter and occurs only in very few words.
However, it is evidence of the Doric origins of Tsakonic and it has remained in the orthography of Tsakonic. Data of “upsilon” pronounced as /u/ or /has been found in the recordings and they are presented in the following Table.
Table 13. Data of maintenance of the Doric /u/ “upsilon” found in the recordings.
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
' ' Ν, 22 night N Fem Nom
Sg
' ' I, 7 woman N Fem Acc
Sg
' ' O, 23 fly N Fem Nom
Sg
' ' G, 26 Sunday N Fem Nom
Sg
Ancient “omega” realized as /u/. Chatzidakis (1905, as cited in Liosis, 2007) stated that „omega‟ uttered as /u/ means that the dialect made the distinction between the long /o:/ and the short /o/ and kept the difference in orthography as well. The dialect has maintained some lexical cases of „omega‟ as /u/, but also some derivational morphemes and clitics (Tzitzilis, 2000). Examples of „omega‟ as /u/ were found in the recordings and they are illustrated in Table 14.
44 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 14. Data of ancient “omega” realized as /u/ found in the recordings. .
Tsakonic Standard Greek Recording Translation Annotation
'' ' A, 6 load 3rd Pl Imperf
' ' C, 6 do 1st Sg Pr
' ' C, 10 bring 1st Sg Pr
' ' C, 11 make 1st Sg Pr
' ' C, 17 have 1st Sg Pr
' ' C, 18 give 1st Sg pr
' ' F, 2 go down 1st Sg
Subjunct
' ' F, 8 come out 1st Sg
Subjunct
' ' F, 9 go 1st Sg FutS
G, 5
' F, 11 see 1st Sg
Subjunct
' ' F, 13 hear 1st Sg
Subjunct
' ' F, 21 know 1st Sg Pr
' ' O, 7 want 1st Sg Pr
' ' D, 20 name N NTR Acc
Sg
' ' F, 19 back Adv
' ' F, 1 time N Fem Nom
45 Styliani Georgiadou
Sg
' ' E, 9 on Adv
' ' F, 7 I 1st Sg PP Nom
' ' F, 8 out Adv
The first twelve examples show that „omega‟ as /u/ is a derivational morpheme of Tsakonic verbs. /u/ indicates the 1st person singular. Since /u/ is a part of Tsakonic morphology, it is well established in the Tsakonic system and the speakers can apply this morphological rule to verbal loanwords, as well. The rest of the examples are lexical and they were inherited to that dialect by ancient Doric.
46 Styliani Georgiadou
4.2. Morphological analysis
According to Mela-Athanasopoulou morphology is "the study of the internal structure of words, and of the ways in which their structure reflects their relation to other words" (2009: 1). It can be considered as the way through which words are formed or constructed from smaller parts, known as morphemes. The study of morphology assists in showing the pieces from which a word consists, what each one means and how they are combined together. The morphological analysis of this research aims to present how the words of the Tsakonic dialect are linked to the ancient Greek Doric dialect and to some extend to standard Greek. The findings have confirmed in particular Kostakis (1951, 1933) and Liosis‟ (2007) remarks. The declension of ancient Greek is according to Tzartzanos (1961) & Oikonomou (1971) and the declension of standard Greek is according to Triantafyllidis (2009).
4.2.1. Morphological Observations in Articles
1.1 Data of the declension of the Definite Article Singular found in the recordings.
Definite Article Singular
Msculine Feminine Neutral
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakoni S.Greek c Nom. o ν a i to to
Gen. tu tu ta(r) tis tu tu
Acc. to(n) to(n) ta(n) ti(n) to to
Voc. ------
47 Styliani Georgiadou
1.2. Data of the declension of the Definite Article Plural found in the recordings.
Definite Article Plural
Masculine Feminine Neutral Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Nom. i i i i ta ta
Gen. tu ton tu ton tu ton
Acc. ti(r)/tu(r) tus ti(r)/ tis ta ta tu(r) Voc. ------
The findings of this research have confirmed that the differences of the article in the singular between Tsakonic and standard Greek are observed only in the feminine. More specifically, it is presented that the standard Greek feminine ε [i] in singular nominative form is α [a] in the Tsakonic dialect ([a 'mati] mother, B line 5; [a
'] language, D line 10, [ a γu'neka] the woman, I line 7). Accordingly, the article in the genitive case ηεο [tis] is [tar] ([ ta ', E line 1) and in the accusative case is [tan] ([ta ka'ia] hole, F line 20; [tan epo'i] the season, B line 22). The feminine article then maintains the types from the ancient Doric: [a], [tar], [tan], rather than in standard Greek [i], [tis], [tin], as the data above show. Nevertheless, even more generally, the Doric [a] replaces [i], such as in final position (['] ηελ
παηδηθή/ childish/ I line 3)
The differences in the plural are located firstly in the genitive case of all three genders, since the standard Greek [ton] in the Tsakonic dialect is [tu] (ηνπ ρξεώζηνη,
[tu '] debt, D line 30). The accusative case in the plural of masculine and feminine in Tsakonic is different from the Greek articles, as the first is [tir] or [tur]
48 Styliani Georgiadou
(ηνπξ αθνύ, [tur a'khu] sacs, A line 39; ηνπ ηδνπάλεδε, [tu '], F line 11) and the latter is ηη(ξ) [tir]. The appearance of ξ [r] on the articles is due to the phenomenon of rhotacism (Kostakis, 1951). It occurs when the first letter of the next word is a vowel so that there is not hiatus. The declension of the Tsakonic articles has been taken from Kostakis‟ Brief Grammar of the Tsakonic dialect (1951: 63).
1.3. Definite article in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ' ta ma'ura
rd C, 20 3 Pl Pr ehu Def. Art. Fem Acc Sg N Fem Acc Sg
have the heavy stick
They have the crook
1.4. Definite article in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic to kra'si ' 'etimo
rd A, 46 Def. Art. NTR Nom Sg N NTR Nom Sg 3 Sg PST emi Adj NTR Nom Sg
the wine was ready
The wine was ready.
1.5. Definite article in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic me tur a'khu
A, 39 Prep Def. Art. Msc Acc Pl N Msc Acc Pl
with the sacs
with the sacs
49 Styliani Georgiadou
The definite article as Locative
In Tsakonic the definite article is used to show direction, as well. In order to show location and more specifically direction in standard Greek, the archaic preposition εηο [is] is combined with the definite article (Krasanakis, 2000). However, in the Tsakonic dialect the definite article functions as a preposition of place as shown in the examples below.
1.6. The Definite article as locative in context
Tsakonic s ' ' tur 'onu
rd rd A, 20 3 Pl OPN 3 Pl Imperf potsunu Def. Art. Loc Msc Acc Pl N Msc Acc Pl
them were carrying to the donkeys
They carried them on the donkeys.
1.7. The Definite article as locative in context
Tsakonic tse ' ta '
'
rd A, 38 Conj 3 Pl Imperf Def. Art. N Fem Acc
potsunu Loc Fem Acc Sg
Sg
and were carrying to the house
and they carried them to the house
50 Styliani Georgiadou
1.8. The Definite article as locative in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ζa tho '
'zame
st Δ, 8 1 Pl Fut egu Def. Art. Loc NTR Acc Sg N NTR Acc Sg
will go to the Dervenion
We will go to Dervenion.
4.2.2. Morphological Observations in Nouns
1. Masculine nouns with the following suffixes {- α} a, { - ε} e, {-ε} i and {o}
o. As was mentioned in the Phonology section, the suffix {-e} was initially
{-o} occurs before vowels or the letters [z, s, l, r, n, t].
Note. In the following tables all the non bold items are declined according to Kostakis
(1951).
Category a. Masculine nouns Sg {- α} a and Pl {-oη} i.
Table 2.1.1. Declension of the noun [o ko'leγa] „friend‟
ν θνιιέγα/o koleγa
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. ' o 'filos i' i 'fili
51 Styliani Georgiadou
Gen. ' tu 'filu ' ton 'filon
Acc. ' to 'filo ti' tus 'filus
Voc. ' 'file ' 'fili (B, 20)
Masculine nouns of this type which end in {-α} a have also one identical suffix for the singular {-α} a and one for the plural {-νη} i. The word „θνιιέγα‟
[' is a loanword from the Latin word „collegium‟ which means fellowship in
English and it is often used in the Tsakonic language as a friendly greeting. Other nouns declined in this way found in the recordings are αξρόληνη ([', lords, H line 11) and εξγάηα (['worker, Ι line 7).
Table 2.1.2. Data of this category of nouns in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic mi se 'kovai i '
st rd H, 11 1 Sg OPN 3 Pl Def. N Msc
PN PST Art. Msc Nom Pl
IndObj kofu Nom Pl
Me them cut the lords
The lords cut them off me.
Category b. Masculine nouns Sg {- α} a and Pl {-ε} e.
Table 2.1.3. Declension of the noun [o 'pua] (Sg) „foot‟.
o 'pua
52 Styliani Georgiadou
Singular
Tsakonic Ancient Greek Standard Greek
Nom. o 'pua o 'pus '
Gen. tu 'pua ' '
Dat. - ' -
Acc. ton 'pua ' '
Voc. 'pua (o) pus '
Table 2.1.4. Declension of the noun [o 'pua] (Pl) „foot‟
o 'pua Plural Tsakonic Ancient Greek Standard Greek
Nom. i 'pue ' '
Gen. - ' '
Dat. - tis po'si/ po'sin -
Acc. tu 'pue ' '
(Α, 25)
Voc. 'pue (ὦ) πόδεο '
(o) poδes
53 Styliani Georgiadou
This category of masculine nouns which end in {-α} a have one suffix for the singular {-α} a in the nominative, genitive and accusative case and one for the plural
{-ε} e in the nominative and in the accusative case (Kostakis, 1951). According to
Oikonomou (1971), in this particular case, the noun "πνύα" (['pua]; i.e. leg) comes from the ancient Greek word "o πνύο" [o 'pus] which is also masculine while in standard Greek, as stated by Triantafilidis (2009), is found as neutral "ην πόδη"
['].
Table 2.1.5. The noun ['pua] in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic i 'pue mi 'ii ko'fti
st rd H, 9 Def. Art. N Msc Nom Pl 1 Sg 3 Pl Pr Adj Msc
Msc Nom PN Poss emi Nom Pl
Pl
the feet my are cut
My feet are cut
Category c. Masculine nouns Sg {- α} a and Pl { δ-ε} .
Table 2.1.6. Declension of the noun [o pa'pa] „priest‟.
ν παπά /o papa
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. o pa'pa o pa'pas ' '
(D, 2) Gen. tu pa'pa tu pa'pa ' ton '
54 Styliani Georgiadou
Acc. ton pa'pa ton pa'pa ' '
Voc. pa'pa pa'pa ' '
This category of masculine nouns have two suffixes – one for singular {-α} a and one for plural {-ε} e as well. The difference from nouns like πνύα (['pua], Table
2.1.1) is found in the plural, where the stem remains as it is and the formative is added {-δε} e. This also applies to standard Greek as it is illustrated on the Τable
2.1.6.
Table 2.1.7. The noun [o pa'pa] in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ' pa'pa ton te're
st D, 2 1 Sg Pr N Msc Nom Sg Def. Art. N Msc
emi Msc Loc Acc Acc Sg
Sg
am priest to the Tyros
I am a priest in Tyros.
Category d. Masculine nouns Sg {ε} e and Pl {oπ} u.
Table 2.1.8. Declension of the noun [o 'pone] „pain‟. Transformation of the suffix {oρ} os into {ε} e. o 'pone
Singular Plural
55 Styliani Georgiadou
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. o 'pone o 'ponos i 'ponu i 'poni
(B, 8)
Gen. tu 'ponu tu 'ponu tu 'ponu ton 'ponon
Acc. ton 'pone tom 'bono tu 'ponu tus 'ponus
Voc. 'pone 'pone 'ponu 'poni
The masculine nouns which end in {-ε} e have two suffixes in the singular, one for the nominative and accusative case {-ε} e and another one for the genitive
{-νπ} u. In the plural they have the suffix {-νπ} u in both the nominative and the accusative case. Many nouns are formed in this way and correspond to the standard
Greek nouns, which end in the suffix {-νο} os (Kostakis, 1951). In the Tsakonic dialect the standard Greek suffix {-νο} os is mainly turned into {-ε} e. Such nouns have been detected in this research, some of which are „ρξόλε‟ (['xrone], year; C, 4),
„όλε‟ (one/ donkey; A, 20), „κνύζηε‟ (['muste], „thick grape fruit juice‟, A, 42).
Table 2.1.9. Data of nouns of this category in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ζa 'naru ton 'one
st G, 16 1 Sg Pr Def. Art. N Msc
ariku Msc Acc Sg Acc Sg
will take the donkey
I will take the donkey
56 Styliani Georgiadou
Category e. Masculine nouns Sg {-ε} i Pl {-δ formative -ε} e
Table 2.1.10. Declension of the noun [o a'fei] „lord‟
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. ' o a'fedis i ' i a'fedes & ' (B, 3) Gen. ' tu a'fedi tu ' ton afe'don & afe'daon (C, 7)
Acc. ' ton a'fedi ' tus a'fedes & '
Voc. ' a'fedi ' a'fedes & ' (D, 18)
Masculine nouns of this category have two suffixes – one for singular {-ε} i and one for plural {-δε} δe. It is indicated that in the plural the stem is not affected and the formative δ [δ] is added before the suffix {-ε} e . The noun in standard Greek has two types in the plural, the second of which is similar to Tsakonic.
Table 2.1.11. The noun o afegi in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic o ' mi epe'natse
st rd C, 4 Def. Art. N Msc Nom Sg 1 Sg 3 Sg
Msc Nom Sg PN Poss PST
penaku
the lord my died
57 Styliani Georgiadou
My lord [here:] father died.
Category f. Masculine nouns Sg {-o} o Pl {-νη} i
Table 2.1.12. Declension of the noun [o '] „harvest‟
'
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. ' o ' ' i 'triγi
Gen. ' ' ' ton 'triγon
Acc. ' ' ' tus 'triγus
(A, 4) Voc. - ' ' 'triγi
Based on the findings of this research the nouns that fall into this category are mostly the ones, which in standard Greek end in {– νο } os and have not turned their suffix into {– ε } e. They have two suffixes in the singular; {–o} o in the nominative and the accusative case and {-νπ} u in the genitive case and a suffix in the plural in both the nominative and the accusative case {-νπ} u.
Table 2.1.13. Data of this category of nouns found in the recordings.
Tsakonic 'tasu ta so'xa to 'gabo
H, 1 Adv Def. Art. N Fem Gen Def. N Msc
58 Styliani Georgiadou
Fem Gen Sg Sg Art. Msc Acc Sg
Acc Sg
In the Soha the plain
In the plain of Soha
Category g. Irregular masculine nouns Sg {-π} i Pl {-λε} –ne.
Table 2.1.14. Declension of the noun [o '] „brother‟ o '
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. ' ' '
Gen. tu ' tu ' ton 'on
Acc. ton ' ' '
(B, 12)
Voc. ' ' '
The case of the noun [ai'ζi], ατζύ is unique in the Tsakonic dialect (Kostakis,
1933). This is the case because it forms the plural with the suffix {-λε} ne. The standard Greek noun [' (αδεξθόο) is formed completely different, as it belongs to the category of masculine nouns which end in {-oο}.os.
Table 2.1.15. Τhe noun o aiθi in context found in the recordings.
59 Styliani Georgiadou
Tsakonic apo'likae ton ai'ζi mi
rd st Β, 12 3 Sg Def. Art. N Msc Acc 1 Sg
PST Msc Acc Sg Sg PN Poss
apoliu
Sent the brother my
She sent my brother
2. Feminine nouns with the following suffixes {-α} a, {ία} 'ia and {-ε} i.
Category a. Feminine nouns Sg {-α} a and Pl {-ε} e.
Table 2.2.1. Declension of the noun ['γrusa] „language‟.
'
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. ' ' i ' '
(D line 10) Gen. ' ' ' '
Acc. ' ' ' ' (D line 9)
Voc. ' ' ' '
This category of feminine nouns has the suffix {-α} a in the singular and the suffix {-ε} e in the plural. In the recordings the noun ηδέα ['„house‟ (A line 38) was found and it belongs to the same category as γrusa.
60 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 2.2.2. The noun γrusa „language‟ in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic a 'rusa 'namu 'ei ' '
st rd D, 10 Def. Art. N Fem Nom Sg 1 PN Pl 3 Sg Adj Fem Adj Fem
Fem Nom Sg Poss Pr V Nom Sg Nom Sg
emi
the language our is ancient Doric
Our language is ancient Doric.
Table 2.2.3. The noun ['dzea]„house‟ in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic '' ta ' me tur a'khu
rd A, 38 OPN 3 Pl Imperf Def. N Fem Prep Def. N Msc Art. potsunu Loc Fem Acc Sg Art. Acc Pl Acc Sg Msc Acc
Pl
it were carrying to the house with the sacs
They carried it to the houses with sacs.
Category b. Feminine nouns Sg {-ία} 'ia and Pl {-ίε} 'ie.
Table 2.2.4. Declension of the noun miro'δia „smell‟.
'
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek
61 Styliani Georgiadou
Nom. ' ' ' '
(Α, 44)
Gen. ' ' ' '
Acc. ' ' ' '
Voc. ' ' ' '
Nouns which end in {–ία} 'ia found in the recordings belong to this category
(e.g. δνπιεία [' work, C line 6; πνξεία [po'ria] way, G line 11). In fact, according to Kostakis (1951) there are only a few feminine nouns to have other suffixes, which were not spotted in the recordings. This type of nouns have the suffix
{–ία} 'ia in all the singular cases and the suffix {ίε} 'ie in all the plural cases.
Table 2.2.5. Data of this category of feminine nouns found in the recordings.
Tsakonic on 'exa po'ria
rd G, 11 Neg 3 N Fem Acc Sg
Sg Pr
ehu
don‟t road, way
have
There is no road.
62 Styliani Georgiadou
Category c. Feminine noun Sg {-ε} i and Pl {εξ-ε} ere.
Table 2.2.6. Declension of the noun [sati] „daughter‟
α ζάηε/a sati
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. a 'sati ' i sa'tere '
Gen. ta sate'ri ' tu sa'tere '
Acc. ta sati ' ti sa'tere '
(I line 10) (B line 25)
Voc. 'sati ' sa'tere '
Table 2.2.7. Declension of the noun ['mati] „mother‟ a 'mati
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. a 'mati i mi'tera i ma'tere i mi'teres
(B,5)
Gen. ta mate'ri tis mi'teras tu ma'tere ton mi'teron
Acc. ta mati ti mi'tera ti ma'tere tis mi'teres (B,10)
63 Styliani Georgiadou
Voc. 'mati mi'tera ma'tere mi'teres
The noun ['mati] (κάηε, mother) has two suffixes in the plural: the suffix {-ε} i in the nominative and the accusative case and the unusual suffix {-ξη} ri in the genitive, which is stressed. Kostakis (1951) has stated that this suffix is the result of some morphological process in ancient Greek during which the suffix {-ε} e turned to
{-η} i. The noun ['sati] (ζάηε, daughter), which was found in the recordings (K line 3,
B line 25) is declined in the same way as presented in Table 2.2.6 above.
Table 2.2.8. Data of this category of nouns found in the recordings.
Tsakonic tan 'sati s e
pa'trea
rd rd M, 2 Def. Art. N Fem Acc Sg 3 Pl PN 3 Sg
Fem Acc Sg Poss Pr
patregu
the daughter her marries
She marries her daughter.
Table 2.2.9. The noun ['sati] „daughter‟ in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic tu sa'tere u'dei ' si
rd rd B, 25 Def. Art. N Fem Acc Pl Neg 3 3 Pl OPN Pl
Fem Acc Pl Pl Aux Imperf
V emi ζeu
64 Styliani Georgiadou
the daughters were not wanting them
They did not want the daughters.
3. Neutral nouns with the following suffixes {-η} i, {-α} a and {-ε} e.
Category a. Neutral nouns Sg {-η} i and Pl {-ία} 'ia
Table 2.3.1. Declension of the noun [to tse'li] „cell‟. to tse'li
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. to tse'li to ce'li ta tse'lia ta ce'a
Gen. tu tse'u tu ce'u tu tse'lia ton ce'on
Acc. to tse'li to ce'li ta tse'lia ta ce'a (F, 5)
Voc. tse'li ce'li tse'lia ce'a
This type of nouns also includes two different suffixes in the singular {–η} i in the nominative and the accusative case and {–ίνπ} 'iu in the genitive case) and a suffix for the plural {-ία} 'ia. In the plural they only form the nominative case. Based on the
Table 2.8.1, it is illustrated that the Tsakonic suffixes are identical to standard Greek ones, but not the stress, as it has been explained in Rule 5 of the Phonological section.
Table 2.3.2. Data of this category of neutral nouns in context found in the recordings.
65 Styliani Georgiadou
Tsakonic e'bika 'tsia kab'zia
ep'iisa
st I, 9 1 Sg Num N NTR
PST 'piu Acc Pl
< pi'o
πνηῶ
made three children
I had three children
Category b. Neutral nouns Sg {-α} a and Pl {αη-α} ata
Table 2.3.3. Declension of the noun [to 'puma] to 'puma
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. to 'puma to 'poma ta 'pumata ta 'pomata
Gen. tu pu'matu tu 'pomatos tu 'pumata ton po'maton
Acc. to 'puma to 'poma ta 'pumata ta 'pomata (A, 50)
Voc. 'puma 'poma 'pumata 'pomata
Neutral nouns which end with the suffix {–α} a have two different suffixes for the plural {-α} a for the nominative and accusative and {–νπ} u for the genitive). In
66 Styliani Georgiadou the plural the suffix is {–α} a. The underlying representation of such nouns end in η
[t] and this becomes evident in the genitive of singular and in plural, where we see that the stem is actually pumat-/ πνπκάη- and so is in standard Greek. Such an example from the recordings is the noun [e're] „ραηξέθηζκα‟ (Pl ['
ραηξεθίζκαηα; E, 3).
Table 2.3.4. Data of this category of neutral nouns in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic n a'lite '
nd E, 3 Conj 2 Pl N NTR Acc Pl
Subjunt V
la'lu <
la'lo
to say greetings
Send greetings
Category c. Neutral nouns Sg {-ε} e and Pl {-α} a
Table 2.3.5. Declension of the neutral noun [to pru'ate] „sheep‟ to 'pruate
Singular Plural
Tsakonic Standard Tsakonic Standard Greek Greek Nom. to 'pruate to 'provato ta 'pruata ta 'provata
Gen. tu 'pruatu tu 'provatu tu 'pruata ton 'provaton & pru'atu & pro'vatu & pro'vaton
67 Styliani Georgiadou
Acc. to 'pruate to 'provato ta 'pruata ta 'provata
(B, 4) Voc. 'pruate 'provato - 'provata
Neutral nouns which end in {–ε} e also have two different suffixes in the singular {–ε} e in the nominative and the accusative case and {–νπ} u in the genitive case) and a suffix for the plural {-α} a. It should be mentioned that they form two types in the genitive of singular with respect to standard Greek.
Table 2.3.6. The noun [pruate] in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic o ' mi 'eci 'pruata
fi'atu
st rd B, 3 Def. Art. N Msc Nom Sg 1 Sg 3 Sg N NTR
Msc Nom Sg PN Poss Imperf Acc Pl
fiatu
the lord my was sheep
guarding
My lord (father) guarded sheep.
4.2.3. Morphological Observations in Adjectives
1. Adjectives with suffixes {-έ} /'e/, {ά} /'a/, {-έ} /'e/
Table 3.1.1. Declension of the adjective [m'ite, mi'ta, mi'te] mi'te, mi'ta, mi'te
68 Styliani Georgiadou
Singular
Masculine Feminine Neutral
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. mi'te mi'kros mi'ta mi'kri mi'te mi'kro
Gen. mi'tu mi'kru mi'ta mi'kris mi'tu mi'kru
Acc. mi'te mi'kro mi'ta mi'kri mi'te mi'kro
(F, 3; F,6)
Voc. mi'te mi'kre mi'ta mi'kri mi'te mi'kro
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neutral
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. mi'ti & mi'kri mi'ti & mi'kres mi'ta mi'kra
mi'tu mi'tu
Gen. mi'ti & mi'kron mi'ti & mi'kron mi'ta mi'kron
mi'tu mi'tu
Acc. mi'ti & mi'krus mi'ti & mi'kres mi'ta mi'kra
mi'tu mi'tu (Α, 8; Α,
15)
Voc. mi'ti & mi'kri mi'ti & mi'kres mi'ta mi'kra
mi'tu mi'tu
Masculine and neutral adjectives which end in {-ε} /e/ have the same suffixes in singular. Both form the nominative and the accusative case with the suffix {-ε} /e/ and the genitive case with the suffix {-νπ} /u/. The genitive suffix {-νπ} /u/ is the
69 Styliani Georgiadou same in standard Greek. The feminine adjective has only the suffix {-α} /a/ in all the cases of singular. None of the three genders have vocative types.
The masculine and the feminine form two types ({-νη} /i/, {-νπ} /u/ and {-νη}
/i/, {-ε} /e/ respectively) in the nominative and the accusative case, which are same in both cases. The suffix of the first type of the masculine {-νη} i and of the second type of the feminine {-ε} e are the same as standard Greek. The neutral has the suffix {–α}
/a/ in both nominative and accusative case and it is the same as standard Greek. The adjective [' „αηζέ‟ (big) which was found throughout the research (αηζέ [',
A line 6; αηζνί, [', Α line 17) is declined in the same way.
Table 3.1.2. Adjectives of this category in contex found in the recordings.
Tsakonic 'katsi ' '
A, 6 3rd Pl PN Adj Fem N Fem Acc
Imperf Acc Pl Pl
potsunu
were some big baskets
loading
They loaded some big baskets.
2. Adjectives with suffixes {-έ} 'e, {-ά} 'a, {-νύ} 'u
Table 3.2.1. Declension of the adjective [pre'e, , pre'u]
'''
Singular
70 Styliani Georgiadou
Masculine Feminine Neutral
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. ' po'lis ' po'li ' po'li
Gen. ' po'li & ' po'lis ' po'li &
po'lu po'lu
Acc. ' po'li ' po'li ' po'li
(C, 13) (A, 57)
Voc. ' po'li ' po'li ' po'li
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neutral
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. '& po'li '& po'les ' po'la
' '
Gen. '& po'lon '& po'lon ' po'lon
' '
Acc. '& po'lus '& po'les ' po'la
' ' (G, 29)
(C, 4) (J, 1)
Voc. '& po'li '& po'les ' po'la
' '
All three genders of this adjective type in Tsakonic have a suffix same in all cases in singular and another suffix same in all cases in plural. The masculine suffixes
71 Styliani Georgiadou are {-έ} e and {-νί} i in singular and plural respectively. The plural suffix {-νί} i is the same as in standard Greek.
The feminine suffix in singular is {ά} 'a while in plural it forms two types in both the nominative and the accusative case. The first one has the suffix {ε} e which is similar to the one in standard Greek {-εο} without the final /s/, which is common in the Tsakonic dialect, as it has been stated before. The second type is identical to the masculine type in plural with the suffix {i} (-νί).
The neutral suffixes are {-νύ} 'u and {-ά} 'a in singular and plural respectively. The Tsakonic plural suffix {ά} 'a is the same as in standard Greek.
Table 3.2.2. Adjectives of this category in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ' kra'si
rd A, 56 3 Pl Adj NTR Acc N NTR
Imperf Sg Acc Sg
kinu
were a lot of wine
drinking
They used to drink a lot of wine.
4.2.4. Morphological Observations in Pronouns
The Tsakonic dialect Pronouns reveal peculiarities in the types and forms they exhibit. In the following tables only the bold items were found were found in the recordings. The non-bold items are taken from Kostakis‟ Grammar (1951). Some types do not exist and neither found in the recordings.
72 Styliani Georgiadou
1. Personal pronouns
Table 4.1.1. Declension of the 1st Pers PN
First Person e'zu Singular Plural Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. e'zu (Β, 1; C, 5) ' e'mi/ e'mu e'mis
Gen. se'miu/ 'miu/ se'mi e'mena e'mi/ e'mu e'mas
Acc. e'miu/ e'mi/ 'miu e'mena e'munane/ se'munane e'mas (Ρ, 32)
Voc. does not exist
Table 4.1.2. Declension of the weak forms of the 1st Pers PN
First Person e'zu: Weak forms Singular Plural Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. - - - -
Gen. mi/m (Β, 3; Β, 5) mu 'namu/ 'nam (D, 18) mas
Acc. mi/m (C, 1) me 'namu/ 'nam (D, 26) mas
Voc. - - - -
Table 4.1.3. Declension of the 2nd Pers PN
Second person e'cu Singular Plural Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
73 Styliani Georgiadou
Nom. e'cu (Ρ, 31) e'si e'mu e'sis
Gen. - e'sena - e'sas
Acc. e'tiu/ e'ti/ se'tiu/ e'sena e'mu/ se'mu e'sas se'ti Voc. - e'si - e'sis
Table 4.1.4. Declension of the weak forms of the 2nd Pers PNs
Second Person e'cu: Weak forms Singular Plural Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. - - - -
Gen. di/d (D, 20) su 'nimu/ 'nim ζαο
Acc. di/di (F, 22) se 'nimu/ 'nim ζαο
Voc. - - - -
Table 4.1.5. Declension of the 3rd Pers PN
Third Person: Weak forms Singular Plural Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
Nom. - ti/ to - tes/ ta
Gen. ni/ n tu/ tis/ si/ s tus/ tus/ tu tus Acc. ni/ n (Β, 8) ton/ tin/ si/ s tus/ tes/ to tis/ ta Voc. - -
74 Styliani Georgiadou
The standard Greek personal pronouns are different from the Tsakonic ones as it can be shown in the tables above (Triantafillidis, 2000). The plural of the first person pronoun is also used to refer to the second person pronoun, which is not the case in standard Greek.
2. Possessive Pronouns
In the Tsakonic dialect possession is expressed through the genitive case of the weak forms of the personal pronouns (Kostakis, 1951). The pronoun ' „δηθό
κνπ/ my‟ is also found as in standard Greek ' „δηθόο κνπ/ my‟.
Data found in the recordings
Tables 4.2.1- 4.2.7 PNs in context found in the recordings.
Table 4.2.1. 1st Sg Pers PN in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic e'zu e'nama ta '
st Β, 1 Pers PN 1 Sg PST Def. Art. N Fem
st 1 Sg naζu Loc Fem Acc Acc Sg
Sg
I became to the Vaskina
I was born in Vaskina.
Table 4.2.2.Object PN in context. 2nd Sg PN as an object to the verb [a'liu]„tell‟.
Tsakonic ' d a'liu 'xare mi
nd st F, 22 Conj OPN 2 1 Sg N Msc PN
st Sg Fut au/ Voc Sg Poss 1
75 Styliani Georgiadou
lalu Sg
When you will tell Death my
When I tell you, my Death
Table 4.2.3. Object PN in context. 3rd Pl PN as an object to the verb petse „said‟.
Tsakonic to ' si ' 'petse
rd rd H, 5 Def. Art. N NTR OPN 3 3 Sg Pr
NTR Nom Nom Sg Pl au/ lalu
Sg
the horse them tells
The horse tells them.
Table 4.2.4. Object PN in context. 3rd Sg PN as an object to the verb [' „catch‟.
Tsakonic 'orpa ' i 'ponu
rd rd B, 8 Adv Loc OPN 3 3 Pl Def. N Msc
Sg PST Art. Msc Nom Pl
kianu Nom Pl
There her caught the aches
The aches caught her there (She went into labor there).
Table 4.2.5. Possessive PN in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic a 'mati mi 'eci a'pokale
76 Styliani Georgiadou
rd B, 5 Def. Art. N Fem Nom Sg PN Poss 3 Sg N Fem Nom
st Fem Nom Sg 1 Sg PST Sg
emi
The mother my was pregnant
My mother was pregnant.
Table 4.2.6. Possessive PN in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic a ' 'namu ' ' '
rd D, 10 Def. N Fem Nom PN 3 Sg Adj Fem Adj
st Art. Sg Poss 1 Pr emi Nom Sg Fem Nom
Fem Nom Pl Sg
Sg
The language our is ancient Doric
Our language is ancient Doric.
Table 4.2.7 Possessive PN in context found in the recordings.
Tsakonic ta di '
L, 4 Def. Art. Num PN Poss N NTR
nd Loc NTR 2 Sg Acc Pl
Nom Pl
To the two your cheeks
On your two cheeks
77 Styliani Georgiadou
4.2.5. Morphological Observations in Verbs
1. Present tense
Table 5.1.1. Conjugation of the Aux V ['emi] and the ancient Greek εἰμί ‘I am’ in present according to Kostakis (1951).
Present emi/ έκη
Tsakonic Ancient Greek Standard Greek
Affirmative Negative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative
1st Sg 'emi 'omi (νὐθ) εἰκί 'ime
uk imi
2nd Sg 'esi 'osi (νὐθ) εἶ 'ise
uk i
3rd Sg 'ei 'oi (νὐθ) ἐζηί 'ine
uk esti
1st Pl 'eme 'ome (νὐθ) ἐζκέλ 'imaste
uk esmen
2nd Pl 'ete 'ote (νὐθ) ἐζηέ 'iste
uk este
3rd Pl 'ii 'uni (νὐθ) εἰζί(λ) 'ine
uk isi(n)
78 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 5.1.2. Conjugation of the V ['vanu] in present
Present 'vanu
Tsakonic Standard Greek
Masculine Feminine Neutral
1st Sg 'emi 'vanu 'emi 'vana 'emi 'vada 'vazo
2nd Sg 'esi 'vanu 'esi 'vana 'esi 'vada 'vazis
3rd Sg 'ei 'vanu 'ei 'vana 'ei 'vada 'vazi
1st Pl 'eme 'vade 'eme 'vade 'eme 'vada 'vazume
2nd Pl 'ete 'vade 'ete 'vade 'ete 'vada 'vazete
3rd Pl 'ii 'vade 'ii 'vade 'ii 'vada 'vazun
79 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 5.1.3. Conjugation of the V [o'ru] in present
Present [o'ru]
Tsakonic Standard Greek
Masculine Feminine Neutral
1st Sg 'emi o'ru 'emi o'rua 'emi o'ruda 'vlepo
2nd Sg 'esi o'ru 'esi o'rua 'esi o'ruda 'vlepis
3rd Sg 'ei o'ru 'ei o'rua 'ei o'ruda 'vlepi
1st Pl 'eme o'rude 'eme o'rude 'eme o'ruda 'vlepume
2nd Pl 'ete o'rude 'ete o'rude 'ete o'ruda 'vlepete
3rd Pl 'ii o'rude 'ii o'rude 'ii o'ruda 'vlepun
80 Styliani Georgiadou
2. Data of use of the present tense observed in the recordings.
Tables 5.2.1. – 5.2.3 Present tense in context found in the recordings.
Table 5.2.1.
Tsakonic 'emi a'po ta '
st C, 1 1 Sg Pr emi Prep Def. Art. Fem Acc Sg N Fem Acc Sg
Am from the Vaskina
I am from Vaskina.
Table 5.2.2.
Tsakonic '' 'mono me ta tsa'koika
st D, 5 1 Sg Pr Pass asholiu Adv Prep Def. Art. NTR Acc Pl N NTR Acc Pl
am involved only with the Tsakonic
I am only involved eith Tsakonic.
Table 5.2.3.
Tsakonic tse to ' si '
rd rd Η, 5 Conj Def. Art. NTR Nom Sg N NTR Nom Sg 3 Pl OPN 3 Sg Pr lalu/ au
And the horse him tells
And the horse tells him.
3. Imperfective
81 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 5.3.1. Conjugation of the V ['emi] „I am‟ in imperfective aspect according to
Kostakis (1951).
Imperfective emi/ έκη
Tsakonic Ancient Greek Standard Greek
Affirmative Negative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative
1st Sg 'ema 'oma (νὐθ) ἦλ / ἦ 'ime
uk i/ in
2nd Sg 'esa 'osa (νὐθ) ἦζζα 'ise
uk 'isζa
3rd Sg 'eci 'oci (νὐθ) ἦλ 'ine
uk in
1st Pl 'emai 'omai (νὐθ) ἦκελ 'imaste
uk 'imen
2nd Pl 'etai 'otai (νὐθ) ἦηε 'iste
uk 'ite
3rd Pl 'ici 'uci (νὐθ) ἦζαλ 'ine
uk 'isan
Table 5.3.2. Conjugation of the V ['vanu] in the imperfective aspect.
Imperfective ['vanu]
Tsakonic Standard Greek
Masculine Feminine Neutral
82 Styliani Georgiadou
1st Sg 'ema 'vanu 'ema 'vana 'ema 'vada 'evaza
2nd Sg 'esa 'vanu 'esa 'vana 'esa 'vada 'evazes
3rd Sg 'eci 'vanu 'eci 'vana 'eci 'vada 'evaze
1st Pl 'emai 'vade 'emai 'vade 'emai 'vada 'vazame
2nd Pl 'etai 'vade 'etai 'vade 'etai 'vada 'vazate
3rd Pl 'ici vade 'ici 'vade 'ikci 'vada 'evazan
Table 5.3.3. Conjugation of the V [o'ru] in the imperfective aspect.
Imperfective [o'ru]
Tsakonic Standard Greek
Masculine Feminine Neutral
1st Sg 'ema o'ru 'ema o'rua 'ema o'ruda 'evlepa
2nd Sg 'esa o'ru 'esa o'rua 'esa o'ruda 'evlepes
3rd Sg 'eci o'ru 'eci o'rua 'eci o'ruda 'evlepe
1st Pl 'emai o'rude 'emai o'rude 'emai o'ruda 'vlepame
2nd Pl 'etai o'rude 'etai o'rude 'etai o'ruda 'vlepate
3rd Pl 'ici o'rude 'ici o'rude 'ici o'ruda 'evlepan
The Tsakonic auxiliary verb {έκη} ['emi] (I am) comes from the ancient Greek verb {εἰκί} [i'mi] (I am; Kostakis, 1951). In the recordings it has been observed that the present third person singular {έλη}['ei] is used as the first person singular {έκη}
['emi] by some speakers [''(έλη Νηράιη/ I am Michalis, D line 1). This
83 Styliani Georgiadou happens because there are differences among Tsakonic speakers according to the village they come from. Kostakis (1951) has specified that speakers from Leonidio tend to use {έλη} ['ei] instead of {έκη} ['emi]. It becomes evident from the tables above that in Tsakonic the negation is found within the verb {όκη} ['omi] and {όκα}
['oma] (I am not, I was not) while both in standard and in ancient Greek negation is indicated by the negator word ({δελ} [en] and {νπθ} [uk] respectively). As it is indicated by the negative form of the present and Imperfective 3rd person plural
{νύλη} ['ui] and {uki} ['uci], the verb {έκη} ['emi] is merged with the ancient negative particle {νὐθ} [uk].
The findings have confirmed that in the Tsakonic dialect the Present and
Imperfective tenses of all verbs, except for the verb {έκη} ['emi] (I am) are formed periphrastically with the suitable form of the verb {έκη} ['emi] and the addition of the past participle of the main verb as in the examples above. Furthermore, in the
Tsakonic dialect all persons, both in the singular and plural forms, are also divided into the three genders unlike in standard Greek where there is only one type for all genders as Triantafilidis (2009) has stated as well as in ancient Greek (Tzartzanos,
1967; Oikonomou, 1971:200). It has also been confirmed by the recording that the types {ήγθη} 'or {εγθέτ} ' are often used instead of the third person plural in the Imperfective {ήθη} ['ici], which may also happen due to the speakers‟ origin
([ήγθηα έγθνπληε, were going, A line 3; [ήγθετ
καδνύθνπληε, were gathering, A line 35).
4. Data of use of verbs in the imperfective aspect found in the recordings.
Table 5.4.1- 5.4.3. Imperfective aspect in context found in the recordings.
Table 5.4.1.
84 Styliani Georgiadou
Tsakonic '' 'etei tu 'topi
st N, 3 1 Sg Imper ζeu PN Acc Pl Def. Art. Msc Acc Pl N Msc Acc Pl
was wanting those the locations
I wanted (to see) those locations.
Table 5.4.2
Tsakonic o a'fei mi 'eci fi'atu 'pruata
st rd B, 3 Def. Art. Msc N Msc Nom 1 Sg PN 3 Sg Imperf N NTR Acc
Nom Sg Sg Poss fiatu Pl
The lord my was guarding sheep
My lord (father) used to guard sheep.
Table 5.4.3
Tsakonic i 'vue tse ta 'pruata ton ii'su ''
rd G, 13 Def. N Msc Conj Def. N NTR Def N Msc 3 Pl Imperf
Art. Nom Pl Art. Nom Pl Art. Acc Sg sonihu
Msc NTR Msc
Nom Pl Nom Pl Acc Sg
the oxen and the sheep the Jesus were warming
The oxen and the sheep were keeping Jesus warm.
85 Styliani Georgiadou
5. Future
Table 5.5.1. Conjugation of the V [o'ru], ['vanu] and the Aux V ['emi] in future
Future Simple Future Continuous Future
[o'ru] ['vanu] ['emi]
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S.Greek
1st Sg a o'rau ζa 'vanu ζa 'vazo ζa 'emi ζa 'ime
2nd Sg ζa o'rare ζa 'vanere ζa 'vazis ζa 'esi ζa 'ise
3rd Sg ζa o'rai ζa 'vani ζa 'vazi ζa 'ei ζa 'ine
1st Pl ζa o'rame ' ζa 'vanume ζa 'vazume ζa 'eme ζa
'imaste
2nd Pl ζa o'rate ' ζa 'vanete ζa 'vazete ζa 'ete ζa 'iste
3rd Pl ζa o'rane ' ζa 'vanoi ζa 'vazun ζa 'ii ζa 'ine
6. Data of use of verbs in the future found in the recordings.
Tables 5.6.1- 5.6.4. Future tense in context
Table 5.6.1
Tsakonic ta 'sidaxa ζa '
st E, 7 Def. Art. Fem Acc Sg N Fem Acc Sg 1 Pl FutSim fiu
the tomorrow morning will leave
We will leave tomorrow morning.
86 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 5.6.2
Tsakonic a padre'ftu vre 'mati mi
st st K, 1 1 Sg FutSim padregu Excl N Fem Voc Sg 1 Sg PN Poss
will get married hey mother my
Hey my dear mother, I will get married.
Table 5.6.3
Tsakonic a 'perare
L, 7 2nd Sg FutSim peraihu
will pass
You will pass.
Tables 5.6.4.
Tsakonic e'zu ζa ple'ru na tin ksi'kaksi
P, 15 1st Sg PN 1st Sg FutSim Conj 3rd Sg OPN 3rd Sg Subjunt
Nom pleruku Acc ksikazu
I will pay to her look
I will pay (him) to look at her.
87 Styliani Georgiadou
7. Simple Past
Table 5.7.1. Conjugation of the V ορού oru and βάνου vanu in past simple
Simple Past Simple Past
[o'ru] ['vanu]
Tsakonic S.Greek Tsakonic S. Greek
1st Sg o'raka ' eva'lika 'evala
2nd Sg o'races ' eva'litsere 'evales
3rd Sg o'race ' eva'litse 'evale
1st Pl o'rakame ' eva'likame 'valame
2nd Pl o'rakate ' eva'likate 'valate
3rd Pl o'rakane ' eva'likai & eva'likane 'evalan
The findings have confirmed that in Tsakonic the past simple tense is formed with the suffixes of the ancient Present Perfect tense which are: {-θα} [ka], {-θεο} [kes], {-
θε} [ke], {-θακε} [kame], {-θαηε} [kate], {-θαζη} [kasi]. It should also be mentioned that the verb {νξνύ} [o'ru] (see) comes from the ancient Greek verb {ὁξάσ- ὁξῶ}
[o'rao- o'ro] (see), which is different than the standard Greek verb {βιέπσ} ['vlepo]
(see).
8. Data in use of verbs in the Past Simpe Tense found in the recordings.
Tables 5.8.1- 5.8.4. PST in context found in the recordings.
Table 5.8.1.
88 Styliani Georgiadou
Tsakonic ts e'zatse s 'ena '
rd B, 7 Conj 3 Sg PST egu Prep Indef. Art. Msc Acc Sg N Msc Acc Sg
And went to a wedding
And she went to a wedding.
Table 5.8.2.
Tsakonic tse ero'tikai 'tote
B, 17 Conj 3rd Sg Ind. OPN 3rd Pl PST erotu Adv
And him asked then
And they asked him then.
Table 5.8.3.
Tsakonic ts e'aka tse ts o'raka
F, 23 OPN 1st Sg PST niu Conj OPN 1st Sg PST oru
What heard and what saw
What I heard and what I saw,
Table 5.8.4.
Tsakonic ekso'tudzere
P, 26 Part 3rd Sg OPN 2nd Sg PST skotunu
not it killed
You did not kill it.
89 Styliani Georgiadou
5. Discussion
Based on the evidence examined in the analysis section, it has become evident that Tsakonic speakers tend to shift from Tsakonic to Standard Greek. Regarding phonology, they have abandoned many linguistic features of the dialect, such as aspirated plosives and diphthongization, and maintained the ones that constitute a lexical rather than a phonological matter. Even depalatalization, which is still a well- established phenomenon in Tsakonic, was found to appear inconsistently. Code- switching occurred, due to the contact with Standard Greek. Concerning morphology, they have maintained the Tsakonic inflectional suffixes, which are very different from those of Standard Greek. However, overall the speakers used „simple‟ tenses which indicated that they were not well acquainted with more complex structures such as the passive voice or perfect tenses. In this chapter of the dissertation, I will attempt to present the factors that led Tsakonic people to abandon their dialect and shift to
Standard Greek along with ways to maintain the dialect.
Firstly, the fact that the Tsakonic dialect was preserved until the first half of the 20th century should be examined. Geographic isolation was the main factor in keeping the dialect unaffected. Mönkeberg (2018) argued that geographic isolation indicates two properties of languages: that they are affected by space and time and that their development depends on the accessibility of the community. Tsigkounis
(2013) stated that in the 7th century, Tsakones moved to mountainous regions in mount Parnon because of the Slavic invasion. Therefore, the geographic isolation in the mountain helped the dialect remain unaffected (Kostakis, 1951). Tsigkounis
(2013) specifically mentioned that the mountainous land of mount Parnon was
90 Styliani Georgiadou inaccessible until the first half of the 20th century, which means that transport was extremely difficult. Every family was self-sufficient and provided whatever they needed. Fedchenko (2012) reported that the main road to Leonidio was constructed in
1960, which explains the fact that until recently Tsakonic speakers were not influenced by Standard Greek. Moreover, she argued that the geographic isolation may have helped the speakers preserve their dialect, but it also led to morphological simplification during the 19th century. Anagnostopoulos also argued that the fact they were pagans until 8th- 9th century A.D. and that they did not wed to Christians helped them to keep the dialect genuine (1926, as cited in Kostakis, 1951).
However, the situation changed around the middle of the 20th century.
Tsakonic speakers came in contact with Standard Greek rapidly due to various reasons. First of all, urbanization and industrialization led people to move for economic reasons (Liosis, 2007). A lot of young people wanted to find jobs in bigger cities, so they moved and except for adapting to new social conditions, they had to adapt their language competence to Standard Greek. In addition, different economic circumstances made people change their occupations. The inhabitants of the villages we visited informed us that in the past most of them used to work as farmers, sailors and stockbreeders. Later, they understood the money they could earn from tourism was more, so they started touristic businesses. Tourism requires people to be able to communicate in many languages. Nowadays, in Tsakonia area there are standard tourist facilities and approachable beaches. Since there are standard ports as well,
Tsakones are also in trading. In addition, there are a lot of fishermen. Most of
Tsakonic people still work as farmers along with running their businesses. When
Dimmendaal talked about African languages, concluded that “processses of urbanization and standard industrialization these days further act as agents for the
91 Styliani Georgiadou diffusion of particular languages at the expense of others” (1989, 30 as cited in Liosis,
2007). It can be inferred that such a case was also the Tsakonic dialect. In order to get integrated in the general socioeconomic conditions in Greece, Tsakonic people started abandoning their dialect.
Another social factor that plays an important role in language change is education and literacy. Most Tsakonic speakers used to be illiterate in the beginning of the 20th century (Liosis, 2007). Vagenas (1971) reported the numbers of schools in
Tsakonia area, but Tsitsipis (1981) stated that most children did not use to go to school, since their families needed them to help with agricultural work. In the 60‟s, most students started attending school, but they were taught only in Standard Greek.
Liosis (2007) argued that the school curriculum aimed at the unanimous national education of all Greek students ignoring local dialects. He also added that school reinforced speakers‟ negative attitudes towards dialects. The native speakers of around sixty years old I contacted in the Tsakonic villages informed me that when they went to school, they were not allowed to use Tsakonic and if they did, they were harshly punished. This confirms the fact that school not only did not encourage the usage of the dialect but it also made children afraid and ashamed to use it.
Due to all the reasons above, it can be concluded that Tsakonic people shifted from Tsakonic to Standard Greek. According to Wurm‟s (1998) levels of danger introduced in the literature review (2.1.), Tsakonic should be categorized in the seriously endangered languages, since young people have stopped using it. In addition, it can be inferred that nowadays young people of Tsakonia communicate only via the dominant language and the Tsakonic community gradually is becoming monolingual. This is the final stage of abandoning a language as described by Crystal
(2000) in the literature review (2.1.).
92 Styliani Georgiadou
However, in the last few years the speakers‟ attitude towards their dialect has changed and become positive. The fact that the Tsakonic dialect originates from ancient Doric and the fact that it has interested numerous linguists makes its speakers feel proud of their dialect (Tzourtzoukli, 2015). Kisilier (2013) stated that Tsakonic has developed “survival mechanisms” throughout all these years, which indicates that it has potential to endure. Wurm (1998) suggested that in order to save an endangered language, educational programs should be organized, but most importantly speakers‟ social identity should be strengthened and the attitude towards their dialect should be positive. The speakers I contacted showed that they really appreciate their dialect and pointed out that they want to maintain it. The speakers also informed me that
Tsakonic people have been trying to save their language by organizing private weekly lessons of the Tsakonic dialect, taught by native speaker volunteers to young children.
93 Styliani Georgiadou
Conclusions
The Tsakonic dialect is significantly different from standard Greek, since it originates from the Doric dialect. Its Phonology, Morphology and Lexis are based on
Doric. Regarding its phonology, it has great differences from standard Greek. In
Tsakonic many Doric elements still occur in Tsakonic phonology, the most characteristic of which are the use of the long Doric /a/ instead of /i/ in standard Greek
([a 'mati] the mother, Rec. B, line 3) and the long Doric /u/ instead of /o/ (['ura] time,
Rec F, line 1). However, only when they appear in inflectional suffixes, do these
Doric elements have phonological value. Otherwise, they are part of the Tsakonic lexicon. Due to the influence of standard Greek, Tsakonic speakers do not have the competence to utter the phonological oppositions systematically and as a result they mostly maintain the phonological rules and oppositions which are supported by the standard Greek phonological system.
In morphology, inflectional suffixes are different from those of standard
Greek. The formation of the past simple is with the use of the suffixes of the ancient
Greek present perfect‟s participle {–θόο}, {-θά}, {-θό} (αξρ. -θώο, -θπία, -θόο) kos, ka ko : νξάθα [o'raka] (I saw). I have confirmed with the present fieldwork research the following: With regard to inflectional morphology very few inflectional suffixes are used regarding the tense morphemes. Native speakers tend to use more “simple” tenses such as Present, Imperfective, Future simple and Past Simple which indicates that they do not have the competence to use more complex structures. This happens because of the language contact with standard Greek. The speakers nowadays use standard Greek in order to communicate and as a result they have abandoned the
Tsakonic dialect as a means to communicate. Another explanation is that especially
94 Styliani Georgiadou people younger than sixty years old who went to school, received education only in standard Greek, which might have led to be more competent in it than in Tsakonic.
What should be done in the future is a) enrich recordings of children, teenage and young adults‟ groups b) provide statistics with regard to people using Tsakonic as the only means of communication. In addition, acoustic analysis should be employed in order to have more consistent results.
Concluding, based on the analysis of the collected primary data as well as the thoroughly studied bibliography, I have come to realize that this dialect is on the verge of extinction. In other words, it is a seriously endangered dialect which needs to be preserved. The fact that the dialect consists of such rare morphophonological elements makes it unique. Its reach Ancient Greek (Doric) morphology creates the need for its maintenance. Therefore, apart from the theoretical approach, a practical one is needed. Indeed, attempts were made for the dialect to be introduced as a school subject in the High school of Tyros long time ago.
Finally, I must admit that the native speakers alone show a huge amount of interest in maintaining the dialect, as they organize weekly lessons in Tyros for young children to learn the dialect. Their attitude towards their dialect is very positive and this gives hope for the preservation of Tsakonic. In order to achieve in maintaining the dialect, they should continue teaching it to young children and the community should take action to promote Tsakonic (Kisilier, 2013).
95 Styliani Georgiadou
The Recorded Data
RECORDING A
Title: Narration on how the people of Tyros used to make wine
Place: Tyros, in a tavern.
Speaker: Antonis, 67
Occupation: Sailor
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Antonis 1 Σα ηέιε η‟ Απγνύζηνπ ήγθη ην ηέινο ηνπ Απγνύζηνπ καδνπρεκέλα ε νηθνγέλεηα καδεύνληαλ ε νηθνγέλεηα ηζαη ήγθηα έγθνπληε ηνπξ θαη πήγαηλαλ ζη‟ ακπέιε γηα ηζύγν. ακπέιηα γηα ηξύγν. 5 Γηα εξέρνπληε ηνπ ρξόλνπ Όηαλ έβξηζθαλ ηνλ ρξόλν ήγθη πνηζνύληε θάηζη αηζέ θόξησλαλ θάηη κεγάια θαιαζνύλε θαιάζηα ηζαη κηηζά θνζηλάηζα θαη κηθξά θνθηλάθηα ηζαη ήγθηα έγθνπληε ηνπξ θαη πήγαηλαλ ζη‟ 10 ακπέιε ακπέιηα ηζαη ήγθετ ηξαγνπδνύληε ηζ‟ θαη ηξαγνπδνύζαλ ζηνπο όλε ηζαη ήγθετ καδέρνπληε γατδάξνπο θαη κάδεπαλ ηα ηνπ βόηζνπ. ζηαθύιηα. Σζ‟ ήγθε βάληε ηάζνπ ζε Καη ηα έβαδαλ κέζα ζε 15 κηηζά θντζίληα κηθξά θνθίληα ηζαη ζ‟ ήγθετ αδεηάδνπληε θαη η‟ άδεηαδαλ κέζα ηάζ‟ ηνπξ αηζoί ηνπ θόθνπ. ζηα κεγάια θαιάζηα. Αθνύ ζ‟ εγθετ καδνύθνπληε Αθνύ ηα κάδεπαλ όα όινπ ηνπ βόηζνπ όια ηα ζηαθύιηα 20 ζ‟ εγθέτ πνηζνύληε ηνπξ όλνπ ηα θνπβαινύζαλ ζηνπο ή ηακάξηα ηζ‟ ήγθε έγθνπληε γατδάξνπο θαη ην Λελέ. πήγαηλαλ ζηα Λελνπάηηα. Όξπα ζ‟ ήγθετ δαιέρνπληε Δθεί ηα δηάιεγαλ
96 Styliani Georgiadou
ιηγάηδη ηζαη ζ‟ εγθετ ιηγάθη θαη ηα 25 παηνύληε κε ην πνύε. παηνύζαλ κε ηα πόδηα. Αθνύ ζ‟ ήγθετ παηνύληε θα Αθνύ ηα παηνύζαλ θαιά ηζαη ήγθε κπαέηληα όν ην θαη έβγαδαλ όιν ην δνπκί από ην βόηζε, ήγθετ δνπκί από ηα ζηαθύιηα είραλ έρνπληε κία κεραλή κηα πξέζα κηα κεραλή, κηα πξέζα 30 ηζαη ζ‟ ήγθηε βάληε ηάζνπ θαη ηα έβαδαλ κέζα ηζαη ζ‟ ήγθετ ζθίγγνπληαη θαη ηα έζθηγγαλ όξπα ην κεράλεκα ηζαη ήγθε εθεί ζην κεράλεκα θαη έβαδαλ βάληε όν ην δνπκί από όιν ην δνπκί από ην βόηζε. ηα ζηαθύιηα. 35 ‟ ήγθετ καδνύθνπληε ην Μάδεπαλ ην δνπκί ην κνύζηη, κνύζηη λη δνπκί, ην κνύζην, κνύζην ην ήγθετ ανύληε ηζαη ήγθε έιεγαλ θαη ηα θνπβαινύζαλ ζην πνηζνύληε ηα ηδέα κε ζπίηη ηνπο κε ηνπξ αθνύ. ηνπο αζθνύο. 40 Ήγθετ βάληε ην βαξέιη ηάζνπ Σν έβαδαλ κέζα ζην βαξέιη ηζαη έθε αξρηλίδνπληα ν θαη άξρηδε ν κνύζηε λα βξάδεη. κνύζηνο λα βξάδεη. Ήγθη κπάλνπ αθξέ ηζαη κία Έβγαδαλ αθξό θαη κηα κπξσδία. κπξσδηά. 45 Μεηά από ζαξάληα ακέξε ην Μεηά από ζαξάληα εκέξεο ην θξαζί έθε έηνηκν. θξαζί ήηαλ έηνηκν. Ήγθη βάληε ιηγάηζη ξεηζίλη Έβαδαλ ιηγάθη ξεηζίλη από πεύθν ηάζνπ λ‟ ήγθετ από πεύθν κέζα θαη ην πνπκνύληε, ήγθε βάληε ην ζθέπαδαλ, έβαδαλ ην 50 πνύκα από ηάζνπ ηα ληάλνπ ζθέπαζκα από κέζα, πάλσ από κεξία ηζαη ην θξαζί έθε θάζε κεξηά θαη ην θξαζί ήηαλ έηνηκν. έηνηκν. Κάζε ηδέα εθεπνία Κάζε ζπίηη έθηηαρλε ηξηαθόζηεο ηξαθόζηα νθάδε, νθάδεο, ηεηξαθόζηεο νθάδεο 55 ηεηξαθόζνη νθάδε θξαζί θξαζί γηα λα πεξαΐηζη ην ρξόλν γηα λα πεξλνύλ ην ρξόλν γηαηζί ήγθη εγθίληε πξεζνύ γηαηί έπηλαλ πνιύ θξαζί. θξαζί.
97 Styliani Georgiadou
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Antonis 1 '' Sto telos tu Avγustu ' mazevodan i ikoγenia ke piγenan st‟ abelia γia triγo. 5 Otan evriskan to hrono fortonan kati meγala kalaζia ke mikra kofinakia ke piγenan st‟ 10 abelia ke traγuδusan stus γaiδarus ke mazevan ta stafilia. Ke ta evazan mesa se 15 mikra kofinia ke t‟ aδiazan mesa sta meγala kalaζia Afu ta mazevan ola ta stafilia 20 ta kuvalusan stus γaiδarus ke piγenan sta Linopatia. Eki ta δialeγan liγatsi ke ta 25 patusan me ta poδia. Afu ta patusan kala ke evγazan olo to zumi apo ta stafilia, ihan mia mihani, mia presa 30 ke ta evazan mesa ke ta esfigan eki sto mihanima ki evazan olo to zumi apo ta stafilia. 35 Mazevan to zumi,to musto, musto to eleγan ke ta kuvalusan sto spiti tus me tus askus. 40 To evazan mesa sto vareli ke arhize o '' mustos na vrazi. Evγazan afro ke mia miroδia. 45 Meta apo sarada imeres to krasi itan etimo. Evazan liγaki retsini apo pefko mesa ke to
98 Styliani Georgiadou
skepazan, evazan to 50 skepasma apo mesa, pano apo kaζe meria ke to krasi itan etimo. Kaζe spiti eftiahne triakosies okaδes, 55 tetrakosies okaδes krasi γia na pernun to hrono γiati epinan poli krasi.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English translation Antonio 1 '' At the end of August s ' families gathered and went to the vineries to harvest. 5 When they found time, they loaded some big baskets and small hampers and they went to the 10 vineries. And they sang on the donkeys and they gathered the grapes. And they put them in small 15 hampers and they emptied them in the big baskets. After they gathered all the grapes, 20 they carried them on donkeys and they went to Linopatia. They selected them there a bit and they treaded on them 25 with their feet. After they treaded on them well and they pulled all the juice out of the grapes, they had a machine, a hand press and 30 they put them in and tightened them in the machine and pulled all the juice from the grapes. They gathered the juice, 35 the grape must, they called it grape must and they carried it
99 Styliani Georgiadou
to their home with sacs. They put it in a barrel 40 and the grape must started to boil. It foamed and '' smelled. After forty days, the 45 wine was ready. They put a bit of (pine) tar from a pine in it, they covered it, they put the coverings over 50 every side and the wine was ready. Every house made three hundred okas, four hundred okas of wine in order to have enough for the whole year, because they drank a lot of wine.
Annotated data of Recording A
Table 1. R.A. annotated data lines 1-55
Τable 1. Line 1-2.
Tsakonic i rd Def. N Def. N Msc Gen 3 Pl Imperf Pass Def. N Fem Nom Art. NTR Art. Sg mazuku Art. Sg NTR Nom Msc Fem Nom Pl Pl Gen Sg Nom Sg In the end of August were gathered the family (Loc) At the end of August families gathered together.
Table 2. Lines 3-4.
Tsakonic tse tur Conj 3rd Pl Imperf Def. Art. Loc Fem N Fem Acc Prep N Msc Acc egu Acc Pl Pl Sg and were going to the vineries for harvest and they went to the vineries to harvest (the grapes).
100 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 3. Lines 5-7.
Tsakonic tu Prep Part Msc Def. N Msc 3rd Pl Imperf PN Adj N Fem Acc Pl Acc Sg Art. Acc Sg potsunu Fem Acc Msc Pl Acc Sg For found the time were loading some big baskets When they found time, they loaded some big baskets.
Table 4. Lines 8-10
Tsakonic tse tur Conj Adj NTR N NTR Acc Pl Conj 3rd Pl Imperf Def. Art. N Fem Acc Acc Pl egu Loc Fem Pl Acc Pl and small hampers and went to the vineries and they went to the vineries
Table 5. Lines 11-13
Tsakonic tse ts tse tu Conj 3rd Pl Conj N Msc Conj 3rd Pl Imperf Def. N Msc Imperf Acc Pl mazuku Art. Acc Pl traγuδu Msc Acc Pl and sang to donk and were the grapes the eys gathering And they sang on the donkeys and they gathered the grapes.
Table 6. Lines 14-15
Tsakonic se Conj 3rd Pl Imperf vanu Adv Prep Adj NTR Acc Pl N NTR Acc Pl And were putting in to small hampers And they put them in small hampers
Table 7. Lines 16-17
Tsakonic tse s tas tur tu Conj OPN 3rd Pl Imperf Adv Def. Adj Def. N Fem aδiazu Art. Fem Art. Acc Pl Fem Acc Acc Pl Fem Acc
101 Styliani Georgiadou
Pl Pl And them were emptying in the big the baskets And they emptied them in the big baskets.
Table 8. Lines 18-19
Tsakonic s tu Conj OPN 3rd Pl Imperf Adj Adj Def. Art. N Msc mazuku NTR Acc Msc Acc Msc Acc Pl Acc Pl Pl Pl After them were gathering all all the grapes After they gathered all the grapes, Table 9. Lines 20-22
Tsakonic s tur ts to OPN 3rd Pl Imperf Def. N Msc Conj 3rd Pl Def. N potsunu Art. Acc Pl Imperf egu Art. Msc Loc Loc Acc Sg Msc Msc Acc Acc Pl Sg them were carrying to donkeys and were going to Lino the They carried them on donkeys and they went to Linopatia.
Table 10. Lines 23-24
Tsakonic s tse Adv Loc OPN 3rd Pl Imperf zalehu Adv Conj There them were selecting a bit and They selected them there a bit and
Table 11. Lines 24-25
Tsakonic s me to OPN 3rd Pl Imperf patu Prep Def. Art. Msc Acc Pl N Msc Acc Pl them were pressing with the feet they treaded on them with their feet
Table 12. Line 26
Tsakonic s Conj OPN 3rd Pl Imperf patu Adv After them were pressing well After they treaded on them well
102 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 13. Lines 27-28
Tsakonic ts oo to to Conj 3rd Pl Imperf Adj Def. N NTR Prep Def. N Msc bainu NTR Art. Acc Sg Art. Msc Acc Sg Acc Sg NTR Acc Acc Sg Sg And were pulling all the juice from the grape out And they pulled all the juice out of the grapes,
Table 14. Lines 28-29
Tsakonic tse 3rd Pl Imperf Art Fem Acc N Fem Acc Art Fem Acc N Fem Acc Conj ehu Sg Sg Sg Sg were having a machine a press and they had a machine, a hand press and
Table 15. Line 30
Tsakonic s tasu tse OPN 3rd Pl Imperf vanu Adv Conj Word for word them were putting in and translation Communicative they put them in and translation
Table 16. Lines 31-33
Tsakonic s to tse OPN 3rd Pl Adv Def. N NTR Acc Conj 3rd Pl Adj Imperf sfigu Art. Sg Imperf NTR Loc vanu Acc NTR Sg Acc Sg them were tighting there to machine and were all the putting tightened them in the machine and pulled all
Table 17. Lines 33- 34
Tsakonic to to Def. Art. NTR Acc Sg N NTR Acc Sg Prep Def. Art. Msc Acc Sg N Msc Acc Sg the juice from the grape the juice from the grapes.
103 Styliani Georgiadou
Table 18. Lines 35-36
Tsakonic s to to OPN 3rd Pl Imperf Def. Art. N NTR Def. Art. N Msc mazuku NTR Acc Sg Acc Sg Msc Acc Sg Acc Sg Them were gathering the juice the must They gathered the juice, the grape must,
Table 19. Lines 36-38
Tsakonic tse ta N Msc PN 3rd Pl Imperf Conj 3rd Pl Imperf Def. Art. Loc Acc Sg au potsunu Fem Acc Sg grape him were calling and were carrying to the must they called it grape must and they carried it to
Table 20. Lines 38-39
Tsakonic me tur N Fem Acc Sg Prep Def. Art. Msc Acc Pl N Msc Acc Pl home with the sacs their home with sacs.
Table 21. Line 40
Tsakonic to 3rd Pl Imperf vanu Def. Art. Loc NTR Acc Sg N NTR Acc Sg Adv Were putting to the barrel in They put it in a barrel
Table 22. Lines 41-42
Tsakonic tse o na rd rd Conj 3 Sg Imperf Def. Art. N Msc Conj 3 Sg arhinizu Msc Nom Sg Nom Sg Subjunt vrazu and was beginning the must to boil and the grape must started to boil.
Table 23. Lines 43-44
Tsakonic tse
104 Styliani Georgiadou
rd 3 Sg Imperf bainu N Msc Nom Sg Conj Art Fem Nom Sg N Fem Nom Sg was getting out foam and a smell It foamed and smelled.
Table 24. Lines 45-46
Tsakonic to rd Prep Prep Num N Fem Def. Art. N NTR 3 Sg Adj NTR Acc Pl NTR Nom Sg Nom Sg PST Nom Sg After from forty days the wine was ready After forty days, the wine was ready. Table 25. Lines 47-48
Tsakonic 3rd Pl Imperf vanu Adv N NTR Acc Sg Prep N NTR Acc Sg Adv were putting a bit tar from pine in They put a bit of pine tar in it,
Table 26. Line 49
Tsakonic OPN 3rd Pl Imperf pumu it were covering they covered it,
Table 27. Lines 49-50
Tsakonic to tan 3rd Pl Imperf Def. Art. NTR N NTR Acc Prep Adv Def. Art. Loc vanu Acc Sg Sg Fem Acc Sg were putting the covering from in to the they put the coverings over
Table 28. Lines 50-52
Tsakonic tse to rd PN N Fem Acc Conj Def. Art. NTR N NTR 3 Sg Adj NTR Sg Nom Sg Nom Sg PST Nom Sg every side and the wine was ready every side and the wine was ready.
Table 29. Lines 53-55
Tsakonic rd PN N Fem 3 Sg Num N Fem Num N Fem N NTR
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Nom Sg Imperf Acc Pl Acc Pl Acc Sg ekpiu Every house was three okas four okas wine making hundred hundred Every house made three hundred okas, four hundred okas wine
Table 30. Line 56
Tsakonic na to rd Prep Conj 3 Pl Subjunt peru Def. Art. Msc Acc Sg N Msc Acc Sg in order to pass the yeas in order to have enough for the whole year,
Table 31. Lines 57-58
Tsakonic rd Conj 3 Pl Imperf kinu Adj NTR Acc Sg N NTR Acc Sg because were drinking much wine because they drunk a lot of wine.
*2 The recordings that follow have not been annotated. Nevertheless, many expressions of the data of these recordings have been used extensively in my comments in the examples.
RECORDING B
Title: A story from the day he was born.
Place: Leonidio, in the Tsakonian Archive Meeting Centre
Speaker: Giorgos N., 79
Occupation: Farmer
Date: 14/11/2016
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Giorgos Δδνύ ελάκα ηα Δγώ έγηλα (γελλήζεθα) ζηε Βαζίλα. Βαζθίλα. Ο αθέγθε κη έθε θπάηνπ Ο παηέξαο κνπ θύιαγε πξνύαηα θαη ζθπλά. πξόβαηα θαη ζθπιηά. 5 Α κάηε κη έθε απόθαιε ζε Η κεηέξα κνπ ήηαλ έγθπνο ζε λίνπ κέλα ηζ‟ εδάηζε ζ έλα γάκν. θαη πήγε ζ‟ έλα γάκν. Όξπα λη εθηάθαε νη πόλνπ Δθεί ηελ έπηαζαλ νη πόλνη ηζαη κε ηα βνήζεηα λη ληα θαη κε ηε βνήζεηα κηαο 10 γξήα εμεγελλάηζε ηα κάηε κη γξηάο μεγέλλεζε ηε κεηέξα κνπ ηζ‟ εκπνίηζε ελίνπ. Απνιύθαε θη έθαλε εκέλα. Έζηεηιε ηνλ ατζύ κη λα ηζαη άληδε ηνλ αδεξθό κνπ λα πάξεη θξαζί, θξαζί γηαηζί ηόηε γηα ηα γηαηί ηόηε θακπδία π‟ ήγθετ γελλνύκελα, γηα ηα παηδηά πνπ γελληόληαλ, 15 ζ‟ ήγθετ θξίδνπληε κε θξαζί ηζνύγθξηδαλ κε θξαζί ηζαη άηζη. θαη αιάηη. Σζ‟ εδάηζε λ‟ άληδε ην θξαζί Καη πήγε λα πάξεη ην θξαζί ηζαη λη εξσηήθατ ηόηε «ηζ‟ θαη ηνλ ξώηεζαλ ηόηε «ηη εκπνίηζε α κάηε ηη βξε έθαλε ε κακά ζνπ βξε 20 θνιιέγα;» ζύληξνθε;» ζ‟ επέηζε «εκπνίηζε θακπδί». ηνπο είπε «έθαλε παηδί». Γηαηζί ηόηε εηήλε ηαλ επνρή Γηαηί ηόηε εθείλε ηελ επνρή ηνπ ζαηέξε… ηα ξζεληθά π‟ ηηο θόξεο… η‟ αξζεληθά πνπ ήγθε γελλνύκελα ζ΄ ήγθετ γελληόληαλ ηα έιεγαλ 25 ανύληε θακπδία. Σνπ ζαηέξε παηδηά. Σηο θόξεο δελ νύληετ ζέληε ζη, νύληε ανύληε ηηο ήζειαλ, δελ ηηο θώλαδαλ ζη θαζόινπ. θαζόινπ.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Giorgos Eγo eγina sti vaskina. O pateras mu filaγe provata ke skilia. 5 I mitera mu itan egios se mena ke piγe s‟ ena γamo. Eki tin epiasan i poni ke me ti voiζia mias 10 γrias kseγenise ti mitera mu ki ekane emena. Estile ton aδerfo mu na pari krasi, γiati tote γia ta peδia pu γeniodan,
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15 tsugrizan me krasi ke alati. Ke piγe na pari to krasi ke ton rotisan tote “ti ekane i mama su vre 20 ; sidrofe?” s tus ipe “ekane peδi”. γiati tote ekini tin epohi tis kores… t‟ arsenika pu γeniodan ta eleγan 25 peδia. Tis kores δen tis iζelan, δen tis eleγan kaζolu.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek translation Giorgos I was born in Vaskina. My father used to guard sheep and dogs. 5 My mother was pregnant in me and she went to a wedding. She went into labor there and with the help of an old woman, 10 she helped my mother give birth and she had me. She sent my brother to get some winebecause at that time they 15 celebrated the newborns by toasting with wine and salt. And he went to get the wine and they asked him then “what 20 ; did your mother have my friend?” s He tells them “she had a child”, because then at that era the daughters… the males who 25 were born were called children. The daughters were not wanted and called at all.
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RECORDING C
Title: Few words about his life and his job
Place: Leonidio, at the speaker‟s home and store
Speaker: Ilias, 60
Occupation: Carpenter
Date: 14/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Ilias Δλίνπ κη ελ‟ ανύληε Λία. Έκη Δκέλα κε ιέλε Ηιία. Δίκαη από ηα Βαζίλα. Έκη ηνπ από ηε Βαζθίλα. Δίκαη ηνπ Βαζίιε ηνπ Ληάκε θακπδί. Βαζίιε ηνπ Ληάκε παηδί. Δδώ ηζαη πξεζνί ρξόλνπ ν Δδώ θαη πνιιά ρξόληα ν 5 αθέγθε κη επελάηζε θη εδνύ παηέξαο κνπ πέζαλε θη εγώ κεηά εδάθαηζε λα πνίνπ ηα κεηά πήγα λα θάλσ ηε δνπιεία ηνπ αθέγθε κη. δνπιεηά ηνπ παηέξα κνπ. Δκπνηνύ… έλ‟ γηνπξίδνπ Έθαλα… γύξηδα καγθνύξε. Έλη έθνπληα ηα καγθνύξεο. Ψάρλσ ηα 10 δάζε ζ΄έλη πάλνπ, ζε θεξίθνπ δάζε από πάλσ, ηα θέξλσ σγί θαη ζη θθηάλνπ εδνύ ηνπ εδώ θαη ηηο θηηάρλσ εγώ ηηο καγθνύξε . Μία καγθνύξα καγθνύξεο. Μηα καγθνύξα ζέα πξεζά δνπιεία γηα λα ζέιεη πνιιή δνπιεηά, γηα λα θύεη. Όλη ηόζν εύθνια, θύγεη. Γελ είλαη ηόζν εύθνιε, 15 εζέα δνπιεία. Σζαη εδνύ ληε ζέιεη δνπιεηά. Κη εγώ θθηάλνπληε ηνπ καγθνύξε θηηάρλσ ηηο καγθνύξεο θαη ηζαη ζ‟ λ‟ έρνπξε ράκνπ ηζαη ηηο έρσ εδώ θάησ θαη ζε δίνπ ηνπ γεξνληάθεδε νη ηηο δίλσ ζηα γεξνληάθηα, νη νπνίνη όλη πνξνύληε λα νπνίνη δελ κπνξνύλ λα ζηαζνύλ 20 ζαρήζνη ηζη „λη έρνπληε ηα θη έρνπλ ηε καγθνύξα γηα λα θνπγθίρνπτ καγθνύξα γηα λα αθνπκπνύλ νη παππνύιεδε. νη παππνύιεδεο.
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek Translation Ilias Emena me lene ilia. Ime apo ti vaskina. Ime tu vasili tu liami peδi. Eδo ke polla hronia o pateras mu 5 peζane ki eγo meta piγa na kano ti δulia tu patera mu. Ekana…γiriza magures. Psaxno ta 10 δasi apo pano, ta ferno eδo ke tis ftiahno eγo tis magures. Mia magura ζeli poli δulia γia na fiγi. Γen ine toso efkoli, 15 ζeli δulia. Ki eγo ftiahno tis magures ke tis eho eδo kato ke tis δino sta γerodakia, i opii δen borun na staζun 20 ke ehun ti magura γia na akubun i papuliδes.
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Ilias My name is Ilias. I am from Vaskina. I am the child of Vasilis Liamis.For so many years, my father 5 has been dead and I afterwards went to do the job of my father‟s. I did… made crooks. I search the forests all over, 10 I bring them here and I make the crooks. A crook requires a lot of work to be sold. It is not so easy, 15 requires work. And I make the crooks and I have them down here and give them to old men, who are not able to stand and they 20 have a crook in order to lean against it.
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RECORDING D
Title: The prayer „Our Father‟
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s house
Speaker: Pater Mihalis, 73
Occupation: Priest
Date: 12/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Pater 1 Καιεζπέξα, έλη Νηράιη Καιεζπέξα, είκαη ν Μηράιεο Michalis Αιεπξά, παπά ηνλ Σεξέ. Αιεπξάο, παπάο ζηνλ Σπξό. Παπά παιηέ, ζαξάληα πέληε Παπάο παιηόο, ζαξάληα πέληε ρξόλνπ παπά. Έλη ρξόληα παπάο. 5 αζρνιερνύκελε κόλν κε ηα Αζρνινύκαη κόλν κε ηα ηζαθώληθα ζαλ κάζεκα ηα ηζαθώληθα ζαλ κάζεκα ζηα ζρνιεία. Πξνζπαζνύληε ζρνιεία. Πξνζπαζνύκε λα πνίκε κηα πξνζπάζεηα λα θάλνπκε κηα πξνζπάζεηα λα δηαηεξήζνπκε ηα γξνύζζα δηαηεξήζνπκε ηε γιώζζα 10 λάκνπ. Α γξνύζζα λάκνπ έλη καο. Η γιώζζα καο είλαη αξραία δσξηθά, από πξεζνύ αξραία δσξηθή, από πνιιέο πην παιηνί π‟είλη ππάξρνπληε πην παιηέο πνπ ππάξρνπλ ηζαη λη έκη πξνζπαζνύληε θαη ην πξνζπαζνύκε κεο ηάζ‟ ηα ζρνιεία λα πνίνπκε ηα ζηα ζρνιεία λα θάλνπκε ηα 15 καζήκαηα λάκνπ. Έλα κάζεκα καζήκαηά καο. Έλα κάζεκα θεξ‟ εηπείλ έλη ην «πάηεξ θεξ‟ εηπείλ είλαη ην «πάηεξ εκώλ». εκώλ». Αθέγθε λάκνπ π‟έζη ηνλ Πάηεξ ἡκῶλ ὁ ἐλ ηνῖο νπξαλέ, νὐξαλνῖο, 20 λα έλη αγηαζηέ η‟ όλνπκά ληη, ἁγηαζζήησ ηὸ ὄλνκά ζνπ, λα κόιεη α βαζηιεία ληη, ἐιζέησ ἡ βαζηιεία ζνπ, λα λαζεί ην ζέιεκά ληη γελεζήησ ηὸ ζέιεκά ζνπ, όπνπ ηνλ νπξαλέ έηξνπ ηζαη ὡο ἐλ νὐξαλῷ θαὶ ηάλη γε. ἐπὶ γῆο. 25 Τνλ άληε ηνλ εκπνηνύζηε Τὸλ ἄξηνλ ἡκῶλ ηὸλ ἐπηνύζηνλ δη λη λάκνπ ζάκεξε δὸο ἡκῖλ ζήκεξνλ· ηζ‟ άθε λάκνπ ηα ρξία θαὶ ἄθεο ἡκῖλ ηὰ ὀθεηιήκαηα λάκνπ ἡκῶλ, όπνπξ έκε αθίληε ηζ‟ ελεί ηνπ ὡο θαὶ ἡκεῖο ἀθίεκελ ηνῖο 30 ρξεώζηνη λάκνπ ὀθεηιέηαηο ἡκῶλ· ηζαη λα κε λάκνπ θέξεξε ηνλ θαὶ κὴ εἰζελέγθῃο ἡκᾶο εἰο θεηξαζκό, πεηξαζκόλ,
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αιιά ειεπζέξνπ λάκνπ από ην ἀιιὰ ῥῦζαη ἡκᾶο ἀπὸ ηνῦ θαθό. πνλεξνῦ.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Pater 1 Kalispera, ime o mihalis Michal alevras, papas ston Tiro. is Papas palios, sarada pede 5 hronia papas. Asholume mono me ta tsakonika san maζima sta sholia. Prospaζume na kanume mia prospaζia na 10 δiatirisume ti γlosa mas. I γlosa mas ine arhea δoriki, apo poles pio palies pu iparhun ke to prospaζume mes 15 sta sholia na kanume ta maζimata mas. Ena maζima fer‟ ipin ine to “pater imon”. Pater imon o en tis 20 uranis, aγiasζito to onoma su, elζeto i vasilia su, γeniζito to ζelima su, os en urano ke 25 epi γis. Ton arton imon ton epiusion δos imin simeron, ke afes imin ta ofilimata imon, 30 os ke imis afiemen tis ofiletes imon ke mi isenegis imas is pirasmon, ala rise imas apo tu poniru.
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Pater 1 Good evening, I am Michalis Michal Alevras, priest of Tyros. I have is been a priest for many years, for forty five 5 years I have been a priest. I am involved only with tsakonika as a course in schools. We are trying to make an effort to 10 preserve our language. Our language is ancient Doric, out of many of the oldest they exist and we are trying in 15 schools to have our lessons. One lesson for example is “Our Father”. Our Father who art in heaven, 20 hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. 25 Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass 30 against us,and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
RECORDING E
Title: Tsakonian song
Place: Leonidio, in the Tsakonian Archive meeting Centre
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Speaker: Giorgos D., 78
Occupation: Civil servant
Date: 14/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Giorgos Πνπάληδα, 'πέηε, έγγνπληε, ηα Πνπιάθηα, πεηάηε, ειάηε, ζηεο D. Σζαθσληά ηα κέξε Σζαθσληάο ηα κέξε λ'αιήηε ραηξεθίζκαηα λα πείηε ραηξεηίζκαηα λ'αιήηε ραηξεθίζκαηα νηζ' λα πείηε ραηξεηίζκαηα θη όηη 5 έκε ην Σζηβέξη είκαζηε ζην Κηβέξη -Σα ζύληαρα ζα θύηζνπκε; -αύξην ζα θύγνπκε; -Σα ζύληαρα ζα θύηζνπκε, αύξην ζα θύγνπκε, ζα δάκε ην Γεξβέλη ζα πάκε ζην Γεξβέλη Νηηληάεη ην θαξηνθίιη ηάλνπ Βξνληά ην θαξηνθίιη πάλσ ζηα 10 ηα δηάζεια. δηάζεια. Α Έσλα λα θπιάηηεη ηα Η Έισλε λα θπιάεη ηα Σζαθσλόπνπα Σζαθσλόπνπια Α Έσλα λα θπιάηηεη ηα Η Έισλε λα θπιάεη ηα Σζαθσλόπνπα Σζαθσλόπνπια 15 Νηηληάεη ην θαξηνθίιη ηάλνπ Βξνληά ην θαξηνθίιη πάλσ ηα δηάζεια ζηα δηάζεια
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Roman Letters Giorgos Pulakia, petate, elate, stis D. Tsakonias ta meri Na pite heretismata Na pite herekismata ki oti 5 imaste sto kiveri. -Avrio ζa fiγume? Avrio ζa fiγume, ζa pame sto δerveni. Vroda to kariofili pano sta 10 δiasela. I Elona na filai ta Tsakonopula. I Elona na filai ta Tsakonopula. 15 Vroda to kariofili pano sta δiasela.
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation
Georgios Birdies, you are flying, come to the locations of Tsakonia D. Send greetings Send greetings and that 5 we are at Kiveri -Are we leaving tomorrow? -Tomorrow we are leaving, we will go to Dervenion He slaps the flintlock against the 10 hollows. Elona has to guard the Tsakonian young men, Elona has to guard the Tsakonian young men. 15 He slaps the flintlock against the hollows.
RECORDING F
Title: Tsakonian folk poem
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s house
Speaker: Pater Michalis, 73
Occupation: Priest
Date: 12/11/2016
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Pater 1 Σα κόιηε α νύξα Φάξε κη Σαλ έξζεη ε ώξα Φάξε κνπ Michalis ηνλ Άδε λα θακπάνπ ζηνλ Άδε λα θαηέβσ κηα ράξε πνηέ κη κηηζά κηα ράξε θάλε κνπ κηθξή κηα άδεηα λα κη δίξε. κηα άδεηα λα κνπ δώζεηο. 5 Σάο ην ηζειί ην θαθνπηέ Μεο ζην θειί ην ζακκέλν κηηζά θξαΐα άθε κηθξή ηξύπα άθεζε εδνύ πνπιάηζη λα λαζνύ εγώ πνπιάθη λα γίλσ ηζε λα κπαΐνπ ηάηζνπ. θαη λα βγσ έμσ. Να δάνπ ηνπ ζίλνη ηνπ ςεινί Να πάσ ζηα ςειά βνπλά, 10 πέξε γηα λα δάνπ, πέξα εθεί λα πάσ λα „ξάνπ ηνπ ηδνπάλεδε λα δσ ηα γηδνπξόβαηα θαη πνπ „λη ηζνπαλαξεύνπληε. ηνπο ηζνπάλεδεο. Nα λνηάνπ ηα θνπδνύληα ζνπ Να αθνύζσ ηα θνπδνύληα ηνπο ηα ηζεξό ηνύξθαλα ζνπ, ηα μεξό ηνύξθαλα ηνπο, 15 λ‟ αθνγξαζηνύ ην βέαζκα λ‟ αθνπγθξαζηώ ην βέιαζκα από ηνπ ηα εξηθνβόηαλά από ησλ ηα θαηζηθνπξόβαηά ζνπ. ηνπο. Σζαη ύζηεξα πάιη Φάξε κη Καη ύζηεξα πάιη Φάξε κνπ άξε κε πάιη θίζνπ πάξε κε πάιη πίζσ , 20 κα ηα θξαΐα άθε κη, όκσο ηελ ηξύπα άθεζε, γηαηζί μέξνπ θάπνηα ακέξα γηαηί μέξσ θάπνηα κέξα όληαλ λη‟ αιήνπ Φάξε κη όηαλ ζνπ πσ Φάξε κνπ ηζ‟ ελνηάθα ηζαη ηζ‟ νξάθα ηη άθνπζα θαη ηη είδα ζα κε μαλαειύξε ζα κε μαλαιύζεηο, 25 ζα κε μαλαπαιήξε ηάηζνπ. ζα κε μαλαβγάιεηο έμσ.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Pater 1 San erζi i ora hare mu Michalis ston Aδi na katevo mia hari kane mu mikri mia aδia na mu δosis. 5 Mes to keli to ζameno mikri tripa afise eγo pulaki na γino ke na vγo ekso. Na pao sta psila vuna, 10 pera eki na pao Na δo ta giδoprovata ke tus tsopaniδes. Na akuso ta kuδunia tus ta ksero turkana tus, 15 n‟ afugrasto to velasma ke ta katsikoprovata tus. Ke istera pali hare mu
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pare me pali piso, 20 omos tin tripa afise, γiati ksero kapia mera otan su po hare mu ti akusa ke ti iδa ζa me ksanalisis, 25 ζa me ksanavγalis ekso.. NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Pater 1 When the time comes, my Death, Michalis to go to the underworld, do me a small favor give me a permission. 5 In the buried cell leave a small hole in order to become a birdy and get out. To go to the high mountains, 10 in order to go over there to see the shepherds, the sheep and goats. To hear their bells and their “cherotourkana”, 15 to listen to the bleat of their sheep and goats. And later again, my Death, take me back again, 20 but leave the hole as it is, because I know some day when I tell you, my Death, what I heard and what I saw, you will unchain me again 25 you will let me out again.
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RECORDING G
Title: Dialogue on their agricultural work
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s store
Speakers: Tasos, 52 & Dimitris, 54
Occupation: Hotel owner & shop owner respectively. Both work as farmers, too.
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Tasos 1 -Καιεκέξα, θηα ζα δαξε -Καιεκέξα, πνύ ζα παο ζάκεξε ηα ζύληαρα; ζήκεξα ην πξσί; Dimitris -άκεξε κα νύληε λα δάκε -ήκεξα ζα πάκε λα λα καδνύκ‟ ειίαη καδέςνπκε ηηο ειηέο. T. 5 -Δδνύ ζα δάνπ ην -Δγώ ζα πάσ ζηα απνπλάηζη ζα λάξνπ ηζαη ην απνπλαθέηθα, ζα πάξσ θαη ην απηνθίλεηε γηα λα ηο απηνθίλεην γηα λα ηηο θνπβαιήνπ κεηά. θνπβαιήζσ κεηά. D. -Δδνύ ζα λάξνπ ηνλ όλε -Δγώ ζα πάξσ ην γάηδαξν, 10 γηαηζί νπά εληέ θνδνύ νλ‟έρα γηαηί από εθεί θαη πέξα δελ πνξεία λα θξαηάεη ην έρεη δξόκν λα πεξάζεη ην απηνθίλεηε. απηνθίλεην. T. -Έθ‟ έρνπ ηζ‟όλε δηθόληη ή ζα -Έρεη θαη ην γάηδαξν ζνπ ή ζα λάξε ηνλ Αιβαλέ πάξεηο ηνλ Αιβαλό 15 κε ηνλ όλε; κε ην γάηδαξν; D. -Όρη, ζα λάξνπ ηνλ όλε ηνπ -Όρη, ζα πάξσ ην γάηδαξν ηνπ Φαιηνύλε. Φαιηνύλε. T. -Α ν Χαιηνύλε. Δλέρνπ έλα ή -Α ν Χαιηνύλεο. Έρεη έλα ή δύνπ ηάρα, εζη μέξνπ; δύν, εζύ μέξεηο; .D. 20 -Έλα ζα κνη δίε ελίνπ αιιά ζα -Έλα ζα κνπ δώζεη εκέλα αιιά νξάκε άκα ρξεηαζηνύ θαη ζα δνύκε, άκα ρξεηαζηώ θη άιιαη ζα ληάξνπ. άιια ζα πάξσ. T. -Δδνύ ζα δά ην -Δγώ ζα πάσ ζηα απνπλάηζη. Μπνξεί ηζαη λα απνπλαθέηθα. Μπνξεί θαη λα 25 κε ηειεηνύ ζακεξέ, αιι‟ κε ηειεηώζσ ζήκεξα, αιιά έλη Σδνπξαθά ζ‟ νξάκε. είλαη Κπξηαθή, ζα δνύκε. άηδη νπκ‟ έρνπληε πξεζνί Φέηνο δελ έρνπκε πνιιέο ειηέο, ειίαη ηζν ζα βάινπκε ηζαη δε ζα βάινπκε θαη πξεζά εξγαηηθά απ‟όηζνπ, ζα πνιιά εξγαηηθά απ‟ έμσ, ζα 30 ηηο παιέςσκε κνλαρνί καο. πξνζπαζήζνπκε κόλνη καο. D. -Δ ηζη λα πίνπκε, ρξνλία έλη, -Δ ηη λα θάλνπκε, ρξνληά είλαη, ό,ηζη ζέεη ν Θεό. ν,ηη ζέιεη ν Θεόο.
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Tasos 1 -Kalimera, pu ζa pas Dimitris simera to proi? -Simera ζa pame T. na mazepsoume tis elies. 5 -Eγo ζa pao sta Sapunakeika, ζa paro ke to aftokinito γia na tis D. kuvaliso meta. -Eγo ζa paro to γaiδaro, 10 γiati apo eki ke pera δen ehi δromo na perasi to T. aftokinito. -Ehi ke to γaidaro su i ζa paris ton Alvano D. 15 me to γaiδaro? -Ohi, ζa paro to γaiδaro tu T. Haliuni. -A o Haliunis. Ehi ena i δio, .D. esi kseris? 20 -Ena ζa mu δosi emena ala ζa δume, ama hriasto ki T. ala ζa paro. -Eγo ζa pao sta Sapunakeika. Bori ke na 25 mi telioso simera, ala ine Kiriaki, ζa δume. Fetos δen ehume poles elies, δe ζa valume ke pola erγatika ap‟ ekso, ζa D. 30 prospaζisume moni mas. -E ti na kanume, hronia ine, o,ti ζeli ν Θeos..
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Translation in English Tasos 1 -Good morning, where will Dimitris you go today morning? -Today we will T. collect the olives. 5 -I will go to Sapunakeika, I will also take the car in order D. to carry them later. -I will take the donkey, because over there, there is T. 10 not any good road for the car. -Does he have your donkey or will you take the Albanian D. man with the donkey? -No, I will take Haliuni‟s T. 15 donkey. .D. -Oh, Haliunis. Do you know if he has one or two donkeys? -He will give one to me, but T. 20 we‟ll see, if I need more, I‟ll get one. -I will go to Sapunakeika. I may not finish today, but it‟s 25 Sunday, we‟ll see. This year we don‟t have many olives, we will not pay D. a lot of workers, we will try on our own. 30 -What can we say? It‟s a year, it depends on God‟s will.
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RECORDING H
Title: Tsakonic folk song
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s house
Speaker: Pater Michalis, 73
Occupation: Priest
Date: 12/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Mihalis 1 Σάζνπ ηα νρά ην γθάκπν Μέζα ζηεο νράο ηνλ θάκπν ηζε ην ζθάσκα ηνλ Άκκν θαη ζην ζθάισκα ζηνλ Άκκν Μπέε έλη ηζαπξνληέ Μπέεο είλαη μαπισκέλνο θαη βαξία βαιαληνπηέ βαξηά βαιαλησκέλνο. 5 Σζαη ην άγν ζη έλη πέηζαη Καη ην άινγν ηνπο ιέεη ζήθσ έηζα ηάλνπ αθέγθε Μπέε. πάλσ αθέληε Μπέε. Πνπ λα ηζάνπ ν θαεκέλε πέλη Πώο λα ζεθσζώ ν θαεκέλνο καραηξνπηέ. πνπ είκαη καραηξσκέλνο. Οη πνύε κη είλη θνθηνί ηζαη νη Σα πόδηα κνπ θνκκέλα θαη ηα 10 ρέξεκη δεεηνί. ρέξηα κνπ δεκέλα. Mη ζε θόβαεη νη αξρόληνη Μνπ ηα έθνςαλ νη άξρνληεο
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Michal 1 Mesa stis Sohas ton kabo is kai sto skaloma ston Amo Beis ine ksaplomenos ke varia valadomenos 5 Ke to aloγo tus lei siko epano afedi Bei Pos na sikoζo o kaimenos pu ' ime maheromenos Ta poδia mu komena ke ta heria 10 mu δemena Mu ta ekopsan i arxodes
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Michal 1 In the plain of Soha and in the is obstacle of Amos The Lord is lying and he‟s deeply hurt 5 And his horse tells them stand up my Master How can I get up the poor one now that I‟m stabbed My legs are cut and my hands 10 are cuffed. The Lords cut them off.
RECORDING I
Title: Few words about his life
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s store
Speaker: Ioannis, 84
Occupation: Worker
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Ioannis 1 Δδνύ έλαβη έλη νγδόληα Δγώ είκαη νγδόληα ηεζζάξσλ ηέζζεξα ρξνλνύ ρξνλώλ. Σα κπαηδηθά κ‟ ειηθία πνπ ηελ παηδηθή κνπ ειηθία όηαλ έκα κηηζί „εκα πηάηζνπ ήκνπλ κηθξόο θύιαγα πξόβαηα. 5 πξνύαηα. Σνλ εγηόληα ε ζηγά Μεηά ζηγά ζηγά ηα ζηγά κεηά μεπνπιήθακε πνύιεζα, παληξεύηεθα ηε επαληξέκα ηα γνπλαίθα ηζαη γπλαίθα κνπ θαη λάκνπ εξγάηα ήκνπλα εξγάηεο. Δ εκπνίθα ηζία θακπδία ληά Έθαλα ηξία παηδηά, κηα θόξε 10 ζάηε ηζαη δύνπ ζεξληθά. θαη δύν γηνπο. Δπαληξεύηαεη, δάθαεη ηα Παληξεύηεθαλ, πήγε ην θαζέλα πνξεία ην θαζέλα ηα ηζέα ζην ζπίηη ηνπ.
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ζνπ.Δδνύ κνλαρό κνπ κε ηα Δγώ έκεηλα κόλνο κνπ κε ηε γξήα. γξηά.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Ioannis 1 Eγo ime oγδoda tesaron hronon. Stin peδiki mu ilikia otan imun mikros filaγa 5 provata.Meta siγa siγa ta pulisa, padreftika ti γineka mu ke imun erγatis. Ekana tria peδia mia 10 kori ke δio γius. Padreftikan piγe to kaζena sto spiti tu. Eγo emina monos mu me ti γria.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Ioannis 1 I am eighty four years old. In my childhood, when I was young I guarded 5 sheep. Later I eventually sold them, I got married to my wife and I was a worker. I had three kids, one 10 daughter and two sons. They got married and each one moved to their home. I was left alone with my old lady.
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RECORDING J
Title: Few words about his work
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s store and home.
Speaker: Ilias, 60
Occupation: Carpenter
Date: 14/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Ilias 1 Δδνύ επνηνύ πξεζνί δνπιείε. Δγώ θάλσ πνιιέο δνπιεηέο. Έκη καξαγθό έλη, θιεηδαξά Δίκαη καξαγθόο, θιεηδαξάο, έλη, ηδακά έλη, θόθνπ ηδάκηα, ηδακάο, θόβσ ηδάκηα, Δλέρνπ μπινπξγίε, εκπνίνπ Έρσ μπινπξγείν, θάλσ 5 αγξνηηθνί δνπιείαη ηζαη έλη αγξνηηθέο δνπιεηέο θαη είκαη ςάιηα ηνπ ςάιηεο ζηνπο ηζη Ιεξάξραη. ηξεηο Ιεξάξρεο
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Ilias 1 Eγo kano poles δulies. Ime maragos, kliδaras, tzamas, kovw tzamia, Eho ksilurγio, kano 5 aγrotikes δulies ke ime psaltis stus tris Ierarhes
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Ilias 1 I have a lot of jobs. I work as a carpenter, locksmith, glazier, I cut glass, I have a woodcraft shop, I 5 work as an agrarian
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and I am a cantor in the church “three Hierarchs”.
RECORDING K
Title: Tsakonian wedding song
Place: Tyros, in a tavern.
Speakers: Thomai-Milio 69, Tsoukatou 75 & Thomai, 65
Occupation: Newspaper editor, housewife & farmer
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Thomai- 1 Θα παληξεπηνύ βξε κάηε κη, Θα παληξεπηώ βξε κάλα κνπ, Milio, ζα παληξεπηνύ βξε „θέγθε ζα παληξεπηώ παηέξα Christina, Θα λάξνπ ζάηε ηα Γεσξγνύ Θα πάξσ θόξε ηεο Γεσξγίαο Thomai π‟ έ‟ λέζα όα κέξα πνπ γλέζεη όιε κέξα 5 Π‟ έλ‟ πνία αζίηνπ Πνπ θάλεη αδξάθηηα ζηξνληδηινί, ζειίε ζηξνγγπιά, ζειηέο θνπινπξάηνη θνπινπξάηεο Π‟ έλ‟ έρα είθνζη θθελά ηζαη Πνπ έρεη είθνζη πηελά θαη δώδεθα πξνβάηε δώδεθα πξόβαηα 10 Π‟ έλ‟ έρα ηζαη ληά θνύιηθα Πνπ έρεη θαη κηα αγειάδα κε κ‟ έλα θρηζέ ηξνπγθάλη. έλα ρξπζό θνπδνύλη.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Thomai- 1 ' Θa padrefto vre mana mu, ζa Milio, padrefto patera Christina, Θa paro kori tis Γeorγias pu Thomai γneζi oli mera 5 Pu kani aδraktia strogila, ζilies kulurates
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Pu ehi ikosi ptina ke δoδeka provata 10 Pu ehi ke mia aγelaδa me ena hriso kuδuni.
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Thomai- 1 ' I will get married mother, I will Milio, get married father Christina, I will marry Georgia‟s daughter Thomai who spins all day 5 Who makes round spindles, round bights Who has got twenty poultry and twelve sheep 10 Who has also one cow with a gold bell.
RECORDING L
Title: A Tsakonic love song
Place: Leonidio, in the Tsakonian Archive meeting centre
Speaker: Giorgos D., 78
Occupation: Civil servant
Date: 14/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Giorgos 1 Έα λα δακ ηα βδύζε Έια λα πάκε ζηε βξύζε D. Να θζύζνκ' άραλα Να πιύλνπκε ιάραλα Να ληη κνζθνζηιήνπ Να ζε κνζρνθηιήζσ Σα δύ ληη κάγνπα ηα δπό ζνπ κάγνπια 5 Έα πέξε όη κπέξνπα Έια πέξα δελ πεξλάσ Γηαηζί κε πεηζνβννύα Γηαηί κε πεηξνβνιάο Θα πέξαξε Θα πεξάζεηο
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Θα πέξαξε Θα πεξάζεηο Σζαη ην ηζέξβνπιε ζα ράξε Καη ην παπνύηζη ζνπ ζα ράζεηο
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Giorgos 1 Ela na pame sti vrisi D. Na plinume lahana Na se moshofiliso Sta δio su maγula 5 Ela pera δen pernao Γiati me petrovolas Θa perasis Θa perasis Ke to paputsi su ζa hasis
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Georgios 1 Let's go to the spring D. To wash cabbages To kiss you deeply On your two cheeks 5 Come here, I won't come Because your are throwing rocks at me You will come, You will come And you will lose your shoe
RECORDING M
Title: A Tsakonian poem
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s store
Speakers: Dimitris, 54
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Occupation: Shop owner
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Dimitris 1 Α γξηά ηζεία Θσκαή Η γξηά ζεία Θσκαή Σαλ ζάηε ζ'ελ'παηξέγγα Σελ θόξε ηεο παληξεύεη Ν'ε'δία ρνύξα ηα νρά Σεο δίλεη ρσξάθη ζηε νρά Χνύξα ηνλ 'Αγηε Λία Χσξάθη ζηνλ 'Αγην Ηιία 5 Ν'ε'δία ηζαη ηνλ όλε ζη Σεο δίλεη θαη ην γάηδαξό Να έληδεη λα πίλεη θάβα Να πεγαίλεη λα θνπβαιάεη μύια
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Dimitris 1 I γria ζia Θomai Tin kori tis padrevi Tis δini horafi sti Soha Horafi ston Aγio Ilia 5 Tis δini ke ton γaiδaro Na piγeni na kuvalai ksila
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Dimitris 1 Old aunt Thomai Gets her daughter married She gives her fields in Soha And fields in Agios Ilias 5 She gives her a donkey, too So it will carry wood
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RECORDING N
Title: A Song on „Tsakonia‟
Place: Tyros, in speaker‟s store
Speaker: Thomai, 54
Occupation: Weaver
Date: 13/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Thomai 1 Δηζηλήθα βξε θακπδία Κίλεζα βξε παηδηά Γηα λα δάνπ ηα Τζαθσληά Γηα λα πάσ ζηελ Τζαθσληά Έκα ζένπ έηενη ηνπ ηόπνη Ήζεια ηνλ ηόπν Να ζ'νξάνπ από θνληά Να ηνλ δσ από θνληά 5 Σζαη ηνλ Άγηε Λίδε εδάθα Καη ζην Λεσλίδεην πήγα Πάζα κειηηδάλα νξάθα Πνιιέο κειηηδάλεο είδα Σαλ Πξακαηεπηά Καη από ηνλ Πξαγκαηεπηή παπέξε πέξαζα Με ηνπξ όκνξθνη ζαηέξε Με ηηο όκνξθεο θόξεο 10 Σζα ην Μέαλε εζνύθα Καη ζηα Μέιαλα έθηαζα Κόθνπλε πξεζνί ηζη ζνύθα Πνιιά θνπθηά θαη ζύθα Σν απνπλάηζη π'επεξάθα Απ'ην απνπλάθη πέξαζα Σνπ θαινί αζξνίπνη νξάθα Καινύο αλζξώπνπο είδα Σζαη ηξαβία ηζαη θαγθηνύκα Καη ζπλέρηζα θαη λύρησζε 15 Αρ ηνλ ηάζνπ ηνλ Σεξέ ηνλ επάλσ ηνλ Σπξό Με ηαγίαη ηζ'εθηνύβα Καη εθεί θνηκήζεθα Όπνπξ έκα θνπξαζηέ 'Οπσο ήκνπλ θνπξαζκέλνο Με ην θξάηζηκν ηνπ βνύιε Με ην μύπλεκα ηνπ πεηεηλνύ Δηξαβία γηα ην γηαιέ Ξεθίλεζα γηα ην γηαιό 20 Πάζα θαξπνιία νξάθα Κάζε ειαηόδεληξν είδα Έλα θάκπν έθη πάηε Καη έλα θάκπν πνιύ σξαίν Όα ληνύηα κε θεγγάξη Νύρησζε κε θεγγάξη Ξεκεξνύκα ηνλ Πξαζηέ Καη μεκέξσζα ζηνλ Πξαζηό Δθαήθα αθνθηνύξε Έθαγα κπδίζξεο 25 Σζ'έλα άληε ζνληζηέ Καη έλα ςσκί δεζηό Σαλ Καζηάληηζα εδάθα ηελ Καζηάληηζα έθηαζα Μ'αξεζήηε ηζ'εθαηζάθα Μ'άξεζε θαη έθαηζα Σζαη ηα ίθηλα εζνύθα Καη ζηε ίηαηλα έθηαζα Ν'εγιεγθία ηζ'εηειεηνύθα. Δθέη ηα γιέληηα ηέιεησζαλ
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Thomai 1 Kinisa vre peδia Γia na pao stin Tsakonia Iζela ton topo Na δo apo koda 5 Ke sto Leoniδio piγa Polles melitzanes iδa Ke apo ton Praγmatefti perasa Me tηs omorfes kopeles 10 Ke sta Melana eftasa Polla kukia ke sika Ap'to Sapunaki perasa Kalus anζropus iδa Ke sinehisa ke nihtose 15 Ston epano Tiro Ke eki kimiζika Opos imun kurasmenos Me to ksipnima tu petinu Ksekinisa γia ton γialo 20 Kaζe eleoδedro iδa Ke enan kabo poli oreo Nihtose me fegari Ke ksimerosa ston Prasto Efaγa miziζres 25 Ke ena psomi zesto Stin Kastanitsa eftasa M'arese ke ekatsa Ke stin Sitena eftasa Eki ta γledia teliosan
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NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English translation Thomai 1 Guys I set off To go to the Tsakonian places I wanted to see the location Up close 5 I also went to Leonidio I saw many eggplants I also passed by Pragmateftis With the beatiful girls 10 I also arrived at Melana Many broad beans and figs I passed by Sapunaki I saw good people I continued and the night came 15 In the upper Tiros side And I slept there Because I was tired After the rooster's awakening I set off to the shore 20 I saw every olive tree And a very nice valley The moon appeared And I woke up in Prastos I ate several types of cheese 25 And a warm loaf of bread I arrived at Kastanitsa I liked it there so I stayed I also arrived at Sitena The feasts were over there
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RECORDING O
Title: A funny story concerning the speaker‟s parents in law
Place: Tyros, in the Tsakonian Archive Meeting Centre
Speaker: Giorgos N., 79
Occupation: Farmer
Date: 14/11/2016
NAME LINE Tsakonic in Greek letters Standard Greek in Greek letters Giorgos 1 Ο πεζεξέ κη κε ηα πεζεξά κη, Ο πεζεξόο κνπ κε ηελ πεζεξά N. γεαθεηαζκέλνη, θίγηα κνπ, γεξαζκέλνη, θνπβεληηάδνπληαη. θνπβέληηαδαλ. Α πεζεξά είρη ραηδεπνπκέλα Η πεζεξά ραξηηνινγνύζε κε ην 5 κε ην πεζεξέ ηζαη ζε θάπνηα πεζεξό θαη θάπνηα ζηηγκή ηνπ ζηηγκή ληε πέηζε: είπε: «Θένπ λα κ‟ απ‟ ζνύξε ζ‟έλα «Θέισ λα κε παο ζ‟ έλα γηαηξό γηαηξέ γηαηζί όλη νξνύα.» γηαηί δε βιέπσ.» «Σζαη ζ‟ έρα όζ‟ νξνύα;» «Ση έρεηο θαη δε βιέπεηο;» 10 «Να αθνύ λη έλη ζη θάδα ηζ‟ «Να αθνύ ζε θνηηάσ ηώξα θαη όλη νξνύαθα, ζένπ λα κ‟ δε ζε βιέπσ, ζέισ λα κε παο απoζνύξε ζ‟έλα γηαηξέ». ζ‟έλα γηαηξό» «Να όξπα έλη ζαηέξε ηε, λ‟ «Να εθεί είλαη νη θόξεο ζνπ, λα αληάξνπη ηζαη λα ζ‟ ζε πάξνπλ θαη λα ζε πάλε ζ‟ 15 απoζνύξε ζ‟έλα γηαηξέ, εδνύ έλα γηαηξό, εγώ ζα πιεξώζσ ζα πιεξνύ λα ηελ μεηθάμεη, λα λα ζε θνηηάμεη, λα δεη „ξάεη ν γηαηξέ ηζαη ζ‟ έρα» ν γηαηξόο ηη έρεηο» Ο πεζεξέ κη θνληνύ ην ρέξη ζη Ο πεζεξόο κνπ θξαηνύζε ζην θνληνύ θνληί ην κνύδε, ρέξη ηνπ κηα κπγνζθνηώζηξα, 20 ινηπόλ, θ‟ εθηληίνπ θαηαγί ινηπόλ, θαζόηαλ θάησ πξνο ηα θαηαπά. θεη. Σε θάπνηα ζηηγκή ε ηνπ „ξζε Σε θάπνηα ζηηγκή ηνπ ήξζε κηα λία κνύδα ηζαη μεηθάεη κύγα θαη θνηηάεη θάησ, θνηηάεη ράκνπ, μεηθάεη α πεζεξά λη ε πεζεξά θαη ηνπ 25 επέηζε ηνπ πεζεξνύ: ιέεη ζηνλ πεζεξό: «Γελ εμνηνύηδεξε.» «Γελ ηε ζθόησζεο» Νηεπέηζε ν πεζεξέ: «Κη‟ αλ Σεο ιέεη ν πεζεξόο: «Πνύ είδεο νξάθα όλη εζθνηνύθα;» όηη δελ ηε ζθόησζα;» «Να έλη νξάθα ηαξάζζα ηνπ «Να είδα λα θνπλάεη ηα 30 πνύε ζη.» πόδηα ηεο.» «Βξε πνπ λα ζηξαβσζεί, «Βξε πνπ λα ζηξαβσζείο, εζύ εθηνύ όλη νξνύα εκίνπ δε βιέπεηο εκέλα θαη βιέπεηο ηα
134 Styliani Georgiadou
ηζαηβεξε νξνύα ηα πνύε από πόδηα από ηε κύγα πνπ ηα κνύδα πνπ ηαξάζζα;» θνπληνύληαη;»
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA Standard Greek in Roman Letters Giorgos 1 O peζeros mu me tin peζera N. mu, γerasmeni, kuvediazan. I peζera haritoloγuse me ton 5 peζero ke kapia stiγmi tu ipe: “Θelo na me pas s‟ ena γiatro γiati δe vlepo.” “Ti ehis ke δe vlepis?” 10 “Na afu se kitao tora ke δe se vlepo, ζelo na me pas s‟ena γiatro.” “Na eki ine i kores su, na se parun ke na se pane 15 s‟ena γiatro, eγo ζa pliroso na se kitaksi, na δi o γiatros ti ehis” O peζeros mu kratuse sto heri tu mia miγoskotostra, lipon, 20 kaζotan kato pros ta ki. Se kapia stiγmi tu irζe mia miγa ke kitai kato, kitai i peζera tu lei 25 ston peζero: “Γen ti skotoses” Tis lei o peζeros: “Pu iδes oti δen tin skotosa?” “Na iδa na kunai ta 30 poδia tis.” “Vre pu na stravoζis, esi δe vlepis emena ke vlepis ta poδia apo ti miγa pu kuniude?”
135 Styliani Georgiadou
NAME LINE Tsakonic in IPA English Translation Giorgos 1 My father and my mother in N. law, who were very old, were talking. My mother in law was jesting 5 with my father in law and at some point she said: “I want you to take me to a doctor, because I can‟t see.” “How can‟t you see?” 10 “When I look at you, I can‟t see you, I want you to take me to a doctor.” “There your daughters are, they will take you 15 to a doctor, I will pay for him and he will see what you got.” My father in law was holding a 20 swatter and he was sitting down. At some point a fly came and my father looked down, my 25 mother in law did too and she said to him: “You didn‟t kill it” My father responds: “How do you know I did not kill it? 30 “I saw it moving its legs.” “Oh, you can‟t see me but you can see the moving legs of the fly?”
136 Styliani Georgiadou
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GLOSSARY
During the research on the Tsakonic dialect it became evident that a great variety of the dialect‟s words are completely different from the standard Greek vocabulary and originates from ancient Greek. For their interpretation, information was found from Kostakis‟ Dictionary of the Tsakonic Dialect (1986). Consequently, some of these words which can be found in the recordings are those:
άληε, o (N line 25) /'ade/ (n) < ancient Greek word άξηνο (artos)
τυμί (bread) p. 138, vol. 1
βνύιε, o ( N line 18) /'vule/ (n) < πνύινο (pulos) < latin word pullus
πεηεινόρ (rooster) p. 197, vol. 1
εδνύ (Β line 1) /e'zu/ (personal pronoun) < ancient greek personal pronoun εγώ (eγo)
εγώ (I) p. 285, vol. 1
έκη (C line 2) /'emi/ (v) < ancient verb εηκί (imi)
είμαι (I am) p. 287, vol. 1
εζθνηνύθα (O line 28) /esko'tuka/ (v) < ζθνηνύλνπ (skotunu)
ζκόηυζα (I killed) p. 160, vol. 3
ζα πιεξνύ (O line 16) /ζa ple'ru/ (v) < πιεξνύθνπ (pleruku) < medieval greek word
πιεξώλσ (plirono)
θα πληπώζυ (I will pay) p. 66, vol. 3
143 Styliani Georgiadou
ζα λάξνπ (G line 6) /ζa 'naru/ (v) < αξίθνπ (ariku) < ancient greek word αίξσ (ero)
θα πάπυ (I will take) p. 131, vol. 1
ζα νξάκε (G line 21) /ζa o'rame/ (v) < νξνύ (oru) < ancient greek word νξάσ-ώ
(orao-o)
θα δούμε (we will see) p. 369, vol. 2
θάβα, ηα (M line 6) /'kava/ (n) < θάιη, ην (kali) < ancent greek word θάινλ (kalon)
ξύλα ( wood) p. 19, vol. 2
θακπδία, ηα (B line 14) /kab'zia/ (n) < θακπδί (kampzi) < θαβγί (kavγi) < (?) doric word θαξπίνλ
παιδιά (kids) p. 2, vol. 2
θαξπνιία, α (N line 20) /karo'lia/ (n) < doric word θαξπδνιία (kariδolia) < greek words θαξύδη + ειηά (kariδi + elia)
ελαιόδενηπο (olive tree) p. 47, vol. 2
θνύιηθα, α (K line 10) /'kulika/ (n) < θνπιηηζέ (kulitse) < ancient greek word θίιιημ
(kiliks)
αγελάδα (cow) p. 121, vol. 2
θξάηζηκν, ην (N line 18) /'kratsimo/ (n) < θξάδνπ (krazu) < ancient greek word
θξάδσ (krazo)
ξύπνημα (wakening) p. 144, vol. 2
κάηε, α (B line 5) /'mati/ (n) < ancient greek word κήηεξ (mitir)
144 Styliani Georgiadou
μηηέπα (mother) p. 221, vol. 2
κηηζί (I line 4) /' (adj) < byzantian word κηηζόο (mitsos)
μικπόρ (young, little) p. 241, vol. 2
κνύδα, α (O line 23) /'muza/ (n) < medieval greek word κύγα (miγa)
μύγα (fly) p. 285, vol. 2
ληνύηα, α (I line 22) /'uta/ (n) < medieval greek word λύθηα (nikta)
νύσηα (night) p. 299, vol. 2
όλε, ν (G line 9) /'one/ (n) < ancient greek word όλνο (onos)
γάιδαπορ (donkey) p. 363, vol. 2
πνύε, νη (A line 25) /'pue/ (n) < πνύα (pua) < ancient greek word πνύο (pus)
πόδια (legs) p. 70, vol. 3
πξεζνί (C line 4) /' (adj) < πεξηζζέ (perise)< ancient greek word πεξηζζόο
(perisos)
πολλέρ (many) p. 43, vol. 3
ζάηζη (G line 27) /'sadzi/ (adv) < doric word ζάηζη (satsi)
θέηορ (this year) p. 134, vol. 3
ζάηε, α (Ι line 10) /'sati/ (n) < ancient greek word ζπγάηεξ (ζiγatir)
κόπη (daughter) p. 134, vol. 3
ζνύθα, ηα (Ν line 11) /'suka/ (n) < ζoύθν (suko)
145 Styliani Georgiadou
ζύκα (figs) p. 168, vol. 3
ζύληαρα (Δ line 6) /'sidaxa/ (adv) < ancient greek words ζπλ + ηαρύ (sin + tahi)
ππυί (morning) p. 208, vol. 3
ηάλνπ (Δ line 15) /'tanu/ (adv) < ancient greek words ηα + άλσ (ta + ano)
πάνυ (above) p. 221, vol. 3
ηάζνπ (Α line 14) /'tasu/ (adv) < ancient greek words ηα + έζσ (ta + eso)
μέζα (in) p. 224, vol. 3
ηζαη (Α line 3) /tse/ (conjuction) < ancient greek word ηε (te)
και (and) p. 256, vol. 3
ηζαπξνληέ (Η line 3) /tsapro'de/ (participle) < ηζαπξνύθνπ (tsapruku) < μαπιώλσ
(ksaplono)
ξαπλυμένορ ([he] is lying) p. 319, vol. 3
ηζέξβνπιε, ην (L line 9) /'tservule/ (n) < byzantian word ζέξβνπινλ (servulon)
παπούηζι (shoe) p. 266, vol. 3
θρηζέ (K line 11) /' (adj) < medieval greek word ρξπζέ (hrise)
σπςζό (golden) p. 362, vol. 3
ρνύξα, α (M line 3) /'ura/ (n) < ancient greek word ρώξα (hora)
συπάθι (field) p. 367, vol. 3
146