Uma An´Alise Te´Orica Da Evoluc¸˜Ao Da Rotac¸˜Ao

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Uma An´Alise Te´Orica Da Evoluc¸˜Ao Da Rotac¸˜Ao UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIENCIASˆ EXATAS E DA TERRA DEPARTAMENTO DE F´ISICA TEORICA´ E EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMA DE POS-GRADUAC¸´ AO˜ EM F´ISICA UMA ANALISE´ TEORICA´ DA EVOLUC¸ AO˜ DA ROTAC¸ AO˜ ESTELAR Saulo Carneiro Maciel Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jos´eRenan de Medeiros Disserta¸c˜ao de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de P´os-gradu¸c˜ao em F´ısica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como requisito parcial `a obten¸c˜ao do grau de MESTRE em F´ISICA. Natal, Outubro de 2007 Para Pessoas Especiais: Minha esposa Bruna, meu Pai e minha M˜ae, meu irm˜aoThiago e minha irm˜aGraciela. Pick me up, love, from the bottom. Up to the top love everyday. All you need is... all you want is... all you need is love... everyday (Dave Matthews Band) Agradecimentos Meus agradecimentos v˜ao em primeiro lugar a Deus, que atrav´esde cada pequena coisa que aconteceu na minha vida conseguiu manifestar todo o seu amor de Pai, sempre me fazendo viver muitas experiˆenciasque foram important´ıssimas para minha vida. Agrade¸cotamb´em,de maneira toda es- pecial, `aminha esposa Bruna que vivenciou todo esse momento acadˆemico comigo, nunca deixando faltar uma palavra encorajadora e afetuosa que tanto foram fundamentais nesse per´ıodo. Dedico ainda essa disserta¸c˜ao aos meus pais que s˜aopessoas de importˆancia ´ımparna minha forma¸c˜ao pessoal, posso afirmar que por meio deles aprendi as coisas mais impor- tantes da vida e as quais nenhum t´ıtulopode ser equiparado. Agrade¸cotamb´emao meu ORIENTADOR Jos´eRenan De Medeiros, que ´ecomo um Pai em rela¸c˜ao ao fazer ciˆencia,espero um dia poder retribuir tudo aquilo que recebi dessa grande Pessoa que fez com que eu realizasse um grande sonho acadˆemico na minha vida. Dedico ainda aos Professores Jos´eDias e Joel Cˆamara que ao longo dessa caminhada me fizeram entender muitos fundamentos em astrof´ısica. Dedico essa disserta¸c˜aoaos meus irm˜aoThiago e Graciela os quais me fazem muita falta e sempre foram um porto seguro em minha vida. Dedico i aos meus t˜aoamados Padrinhos Izidro e Meire que sempre foram perfeitos no me fazer sentir amado. Dedico `agalera do bem Juninho, Lucas, Robin- son, Gustavo, Rodrigo, Raquel, Viviane, Hor´acioe ao meu prim˜ao Andr´e Luis, Juliana Maciel e a minha irm˜aC´ıntia, que participaram dos melhores momentos da minha vida. Dedico aos novos pais adotivos que ganhei ao me casar com Bruna, Tia No´eliae Tio Aldo, pessoas que sempre me deram apoio incondicional nessa caminhada e que merecem todo o meu carinho, amor e gratid˜ao. Dedico a alguns professores e amigos que tiveram importˆanciasignifica- tiva na minha vida, professores Paulo Wagner, Marlon, Silas Lenz, Luiz Gonzaga e Carmona. Dedico aos amigos da Uece, de maneira especial ao Jo˜aoCl´audioque foi companheiro de estudo de sonhos acadˆemicos e umas das pessoas mais competentes que conheci. Dedico esta disserta¸c˜aoaos meus amigos de p´os-gradua¸c˜ao, em primeiro lugar, a Daniel Brito e Luiz Pinheiro que foram caras fenomenais que sem- pre estiveram dispon´ıveis para ajudar e apoiar em todos os momentos, Sumaia pela troca de id´eias no ˆambito profissional e pessoal, carinho e ajudas incondicionais, aos amigos do grupo, Bruno Leonardo, Izan Le˜ao, Sˆanzia, Jeferson, Pedr˜ao e Cristian pelo carisma, apoio e amizade que tra¸camos ao longo desta jornada. Aos meus amigos Carlos Alexandre, Mar- cos, Neymar, Lurdiana, Marcela e Hydalin pelas conversas descontra´ıdasao longo do mestrado. A todos que direta ou indiretamente contribuiram para a realiza¸c˜aodess trabalho. Aproveito tamb´emo momento para agradecer `a banca que avaliou este trabalho e que, sem d´uvida, muito contribuir´apara ii minha forma¸c˜ao. Agrade¸co`aCAPES pelo apoio financeiro. iii Resumo Nos ´ultimoscinq¨uenta anos, grandes esfor¸cosforam feitos no intuito de se entender a evolu¸c˜aoestelar. No contexto observacional, medidas precisas da velocidade rotacional projetada foram produzidas, em particular, pelos grupos de Natal e Genebra. Destes dados ´eposs´ıvel no presente momento estabelecer o comportamento da rota¸c˜aoestelar do turnoff at´eo ramo das gigantes vermelhas. Em adicional, estes dados tˆemmostrado o papel dos efeitos de mar´esna rota¸c˜aoestelar em sistemas bin´arios pr´oximos. Mesmo tendo sido feitos bons avan¸cos no ˆambito observacional, pouca aten¸c˜ao tem sido dada a estudos te´oricosda evolu¸c˜ao da rota¸c˜ao ao longo do di- agrama HR, um t´opicoque est´aintimamente ligado a evolu¸c˜aodas estre- las. Basicamente, existem dois motivos para tal fato,(i) a n˜ao suposi¸c˜aode simetria esf´ericaleva a um aumento substancial da complexidade num´erica das equa¸c˜oes,e (ii) os modelos sem rota¸c˜ao tˆemtido bastante sucesso na explica¸c˜ao de relevantes dados observacionais, incluindo as rela¸c˜oes entre massa e luminosidade e abundˆancias qu´ımicas. Diante do avan¸codo es- tudo da rota¸c˜ao, ainda restam trabalhos a serem feitos sobre o seu papel em est´agios mais tardios da evolu¸c˜ao, uma vez que existem discordˆancias entre predi¸c˜oes te´oricas e observacionais. No presente trabalho, n´os estu- iv damos o comportamento evolucion´arioda rota¸c˜aoao longo do diagrama HR, levando em conta condi¸c˜oesde contorno baseadas em recentes medidas de velocidade rotacional obtidas a partir de procedimentos de alta precis˜ao e novos c´odigos evolutivos. v Abstract In the past 50 years, large efforts have been made toward the under- standing of the stellar evolution. In the observational context, large sets of precise measurements of projected rotational velocity were produced, in particular by the Natal and Geneva groups. From these data, it is now possible to establish the behavior of stellar rotation from the turnoff to the red giant branch. In addition, these data have shown the role of tidal effects on stellar rotation in close binary systems. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been paid to theoretical studies on the evolution of rotation along the HR Diagram, a topic itself directly associated to the evolution of the stars. Basically, there are two reasons for such a fact, (i) spherical symmetry is not assumed, what leads to a substantial increase in the numerical complexity of equations and (ii) non rotating models have been very successful in explaining relevant observational data, including the mass-luminosity relation and chemical abundances. In spite of these facts, it is clear that considerable work remains to be done on the role of rotation in the later stages of the evolution, where clear disagreements arise from confrontations between theoretical predictions and observations. In the present work we study the evolutionary behavior of stellar rotation vi along the HR Diagram, taking into account constraint conditions issued from recent observational survey of rotational velocity carried out with high precision procedures and new evolutionary codes. vii ´Indice Agradecimentos i Resumo iv Abstract vi 1 INTRODUC¸ AO˜ 1 1.1 Objetivos deste trabalho . 9 1.2 Plano de trabalho . 10 2 MODELOS TEORICOS´ 12 2.1 Rota¸c˜ao e desacelera¸c˜ao magn´eticaem estrelas gigantes e subgigantes . 17 3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSOES˜ 19 3.1 Resultados te´oricos . 19 3.1.1 C´alculo das velocidades rotacionais . 24 3.2 Teoria versus observa¸c˜ao . 27 4 CONCLUSOES˜ E PERSPECTIVAS 34 4.1 Conclus˜oes. 34 viii 4.2 Perspectivas . 35 A Extrato do Cat´alogo de J.R. De Medeiros e M. Mayor (1999) 37 Bibliografia 57 ix Lista de Figuras 1.1 Distribui¸c˜ao da velocidade angular interna do Sol (Choud- huri e Nandy, 2002) . 3 1.2 Efeito levitacional. Linhas s´olidas representam a evolu¸c˜ao de uma estrela sem rota¸c˜aoe linhas tracejadas s˜aoestrelas com rota¸c˜ao(Alison Sills, Pinsonneault e Terndrup, 2000) 5 1.3 Perfil transversal da circula¸c˜ao meridional do Sol. Esta cir- cula¸c˜aoocorre na zona convectiva do Sol que ´ea camada mais externa do Sol com cerca de um ter¸co do raio so- lar. A taxa de rota¸c˜ao aumenta dos p´olos para o equador (Dibyendu e Choudhuri, 2002). 8 3.1 Tra¸cosevolutivos para estrelas de 0.8 M , 1.0 M , 1.5 M , 2.0 M , 3.0 M , gerados a partir do modelo de Claret (2004). Os tipos espectrais indicados na figura foram calibrados a partir de B¨ohm-Vitense(1981) e Flower (1996). 20 3.2 Evolu¸c˜ao do momento de in´erciapara estrelas de 0.8 M , 1.0 M , 1.5 M , 2.0 M , 3.0 M , gerada a partir do modelo de Claret (2004). Os tipos espectrais indicados na figura foram calibrados a partir de B¨ohm-Vitense(1981) e Flower (1996). 21 x 3.3 Evolu¸c˜ao do raio de gira¸c˜aofracionado k2=I/MR2 para 1.5 M , 2.0 M , 3.0 M , gerada a partir do modelo de Claret (2004). Os tipos espectrais indicados na figura foram cali- brados a partir de B¨ohm-Vitense (1981) e Flower (1996). 23 3.4 Predi¸c˜aote´orica do efeito da desacelera¸c˜ao magn´etica na evolu¸c˜ao da rota¸c˜ao seguindo uma lei de desacelera¸c˜ao vrot ∝ t−0.6. A ”for¸ca”da desacelera¸c˜ao ´eindicada como uma fra¸c˜ao da rota¸c˜ao de corpo s´olido vCS, segundo a tabela 3.1, para um velocidade inicial de 76 km/s. 26 3.5 Distribui¸c˜ao de medidas de velocidade rotacional vsini de estrelas subgigantes, com as estrelas representadas pelos c´ırculos abertos, versus velocidades rotacionais preditas teoricamente, levando em considera¸c˜aosomente mudan¸cas no momento de in´erciaestelar (rota¸c˜aode corpo s´olido).
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